infertility.pptx
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This document describes common reproductive tract disorders in cattle, including ovarian hypoplasia, uterus unicornis, uterine didelphys, hydrometra, oophoritis, granulose cell tumor, ovariobursal adhesions, follicular cysts, luteal cysts, paraovarian cysts, hydrosalpinx, pyometra, cystic endometrial hyperplasia, mucometra, cervicitis, fetal mummification, and fetal maceration. It provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical signs, and diagnosis of each condition.
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The umbilical cord connects the fetus to the placenta, allowing nutrients and oxygen to pass from mother to fetus and waste to pass back. It is typically 50cm long and 1-2cm in diameter. It contains two arteries that carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus and one vein that carries oxygenated blood to the fetus. Abnormalities can occur in cord length or insertion site and increase risks like fetal distress. The document then describes various cord abnormalities and their potential effects.
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This document discusses vaginal cytology, which is the study of the structure, shape, and contour of exfoliated vaginal epithelial cells using staining techniques. Vaginal cytology can help characterize a bitch's estrus cycle to determine the best time for breeding, evaluate any diseases of the genital tract like vaginitis or pyometra, and identify some neoplastic conditions of the vagina and urethra such as transmissible vaginal tumors.
faulty fetal disposition.pptx
This document discusses different fetal positions during childbirth. It identifies three main types of fetal positions: longitudinal where the baby's length is aligned with the mother's body, transverse where the baby is lying sideways, and vertical where the baby is standing upright. It further defines two sub-types of longitudinal presentation as dorso-sacral where the baby's back is to the mother's sacrum and dorso-pubic where the baby's back is to the mother's pubic bone.
follicular dynamics ppt.pptx
The ovary has two main functions: gametogenesis, which is the cyclic production of fertilizable ova, and steroidogenesis, which is the production of steroid hormones. Folliculogenesis is the process by which mature follicles capable of ovulation develop from primordial follicles in the ovary. It involves several stages: primary follicle, secondary follicle, tertiary follicle, and graafian or antral follicle. Follicular growth occurs in waves, with each wave culminating in the formation of a large follicle. Factors like diet, age, parity, and lactation status can influence the number of waves per estrous cycle, which is usually two waves for lactating dairy cows and three waves for nullipar
sperm abnormalities.pptx
The document compares the dimensions of bull and buffalo sperm. Bull sperm have a longer, narrower head and a longer, thinner midpiece than buffalo sperm. The head and midpiece are parts of sperm that were measured in microns and compared between bulls and buffalos.
pregnancy diagnosis.pptx
This document discusses various methods for diagnosing pregnancy in livestock, including management, clinical, radiographic, ultrasound, and laboratory-based methods. Clinical methods include rectal palpation to check for uterine horn enlargement, fetal membranes, cotyledons, and fetal bump. Ultrasound uses a linear rectal probe to diagnose cow pregnancy. Laboratory methods involve analyzing blood, milk, or urine samples to detect pregnancy hormones like progesterone. Differential diagnosis considers conditions that could be confused for pregnancy, such as tumors, mummified fetuses, or uterine infections.
CRYOBIOLOGY.pptx
Cryopreservation is a process that preserves cells, tissues, or other substances by cooling them to very low sub-zero temperatures, usually below -150°C. This prevents damage from chemical reactions or the passage of time by effectively stopping all enzymatic or chemical activity. Cryopreservation methods seek to reach these low temperatures without additional damage caused by the formation of ice during freezing. Traditionally, the material is coated with cryoprotectant molecules to preserve it through freezing and thawing.
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4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
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infertility.pptx
- 3. 1. Affections of ovaries: 1. OVARIAN HYPOPLASIA • Inherited due to autosomal recessive abnormal sex chromosome complement (XO). • Either unilateral or bilateral. • Affected ovaries are smaller in size, non functional and composed of largely unidentified parenchyma. • Oocytes and follicles are virtually absent
- 4. 2. Affections of uterus: 1. UTERUS UNICORNIS • developmental defects of paramesonephric ducts. • One of the uterine horn will be narrow/flatband without lumen
- 5. 2. UTERINE DIDELPHYS • Occurs as a result of failure of fusion of both paramesonephric ducts. • Associated with double cervix, each uterine horn connects with vagina by a separate cervical canal. • Sometimes cranial vaginal division can also be seen.
- 6. 3. HYDROMETRA Fluid accumulation in the uterus usually due to blockage of the outflow track.
- 7. 1. Affections of ovaries A. OOPHORITIS/OVARITIS Inflammatory condition of the ovary
- 8. B. GRANULOSE CELL TUMOR • Most common neoplasm of the bovine ovary • Usually benign and sometimes metastatic in nature • Estrogen secreting tumor- displays persistant estrus behaviour • Androgen secreting tumor- displays anestrum and virilism
- 9. C. OVARIOBURSAL ADHESIONS • It is adhesion between ovary and ovarian bursa. • Adhesion ranges from fine web like strands in bursa without involving the uterine tube/oviduct to complete envelopment of the ovary within the bursa.
- 10. D. FOLLICULAR CYSTS • A fluid filled structure on the ovary >2.5 cm in dia. • No CL present on either ovary • Consists unovulated follicle lined by a small layer of thecal cell
- 11. E. LUTEAL CYST • Thick walled fluid filled structure > 2.5 cms in diameter which persists for >10 days • Usually single • Thickness of the cyst wall >3mm
- 12. F. PARAOVARIAN CYSTS • Fluid-filled para-ovarian cyst • Usually do not cause negative effects on fertility.
- 13. 1. Affections of salphinx A. HYDROSALPHINX Accumulation of the secretions within the oviduct due to occlusion which causes distension and thinning of the wall of the oviduct
- 14. 1. Affections of uterus A. PYOMETRA • Progressive accumulation of pus in the uterus in the presence of CL • The pus prevents the normal luteolytic mechanism & results in anestrus. • The fluid in the uterus mimics a pregnancy, so the cow will not return to heat. DD: pregnancy
- 15. b. CYSTIC ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIA • Seen most commonly in the dog. • Appears like bubble wrap • Is favorable to bacteria that will invade this space leading to pyometra.
- 16. 4. MUCOMETRA Mucus accumulation lacking an inflammatory component. Can be due to secondary or acquired obstructions to outflow of the uterine secretions.
- 17. 1. Affections of cervix A. CERVICITIS inflammation of the cervix
- 18. FETAL MUMMIFICATION •Absence of fetal fluids and placentomes •Uterus tightly contracted around fetus •Absence of fremitus
- 19. FETAL MACERATION