Launch OECD report on Productivity and jobs in a globalised worldOECDregions
The launch event for the OECD report Productivity and Jobs in a Globalised World: (How) Can All Regions Benefit? was hosted by the European Committee of the Regions and the European Commission’s Directorate‑General for Regional and Urban Policy. The official launch and press briefing took place in the morning, followed by an in‑depth presentation of the report in the afternoon. The World Bank discussed the report and presented findings from the World Bank report Rethinking Lagging Regions in the EU: evidence-based principles for future Cohesion Policy.
http://www.oecd.org/publications/productivity-and-jobs-in-a-globalised-world-9789264293137-en.htm
Khalid Abu Ismail - ESCWA
Racha Ramadan - Cairo University
ERF 24th Annual Conference
The New Normal in the Global Economy: Challenges & Prospects for MENA
July 8-10, 2018
Cairo, Egypt
Policy Highlights from the publication Regional Outlook 2016, Productive Regions for Inclusive Societies. For more information see http://www.oecd.org/gov/oecd-regional-outlook-2016-9789264260245-en.htm
Region and city-contribution-to-inclusive-growthOECDregions
The Contribution of Regions and Cities to Inclusive Growth, presentation made at the 57th ERSA congress on Social Progress for Reslient Regions, held on 31 August 2017 in Groningen, Netherlands. Presentation by Joaquim Oliveira Martins, OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Local Development and Tourism.
More information: http://www.oecd.org/cfe/regional-policy/
This document discusses divergence in productivity and implications for inclusion. It summarizes findings from the OECD's MultiProd project, which examines wage and productivity dispersion using representative firm-level data from 16 countries. Key points include:
- Wage growth has decoupled from productivity growth in many countries since the 1990s, with rising inequality contributing.
- Productivity dispersion between firms has increased along with wage dispersion in most countries, though there are differences across places.
- Preliminary evidence suggests the link between wage and productivity dispersion is stronger in manufacturing than services and has increased over time.
- Various country-level factors like international trade, skills, R&D, and policies may influence dispersion in wages and productivity.
1) Productivity growth has declined since the 1990s across many countries and regions like the OECD, US, and Euro area.
2) There is a growing gap between the most productive "frontier" firms and the rest, with frontier firms increasing productivity much faster.
3) Rising inequality in countries over this time period may be lowering skills development and contributing to weaker productivity and income growth overall. Win-win policies that boost both productivity and inclusiveness are needed.
Launch OECD report on Productivity and jobs in a globalised worldOECDregions
The launch event for the OECD report Productivity and Jobs in a Globalised World: (How) Can All Regions Benefit? was hosted by the European Committee of the Regions and the European Commission’s Directorate‑General for Regional and Urban Policy. The official launch and press briefing took place in the morning, followed by an in‑depth presentation of the report in the afternoon. The World Bank discussed the report and presented findings from the World Bank report Rethinking Lagging Regions in the EU: evidence-based principles for future Cohesion Policy.
http://www.oecd.org/publications/productivity-and-jobs-in-a-globalised-world-9789264293137-en.htm
Khalid Abu Ismail - ESCWA
Racha Ramadan - Cairo University
ERF 24th Annual Conference
The New Normal in the Global Economy: Challenges & Prospects for MENA
July 8-10, 2018
Cairo, Egypt
Policy Highlights from the publication Regional Outlook 2016, Productive Regions for Inclusive Societies. For more information see http://www.oecd.org/gov/oecd-regional-outlook-2016-9789264260245-en.htm
Region and city-contribution-to-inclusive-growthOECDregions
The Contribution of Regions and Cities to Inclusive Growth, presentation made at the 57th ERSA congress on Social Progress for Reslient Regions, held on 31 August 2017 in Groningen, Netherlands. Presentation by Joaquim Oliveira Martins, OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Local Development and Tourism.
More information: http://www.oecd.org/cfe/regional-policy/
This document discusses divergence in productivity and implications for inclusion. It summarizes findings from the OECD's MultiProd project, which examines wage and productivity dispersion using representative firm-level data from 16 countries. Key points include:
- Wage growth has decoupled from productivity growth in many countries since the 1990s, with rising inequality contributing.
- Productivity dispersion between firms has increased along with wage dispersion in most countries, though there are differences across places.
- Preliminary evidence suggests the link between wage and productivity dispersion is stronger in manufacturing than services and has increased over time.
- Various country-level factors like international trade, skills, R&D, and policies may influence dispersion in wages and productivity.
1) Productivity growth has declined since the 1990s across many countries and regions like the OECD, US, and Euro area.
2) There is a growing gap between the most productive "frontier" firms and the rest, with frontier firms increasing productivity much faster.
3) Rising inequality in countries over this time period may be lowering skills development and contributing to weaker productivity and income growth overall. Win-win policies that boost both productivity and inclusiveness are needed.
OECD Regional Outlook 2016 - Presentation, Brussels, Belgium 11 October 2016OECD Governance
1. The document discusses productivity differences between regions in OECD countries, with a growing gap between the most productive "frontier" regions and less productive "lagging" regions.
2. It finds that while countries are converging in GDP per capita, regions within countries are diverging, with urban regions growing faster than rural areas.
3. The document advocates policies like structural reforms, public investments, and multi-level governance to help less productive "catching-up" regions increase productivity and reduce economic disparities between regions.
Well Being in Danish cities - measuring local well-being for policymakingOECD Governance
OECD presentation on Well Being in Danish Cities - Overview:
1. Why and how to measure well-being in cities
2. What are the city-regions in Denmark?
3. How do Danish city-regions fare in terms of people’s well-being?
4. How can well-being metrics be used for policy-making?
For more information, see the publication Well-being in Danish Cities http://www.oecd.org/gov/well-being-in-danish-cities-9789264265240-en.htm
The contribution of regional policy to inclusive growthOECDregions
Presentation made at the European Week of Regions and Cities, on 10 october 2017 in Brussels, Belgium. Presentation byJoaquim Oliveira Martins, OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Local Development and Tourism.
For more information: http://www.oecd.org/cfe/regional-policy/
The OECD Economic Outlook report finds that while global growth is expected to modestly pick up, it remains below historical norms. Productivity and wage growth have been subdued and financial stability risks persist. More needs to be done to ensure the benefits of structural trends like technology and trade are shared by all. An integrated policy approach is needed, including making the international system more equitable, implementing domestic reforms, and helping displaced workers adapt to new opportunities.
This document discusses productivity in Brazil and identifies several challenges:
1) Productivity growth has stagnated in Brazil over the past 30 years, making gains even more important as demographic growth slows.
2) Misallocation of resources is an issue, with too many small, low-productivity firms and capital allocation becoming less productive in recent years.
3) Improving service sector productivity is key given its large share of the economy, though traditional services remain much less productive than modern sectors.
National Prosperity Through Modern Rural Policy- 10th OECD Rural Conference, ...OECD Governance
This conference will mark the 10th meeting of the world’s leading policy officials, international experts and representatives from the private sector for discussing best practices for rural areas. This meeting will take stock of the evolution and progress made in rural development since the first conference held in 2002. For more information please see www.oecd.org/rural/rural-development-conference/
The document outlines an agenda for an online event titled "The New Economy Saudi Arabia 2020" that will discuss the economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and the transformation to a new global economy. The agenda includes discussions on the post-COVID world, recovery scenarios, policies and decision making trends, the new world order, traits of the new global economy, and digital transformation. The document notes that COVID-19 has exposed unprecedented socioeconomic threats and will likely push the world to a "new normal." It also discusses how the pandemic has impacted industries, employment, poverty levels, and could result in $82 trillion in damages to the global economy over five years.
Global growth is expected to modestly pick up due to increasing confidence and investment, but productivity and wage growth remain subdued and financial stability risks persist. While headline employment is improving, labour markets have not fully recovered. Structural changes in technology, trade, and consumer preferences have resulted in manufacturing and mid-level job losses concentrated in specific regions. An integrated policy approach is needed, including reforms to boost competition, skills, and innovation; targeted policies to help displaced workers; and efforts to make the international system more equitable to ensure globalization benefits all.
This document summarizes a presentation on the relationship between productivity growth and wage growth in selected OECD countries from 1986 to 2010/2013. It finds that in many countries like the US and Germany, productivity grew faster than median wages, leading to a productivity-wage gap. This gap can be explained by factors like rising inequality between average and median wages, differences between data sources, declining labor shares of income, and changes in labor's terms of trade. Addressing these issues is important for social inclusion and maintaining public support for productivity-enhancing policies.
OECD productivity and jobs in a globalised worldJeanette Duboys
Presentation made at the Workshop of the Commission for Economic Policy on International trade and globalisation – Implications for regional growth, employment and industrial renewal in Brussels, Belgium on 22 January 2018, by Alexander Lembcke, OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities.
Presentation of the OECD Territorial Review of the Netherlands, The Hague, Ne...OECD Governance
Presentation of the OECD Territorial Review of the Netherlands, The Hague, Netherlands, 24nd April, 2014. Presented by Enrique Garcilazo, David Bartolini & Isabelle Chatry from the OECD's Public Governance and Territorial Development directorate. More information on this publication can be found at www.oecd.org/gov/regional-policy/territorial-review-netherlands.htm
The Impact of New Technologies on Jobs and their Effects on Local Economies -...OECD CFE
The document discusses the impact of new technologies on jobs and local economies. It notes that while technologies are often touted as improving productivity and living standards, they can also hollow out middle-level jobs, increase income inequality within and between regions, and exacerbate urban-rural and regional divides. Brexit and populist votes in Europe have been influenced by discontent over these geographical economic disparities. The challenges of institutions, governance, and distribution must be addressed for technology to benefit society as a whole.
Productivity Slowdowns and Inequality Speedups: What is the Role of Intangibles?Structuralpolicyanalysis
The document discusses the role of intangible assets in explaining trends of slowing productivity growth and rising inequality. It argues that intangible investment, which was not properly measured, grew significantly before the recession and has properties that can impact productivity. Greater intangible intensity may have caused total factor productivity to slow more in some countries due to lower spillovers from reduced investment. It also suggests intangibles could worsen gaps between leading and lagging firms, potentially exacerbating wage inequality. This may help explain political instability if certain groups feel left behind by changes in modern economies.
OECD Regions and Cities at a Glance 2018 - OverviewOECD CFE
Presentation by Rudiger Ahrend, Head of Economic Analysis, Statistics and Multi-level Governance at the OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities at the second meeting of the Spatial productivity Lab of the OECD Trento Centre held on 4 December 2018.
More info http://oe.cd/SPL
Subnational Governments Around the World: Part III country profilesOECD Governance
Part III Country profiles: Subnational Governments Around the World is a joint OECD/United Cities and Local Government (UCLG) study presenting presents the main organisational and financial indicators related to subnational governments in 101 federal and unitary countries worldwide.
For more information see
http://www.oecd.org/gov/regional-policy/
Productivity Spillovers, Diffusion and Public Policies: A Portuguese PerspectiveStructuralpolicyanalysis
Lower productivity growth in Portugal is associated with several factors:
1) Slower adoption of digital technologies and globalization has led to a gap between frontier firms and other firms.
2) This was amplified by the economic crisis after 2008.
3) Portugal needs to increase multifactor productivity growth to converge faster with more developed economies like Canada, France, and Germany.
4) Lower productivity growth in Portugal does not seem to be associated with differences in productivity between firms in the same sector or with higher wage dispersion between high and low skilled workers.
Panama has been one of the fastest growing economies in the world over the previous decade. In that short but vibrant time span, the country managed to double its income per capita. Growth has been spearheaded by the development of a modern service sector on the activities surrounding the Canal, and non-residential construction. Large public infrastructure projects and the private provision for infrastructure demanded by the service sector, have fueled growth and expanded job opportunities for non-skilled workers.
Two warning signals hover over Panama’s stellar performance. The construction sector has been growing at a rate equivalent to doubling its stock of structures every four years. The demand for non-residential construction cannot grow indefinitely at a higher rate than the rest of the economy. Once the stock of infrastructure required by the service sector is set and large infrastructure projects are completed, the rate of growth will recede and other sectors shall take the leading role. The deceleration of construction, characterized by a lower demand of non-skilled labor, will feed into the second warning signal: Income inequality. In spite of the minor improvements registered over the accelerated-growth spell, Panama remains amongst the world's top five most unequal countries. Both warning signals point to the need of further diversifying the Panamanian economy, and promoting economic activity in the provinces so as to deconcentrate growth and make it more inclusive.
The document discusses the economic challenges facing Africa, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. It notes Africa's population and urbanization are increasing rapidly, putting stress on inadequate infrastructure while rising costs of power and resources are issues. The document proposes adopting a digital economy blueprint to address challenges through industries not requiring smokestacks (iWOSS), leveraging technologies to boost traditionally low-value industries and create jobs. If successful, iWOSS could contribute $1 trillion to African GDP by 2030 by establishing a digital single market and regulatory frameworks to attract investment across ECOWAS countries.
Economies around the world face headwinds to rapid growth: volatile commodity prices, slowing trade and sluggish productivity growth. What are the critical drivers of competitiveness and productivity in France, Europe and elsewhere? How can we ensure that growth is both robust and socially inclusive? What will be the impact of the latest technologies on lives and livelihoods?
Presentation made by World Economic Forum
The document summarizes the key findings of the 2014 World Trade Report. It discusses the convergence of GDP between developed and developing economies since 2000. Developing economies have experienced much faster growth, with average per capita incomes rising 54% between 1990-2011. Factors driving growth include accumulating resources, technology, and strong institutions. Trade opening in developing countries like China has reduced tariffs and expanded export opportunities. The report concludes that developing countries now represent 40% of global output and 48% of world trade, up significantly from 2000.
OECD Regional Outlook 2016 - Presentation, Brussels, Belgium 11 October 2016OECD Governance
1. The document discusses productivity differences between regions in OECD countries, with a growing gap between the most productive "frontier" regions and less productive "lagging" regions.
2. It finds that while countries are converging in GDP per capita, regions within countries are diverging, with urban regions growing faster than rural areas.
3. The document advocates policies like structural reforms, public investments, and multi-level governance to help less productive "catching-up" regions increase productivity and reduce economic disparities between regions.
Well Being in Danish cities - measuring local well-being for policymakingOECD Governance
OECD presentation on Well Being in Danish Cities - Overview:
1. Why and how to measure well-being in cities
2. What are the city-regions in Denmark?
3. How do Danish city-regions fare in terms of people’s well-being?
4. How can well-being metrics be used for policy-making?
For more information, see the publication Well-being in Danish Cities http://www.oecd.org/gov/well-being-in-danish-cities-9789264265240-en.htm
The contribution of regional policy to inclusive growthOECDregions
Presentation made at the European Week of Regions and Cities, on 10 october 2017 in Brussels, Belgium. Presentation byJoaquim Oliveira Martins, OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Local Development and Tourism.
For more information: http://www.oecd.org/cfe/regional-policy/
The OECD Economic Outlook report finds that while global growth is expected to modestly pick up, it remains below historical norms. Productivity and wage growth have been subdued and financial stability risks persist. More needs to be done to ensure the benefits of structural trends like technology and trade are shared by all. An integrated policy approach is needed, including making the international system more equitable, implementing domestic reforms, and helping displaced workers adapt to new opportunities.
This document discusses productivity in Brazil and identifies several challenges:
1) Productivity growth has stagnated in Brazil over the past 30 years, making gains even more important as demographic growth slows.
2) Misallocation of resources is an issue, with too many small, low-productivity firms and capital allocation becoming less productive in recent years.
3) Improving service sector productivity is key given its large share of the economy, though traditional services remain much less productive than modern sectors.
National Prosperity Through Modern Rural Policy- 10th OECD Rural Conference, ...OECD Governance
This conference will mark the 10th meeting of the world’s leading policy officials, international experts and representatives from the private sector for discussing best practices for rural areas. This meeting will take stock of the evolution and progress made in rural development since the first conference held in 2002. For more information please see www.oecd.org/rural/rural-development-conference/
The document outlines an agenda for an online event titled "The New Economy Saudi Arabia 2020" that will discuss the economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and the transformation to a new global economy. The agenda includes discussions on the post-COVID world, recovery scenarios, policies and decision making trends, the new world order, traits of the new global economy, and digital transformation. The document notes that COVID-19 has exposed unprecedented socioeconomic threats and will likely push the world to a "new normal." It also discusses how the pandemic has impacted industries, employment, poverty levels, and could result in $82 trillion in damages to the global economy over five years.
Global growth is expected to modestly pick up due to increasing confidence and investment, but productivity and wage growth remain subdued and financial stability risks persist. While headline employment is improving, labour markets have not fully recovered. Structural changes in technology, trade, and consumer preferences have resulted in manufacturing and mid-level job losses concentrated in specific regions. An integrated policy approach is needed, including reforms to boost competition, skills, and innovation; targeted policies to help displaced workers; and efforts to make the international system more equitable to ensure globalization benefits all.
This document summarizes a presentation on the relationship between productivity growth and wage growth in selected OECD countries from 1986 to 2010/2013. It finds that in many countries like the US and Germany, productivity grew faster than median wages, leading to a productivity-wage gap. This gap can be explained by factors like rising inequality between average and median wages, differences between data sources, declining labor shares of income, and changes in labor's terms of trade. Addressing these issues is important for social inclusion and maintaining public support for productivity-enhancing policies.
OECD productivity and jobs in a globalised worldJeanette Duboys
Presentation made at the Workshop of the Commission for Economic Policy on International trade and globalisation – Implications for regional growth, employment and industrial renewal in Brussels, Belgium on 22 January 2018, by Alexander Lembcke, OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities.
Presentation of the OECD Territorial Review of the Netherlands, The Hague, Ne...OECD Governance
Presentation of the OECD Territorial Review of the Netherlands, The Hague, Netherlands, 24nd April, 2014. Presented by Enrique Garcilazo, David Bartolini & Isabelle Chatry from the OECD's Public Governance and Territorial Development directorate. More information on this publication can be found at www.oecd.org/gov/regional-policy/territorial-review-netherlands.htm
The Impact of New Technologies on Jobs and their Effects on Local Economies -...OECD CFE
The document discusses the impact of new technologies on jobs and local economies. It notes that while technologies are often touted as improving productivity and living standards, they can also hollow out middle-level jobs, increase income inequality within and between regions, and exacerbate urban-rural and regional divides. Brexit and populist votes in Europe have been influenced by discontent over these geographical economic disparities. The challenges of institutions, governance, and distribution must be addressed for technology to benefit society as a whole.
Productivity Slowdowns and Inequality Speedups: What is the Role of Intangibles?Structuralpolicyanalysis
The document discusses the role of intangible assets in explaining trends of slowing productivity growth and rising inequality. It argues that intangible investment, which was not properly measured, grew significantly before the recession and has properties that can impact productivity. Greater intangible intensity may have caused total factor productivity to slow more in some countries due to lower spillovers from reduced investment. It also suggests intangibles could worsen gaps between leading and lagging firms, potentially exacerbating wage inequality. This may help explain political instability if certain groups feel left behind by changes in modern economies.
OECD Regions and Cities at a Glance 2018 - OverviewOECD CFE
Presentation by Rudiger Ahrend, Head of Economic Analysis, Statistics and Multi-level Governance at the OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities at the second meeting of the Spatial productivity Lab of the OECD Trento Centre held on 4 December 2018.
More info http://oe.cd/SPL
Subnational Governments Around the World: Part III country profilesOECD Governance
Part III Country profiles: Subnational Governments Around the World is a joint OECD/United Cities and Local Government (UCLG) study presenting presents the main organisational and financial indicators related to subnational governments in 101 federal and unitary countries worldwide.
For more information see
http://www.oecd.org/gov/regional-policy/
Productivity Spillovers, Diffusion and Public Policies: A Portuguese PerspectiveStructuralpolicyanalysis
Lower productivity growth in Portugal is associated with several factors:
1) Slower adoption of digital technologies and globalization has led to a gap between frontier firms and other firms.
2) This was amplified by the economic crisis after 2008.
3) Portugal needs to increase multifactor productivity growth to converge faster with more developed economies like Canada, France, and Germany.
4) Lower productivity growth in Portugal does not seem to be associated with differences in productivity between firms in the same sector or with higher wage dispersion between high and low skilled workers.
Panama has been one of the fastest growing economies in the world over the previous decade. In that short but vibrant time span, the country managed to double its income per capita. Growth has been spearheaded by the development of a modern service sector on the activities surrounding the Canal, and non-residential construction. Large public infrastructure projects and the private provision for infrastructure demanded by the service sector, have fueled growth and expanded job opportunities for non-skilled workers.
Two warning signals hover over Panama’s stellar performance. The construction sector has been growing at a rate equivalent to doubling its stock of structures every four years. The demand for non-residential construction cannot grow indefinitely at a higher rate than the rest of the economy. Once the stock of infrastructure required by the service sector is set and large infrastructure projects are completed, the rate of growth will recede and other sectors shall take the leading role. The deceleration of construction, characterized by a lower demand of non-skilled labor, will feed into the second warning signal: Income inequality. In spite of the minor improvements registered over the accelerated-growth spell, Panama remains amongst the world's top five most unequal countries. Both warning signals point to the need of further diversifying the Panamanian economy, and promoting economic activity in the provinces so as to deconcentrate growth and make it more inclusive.
The document discusses the economic challenges facing Africa, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. It notes Africa's population and urbanization are increasing rapidly, putting stress on inadequate infrastructure while rising costs of power and resources are issues. The document proposes adopting a digital economy blueprint to address challenges through industries not requiring smokestacks (iWOSS), leveraging technologies to boost traditionally low-value industries and create jobs. If successful, iWOSS could contribute $1 trillion to African GDP by 2030 by establishing a digital single market and regulatory frameworks to attract investment across ECOWAS countries.
Economies around the world face headwinds to rapid growth: volatile commodity prices, slowing trade and sluggish productivity growth. What are the critical drivers of competitiveness and productivity in France, Europe and elsewhere? How can we ensure that growth is both robust and socially inclusive? What will be the impact of the latest technologies on lives and livelihoods?
Presentation made by World Economic Forum
The document summarizes the key findings of the 2014 World Trade Report. It discusses the convergence of GDP between developed and developing economies since 2000. Developing economies have experienced much faster growth, with average per capita incomes rising 54% between 1990-2011. Factors driving growth include accumulating resources, technology, and strong institutions. Trade opening in developing countries like China has reduced tariffs and expanded export opportunities. The report concludes that developing countries now represent 40% of global output and 48% of world trade, up significantly from 2000.
UNDERSTANDING ECONOMIC POVERTY AND EQUALITY.pptxJAMESFRANCISGOSE
The document discusses economic growth and development. It begins by explaining the difference between economic growth, defined as an increase in production, and economic development, which includes improvements in living standards and human welfare. Several factors that influence economic growth are then examined, including capital investment, technology, trade, and institutions. The document reviews growth experiences across different countries and regions, finding varying rates of growth and convergence. It also discusses poverty, inequality, and the relationship between growth, development, and human welfare.
Better but-not-good-enough-oecd-economic-outlook-presentation-june-2017Michael D. Underhill
Global Economic Outlook, June 2017: OECD expects global GDP to grow at a 3.5% clip this year and at a 3.6% pace in 2018, thanks in part to stronger business and consumer confidence, recovering trade flows and improving unemployment dynamics.
Income Inequalities and Beyond In Europe and Central AsiaUNDP Eurasia
This document summarizes data on income inequalities in Europe and Central Asia. It finds that while income inequalities increased after the transition to market economies, levels remain relatively low. However, some countries are of particular concern, such as FYR Macedonia, Georgia, Albania, and Turkey which have high or rising inequalities. Beyond income, factors like exclusion from labor markets, vulnerabilities based on ethnicity, and reliance on remittances also contribute to inequalities. The data shows reducing income inequalities can help reduce poverty, while high inequalities make poverty worse. Better data is still needed, especially on non-income inequalities, to understand the full picture and underpin new sustainable development goals.
This document discusses the drivers of inequality and presents both orthodox and emerging views. The orthodox view is that rising inequality is inevitable due to technological change and globalization, but this view is inadequate. The emerging view is that inequality results from growing economic power asymmetries, weakened labor protections, tax changes benefiting the wealthy, the outsized influence of the financial sector, privatization, and macroeconomic policies favoring stability over full employment. The document argues that policy interventions can help reduce inequality by strengthening collective bargaining, reforming banks, raising taxes on the wealthy, focusing economic development on stable jobs, and adopting macroeconomic policies promoting both stability and full employment.
Unpacking Inequalities in Europe and Central AsiaUNDP Eurasia
- The document summarizes discussions around inequalities in Europe and Central Asia. It finds that while income inequality has risen sharply in some post-Soviet countries since 1990, many have made progress in reducing inequality more recently.
- It notes significant data limitations and the need to look beyond just income inequality to other factors like unemployment, especially among vulnerable groups. Regional differences exist and inequality seems to correlate with higher poverty.
- The document proposes using an upcoming UN regional human development report on inequalities to strengthen programming, data, and advocacy around inequality issues in the region in the context of the post-2015 development agenda. It raises questions around how to integrate inequality concerns into development strategies.
Session by Gabriela Ramos, Chief of Staff, G20 Sherpa and Special Counsellor to the Secretary-General, OECD
Among the myriad challenges facing our economies, few pose greater obstacles to better economic performance than the productivity slowdown and the rise in inequalities. Are they influencing each other? OECD work on the productivity-inclusiveness nexus, presented at the 2016 OECD Ministerial Council Meeting, sets out what we know about the interactions between productivity and inclusiveness, identifies knowledge gaps, and charts win-win policies that boost productivity and tackle inequality.
Despite advances in business and technological transformations, we can no longer assume that they will automatically lead to better economic performance and stronger productivity growth. And there is no guarantee that the benefits of higher levels of growth, or higher levels of productivity in certain sectors, will be shared across the population as a whole. This session will explore how policy makers can adopt a broader, more inclusive approach to productivity growth – one that considers how to expand the productive assets of an economy by investing in individuals’ skills and providing an environment where enterprises have a fair chance to succeed, including in lagging regions, generating strong and sustainable growth and opportunities for all.
This document discusses trends in income inequality in OECD countries based on recent OECD research. It finds that income inequality increased in most OECD countries over the past few decades due to factors such as skill-biased technological changes and weaker redistribution through tax and benefit systems. While redistribution helped prevent inequality from rising further during the initial years of the recession, ongoing fiscal consolidation poses risks to further increasing inequality if social transfers are reduced. The document recommends policy options like reforming tax and benefit systems, boosting employment opportunities, and investing in human capital to help counter rising inequality.
This document discusses economic growth and development. It begins by explaining the difference between economic growth and economic development, and how growth is related to increases in GDP per capita. It then provides an overview of theories of economic growth and development, including the industrial revolution, Rostow's stages of growth, and structural reforms. The document also examines country experiences with growth, factors that influence development outcomes, definitions and measurements of poverty, and approaches to human development.
This document provides an overview of economic growth and development. It begins by explaining the difference between economic growth and economic development. It then discusses factors that influence economic growth, such as the industrial revolution, investments in infrastructure and education, and trade. The document also examines differences in growth rates and incomes between various countries. It analyzes factors that affect poverty and development, such as GDP growth, government policies, and access to education and healthcare.
NIDOS Annual SeminarImplications for Scotland In a post-2015 & post-Referendum Era
What do the Referendum and the new post-2015 Framework mean for us in Scotland?
James Mackie, ECDPM, Maastricht, Netherlands
23 October 2014
Global aging is a major demographic trend that will significantly impact economic growth worldwide. As populations age and fertility rates decline, the growth of the working-age population will slow down or decline across many countries. This will reduce GDP growth rates by around 0.3-0.8% per year in developed nations such as the US and Europe between now and 2050 if productivity levels do not increase. Emerging markets will also see lower GDP growth rates due to aging, requiring them to boost productivity to maintain economic growth. Companies will need to adapt to aging workforces through strategies such as increasing immigration, raising retirement ages, boosting workforce participation, and investing in productivity gains through technology and skills development. They will also need to address the
HLEG thematic workshop on Measuring Inequalities of Income and Wealth, Facund...StatsCommunications
Presentation at the HLEG thematic workshop on Measuring Inequalities of Income and Wealth, 15-16 September 2015, Berlin, Germany, http://oe.cd/hleg-workshop-inequalities-income-and-wealth
El jueves 17 de mayo del 2018 se organizó una Mesa Redonda en la Fundación Ramón Areces, en la cual se habló sobre las subidas de tipos en la era Trump y la nueva globalización.
Productivity and GDP per capita growth: A long-term perspective, Bergeaud, Ce...Soledad Zignago
1) TFP growth has been the main driver of labour productivity and GDP growth over the long term from 1890-2015. TFP growth occurred in waves, with a huge slowdown across countries from the mid-2000s, raising risks of secular stagnation.
2) Key factors explaining TFP growth include education levels, technology innovations like electricity and ICT, and the age of capital. However, these factors only explain under half of total TFP growth.
3) Long-term productivity slowdowns may also relate to declining real interest rates, with potential circular relationships between interest rates, factor quality, technology, institutions, and TFP/GDP growth. Unexplained portions of TFP growth also remain
This document provides an overview of inflation and unemployment. It defines inflation as a general rise in average prices and discusses demand-pull and cost-push inflation using aggregate demand and supply diagrams. It also defines different types of unemployment including frictional, structural, real-wage, and demand-deficient unemployment. Learning objectives are listed for defining inflation and unemployment types.
Productivity and Credit Constraint, Gilbert Cette June 18, 2018Soledad Zignago
Gilbert Cette's slides on "Productivity and Credit Constraint", Productivity dynamics after the criisis, Banque de France & Collège de France conference, Paris June 18, 2018
This document discusses key data gaps in labor supply and demand in North Africa. For labor supply, it notes that while youth unemployment rates exist, they are not sufficiently highlighted. For labor demand, the biggest gap is data on job creation and losses within business sectors, including gains and losses from new, expanding, contracting, and closing establishments. It also outlines statistical development efforts in Egypt to improve labor force and establishment surveys to better measure employment, unemployment, wages, and the reconciliation of survey data.
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1. Inequality trends in the world
Common forces, idiosyncrasies and
measurement errors
Francois Bourguignon
Paris School of Economics
Economic Research Forum, Cairo, March 2014
1
2. Outline
1. A tour d'horizon of inequality changes around the
world
2. Common forces, idiosyncratic factors, or
measurement errors?
3. Conclusion
2
3. 1. A 'tour d'horizon' of inequality changes
around the world
Crucial data warning
• Various definitions of inequality do not show the same
evolution of inequality over time
• Income distribution data are not always fully comparable
across countries and even over time
• Serious improvement in developed countries over the recent
past; yet, things are still imperfect
• Considerable progress still to be made in most developing
countries, including in MENA.
3
4. a) Inequality trends in developed countries
i. Gini coefficient: equivalized disposable incomes: 1985-2008,
(OECD database)
ii. Share of top 5% in income before taxes and transfers (Top
incomes data base)
iii. GDP-share of labor (National accounts)
4
5. i) Change in inequality of equivalized income in
selected OECD countries
50.2
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.3
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.4
Mid 80s cA 1990 Mid 90s ca2000 mid 2000s Latest year
Ginicoefficient
Evolution of Gini coefficient in selected developed counries : 1985-2008
USA
UK
Canada
Source:OECDincome inequality data base
6. Change in inequality of equivalized income in
selected OECD countries
60.2
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.3
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.4
Mid 80s cA 1990 Mid 90s ca2000 mid 2000s Latest year
Ginicoefficient
Evolution of Gini coefficient in selected developed counries : 1985-2008
USA
UK
Canada
Germany
Netherlands
Source:OECDincome inequality data base
7. Change in inequality of equivalized income in
selected OECD countries
70.2
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.3
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.4
Mid 80s cA 1990 Mid 90s ca2000 mid 2000s Latest year
Ginicoefficient
Evolution of Gini coefficient in selected developed counries : 1985-2008
USA
UK
Canada
Sweden
Germany
Netherlands
Source:OECDincome inequality data base
8. Change in inequality of equivalized income in
selected OECD countries
80.2
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.3
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.4
Mid 80s cA 1990 Mid 90s ca2000 mid 2000s Latest year
Ginicoefficient
Evolution of Gini coefficient in selected developed counries : 1985-2008
USA
UK
Canada
Sweden
Germany
Netherlands
France
Source:OECDincome inequality data base
9. 9
Source: Oecd, disposable income per CU
i) Overall change mid 1980s-late 2000s
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
Ireland
Greece
Spain
France
Belgium
Austria
Denmark
Norway
Canada
Italy
Germany
USA
Sweden
Israel
Finland
Japan
UK
NewZealand
Netherlands
Selected OECD countries:overall change in Gini coefficient
mid-1980s to 2008
Series1
10. ii) Top (market) incomes in selected developed
countries: 1910-2010
10Source: Top incomes
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Percents
Year
Share of top 5% income in total income: 1920-2009, selected developed
countries
USA
UK
France
Sweden
Japan
Source: Top incomes
11. iii) The falling GDP-share of labor in
selected OECD countries
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Percent
Year
Labor share in GDP, selected OECD countries, 1985-2011
France
Germany
Italy
UK
USA
Japan
11
Source: Oecd
12. b) Inequality trends in developing and emerging
countries
i. Gini coefficient: disposable income (or consumption
expenditures) per capita : Povcal database (World Bank)
ii. Share of top 1% in income before taxes and transfers, (Top
incomes)
iii. GDP-share of labor
12
13. i) Gini coefficient of income/consumption per
capita: Asian developing countries
1320
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
Bangladesh China total India rural India urban Indonesia Pakistan Philipines Thailand Vietnam
Mid 80s
cA 1990
Mid 90s
ca2000
mid 2000s
Latest year
14. i) Gini coefficient of income/consumption per
capita: Sub-Saharan African countries
14
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
Mid 80s
cA 1990
Mid 90s
ca2000
mid 2000s
Latest year
15. 20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
Egypt Iran Jordan Morroco Tunisia Turkey Yemen
Mid 80s
cA 1990
Mid 90s
ca 2000
mid 2000s
Latest year
i) Gini coefficient of income/consumption per capita:
surprising stability in MENA
15
16. i) Gini coefficient of income/consumption per capita:
the inverted U in South American countries
16
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
Argentina
(urban)
Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Mexico Peru Uruguay Venezuela
Mid 80s
cA 1990
Mid 90s
ca2000
mid 2000s
Latest year
17. ii) Top (market) incomes in a few selected
emerging countries : 1910-2010
170
5
10
15
20
25
30
1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Percents
Year
Share of top 1% income in total income: 1920-2009, selected emerging
countries
Sth Africa
Argentina
India
China
Indonesia
Colombia
Source:Top Incomes
Mauritius
Source: Top Incomes
18. iii) The GDP-share of labor in selected
developing countries
18
Source: UN National Accounts
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Laborshare(%)
Year
Labor share in Non-Financial Corporations'value added: selected developing
countries: 1994-2011
China
Tunisia
Morocco
Mexico
India
Egypt
Brazil
19. General lessons from the
'tour d'horizon'
• High income countries: strong common unequalizing trend,
very much due to the top of the distribution over the last one
or two decades
• Middle and low income countries: No clear common trend in
MICs or LICs where data are available but:
– Unequalizing trends among several Asian globalizers, among
African countries with the most reliable data, in Latin America
until 2000, and in transition countries
– Clear trend reversal in LAC in the 2000s
– Surprising relative stability in MENA
19
20. A key question
Why the common unequalizing forces that seem to be
present in developed countries do not produce the same
effect in most developing and emerging countries?
20
21. 2. Common forces, idiosyncrasy, … or
measurement errors?
21
• Common factors are the forces of globalisation, even though
they may have different effects on different countries
• Idiosyncratic factors are:
– Country specific exogenous changes in their economic
environment (development and sectoral reallocation of factors,
business cycle, demography, natural resource discoveries,
commodity prices, …)
– Policies affecting , directly or indirectly, the distribution of
income, wealth, human capital or the way markets function
• Observed changes in inequality result from the (complex)
combination of all these factors
22. The distributional forces of globalization
Developed
countries
Middle and low Income
Trade: Expansion (Manuf)
Commodity prices
UN (S,K)
??
Mostly UN but heterog.
?? (Ag/Non Ag)
Technical progress:
Skill bias
"Economies of scale"
UN (S,K)
UN (TS, K)
UN (S,K)
UN (TS, K)
Factor mobility:
FDI
Skilled and top-skilled labor
Unskilled labor
UN (K)
EQ (U,S, K)
UN (S, K)
EQ (U, S)
UN (TS)
EQ (U)
Financial flows UN (K) ?? Macro instability
22
UN/EQ = Un/Equalizing; In brackets : benefiting groups ; U(nskilled), S(killed)
Top Skilled (TS), Capital (K)
23. Could there be serious measurement errors?
• Inequality rise in developed countries very much due to the
top
• But the top is very imperfectly observed, especially in
developing countries!
• Could it be that income distribution statistics in many countries
simply miss the rise in inequality?
• Also, considerable heterogeneity of the inequality data: are we
looking at the right ones?
• How come big changes in rK/Y are not accompanied by big
changes in distribution?
• Why such stability in MENA despite big shocks over the last 30
years (not to mention the very recent years)?
23
24. 0.200
0.250
0.300
0.350
0.400
0.450
0.500
0.550
0.600
1958 1968 1978 1988 1998 2008
Ginicoefficient
Year
Egypt: Evolution of inequality in consumption expenditure per capita
accordingto various sources (Gini): 1959-2010
WIDER
POVCAL
WYD
Data from "All the Ginis"
Gini series are not always consistent
25. Conclusion: caution with the the lamppost!
• Desperate need for better data:
– How to extend the Top Incomes data base ?
– How to improve surveys or to combine them with tax records
• The top income correction can drastically modify the
evaluation of inequality changes (Alveredo)
• Existing data are probably correct for poverty measurements
much less so for inequality
• For inequality, aren't we looking for our keys under the
lamppost - i.e. in the light of househod surveys?
25
26. It is not totally dark around the lamppost!
• True inequality which and the inequality that we believe for
understanding development may be elsewhere in many
countries:
– Profits unreported in surveys
– Embezzlement of natural resources rents ..
– …
• Together with household survey Ginis, shouldn't we look to a
battery of other indicators:
– Ratio mean income survey/National Accounts
– Labor share in NFCs
– GDP share of household income in National Accounts,..
• Imprecise indicators, yes, .. but more accurate
26
28. The "UUG" hypothesis
• Inequality rose in a majority of developed countries, after
decades of stability
• Analogous rise in a number of emerging countries during the
same period…
• Hence, the 'universally unequalizing globalization' (UUG)
hypothesis:
"Globalization, the major economic force affecting all economies in the
world, is reshaping national economies and causing more inequality
everywhere "
• As between inequality falls: is between country inequality in
the world being replaced by within-country inequality?
Ing 28
29. An unequalizing world?
• UUG does not fully fit the evidence, as illustrated in the last
10 years by Latin American countries where inequality
actually fell… or by the relative stability in MENA
• But it underscores a major point:
After decades of near stability the distribution of income is
changing, in one direction or the other, in many countries!
• Important to understand the common forces behind these
changes as well as idiosyncratic factors that can enhance or
on the contrary check them.
29