This document analyzes the decline in earnings inequality in Brazil between 1995 and 2012. It examines potential factors that contributed to the decline in the Gini coefficient for labor incomes such as increases in education levels, changes in labor market institutions like minimum wage increases, demographic shifts, and geographic differences in incomes. The document presents data on earnings levels and inequality over time and regression results analyzing the changing returns to characteristics like education, gender, race, and job attributes. Detailed decompositions attribute parts of the overall decline in inequality to specific factors like human capital, gender/race, and changes in urban/rural and regional income differences.
HLEG thematic workshop on Measurement of Well Being and Development in Africa...StatsCommunications
HLEG thematic workshop on Measurement of Well Being and Development in Africa, 12-14 November 2015, Durban, South Africa, More information at: www.oecd.org/statistics/measuring-economic-social-progress
This document discusses inequality and recommendations to reduce inequality in Pakistan. It notes that inequality traps exist that allow the rich to remain rich through lack of upward mobility and issues with the education system. Gender inequality is also discussed. The document provides recommendations from experts to reduce inequality such as implementing land reform, enforcing tax collection, increasing the minimum wage, and increasing access to education and vocational training. It argues that the government can play a role in leveling the playing field and reducing inequality through tax reforms such as decreasing exemptions and increasing compliance.
The document discusses inequality in Pakistan across multiple dimensions such as income, assets, access to services, education and gender. It notes that the richest 18 million people in Pakistan consume 1.5 times as much as the poorest 72 million. Inequality traps exist that prevent upward mobility, with only 9% of those born to the bottom income quintile making it to the top quintile as adults, while 52% of those born rich remain rich. Reducing inequality will require policy reforms like improving tax collection, increasing public services spending, enforcing minimum wage and undertaking land reforms. However, tackling inequality in all its forms will be an ongoing challenge.
The document summarizes key concepts related to social inequality and social mobility. It discusses how social inequality is created through unequal social roles and reward packages. Social inequality is linked to economic inequality but also includes disparities in access to resources like education and healthcare. Social mobility refers to an individual's ability to change social status within their lifetime or across generations. The document also examines types of social mobility and capital, as well as factors like parenting styles that can influence intergenerational mobility.
The document discusses measuring wealth inequality through the Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient. It provides steps to construct the Lorenz curve from household wealth distribution data and interpret the results. The Gini coefficient measures inequality based on the ratio of the area between the Lorenz curve and line of equality to the total area under the line of equality. STATA commands like 'inequal' and 'lorenz' can calculate various inequality measures and plot the Lorenz curve from data.
Relationship between growth, financial development and income inequality.
- Is there nonlinearity in the relationship?
- What are the factors that affect the degree of impact of financial development on income inequality?
To watch the full TED Talk, visit http://www.ted.com/talks/michael_green_what_the_social_progress_index_can_reveal_about_your_country
Social Progress Imperative Executive Director Michael Green walks us through the history of how the world came to rely so heavily on GDP despite its creator's early warning, and why we are ready for a measurement revolution to begin measuring what really matters.
Green showcases the tenuous relationship between economic development and social development punctuated by findings of the Social Progress Index 2014, and highlights how the global Index's framework is being used at a regional level in Brazil.
This document analyzes the decline in earnings inequality in Brazil between 1995 and 2012. It examines potential factors that contributed to the decline in the Gini coefficient for labor incomes such as increases in education levels, changes in labor market institutions like minimum wage increases, demographic shifts, and geographic differences in incomes. The document presents data on earnings levels and inequality over time and regression results analyzing the changing returns to characteristics like education, gender, race, and job attributes. Detailed decompositions attribute parts of the overall decline in inequality to specific factors like human capital, gender/race, and changes in urban/rural and regional income differences.
HLEG thematic workshop on Measurement of Well Being and Development in Africa...StatsCommunications
HLEG thematic workshop on Measurement of Well Being and Development in Africa, 12-14 November 2015, Durban, South Africa, More information at: www.oecd.org/statistics/measuring-economic-social-progress
This document discusses inequality and recommendations to reduce inequality in Pakistan. It notes that inequality traps exist that allow the rich to remain rich through lack of upward mobility and issues with the education system. Gender inequality is also discussed. The document provides recommendations from experts to reduce inequality such as implementing land reform, enforcing tax collection, increasing the minimum wage, and increasing access to education and vocational training. It argues that the government can play a role in leveling the playing field and reducing inequality through tax reforms such as decreasing exemptions and increasing compliance.
The document discusses inequality in Pakistan across multiple dimensions such as income, assets, access to services, education and gender. It notes that the richest 18 million people in Pakistan consume 1.5 times as much as the poorest 72 million. Inequality traps exist that prevent upward mobility, with only 9% of those born to the bottom income quintile making it to the top quintile as adults, while 52% of those born rich remain rich. Reducing inequality will require policy reforms like improving tax collection, increasing public services spending, enforcing minimum wage and undertaking land reforms. However, tackling inequality in all its forms will be an ongoing challenge.
The document summarizes key concepts related to social inequality and social mobility. It discusses how social inequality is created through unequal social roles and reward packages. Social inequality is linked to economic inequality but also includes disparities in access to resources like education and healthcare. Social mobility refers to an individual's ability to change social status within their lifetime or across generations. The document also examines types of social mobility and capital, as well as factors like parenting styles that can influence intergenerational mobility.
The document discusses measuring wealth inequality through the Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient. It provides steps to construct the Lorenz curve from household wealth distribution data and interpret the results. The Gini coefficient measures inequality based on the ratio of the area between the Lorenz curve and line of equality to the total area under the line of equality. STATA commands like 'inequal' and 'lorenz' can calculate various inequality measures and plot the Lorenz curve from data.
Relationship between growth, financial development and income inequality.
- Is there nonlinearity in the relationship?
- What are the factors that affect the degree of impact of financial development on income inequality?
To watch the full TED Talk, visit http://www.ted.com/talks/michael_green_what_the_social_progress_index_can_reveal_about_your_country
Social Progress Imperative Executive Director Michael Green walks us through the history of how the world came to rely so heavily on GDP despite its creator's early warning, and why we are ready for a measurement revolution to begin measuring what really matters.
Green showcases the tenuous relationship between economic development and social development punctuated by findings of the Social Progress Index 2014, and highlights how the global Index's framework is being used at a regional level in Brazil.
This document discusses linguistic and social inequality. It begins by introducing the concept of linguistic inequality and how people's language use varies based on their social status. It then describes two main types of linguistic inequality: 1) Subjective inequality, which relates to perceptions and prejudices about others' speech, and 2) Communicative inequality, which involves knowledge of appropriate language use. The document goes on to discuss linguistic prejudice in more detail, how it manifests in educational settings, and how speech can influence stereotypes and social judgments.
The document discusses various types of inequality in different countries. In India, it describes gender inequality and how cultural factors like patriarchy and dowry system contribute. It also discusses economic inequality in India and how growth, asset distribution, employment, and regional differences impact inequality. In the US, it outlines gender pay gaps, lack of women in management, and differences in maternity leave policies. It also discusses growing wealth inequality in the US since the 1970s. In China, it summarizes gender income inequalities, higher unemployment rates for women, and discriminatory hiring practices against women. For Bangladesh, it outlines wealth inequality between the rich and poor, causes and impacts of poverty, and gender disparities in education.
This document discusses empirical studies in planning theory and the differences between quantitative and qualitative research methods. It explains that empirical studies rely on experience and sensory data to generate knowledge. Quantitative methods use statistical analysis and structured data collection to investigate relationships, while qualitative methods use unstructured data and communication to understand human behavior and develop theories. Both methods aim to evaluate and refine planning theories based on evidence from practice.
Social inequality exists in Bangladesh and is evident across several dimensions including education, employment, health, and income. Inequalities exist between gender, rural/urban areas, and socioeconomic classes. Literacy and education completion rates are higher for males compared to females. Employment rates are also higher for males, while unemployment rates are higher for females. Health indicators like child mortality and skilled birth attendance are worse for females. Poverty rates remain higher in rural areas compared to urban areas. Occupational inequalities also exist across class and caste divisions in Bangladeshi society. The document analyzes trends in these various forms of social inequality in Bangladesh over time.
Hacia una nueva asociación con China
Perspectivas Económicas de América Latina 2016
Presentación en el Senado de México (2/02/2016)
via @AngelMelguizo head of the Latin American and Caribbean Unit at @OECD_Centre
The document discusses the concept of equality, including equal human rights, equality of income, political equality, and equal opportunity. It notes different types of inequality that can exist in organizations, such as racism, bullying, and favoritism. The document then discusses equality in Islam and highlights equality in mosques, pilgrimages, and fasting. It also discusses equality laws in Pakistan and ways to overcome inequality, such as women's empowerment and giving equal opportunities and rights to all people.
Inequality, social inequality and gender inequality: where is the women's pos...Zakiul Alam
Women face significant social inequality in Bangladesh according to various indicators. Gender inequality exists in health, education, employment, and political participation. Women have higher child mortality and malnutrition rates. Their literacy and education levels lag behind men's. Female labor force participation is much lower than men's, and women face large wage gaps. Women are vastly underrepresented in politics, holding only a small minority of seats. Violence against women, such as domestic violence, rape, acid attacks, and dowry-related violence is also prevalent in Bangladesh due to cultural and social factors. The causes of this inequality include gender norms, lack of policy implementation, poverty, and unequal distribution of wealth. National laws and policies have been enacted to promote gender equality but
This document provides an overview of Unit 5 in a sociology course, which examines how social stratification, gender, age, race, and ethnicity contribute to social inequality. It outlines topics that will be covered such as social stratification systems, poverty, race/ethnicity, gender, age, and examines related concepts like discrimination, prejudice, and minority group treatment. Students are expected to understand how these various factors shape social structure and influence human interaction and opportunities.
The document discusses income inequality, which is the gap between rich and poor in terms of wealth and income distribution. It provides data on income inequality ratios between the richest and poorest 10% of populations in various countries. Income inequality varies between societies, economic systems, and over time. There are various ways to measure economic inequality numerically, including Lorenz curves and Gini coefficients. The document then discusses some of the key causes of income inequality like changes in labor markets, globalization, technology, and tax policies. It also discusses some of the impacts and trade-offs of income inequality.
Caroline completed an 8-week marketing internship at the Dundee International Women's Centre (DIWC). Her main projects included developing blog posts and infographics to promote DIWC's mobile creche service online. She encountered some challenges with planning and using new technologies but overcame these by getting feedback and practicing the skills. Caroline realized she prefers face-to-face client interactions over digital marketing. She plans to choose modules in event planning and pursue business internships in industries like fashion or pharmaceuticals.
Risk management is a systematic process of identifying, analyzing, and responding to risks involved in any activity. It is used in both public and private sectors across finance, insurance, healthcare, government, and other industries. The benefits of risk management include more effective decision making, efficient allocation of resources, increased accountability, and flexibility in meeting objectives. There are standard steps to the risk management process, including integrating risk awareness into planning, only accepting necessary risks, making risk decisions at the appropriate level, and accepting risks where benefits outweigh costs. The overall goal is to reduce problems and improve the probability of success through a more informed approach to risk.
The document announces the winners of various backgammon awards, as determined by over 200 votes from the backgammon community. Eric McAlpine was named Player of the Year, while John Hurst won Most Feared Opponent. Mike Main and Geoffrey Parker received awards for Tournament Director of the Year and Board Designer of the Year, respectively. Arthur Wright was recognized as the Largest Contributor to the Game, and Phil Simborg received an award for his contributions to international backgammon. David Broomfield won Most Courteous Player, Michi Kageyama was named International Player of the Year, and Lawrence Powell was voted Friendliest Player.
The document describes a treatment program that provides methadone maintenance treatment and family therapy to adolescents diagnosed with heroin abuse or dependence. The program aims to help adolescents cease heroin use and reduce relapse risk by treating the adolescent-family system together. It involves at least one year of weekly individual therapy, family therapy, group therapy, and daily methadone administration overseen by medical professionals, with a focus on brief strategic family therapy. Failure to comply with treatment or misuse of methadone may result in termination. The goal is for methadone to stabilize adolescents while family therapy repairs family dysfunction and supports long-term recovery.
Presentacion general supension plus 2015 2015 01 06Cano Asesor
El documento presenta Supension Plus, un software para liquidar pensiones que permite digitalizar historias laborales, realizar ajustes, liquidar pensiones e indemnizaciones sustitutivas, reliquidar pensiones, desindexar salarios y mesadas, calcular incrementos por personas a cargo, retroactivos, aportes sin pagar e intereses de mora sobre capitales fijos. El software automatiza los cálculos y procesos de liquidación de pensiones en pocos pasos.
The document discusses various figures of speech used in language including similes, metaphors, metonymy, symbolism, onomatopoeia, personification, paradoxes, oxymorons, hyperbole, meiosis, allegories, rhetorical questions, and antithesis. It provides definitions and examples of each figure of speech.
Inequality, Jobs, Growth: The postwar experience in the U.S.pkconference
This document discusses trends in inequality and unemployment in the postwar U.S. economy. It shows that income growth has disproportionately benefited the top 10% and top 1% of families. It also analyzes rising long-term unemployment, slower payroll recovery, declining wage share of GDP, and falling labor force participation. The author argues for rethinking conventional countercyclical stabilizers like unemployment insurance and instead implementing a job guarantee program to provide stable employment and income. Overall, the document analyzes how inequality has increased as unemployment outcomes have worsened, and calls for policies to stabilize incomes through full employment.
This document discusses linguistic and social inequality. It begins by introducing the concept of linguistic inequality and how people's language use varies based on their social status. It then describes two main types of linguistic inequality: 1) Subjective inequality, which relates to perceptions and prejudices about others' speech, and 2) Communicative inequality, which involves knowledge of appropriate language use. The document goes on to discuss linguistic prejudice in more detail, how it manifests in educational settings, and how speech can influence stereotypes and social judgments.
The document discusses various types of inequality in different countries. In India, it describes gender inequality and how cultural factors like patriarchy and dowry system contribute. It also discusses economic inequality in India and how growth, asset distribution, employment, and regional differences impact inequality. In the US, it outlines gender pay gaps, lack of women in management, and differences in maternity leave policies. It also discusses growing wealth inequality in the US since the 1970s. In China, it summarizes gender income inequalities, higher unemployment rates for women, and discriminatory hiring practices against women. For Bangladesh, it outlines wealth inequality between the rich and poor, causes and impacts of poverty, and gender disparities in education.
This document discusses empirical studies in planning theory and the differences between quantitative and qualitative research methods. It explains that empirical studies rely on experience and sensory data to generate knowledge. Quantitative methods use statistical analysis and structured data collection to investigate relationships, while qualitative methods use unstructured data and communication to understand human behavior and develop theories. Both methods aim to evaluate and refine planning theories based on evidence from practice.
Social inequality exists in Bangladesh and is evident across several dimensions including education, employment, health, and income. Inequalities exist between gender, rural/urban areas, and socioeconomic classes. Literacy and education completion rates are higher for males compared to females. Employment rates are also higher for males, while unemployment rates are higher for females. Health indicators like child mortality and skilled birth attendance are worse for females. Poverty rates remain higher in rural areas compared to urban areas. Occupational inequalities also exist across class and caste divisions in Bangladeshi society. The document analyzes trends in these various forms of social inequality in Bangladesh over time.
Hacia una nueva asociación con China
Perspectivas Económicas de América Latina 2016
Presentación en el Senado de México (2/02/2016)
via @AngelMelguizo head of the Latin American and Caribbean Unit at @OECD_Centre
The document discusses the concept of equality, including equal human rights, equality of income, political equality, and equal opportunity. It notes different types of inequality that can exist in organizations, such as racism, bullying, and favoritism. The document then discusses equality in Islam and highlights equality in mosques, pilgrimages, and fasting. It also discusses equality laws in Pakistan and ways to overcome inequality, such as women's empowerment and giving equal opportunities and rights to all people.
Inequality, social inequality and gender inequality: where is the women's pos...Zakiul Alam
Women face significant social inequality in Bangladesh according to various indicators. Gender inequality exists in health, education, employment, and political participation. Women have higher child mortality and malnutrition rates. Their literacy and education levels lag behind men's. Female labor force participation is much lower than men's, and women face large wage gaps. Women are vastly underrepresented in politics, holding only a small minority of seats. Violence against women, such as domestic violence, rape, acid attacks, and dowry-related violence is also prevalent in Bangladesh due to cultural and social factors. The causes of this inequality include gender norms, lack of policy implementation, poverty, and unequal distribution of wealth. National laws and policies have been enacted to promote gender equality but
This document provides an overview of Unit 5 in a sociology course, which examines how social stratification, gender, age, race, and ethnicity contribute to social inequality. It outlines topics that will be covered such as social stratification systems, poverty, race/ethnicity, gender, age, and examines related concepts like discrimination, prejudice, and minority group treatment. Students are expected to understand how these various factors shape social structure and influence human interaction and opportunities.
The document discusses income inequality, which is the gap between rich and poor in terms of wealth and income distribution. It provides data on income inequality ratios between the richest and poorest 10% of populations in various countries. Income inequality varies between societies, economic systems, and over time. There are various ways to measure economic inequality numerically, including Lorenz curves and Gini coefficients. The document then discusses some of the key causes of income inequality like changes in labor markets, globalization, technology, and tax policies. It also discusses some of the impacts and trade-offs of income inequality.
Caroline completed an 8-week marketing internship at the Dundee International Women's Centre (DIWC). Her main projects included developing blog posts and infographics to promote DIWC's mobile creche service online. She encountered some challenges with planning and using new technologies but overcame these by getting feedback and practicing the skills. Caroline realized she prefers face-to-face client interactions over digital marketing. She plans to choose modules in event planning and pursue business internships in industries like fashion or pharmaceuticals.
Risk management is a systematic process of identifying, analyzing, and responding to risks involved in any activity. It is used in both public and private sectors across finance, insurance, healthcare, government, and other industries. The benefits of risk management include more effective decision making, efficient allocation of resources, increased accountability, and flexibility in meeting objectives. There are standard steps to the risk management process, including integrating risk awareness into planning, only accepting necessary risks, making risk decisions at the appropriate level, and accepting risks where benefits outweigh costs. The overall goal is to reduce problems and improve the probability of success through a more informed approach to risk.
The document announces the winners of various backgammon awards, as determined by over 200 votes from the backgammon community. Eric McAlpine was named Player of the Year, while John Hurst won Most Feared Opponent. Mike Main and Geoffrey Parker received awards for Tournament Director of the Year and Board Designer of the Year, respectively. Arthur Wright was recognized as the Largest Contributor to the Game, and Phil Simborg received an award for his contributions to international backgammon. David Broomfield won Most Courteous Player, Michi Kageyama was named International Player of the Year, and Lawrence Powell was voted Friendliest Player.
The document describes a treatment program that provides methadone maintenance treatment and family therapy to adolescents diagnosed with heroin abuse or dependence. The program aims to help adolescents cease heroin use and reduce relapse risk by treating the adolescent-family system together. It involves at least one year of weekly individual therapy, family therapy, group therapy, and daily methadone administration overseen by medical professionals, with a focus on brief strategic family therapy. Failure to comply with treatment or misuse of methadone may result in termination. The goal is for methadone to stabilize adolescents while family therapy repairs family dysfunction and supports long-term recovery.
Presentacion general supension plus 2015 2015 01 06Cano Asesor
El documento presenta Supension Plus, un software para liquidar pensiones que permite digitalizar historias laborales, realizar ajustes, liquidar pensiones e indemnizaciones sustitutivas, reliquidar pensiones, desindexar salarios y mesadas, calcular incrementos por personas a cargo, retroactivos, aportes sin pagar e intereses de mora sobre capitales fijos. El software automatiza los cálculos y procesos de liquidación de pensiones en pocos pasos.
The document discusses various figures of speech used in language including similes, metaphors, metonymy, symbolism, onomatopoeia, personification, paradoxes, oxymorons, hyperbole, meiosis, allegories, rhetorical questions, and antithesis. It provides definitions and examples of each figure of speech.
Inequality, Jobs, Growth: The postwar experience in the U.S.pkconference
This document discusses trends in inequality and unemployment in the postwar U.S. economy. It shows that income growth has disproportionately benefited the top 10% and top 1% of families. It also analyzes rising long-term unemployment, slower payroll recovery, declining wage share of GDP, and falling labor force participation. The author argues for rethinking conventional countercyclical stabilizers like unemployment insurance and instead implementing a job guarantee program to provide stable employment and income. Overall, the document analyzes how inequality has increased as unemployment outcomes have worsened, and calls for policies to stabilize incomes through full employment.
Analysing the local dimension of productivity and inclusiveness - Beatriz JA...OECD CFE
This document analyzes the relationship between productivity and inclusiveness at the local level. It explores challenges like slowing productivity growth and rising inequality. A typology is presented that categorizes regions based on their productivity and inclusiveness. An Inclusiveness Composite Indicator is used to measure and compare inclusiveness across regions in 12 countries. While highly productive regions tend to be more inclusive, increasing productivity does not always lead to greater inclusiveness. The analysis seeks to identify policies that can boost both productivity and inclusiveness.
socio economic dimensions of Nepal, population of Nepal and its projection, population density of Nepal , Age and sex structure in Nepal, Employee trends in Nepal,Labour Market issues
This paper analyzes poverty and growth trends across zones and sectors in Nigeria between 2004-2010. It finds that poverty increased nationwide over this period, with higher rates in northern zones and rural areas. Poverty-growth elasticity was below 1 and lower in northern/rural areas. Decomposition analyses show growth was the main factor reducing poverty, while increasing inequality weakened poverty reduction. Population shifts towards rural areas also increased poverty, particularly in northern zones. Human capital played a smaller role in explaining income/poverty differences between zones and sectors over time. Spatial and sectoral disparities in growth pro-poorness contributed to Nigeria's weak overall poverty reduction.
Ethiopia has experienced rapid economic growth and poverty reduction over the last decade, with an average annual GDP growth of 10.9%. This growth has been driven primarily by the agricultural sector and public investment in infrastructure. The economy is transitioning from primarily agrarian to greater roles for secondary and tertiary sectors. Population growth presents both opportunities and challenges for continued economic expansion. Education and skills development will need to keep pace with structural changes in the economy and labor market. Social protection programs have helped support livelihoods but further expansion will be important. Sustaining growth will require developing domestic industry and managing macroeconomic and demographic factors.
Change and Rigidity in Youth Employment Patterns in Malawi, 2004-2016IFPRIMaSSP
This document summarizes research on changes in youth employment patterns in Malawi between 2004-2016. The key findings are:
1) Agriculture remains the dominant sector, employing 88% of working Malawians. However, the share of older youth and non-youth working in services has increased slightly while industry employment has declined.
2) Younger youth are more likely to be students than employed, while older youth's employment patterns are similar to non-youth. Education increases the likelihood of non-agricultural employment.
3) There is little evidence of structural transformation in employment away from agriculture. Maintaining education investments alongside private sector job creation and infrastructure development are needed to pull people out of farming
This document analyzes the impact of trade liberalization on poverty in Pakistan. It discusses different types of poverty and provides statistics on poverty levels in Pakistan. The study aims to analyze the relationship between trade liberalization and poverty. It selects poverty as the dependent variable and trade liberalization, inflation, and GDP per capita as independent variables. The methodology includes stationarity testing, ARDL modeling, and Granger causality testing. The results find that trade liberalization and GDP per capita are negatively related to poverty, while inflation is positively related. The study concludes that increasing trade openness and GDP per capita while reducing inflation can help alleviate poverty in Pakistan.
Measuring pro-poor sectoral analysis for Pakistan: trickle down?Shujah Jadoon
This study analyzes pro-poor sectoral growth in Pakistan from 1960 to 2011 using household survey data. The study develops a "Poverty Equivalent growth Rate" index to measure the impact of sectoral growth rates and how benefits reach the poor in agriculture, industry, manufacturing and services. The hypothesis is that pro-poor sectoral analysis has a positive impact on the poor. Key findings include periods from 1969-1979 and 2005-2006 where agricultural growth significantly reduced inequality and poverty, while 2002-2011 saw other sectors favoring the poor more than the non-poor. The conclusions call for empowering the poor through pro-poor policies that address poverty in various ways and facilitate economic opportunities.
This document analyzes factors that affect unemployment in Pakistan from 1980 to 2015. It examines how unemployment correlates with gross domestic product (GDP), population growth, and inflation. GDP has a positive relationship with unemployment, while population growth and inflation have negative relationships. The analysis finds that GDP, population growth, and inflation all significantly impact unemployment in Pakistan.
The document discusses various topics related to development including goals of development, national development, comparing development levels between countries, human development, and measuring development. It provides definitions of development and sustainable development. It also compares India's development to its neighboring countries based on metrics like per capita income, life expectancy, literacy rate, and HDI ranking.
The document discusses principles and methods for constructing and updating poverty measures. It explains that poverty has multiple dimensions beyond just income or consumption, including health, education, and security. Good poverty measures should be understandable, fit their purpose, and be technically sound. Countries may want to update measures to better monitor poverty over time and compare across locations. Common approaches include setting a monetary poverty line and indices to assess the depth and severity of poverty. The document also discusses choices in measuring household welfare and making cross-country comparisons while addressing issues like price levels and household size.
The document discusses the construction and updating of poverty measures. It explains that poverty is multidimensional, comprising low income as well as other factors like health, education, and security. Good poverty measures should be understandable, fit their purpose, and be technically sound. Countries update measures to better monitor and address poverty over time and between regions. Common approaches include monetary measures using consumption/income adjusted for household size and prices to set poverty lines. Non-monetary measures also exist. Proper adjustments and choice of welfare indicator affect results.
Session III - Economic Inequality in Malaysia: Policy Responses by Prof Dr Jo...KhazanahResearchInstitute
Malaysian Income Distribution in a Global Context
A Khazanah Nasional Berhad and Khazanah Research Institute Seminar
Session III - Income Distribution in Malaysia: Policy Responses
18 January 2018
Rural-urban migration is increasing urbanization globally. People migrate from rural to urban areas due to push factors in rural areas like lack of jobs, poverty, and poor infrastructure as well as pull factors of the city like more jobs and economic opportunities, improved standards of living, and access to services. Urbanization grew rapidly in now-developed countries during industrialization as people moved to cities for factory and mine jobs. In poorer countries today, high fertility rates and natural increase in cities also contribute to urban growth, as do cities being centers of industry and opportunity.
Rural-urban migration is increasing urbanization globally. In poorer countries, people migrate to cities due to push factors like droughts, lack of jobs, and poverty in rural areas, as well as pull factors like the belief of higher standards of living and more jobs in cities. In richer countries, mechanization reduced rural jobs, while factories and industries in cities provided employment, leading to urban growth during industrialization. Today, urbanization continues rapidly in developing nations as rural push factors and urban pull factors persist.
Impact of globalisation on poverty,inequality and employmentAvi Vani
Globalization has impacted poverty, inequality, and employment in India. While it has led to some reduction in poverty, the decline has been insufficient and inequality remains high. Globalization contributed to increased productivity and wages, which helped reduce absolute poverty. However, rural-urban disparities in income persist. Employment in manufacturing and services has grown, but agriculture employment has declined slowly despite a decreasing share of agriculture in GDP. Unemployment rates have generally fallen but rural unemployment remains a concern, especially in agriculture. Overall, globalization's effects have been mixed, with both opportunities and challenges for reducing poverty and generating employment.
Ghana has experienced strong economic growth above sub-Saharan Africa averages since 2007. However, employment growth has lagged behind GDP growth, with the majority of jobs being low quality in the informal sector. While poverty has declined, inequality is increasing. Constraints to higher employment include a shortage of high-skilled and technical workers due to low education levels, and growth being concentrated in capital-intensive industries rather than high-employment sectors like agriculture and manufacturing. Targeted employment policies have had limited success, and job creation needs greater focus in national strategies to link growth to reductions in poverty and inequality.
Presentation by OECD Chief Economist, Laurence Boone, on Inclusive Growth at the farewell conference in honor of Governor Karnit Flug, The Van Leer Institute in Jerusalem, 4 November 2018
Session II - Inequality in Malaysia: The Changing Contour of Income Distribut...KhazanahResearchInstitute
Malaysian Income Distribution in a Global Context
A Khazanah Nasional Berhad and Khazanah Research Institute Seminar
Session II - Income Distribution in Malaysia: Trends and Patterns
18 January 2018
The Future of Independent Filmmaking Trends and Job OpportunitiesLetsFAME
The landscape of independent filmmaking is evolving at an unprecedented pace. Technological advancements, changing consumer preferences, and new distribution models are reshaping the industry, creating new opportunities and challenges for filmmakers and film industry jobs. This article explores the future of independent filmmaking, highlighting key trends and emerging job opportunities.
The Evolution of the Leonardo DiCaprio Haircut: A Journey Through Style and C...greendigital
Leonardo DiCaprio, a name synonymous with Hollywood stardom and acting excellence. has captivated audiences for decades with his talent and charisma. But, the Leonardo DiCaprio haircut is one aspect of his public persona that has garnered attention. From his early days as a teenage heartthrob to his current status as a seasoned actor and environmental activist. DiCaprio's hairstyles have evolved. reflecting both his personal growth and the changing trends in fashion. This article delves into the many phases of the Leonardo DiCaprio haircut. exploring its significance and impact on pop culture.
From Teacher to OnlyFans: Brianna Coppage's Story at 28get joys
At 28, Brianna Coppage left her teaching career to become an OnlyFans content creator. This bold move into digital entrepreneurship allowed her to harness her creativity and build a new identity. Brianna's experience highlights the intersection of technology and personal branding in today's economy.
Odia New Web Series at your fingerprint.mikedanoffice
Stay ahead of the curve with the latest in Odia entertainment! Our Odia new web series promise an exciting blend of fresh narratives, talented performances, and engaging plots. Immerse yourself in the evolving world of Odia storytelling with our curated selection of cutting-edge web content. for more visit: https://aaonxt.com/series
Leonardo DiCaprio Super Bowl: Hollywood Meets America’s Favorite Gamegreendigital
Introduction
Leonardo DiCaprio is synonymous with Hollywood stardom and acclaimed performances. has a unique connection with one of America's most beloved sports events—the Super Bowl. The "Leonardo DiCaprio Super Bowl" phenomenon combines the worlds of cinema and sports. drawing attention from fans of both domains. This article delves into the multifaceted relationship between DiCaprio and the Super Bowl. exploring his appearances at the event, His involvement in Super Bowl advertisements. and his cultural impact that bridges the gap between these two massive entertainment industries.
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Leonardo DiCaprio: The Hollywood Icon
Early Life and Career Beginnings
Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio was born in Los Angeles, California, on November 11, 1974. His journey to stardom began at a young age with roles in television commercials and educational programs. DiCaprio's breakthrough came with his portrayal of Luke Brower in the sitcom "Growing Pains" and later as Tobias Wolff in "This Boy's Life" (1993). where he starred alongside Robert De Niro.
Rise to Stardom
DiCaprio's career skyrocketed with his performance in "What's Eating Gilbert Grape" (1993). earning him his first Academy Award nomination. He continued to gain acclaim with roles in "Romeo + Juliet" (1996) and "Titanic" (1997). the latter of which cemented his status as a global superstar. Over the years, DiCaprio has showcased his versatility in films like "The Aviator" (2004). "Start" (2010), and "The Revenant" (2015), for which he finally won an Academy Award for Best Actor.
Environmental Activism
Beyond his film career, DiCaprio is also renowned for his environmental activism. He established the Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation in 1998, focusing on global conservation efforts. His commitment to ecological issues often intersects with his public appearances. including those related to the Super Bowl.
The Super Bowl: An American Institution
History and Significance
The Super Bowl is the National Football League (NFL) championship game. is one of the most-watched sporting events in the world. First played in 1967, the Super Bowl has evolved into a cultural phenomenon. featuring high-profile halftime shows, memorable advertisements, and significant media coverage. The event attracts a diverse audience, from avid sports fans to casual viewers. making it a prime platform for celebrities to appear.
Entertainment and Advertisements
The Super Bowl is not only about football but also about entertainment. The halftime show features performances by some of the biggest names in the music industry. while the commercials are often as anticipated as the game itself. Companies invest millions in Super Bowl ads. creating iconic and sometimes controversial commercials that capture public attention.
Leonardo DiCaprio's Super Bowl Appearances
A Celebrity Among the Fans
Leonardo DiCaprio's presence at the Super Bowl has noted several times. As a high-profile celebrity. DiCaprio attracts
Leonardo DiCaprio House: A Journey Through His Extravagant Real Estate Portfoliogreendigital
Introduction
Leonardo DiCaprio, A name synonymous with Hollywood excellence. is not only known for his stellar acting career but also for his impressive real estate investments. The "Leonardo DiCaprio house" is a topic that piques the interest of many. as the Oscar-winning actor has amassed a diverse portfolio of luxurious properties. DiCaprio's homes reflect his varied tastes and commitment to sustainability. from retreats to historic mansions. This article will delve into the fascinating world of Leonardo DiCaprio's real estate. Exploring the details of his most notable residences. and the unique aspects that make them stand out.
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Leonardo DiCaprio House: Malibu Beachfront Retreat
A Prime Location
His Malibu beachfront house is one of the most famous properties in Leonardo DiCaprio's real estate portfolio. Situated in the exclusive Carbon Beach. also known as "Billionaire's Beach," this property boasts stunning ocean views and private beach access. The "Leonardo DiCaprio house" in Malibu is a testament to the actor's love for the sea and his penchant for luxurious living.
Architectural Highlights
The Malibu house features a modern design with clean lines, large windows. and open spaces blending indoor and outdoor living. The expansive deck and patio areas provide ample space for entertaining guests or enjoying a quiet sunset. The house has state-of-the-art amenities. including a gourmet kitchen, a home theatre, and many guest suites.
Sustainable Features
Leonardo DiCaprio is a well-known environmental activist. whose Malibu house reflects his commitment to sustainability. The property incorporates solar panels, energy-efficient appliances, and sustainable building materials. The landscaping around the house is also designed to be water-efficient. featuring drought-resistant plants and intelligent irrigation systems.
Leonardo DiCaprio House: Hollywood Hills Hideaway
Privacy and Seclusion
Another remarkable property in Leonardo DiCaprio's collection is his Hollywood Hills house. This secluded retreat offers privacy and tranquility. making it an ideal escape from the hustle and bustle of Los Angeles. The "Leonardo DiCaprio house" in Hollywood Hills nestled among lush greenery. and offers panoramic views of the city and surrounding landscapes.
Design and Amenities
The Hollywood Hills house is a mid-century modern gem characterized by its sleek design and floor-to-ceiling windows. The open-concept living space is perfect for entertaining. while the cozy bedrooms provide a comfortable retreat. The property also features a swimming pool, and outdoor dining area. and a spacious deck that overlooks the cityscape.
Environmental Initiatives
The Hollywood Hills house incorporates several green features that are in line with DiCaprio's environmental values. The home has solar panels, energy-efficient lighting, and a rainwater harvesting system. Additionally, the landscaping designed to support local wildlife and promote
6. Kuznets Ratio
• The Kuznets ratio is a measurement of the ratio
of income going to the highest-earning
households (usually defined by the upper 20%)
and the income going to the lowest-earning
households
• Commonly measured by 40% lower and 20%
higher income receiving groups. Comparing 20%
to 20%, perfect equality is expressed as 1; 20% to
40% changes this value to 0.5.
7. CONT…
• Kuznets had two similar explanations for this
historical phenomenon
• workers migrated from agriculture to industry;
and rural workers moved to urban jobs.
• In both explanations, inequality will decrease
after 50% of the shift force switches over to
the higher paying sector.
8. Lorenz curve
• A model developed
by economist Max
Lorenz in 1905.
• It is often associated
with income
distribution calculations
10. The Gini Coefficient
Invented by the Italian statistician Corado Gini. An
equality diagonal represents perfect equality: at every
point, cumulative population equals cumulative income.
• A – Equality Diagonal
Cumulative Income
A
Population = Income
• B – Lorenz Curve
C • C – Difference Between
Equality and Reality
B
Cumulative Population
11. Gender Inequality Index
• A composite measure reflecting inequality in
achievements between women and men in
three dimensions
• Reproductive health
• Empowerment
• The labor market.
12.
13. Umer Jalil
10070621-053
TOPIC
Inequality in Pak
w.r.t Gini
coefficient
14. INEQUALITY ACCORDING TO GINI
COEFFICIENT OF PAKISTAN 1963-99
Years Rural areas Urban areas Total
1963-64 0.348 0.368 0.355
1966-67 0.314 0.388 0.351
1968-69 0.293 0.37 0.328
1984-85 0.345 0.379 0.428
1985-86 0.33 0.354 0.355
1987-88 0.307 0.366 0.348
1990-91 0.41 0.390 0.407
1992-93 0.367 0.384 0.39
1994-95 0.40 0.35 0.40
1996-97 0.41 0.38 0.40
1998-99 0.40 0.33 0.41
15. Explanation
• Inequalities in urban areas were higher than in
rural areas.
• According to their analysis, inequality
increased in both urban and rural areas of
Pakistan during 1969-70 and 1979.
• For Pakistan, the value of the Gini-coefficient
was 0.329 in 1969-70 and 0.376 in 1979
16. CONT…
• It is observed that during 1980s income distribution
improved from 0.428 in 1984-85 to 0.348 in 1987-88.
During the same period, the Gini-coefficient for rural
areas improved from 0.345 to 0.307 while there was a
little improvement in the income distribution in the
urban areas of Pakistan. The Gini-coefficient
decreased from 0.379 in 1984-85 to only 0.366 in
1987-88 as shown in table.
17. Irfan Shah
10070621-031
TOPIC
Inequality in India
w.r.t Gini
coefficient
18. Inequality According To Gini
Coefficient Of India
YEAR GINI COEFFICIENT
I970 30.38
1977 32.14
1983 31.49
1990 29.69
1992 32.02
1999 29.95
2002 42.00
2004 35.5
19. CONT…
Dr Sonali Bhattacharya
Symbiosis Centre of Management and Human Resource Development,
Hinjewadi, Pune-411057
INDIA
21. Bangladesh
• Bangladesh is considered as a developing
economy which has recorded GDP growth above
5% during the last few years
• Three fifths of Bangladeshis are employed in the
agriculture sector, three quarters of exports
revenues come from garment industry.
• Obstacles to sustainable development in
Bangladesh are overpopulation, poor
infrastructure, corruption, political instability and
a slow implementation of economic reforms.
22. Maria Aslam
10070621-017
TOPIC
Least Inequality in
Different Countries
23. 5 Countries with least Inequality
• Luxembourg 26.0
• Serbia 26.0
• Norway 25.0
• Hungary 24.7
• Sweden 23.0
24. Gulsher
10070621-055
TOPIC
Inequality in
Different Countries
25. 10 Countries with the Worst Inequality:
• The UNDP ranked countries and regions based on a
number of factors, including their Gini coefficient,
named for Italian statistician Corrado Gini.
• We have listed the world's most advanced economies
based on their Gini score, with zero marking absolute
equality and 100 absolute inequalities
26. CONT…
• Hong Kong
• Singapore
• U.S
• Israel
• Portugal
27. Hassan Naqi
10070621-063
TOPIC
Inequality in
Different Countries
28. CONT…
• New Zealand
• Italy (tie)
• Britain
• Australia
• Ireland (tie)
• Greece (tie)
29. Rank of Pakistan and India
RANK COUNTRY GINI SCORE YEAR EST
79 India 36.8 2004
109 Pakistan 30.6 FY07/08
http://www.thinkonthat.com/archives/5420
30.
31. CONCLUSION
• According to Gini coefficient Pakistan’s rank
is 109 and its Gini score is 30.6 so as
compared to India, Pakistan has more equality.
• The country with least inequality is Sweden
and the country with worst inequality is
Hong Kong
• Unequal distribution of power, prestige and
wealth is main reason of inequality.
32. References
• http://www.investorwords.com/6570/Lorenz_curve.html
• 2010 GII: Construction & Analysis
• http://www.thp.org/what_we_do/program_overview/empoweri
ng_women?gclid=CK-39LOF8KwCFQRO3godQzUXLw
• Dr Sonali Bhattacharya Symbiosis Centre of Management and
Human Resource Development, Hinjewadi, Pune-411057
INDIA
• Tradingeconomics.com
• http://www.thinkonthat.com/archives/5420
• http://finance.yahoo.com/news/pf_article_107980.html
• http://finance.yahoo.com/news/pf_article_107980.html
