This document discusses facility electrical protection solutions from ERICO. It begins by outlining the risks facilities face from lightning strikes, which cause billions in damages annually. It then discusses ERICO's comprehensive approach to facility protection, considering lightning protection, grounding, bonding, and surge protection together. The document provides information on ERICO's products and services for lightning protection air terminals and downconductors, grounding and bonding solutions, surge protection, and design services. It presents ERICO's Six Point Plan for total facility protection and discusses applications for key industries like power generation, telecommunications, aviation, oil and gas, mining, and rail.
On chip esd protection for Internet of ThingsSofics
Many of the applications in Internet of Things require non-standard on-chip ESD protection clamps. We identified 5 reasons.
- Non-standard signal voltages
- Low leakage requirement
- Sub-systems are powered down
- Wireless interfaces
- System level protection, on the chip
Clearly, IC designers need to think about the ESD protection strategy for their IoT system. It is wise to rely on silicon proven concepts to speed up market introduction.
Practical Electrical Wiring Standards - AS 3000:2007Living Online
This workshop aims to familiarise the participants with the requirements laid down in the standard AS/NZS 3000:2007, commonly known as Australia-New Zealand Wiring Rules. For those installations covered in the scope of this standard, its provisions are mandatory and must be followed. Any engineer involved in planning and design of electrical systems, their installation or maintenance must have a clear idea about the various requirements contained in the standard.
The primary purpose of this standard, like many of its various other equivalent national standards, is to ensure the safety of personnel against the dangers arising from the use and handling of electrical equipment and appliances. The introductory modules of this workshop outline the basic principles that should be understood for a better appreciation of the standard. These include modules, which illustrate the calculation for the power demand of a system and the computation of earth fault current as discussed in the appendices of the standard, which are informative in nature but yet are very important in making an electrical system safe for operation. The actual provisions of the standard are then discussed in detail in the subsequent modules.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/practical-electrical-wiring-standards-asnzs-30002007
Key Elements of Australian Wiring StandardsLiving Online
This document provides an overview of the key elements and recent changes to the AS3000 wiring standards in Australia. It discusses the contents and objectives of ensuring safety in electrical installations according to AS3000. Some important changes in the 2007 edition include illustrations of overcurrent device locations, requirements for residual current devices, and inclusion of additional appendices. The total workshop outline and contents of AS3000 are also summarized, covering fundamentals of distribution systems, safety norms, basic requirements, and verification of installations.
The document provides guidance on designing an x-ray room, including key elements such as:
1. Sinks, hand gel, gloves, and medical waste bins for hygiene and safety.
2. X-ray equipment like tables, tubes, and film holders to perform exams.
3. Shielding materials on walls, doors, and ceilings to protect from radiation.
Industrial PC a computer for industrial application. Industrial purposes such as production of services or goods. Industrial PCs have greater reliability and industry standards and typically cost more than consumer grade computers.
2010 The Hebistor Device: Novel latch-up immune ESD Protection Clamp for High...Sofics
2010 Taiwan ESD and reliability conference
High voltage interfaces are broadly used in many IC applications like motor control, power management and conversion, LCD panel drivers and automotive systems. Because the high voltage IC's are typically used in severe applications IC designers need to protect their circuits to a steady growing list of requirements. In this paper we present an overview of the ESD, EOS and latch‐up requirements and compare the performance of different on‐chip ESD protection approaches. The paper introduces a newly developed protection device with a high holding voltage for absolute latch‐up immunity.
Stoßdämpfer von ITT-Control Technologies EMEA sind bewährte Qualitätsprodukte, die weltweit im Industriebau eingesetzt werden. Diese Stoßdämpfer optimieren Maschinen gleichermaßen zuverlässig und effektiv, indem sie Lasten schnell und rückstoßfrei abbremsen.
https://www.enidine.com/de-DE/Home
This document discusses facility electrical protection solutions from ERICO. It begins by outlining the risks facilities face from lightning strikes, which cause billions in damages annually. It then discusses ERICO's comprehensive approach to facility protection, considering lightning protection, grounding, bonding, and surge protection together. The document provides information on ERICO's products and services for lightning protection air terminals and downconductors, grounding and bonding solutions, surge protection, and design services. It presents ERICO's Six Point Plan for total facility protection and discusses applications for key industries like power generation, telecommunications, aviation, oil and gas, mining, and rail.
On chip esd protection for Internet of ThingsSofics
Many of the applications in Internet of Things require non-standard on-chip ESD protection clamps. We identified 5 reasons.
- Non-standard signal voltages
- Low leakage requirement
- Sub-systems are powered down
- Wireless interfaces
- System level protection, on the chip
Clearly, IC designers need to think about the ESD protection strategy for their IoT system. It is wise to rely on silicon proven concepts to speed up market introduction.
Practical Electrical Wiring Standards - AS 3000:2007Living Online
This workshop aims to familiarise the participants with the requirements laid down in the standard AS/NZS 3000:2007, commonly known as Australia-New Zealand Wiring Rules. For those installations covered in the scope of this standard, its provisions are mandatory and must be followed. Any engineer involved in planning and design of electrical systems, their installation or maintenance must have a clear idea about the various requirements contained in the standard.
The primary purpose of this standard, like many of its various other equivalent national standards, is to ensure the safety of personnel against the dangers arising from the use and handling of electrical equipment and appliances. The introductory modules of this workshop outline the basic principles that should be understood for a better appreciation of the standard. These include modules, which illustrate the calculation for the power demand of a system and the computation of earth fault current as discussed in the appendices of the standard, which are informative in nature but yet are very important in making an electrical system safe for operation. The actual provisions of the standard are then discussed in detail in the subsequent modules.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/practical-electrical-wiring-standards-asnzs-30002007
Key Elements of Australian Wiring StandardsLiving Online
This document provides an overview of the key elements and recent changes to the AS3000 wiring standards in Australia. It discusses the contents and objectives of ensuring safety in electrical installations according to AS3000. Some important changes in the 2007 edition include illustrations of overcurrent device locations, requirements for residual current devices, and inclusion of additional appendices. The total workshop outline and contents of AS3000 are also summarized, covering fundamentals of distribution systems, safety norms, basic requirements, and verification of installations.
The document provides guidance on designing an x-ray room, including key elements such as:
1. Sinks, hand gel, gloves, and medical waste bins for hygiene and safety.
2. X-ray equipment like tables, tubes, and film holders to perform exams.
3. Shielding materials on walls, doors, and ceilings to protect from radiation.
Industrial PC a computer for industrial application. Industrial purposes such as production of services or goods. Industrial PCs have greater reliability and industry standards and typically cost more than consumer grade computers.
2010 The Hebistor Device: Novel latch-up immune ESD Protection Clamp for High...Sofics
2010 Taiwan ESD and reliability conference
High voltage interfaces are broadly used in many IC applications like motor control, power management and conversion, LCD panel drivers and automotive systems. Because the high voltage IC's are typically used in severe applications IC designers need to protect their circuits to a steady growing list of requirements. In this paper we present an overview of the ESD, EOS and latch‐up requirements and compare the performance of different on‐chip ESD protection approaches. The paper introduces a newly developed protection device with a high holding voltage for absolute latch‐up immunity.
Stoßdämpfer von ITT-Control Technologies EMEA sind bewährte Qualitätsprodukte, die weltweit im Industriebau eingesetzt werden. Diese Stoßdämpfer optimieren Maschinen gleichermaßen zuverlässig und effektiv, indem sie Lasten schnell und rückstoßfrei abbremsen.
https://www.enidine.com/de-DE/Home
This white paper discusses considerations for implementing Ethernet networks in industrial environments. Key differences from office networks include exposure to environmental hazards, need for long cable runs, and importance of deterministic network performance for automation and control. Proper planning includes understanding standards for environmental conditions, equipment protection ratings, and selecting industrial-rated switches, shielded cabling and fiber optic cables where needed. Segmenting corporate and production networks and preventative maintenance are also recommended to maximize network reliability.
The document provides information about Cortem Group, an Italian company that specializes in explosion-protected electrical equipment. It discusses Cortem's 40+ years of experience, its product lines including lighting fixtures, junction boxes, and control panels. It also covers Cortem's certifications, quality standards, worldwide partners and distributors, and customized engineered solutions.
2014 Cabling Installation & Maintenance: The Strange Physical World of Indust...METZ CONNECT USA Inc.
Industrial Ethernet is a type of Internet of Things used for manufacturing plant floors and process facilities. It is growing rapidly, with 23% of industrial networked nodes in 2011 using Ethernet. Industrial Ethernet accounts for the biggest growth in the Internet of Things. Some key differences from traditional Ethernet include more extreme environments, real-time control needs, and different connector and enclosure types that can withstand vibration, shock, dust and moisture. Connector systems have been hardened from standard RJ45 to rugged M12 and other industrial connectors to ensure reliability in harsh industrial settings.
1. The document lists 10 common NEC violations seen in low voltage systems installations. These include running audio cables with other low voltage cables, power cords above ceilings, cables suspended from cable trays without additional supports, unlisted coaxial cables run inside buildings over 50 feet, improper use of primary and secondary protectors, patch cords in plenum spaces, low voltage cables run with non-class 2 power supplies, ungrounded or improperly grounded protectors, unlisted communication cables in EMT conduit over 50 feet, and insulated grounding cables in air handling spaces.
2. Inspectors often miss low voltage code violations as their focus is on major electrical systems and low voltage work may not be complete during ins
This document is a product catalogue from Kingsmill Industries, a leading manufacturer of earthing and lightning protection products in the UK. It includes information on their company background and commitment to standards like BS EN 62305, BS EN 50164, and BS 7430. The catalogue consists of specifications, drawings and data on their various products, which range from earth rods and plates to conductors, connectors, and surge protection devices. It provides contact details for ordering and notes their technical testing meets ISO 9001 standards for quality assurance.
Structured Cabling Solution - White PaperSyed Firas
The document discusses structured cabling systems, which provide the foundation for modern communication networks. A structured cabling system includes all cabling, hardware, and pathways that connect devices from the data center to individual work areas. It is governed by standards to ensure flexibility and compatibility. The key components of a structured cabling system are the entrance facility, equipment room, backbone cabling, horizontal cabling, telecommunications closets, and work areas. Implementing a standardized structured cabling system allows networks to adapt over 15-20 years without disruption.
Change rooms and anterooms play vital roles in maintaining hygiene and safety standards within the food industry. Change rooms provide designated areas for employees to change into clean garments before entering production areas, while anterooms serve as transitional spaces, minimizing the risk of contaminants entering sterile zones. These facilities are essential for preventing cross-contamination and upholding strict quality control measures in food processing environments.
Cables are essential components of modern technology, facilitating the transmission of data, power, and signals across various industries. They come in different types, including fiber optic, coaxial, twisted pair, and Ethernet cables, each designed for specific applications.
Stay Ahead of the Curve with Our Weekly Food-Tech Insights: Your Gateway to the Latest Innovations, Trends, and Industry buzz!
User manual for outdoor fixed installation led billboard displayMax Dan
User manual for outdoor fixed installation led billboard display
Features
Ultra thin and lightweight cabinet.
Various cabinet sizes can be available for different installation environment.
Beautiful and neat cabinet internal wiring.
Manage power consumption, cooling delivery, and temperature set points at a rack level
Reduce your cooling and electrical costs by up to 50%
Reduce the costs to plan, build, and implement your new facility by up to 80%
Grow horizontally—from 1 to 100 units—without disrupting existing operations?
Can be installed or Re-Located anywhere with the only requirements being power and network connectivity
Provide a complete turnkey solution within weeks vs. years.
Designing Reliable Medical Devices by Solving Common Interconnect Challenges ...NICOMATIC
What are the most common interconnect challenges that medical device manufacturers come across during the design process, including:
Connectivity: Medical devices that are not designed to securely connect to hospital networks, the Internet of Things (IoT), or mobile patient monitoring equipment now have limited product lifecycles, as they are quickly being replaced by smarter, more connected technologies.
Flexibility: As devices become smaller and more portable, flexible component designs are critical to this achievement.
Environmental Resistance: Portable medical devices are exploding in popularity, however they are far more susceptible to mechanical damage from ingress, shock, and vibration than stationary equipment.
You're not in kansas anymore - the strange physical world of industrial ether...Mike Nager
Industrial Internet of Things -- Physical Layer Design Considerations from 2014 Annual Conference for Network Professionals. RJ45 and other data connector options.
A glace view of our idea is designing a new innovative idea which can monitor the flow of power supply to the existing plug sockets. As in India demand for electricity is increasing day by day, there is a need to implement an idea in order to meet this problem. So not only synthesizing an method to generate the electricity but also a method to save the electricity. Even though there are smart house systems basing on home automation, they only disconnect the electrical or electronic devices form the supply but the power supply to the socket in which the appliance is plugged in cant be stopped. The myth about overcharging your phone is a common one. The amount of charge going into your device shouldnt be an issue as most are smart enough to stop taking a charge once full, just topping up as needed to stay at 100 per cent. The problems occur when the battery overheats, which can cause damage. So.in our paper we are proposing and implementing the automated timer socket using arduino for real time applications. G. Chakra Mahesh Babu | I. Mahesh Veera Bhadrarao | M. Venkata Balaji | Ch. Sai Praveen ""Automated Timer Socket using Arduino"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23157.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/23157/automated-timer-socket-using-arduino/g-chakra-mahesh-babu
This document provides information about Aditech, an Indian company that designs and manufactures industrial computing and embedded technology solutions. It outlines Aditech's core values of excellence, responsibility, speed, and innovation. It then describes Aditech's focus on long-life cycle support, embedded technology, industrial computing platforms, and its online store. The document proceeds to describe several of Aditech's major projects and installations. It also provides details about technologies used in industrial panel PCs and embedded products.
ADITECH CUSTOMER MEET-2015 was held at Hotel RAMADA, Millennium Business Park, Navi Mumbai. This event was sponsored by Intel and Innodisk Taiwan, Event was attended by 39 System Integrator partners from Mumbai, Pune, Delhi, Surat and Banglore. Intel has presented the IOT opportunities for SME. Innodisk has enlightened SI partners on latest technologies used in Industrial grade SSD. Aditech has demonstrated Industrial grade solutions and transportation solutions. Aditech's presentation was on Industrial grade Panel PC's and industrial communication. The event is ended with lucky draw and group photograph followed by networking dinner and ADITECH office visit
Industrial Ethernet is a specific type of Ethernet used in manufacturing plants and process facilities. It accounts for a large portion of the growing Internet of Things. While based on standard Ethernet, Industrial Ethernet differs in that it must withstand harsh industrial environments and meet real-time control needs. Physical components like connectors and cables must be hardened to withstand vibration, moisture, and other industrial conditions as physical layer failures are common. Standards have evolved to include ruggedized connectors and switches suitable for factory floors and process facilities.
TransBlock has developed a patented technology that safely connects directly to the ground line of electronic equipment to terminate transient surges and pulses, protecting microprocessors from damage. This provides benefits like increased system protection and uptime, higher productivity, and fewer problems for IT managers. TransBlock's solution is gaining endorsements and is positioned to meet new UL standards in 2008 for improved surge protection in homes and offices.
1. The document provides instructions for installing a Huawei F01T500 cabinet, including installing the cabinet on a concrete pedestal, routing cables, and powering on the system.
2. Key steps include constructing the concrete pedestal, fastening the cabinet to the pedestal using expansion bolts, routing the protective grounding cable, connecting power cables to the circuit breaker in the power meter box, and sealing cable holes to prevent moisture entry.
3. Precautions include properly grounding the cabinet, insulating bare cable parts, using appropriately sized cables, and sealing gaps to prevent vapor entry into the cabinet.
Skills Gap is worldwide and affects many technical and vocational professions. Re-skilling is a responsibility of the individual -- and society as a whole!
This white paper discusses considerations for implementing Ethernet networks in industrial environments. Key differences from office networks include exposure to environmental hazards, need for long cable runs, and importance of deterministic network performance for automation and control. Proper planning includes understanding standards for environmental conditions, equipment protection ratings, and selecting industrial-rated switches, shielded cabling and fiber optic cables where needed. Segmenting corporate and production networks and preventative maintenance are also recommended to maximize network reliability.
The document provides information about Cortem Group, an Italian company that specializes in explosion-protected electrical equipment. It discusses Cortem's 40+ years of experience, its product lines including lighting fixtures, junction boxes, and control panels. It also covers Cortem's certifications, quality standards, worldwide partners and distributors, and customized engineered solutions.
2014 Cabling Installation & Maintenance: The Strange Physical World of Indust...METZ CONNECT USA Inc.
Industrial Ethernet is a type of Internet of Things used for manufacturing plant floors and process facilities. It is growing rapidly, with 23% of industrial networked nodes in 2011 using Ethernet. Industrial Ethernet accounts for the biggest growth in the Internet of Things. Some key differences from traditional Ethernet include more extreme environments, real-time control needs, and different connector and enclosure types that can withstand vibration, shock, dust and moisture. Connector systems have been hardened from standard RJ45 to rugged M12 and other industrial connectors to ensure reliability in harsh industrial settings.
1. The document lists 10 common NEC violations seen in low voltage systems installations. These include running audio cables with other low voltage cables, power cords above ceilings, cables suspended from cable trays without additional supports, unlisted coaxial cables run inside buildings over 50 feet, improper use of primary and secondary protectors, patch cords in plenum spaces, low voltage cables run with non-class 2 power supplies, ungrounded or improperly grounded protectors, unlisted communication cables in EMT conduit over 50 feet, and insulated grounding cables in air handling spaces.
2. Inspectors often miss low voltage code violations as their focus is on major electrical systems and low voltage work may not be complete during ins
This document is a product catalogue from Kingsmill Industries, a leading manufacturer of earthing and lightning protection products in the UK. It includes information on their company background and commitment to standards like BS EN 62305, BS EN 50164, and BS 7430. The catalogue consists of specifications, drawings and data on their various products, which range from earth rods and plates to conductors, connectors, and surge protection devices. It provides contact details for ordering and notes their technical testing meets ISO 9001 standards for quality assurance.
Structured Cabling Solution - White PaperSyed Firas
The document discusses structured cabling systems, which provide the foundation for modern communication networks. A structured cabling system includes all cabling, hardware, and pathways that connect devices from the data center to individual work areas. It is governed by standards to ensure flexibility and compatibility. The key components of a structured cabling system are the entrance facility, equipment room, backbone cabling, horizontal cabling, telecommunications closets, and work areas. Implementing a standardized structured cabling system allows networks to adapt over 15-20 years without disruption.
Change rooms and anterooms play vital roles in maintaining hygiene and safety standards within the food industry. Change rooms provide designated areas for employees to change into clean garments before entering production areas, while anterooms serve as transitional spaces, minimizing the risk of contaminants entering sterile zones. These facilities are essential for preventing cross-contamination and upholding strict quality control measures in food processing environments.
Cables are essential components of modern technology, facilitating the transmission of data, power, and signals across various industries. They come in different types, including fiber optic, coaxial, twisted pair, and Ethernet cables, each designed for specific applications.
Stay Ahead of the Curve with Our Weekly Food-Tech Insights: Your Gateway to the Latest Innovations, Trends, and Industry buzz!
User manual for outdoor fixed installation led billboard displayMax Dan
User manual for outdoor fixed installation led billboard display
Features
Ultra thin and lightweight cabinet.
Various cabinet sizes can be available for different installation environment.
Beautiful and neat cabinet internal wiring.
Manage power consumption, cooling delivery, and temperature set points at a rack level
Reduce your cooling and electrical costs by up to 50%
Reduce the costs to plan, build, and implement your new facility by up to 80%
Grow horizontally—from 1 to 100 units—without disrupting existing operations?
Can be installed or Re-Located anywhere with the only requirements being power and network connectivity
Provide a complete turnkey solution within weeks vs. years.
Designing Reliable Medical Devices by Solving Common Interconnect Challenges ...NICOMATIC
What are the most common interconnect challenges that medical device manufacturers come across during the design process, including:
Connectivity: Medical devices that are not designed to securely connect to hospital networks, the Internet of Things (IoT), or mobile patient monitoring equipment now have limited product lifecycles, as they are quickly being replaced by smarter, more connected technologies.
Flexibility: As devices become smaller and more portable, flexible component designs are critical to this achievement.
Environmental Resistance: Portable medical devices are exploding in popularity, however they are far more susceptible to mechanical damage from ingress, shock, and vibration than stationary equipment.
You're not in kansas anymore - the strange physical world of industrial ether...Mike Nager
Industrial Internet of Things -- Physical Layer Design Considerations from 2014 Annual Conference for Network Professionals. RJ45 and other data connector options.
A glace view of our idea is designing a new innovative idea which can monitor the flow of power supply to the existing plug sockets. As in India demand for electricity is increasing day by day, there is a need to implement an idea in order to meet this problem. So not only synthesizing an method to generate the electricity but also a method to save the electricity. Even though there are smart house systems basing on home automation, they only disconnect the electrical or electronic devices form the supply but the power supply to the socket in which the appliance is plugged in cant be stopped. The myth about overcharging your phone is a common one. The amount of charge going into your device shouldnt be an issue as most are smart enough to stop taking a charge once full, just topping up as needed to stay at 100 per cent. The problems occur when the battery overheats, which can cause damage. So.in our paper we are proposing and implementing the automated timer socket using arduino for real time applications. G. Chakra Mahesh Babu | I. Mahesh Veera Bhadrarao | M. Venkata Balaji | Ch. Sai Praveen ""Automated Timer Socket using Arduino"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23157.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/23157/automated-timer-socket-using-arduino/g-chakra-mahesh-babu
This document provides information about Aditech, an Indian company that designs and manufactures industrial computing and embedded technology solutions. It outlines Aditech's core values of excellence, responsibility, speed, and innovation. It then describes Aditech's focus on long-life cycle support, embedded technology, industrial computing platforms, and its online store. The document proceeds to describe several of Aditech's major projects and installations. It also provides details about technologies used in industrial panel PCs and embedded products.
ADITECH CUSTOMER MEET-2015 was held at Hotel RAMADA, Millennium Business Park, Navi Mumbai. This event was sponsored by Intel and Innodisk Taiwan, Event was attended by 39 System Integrator partners from Mumbai, Pune, Delhi, Surat and Banglore. Intel has presented the IOT opportunities for SME. Innodisk has enlightened SI partners on latest technologies used in Industrial grade SSD. Aditech has demonstrated Industrial grade solutions and transportation solutions. Aditech's presentation was on Industrial grade Panel PC's and industrial communication. The event is ended with lucky draw and group photograph followed by networking dinner and ADITECH office visit
Industrial Ethernet is a specific type of Ethernet used in manufacturing plants and process facilities. It accounts for a large portion of the growing Internet of Things. While based on standard Ethernet, Industrial Ethernet differs in that it must withstand harsh industrial environments and meet real-time control needs. Physical components like connectors and cables must be hardened to withstand vibration, moisture, and other industrial conditions as physical layer failures are common. Standards have evolved to include ruggedized connectors and switches suitable for factory floors and process facilities.
TransBlock has developed a patented technology that safely connects directly to the ground line of electronic equipment to terminate transient surges and pulses, protecting microprocessors from damage. This provides benefits like increased system protection and uptime, higher productivity, and fewer problems for IT managers. TransBlock's solution is gaining endorsements and is positioned to meet new UL standards in 2008 for improved surge protection in homes and offices.
1. The document provides instructions for installing a Huawei F01T500 cabinet, including installing the cabinet on a concrete pedestal, routing cables, and powering on the system.
2. Key steps include constructing the concrete pedestal, fastening the cabinet to the pedestal using expansion bolts, routing the protective grounding cable, connecting power cables to the circuit breaker in the power meter box, and sealing cable holes to prevent moisture entry.
3. Precautions include properly grounding the cabinet, insulating bare cable parts, using appropriately sized cables, and sealing gaps to prevent vapor entry into the cabinet.
Skills Gap is worldwide and affects many technical and vocational professions. Re-skilling is a responsibility of the individual -- and society as a whole!
Industry 4.0? What the Big Deal? (in 30 seconds please)Mike Nager
Advanced Manufacturing will give suppliers and customers many benefits -- but the benefits aren't the technology. Discover the main reasons Industry 4.0 will be better in the future.
Industry 4.0 and the Innovation Gap in Advanced ManufacturingMike Nager
White paper describing the challenges the Industry 4.0 and Advanced Manufacturing will bring to workforce development and training of technicians and engineers.
Advanced Manufacturing in the USA redefines professional careers and requires new and different skill sets than previous manufacturing jobs. Published in April 2017 in Techniques, the monthly magazine for ACTE members (Association for Career and Technical Education).
This document discusses methods for protecting water and wastewater treatment plants from lightning strikes and electrical surges. It identifies areas at high risk for lightning strikes, such as pump lift stations and radio antennas. Traditional surge protection methods using MOVs and SADs can be overwhelmed by lightning strikes. Newer triggered arc gap technology provides better protection against high-energy lightning strikes by diverting surge currents to ground. The document describes how triggered arc gaps and additional surge protectors were installed to protect a water treatment plant in Florida that experienced frequent lightning damage.
This document discusses overvoltage protection for data concentrators used in smart grid applications. It describes the different network levels in smart grids - core, distribution and access networks. For the access network, which provides last mile connectivity between hardware and smart meters, technologies used include power line communication and various wireless standards. Outdoor data concentrator hardware is susceptible to lightning strikes and surges. The document then discusses lightning protection zones and the electrical parameters for surge protection devices used to protect communications ports and power inputs for such outdoor hardware from transient overvoltages.
Power Utility Conference - Wind Turbine Lightning ProtectionMike Nager
This document appears to be a presentation on lightning protection for wind turbines. It discusses how lightning strikes can damage wind turbines and cause fires, costing over 1.5 million Euro in one case. It outlines the principles of over-voltage suppression using surge protection components. The presentation covers lightning protection zones, positioning air-termination systems, and surge protection inside the nacelle and down tower panels. It also mentions challenges in protecting rotating equipment and discusses standards for lightning protection.
Published in ISA Management newsletter, article addresses basic strategies to increase sales organically by expanding into new markets or developing new products. Which combination is right for you? Starting on page 7.
Technical presentation on lightning protection strategies for water and wastewater treatment plants. Types of voltage surges and equipment protection systems.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
2. Electronic Housings: Considerations, Standards and Practices
for Industrial Applications
Mike Nager, Kristy Yi, Jan Maksel
Phoenix Contact
Abstract
Circuit housings used in industrial and utility applications have requirements often not needed in the commercial or consumer
electronics industries. The device may be used in locations as diverse as in a chemical factory, wind turbine, transit station,
offshore platform, wastewater control panel, or a Smart Grid communications box. These applications often require a high
degree of resistance to shock and vibration. They may also be required to operate over wide temperature ranges, especially if
mounted in outdoor locations where a lot of electronic equipment is now deployed. They might need to adhere to specific
shielding requirements or conform to certain physical sizes and shapes. Others may require DIN mounting options or have
touch-safe connector requirements. This presentation will introduce the audience to these issues and provide information
about how organizations such as the IEC address them with standards and approvals.
Introduction
For the purposes of this paper and presentation, it is important to define the “industrial” market. It is different from the
commercial, residential, and consumer electronics markets in several ways. These differences include exposure to more
extreme temperatures, the potential for more severe vibration and a noisy electrical environment. In brief, it can refer to a
location or place like an automotive factory, petrochemical refinery, pulp and paper plant, railway switching yard,
telecommunications tower, water treatment facility and many others. Or it can refer to different types of equipment such as:
• Material handling (conveyors, forklifts, baggage handling, cranes and hoists)
• People movers (elevators, escalators, moving walk-ways)
• Machinery (packaging, metal and wood, pulp and paper, industrial ovens)
• Building automation (security, HVAC, energy monitoring and lighting controls)
• Work vehicles (tractors, trucks, construction equipment, tugboats)
Figure 1 shows a sampling of “industrial” applications and locations.
Figure 1: Examples of Industrial Applications
This paper discusses how the selection of electronic housings plays an important role in functionality of devices intended for
industrial locations or equipment. We’ll first consider how the device is installed. We’ll then work backwards toward the
design and selection of suitable electronic housings.
Physical Location of Electronic Circuits in Industrial Applications
To use electronic devices in the areas discussed above, it is necessary to understand the general way they are deployed in
these applications. The devices are usually mounted within a box, often called an electrical cabinet, junction box, control
cabinet, or in Germany, a “switching cabinet.” Although there are exceptions, many are made of steel (mild or stainless).
They can range from very small (100 mm x 100 mm) to quite large (more than two meters high).
The primary purpose of the cabinet is to physically protect devices inside from environmental effects and to protect personnel
from hazardous electrical (and sometimes mechanical) energy. Metal cabinets provide a considerable amount of EMI/RFI
protection from outside sources. Industrial devices inside the cabinet are required to have a lesser amount of environmental
protection, typically IP20, meaning it is not protected from water incursion. IP20 also refers to the electrical safety, which we
3. will discuss in the “Connection Technology Considerations” section of this paper. Devices mounted outside a cabinet need a
higher level of protection, typically IP65 or IP67, which is roughly equivalent to NEMA 4X. 1
Inside the cabinet, near the back wall but separated by an air gap, is a sheet of metal called the mounting plate, where devices
attach as shown in Figure 2. Using the mounting plate, the user can conveniently mount and wire the devices outside the
cabinet on an ergonomically correct worktable and then place them into the cabinet when finished.
Figure 2: Control Cabinet with Mounting Plate
One method of mounting electronic devices used inside the cabinet is called “panel mounting.” This usually means that the
device has four mounting holes in its corners to attach it to the mounting plate. While this provides secure attachment, it
requires that holes be placed in precise locations to match up with the mounting holes. Since devices come in many different
dimensions and sizes, it means the holes can only be used by one particular product in that one location. Still, panel mounting
is a good option for very heavy devices or in applications where there are very few devices to be installed.
Another method, developed in Europe, is now simply called “DIN rail.” 2
This method eliminates the drawbacks of panel
mounting by providing a system for mounting devices that does not require individual holes. Standard DIN rail is 35 mm
wide, 7.5 mm high, and is available in two-meter lengths. The rail shape is sometimes referred to as a “top-hat.” Both un-
perforated and perforated versions are available, as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3: Standard DIN Rail
DIN rail is cut to length and secured to the mounting plate. Individual devices are aligned perpendicularly and snapped onto
the DIN rail with the use of a special mounting foot, rather than directly onto the mounting plate. DIN rail is available in
different metals including passivated steel, stainless steel, copper and aluminum. There are also dimensionally different
variations of the standard DIN rail. A smaller version exists for smaller components. A “high profile” version, measuring 15
mm high, gives more clearance from the mounting plate and provides a stiffer rail for heavier components. 3
Horizontal orientation of the PCBs inside the housing refers to boards placed in a parallel plane with the rail. Vertical refers
to those placed in a plane “normal” to the rail (either in the same direction as the rail or crossing over it). In the housing
shown in Figure 4, the PCBs are mounted vertically.
Figure 4: Vertical PCBs in Housings
4. Electronic housing attach to DIN rail using a mounting foot that physically secures the housing to the rail as illustrated in
Figure 5. To place a housing onto a DIN rail, it is angled up and the bottom is clicked into place. This is much quicker than
mounting on a panel, since the operation requires no tools.
Figure 5: Mounting Foot
To remove from the DIN rail, use a screwdriver to pull the mounting foot open while lifting the housing off. The mounting
foot usually attaches to the lower side of a horizontally mounted DIN rail. Thanks to its advantages for both the end-user and
installer, the DIN rail system has become the de-facto standard for much of the industrial marketplace. Designers of multipart
systems gain flexibility because they can modularize the functionality of the individual devices. We will explore this more in
the “Design Optimization with Busing” section.
Types of Electronic Housings
The simplest form of electronic housing is a tray that holds a PCB board with a DIN rail mounting foot on the bottom. PCB
boards are square or rectangular. Many designs have the components exposed, although a variety of covers are available to
provide basic protection from electrical shock and to protect the circuitry from mechanical damage. The tray systems
generally offer the designer the lowest cost method of placing an electronic circuit onto DIN rail as shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6: Trays - With and Without PCB and Components
Figure 7 shows an enclosed housing with a horizontal PCB board. This type of housing offers more functionality than the
tray. It better protects the PCB inside and provides a higher level of safety from shock.
Figure 7: Electronic Housing with Horizontal PCB
Figure 8 shows a more functional housing with a vertically mounted PCB. The housing consists of a lower housing with
guides that precisely position the PCB, while the upper housing attaches to the PCB. It can be opened to perform calibration
or configuration using the DIP switches. This is especially useful for the designer of multipurpose devices. The top portion of
the housing can be opened with the simple operation of a screwdriver. A special catch at the bottom of the PCB prevents the
board from coming all the way out of the housing.
Figure 8: Housing Designed for Opening
5. “Building automation” refers to lighting controls, HVAC controls, fire and alarm, security, power monitoring, circuit
protection devices, and much more. DIN 43880 defines the physical dimensions of building automation devices so they can
fit into a control cabinet with standard openings, much like circuit panel cutouts work in the United States and Canada. 4
More and more equipment must adhere to this system, especially in applications installed as a part of facilities management.
Figure 9 shows a complete panel with the overlaying plate and door.
Figure 9: Building Automation Housings per N 43880
rounding Considerations
door, the mounting plate, and DIN rail are almost always bonded together and electrically
DI
G
Electrically, the cabinet and
grounded.5
This prevents energized metal parts from creating a dangerous situation for workers. It also provides a convenient
location for electronic devices to connect to ground without having to run a separate wire. Some housings provide the option
for a ground contact to be included that connects the PCB circuitry to the DIN rail, as shown in Figure 10.
Figure 10: Ground Connection in Housing and
hen using a grounding contact on the PCB, it is important to make a distinction between protective earth (PE) used to
ngineering the FE through the ground contact requires the realization that many devices will use the DIN rail as a ground
ngineering the PE through the ground contact requires some consideration, and the user should verify with the housing
esign Optimization with Busing
intended to be used together, housings with integrated wire busing provide benefits to
a Close-Up View of the Ground Contact
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protect personnel and functional earth (FE), which ensures proper operation of the device. The PE eliminates dangerous
voltages and conducts potentially high currents through a low resistance path. The FE drains the EMI layers of unwanted
noise through a low impedance path.
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connection. The rail therefore could become a pathway for noise, defeating its original purpose. For this reason, the PCB
designer may want to incorporate galvanic separation between the circuitry and the ground contact.
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manufacturer before implementing. According to IEC 60947-7-2:2002,6
the entire PE electrical path including the ground
contact, the PCB and the traces must be capable of handling the maximum current rating of the power connectors for up to
one second. Many connectors capable of accepting up to 2.5 mm2
conductors (roughly equivalent to 14 AWG) have a
maximum current rating up to 300 A, so it is not a trivial issue. In the worst case scenario, a properly designed device will
provide PE protection, but it is possible that the housing material in the vicinity of the ground contact will melt from the I2
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heating and need to be replaced.
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When designing a series of devices
both manufacturers and end-users. Consider a system consisting of a controller that accesses signals from different types of
input/output (I/O) circuits. If it is designed as a single component and if customers require different combinations of I/O or
controllers, the manufacturer needs to assign unique part numbers for each variation. Just a few possible combinations will
create many part numbers. Even if it is designed as a configurable system, for example, a rectangular chassis with card slots,
6. the manufacturer needs substantial time and effort to configure the system before delivery. Such systems routinely had large,
unique part numbers that were “built-up” at the factory to specify the functionality desired in the final device.
If such a system is designed as a backplane or perhaps on a single large PCB, customization for individual customers
sing a wiring bus with modular DIN rail-mounted housings simplifies both design and use of the final products. Controller
his is possible because busing allows fast and easy connection of power and/or signals between different devices. Both
becomes prohibitively expensive. Modification to one part could affect other parts of the circuit, so great care is needed when
making changes. Such designs also the limit the potential space savings, since generally the external dimensions of the final
device cannot be smaller even if it requires less functionality.
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and I/O functionality can be designed independently as modular components. The user of the devices selects the required
functionality and orders the necessary components using standard part numbers. This requires less effort and costs on the
manufacturer’s part, since they are off-the-shelf items. System configuration is done at the installation location rather than at
the manufacturer. The user only needs to purchase and install the devices that will provide the necessary functionality.
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parallel and series connection are possible. Depending on the housing design, somewhere between five and 16 poles are
usually available. One method is to place connector on the DIN rail that mates with a connector on the underside of the
housing, as shown in Figure 11.
Figure 11: Bus Conne ors under Housin
nother method is to attach connectors to the side of the housing. This allows adjacent housings to mate as shown in Figure
ct g
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12. Regardless of the type being considered, the designer must consider the limitations of any particular bus in regards to
current capacity, maximum voltage, and the ability to pass high frequency signals.
Figure 12: Bus Connectors on Si Housing
onnection Technology Considerations
the internal PCB from outside can be done in simple manner by terminating
de of
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The connection of power and signal to
conductors directly to a fixed PCB terminal block that is already assembled into the electronic housing or terminating into a
stand alone connector and plugging onto mating PCB header as shown in Figure 13.
Figure 13: Fixed PCB Connection vs. Pluggable
7. Chart 1 summarizes the criteria to consider when deciding whether to use fixed or pluggable connectors.
Chart 1: Fixed versus Pluggable Connectors
Feature Applications Benefits
Housings with ock is
ed to
nal connector costs plies to
Fixed PCB
Connection
Terminal bl
permanently attach
PCB
No additio If restriction ap
prevent separations of
connectors from PCB.
Housings with
Pluggable
Connection
is permanently
ting
Easier maintenance. Reduce
e- ed
Header
attached to PCB and ma
pluggable terminal block
field installation time using pr
assembled cable
If devices need to be
changed or disconnect
frequently
epending on customer’s installation preferences and application needs, there are various wire termination techniques for
crew connection with tension sleeve is most widely used in industrial housings. Maximum contact force can be achieved
pring-cage technology allows easy wire termination without any special tool or pre-treatment of conductors. The spring is
dustrial-grade insulation displacement connection (IDC) technology is used in many industrial applications that need
ush-in leg spring connection allows fast and tool-free connection of conductors for both solid and stranded conductors with
icro insulation pierce connection (IPC) technology is similar to IDC. Micro IPC allows fast connection without using any
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either fixed PCB connector or pluggable terminal blocks. These connection technologies are illustrated in Figure 14.
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per contact surface per conductor cross section. Often transverse grooves are manufactured onto the current bar to ensure
that the oxide films on the conductor are broken for gas-tight connection with low contact resistance. The flat clamping part
base ensures tight connection of cable to be clamped securely.
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opened with a screwdriver through the actuation shaft as the conductor is inserted into the spring-cage through the separate
conductor shaft.
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fast field installations without stripping off the wire insulation.
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ferrule. The user can simply insert the wire into the terminal point and press against the current by the leg spring. By
integrating different color lever, the user can easily identify the connection point and simplify the wiring layout.
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tool. The user can insert wire through wire guide and simply close the lever to terminate conductors. Due to simplicity and
micro contact design, this type of connection technology is ideal for small electronic housings for high density signal and I/O.
Figure 14: Screw C Clamp, Spring-Cage, Push-in g,
egardless of different terminating methods, the user needs to evaluate the type of conductors, size, rated voltage, and current
ousing Customization
ed for standard applications is often determined by the manufacturer’s color scheme and can be an
age Leg-Sprin
IDC, Micro IPC Technology
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rating for applicable housing prior to connector selection.
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The color for housings us
important part of brand identity. Combining different housing colors (for example on the upper half, lower half, connectors)
can signify certain functionality or create visual appeal, as shown in Figure 15.
Figure 15: Housing Colors
8. However, devices intended for use in either intrinsically safe devices or for safety system applications will generally use a
trinsically safe circuits (I.S. circuits) are designed for areas where explosive gases are present, and energy in the form of
devices take a signal from
ake openings in the electronic housing for displays or operating elements. These openings
illing requires no investment, but the unit cost is higher than the injection molding process. Milling is best suited for small
color designated for these applications. Although they sound similar, these are different applications.
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sparks or heat could ignite them. I.S. circuits operate at very low energy levels, so any sparks and heat generated by the
electronic devices are lower than the ignition energy required for combustion. The color for I.S. devices (and terminals,
wires, and raceways) is usually bright or light blue, similar to RAL 5015 or Pantone 3015.
afety relays and systems are designed primarily for applications involving machine safety. TheseS
an emergency stop button, light curtain, or other safety apparatus and then shut down the machine in a manner that prevents
injury. These systems are designed to be “fail-safe.” That means if they aren’t operating correctly for any reason (such as
“stuck” relay contacts), the device defaults to a condition that ensures safety is not compromised. The usual color is bright
yellow, similar to RAL 1018 or Pantone 123.
election of Custom HousingsS
It often becomes necessary to m
can be made using mechanical processes such as milling, or by using individual tool mold inserts in the injection molding
process. Deciding which to use depends on the design and financial parameters.
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production quantity, generally up to several thousand. The advantage of milling is that any change can be quickly realized at
minimum cost. In contrast, injection molding requires higher investment than milling. Due to shorter production times,
however, the piece cost will be lower. Figure 16 shows both techniques.
Figure 16: Milling Operation and Injection Molding Cavit
rinting text or graphics on housi tify the display function in an
ad printing is widely recognized for labeling of electronic housings. A legible and high-contrast print can be made based on
y
P ngs has many benefits. Printing allows the users to easily iden
electronic device. Printing can be on entire housing surface or only on certain components.
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your electronic print copy. A wide range of printing colors is available. Laser printing can generally be used on all
thermoplastics. Readability and contrast ratios largely depend on the particular plastic/color combination, the wavelength of
the laser and the process parameters, and therefore need to be determined accordingly. Silk screening is a cost-effective
solution for printing logos or control legends on a large surface of an electronic housing. Figure 17 shows two popular
printing options.
Figure 17: Pad and Laser Printing
9. Power Dissipation
ctronic housing to dissipate power in the form of heat is an important criterion when selecting housing.
he following factors can affect the power dissipation of electronic systems:
en housing
urrent
l conditions
ance data from semiconductor and housing manufacture
re free airspace can dissipate more heat than those with less volume. On the other
ousing manufacturers usually provide power dissipation data similar to that shown in Table 2. However, the users must
Table 2: Maximum Heat Dissipation:
How Vents an ed Heating 7
The ability of an ele
The designer must understand the source and condition of power consumption to properly dissipate the heat generated by the
devices. Improper thermal analysis could lead to undesirable breakdowns of the end product system or even potential risk of
fire. Therefore, it is critical to understand the internal heat dissipation and how heated air is removed from the device.
T
• PCB arrangement and number of layers of assembled PCB
• Component selection: PCB circuitry components
• Installation: orientation of housing, spacing betwe
• Physical design of electronic housing: size, vent
• Insulation characteristics
• Operating voltage, leakage c
• Ambient temperature
• General environmenta
• Power dissipation and thermal resist
Intuitively, the bigger housings with mo
hand, the user may be able to reduce the physical size of the housings after carefully considering the above factors.
H
evaluate the data provided and compare it to the electrical characteristics of the system design in conjunction with the actual
application environment.
d Spacing Change the Maximum Allow
Vents Present?20°C Ambient Temperature
Yes No
No spacing bet een housings 4 4w .4 W .3 W
20 mm between housings 8.4 W 7.1 W
the application requires ambient temperatures higher than 20° C, a reduction factor curve is applied. This is a multiplierIf
used to determine the maximum amount of energy allowed in the housing at those temperatures. The reduction factor of a
particular housing, illustrated in Figure 18, indicates a sharp reduction of allowable heat generation at 80° versus 20° C.
Since each product family varies due to specific product requirements, the user will need to refer to the manufacturer’s power
dissipation and reduction factor data. The user must pay special attention to any applications that involve elevated
temperatures by conducting actual validation test or simulating the finished product’s electrical behaviors.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80°
Figure 18: Representative Reduction Factor Curve
he internal heat dissipation can be evaluated in various techniques by measuring actual junction temperature of active
per increasing temperature (in °C) 8
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components, thermography, and CFD (Computation Fluid Dynamics). The electrical and thermal response can be
quantitatively evaluated with a thermography picture.
10. Thermography is very valuable technique to detect the hot spots in respect to heat source in PCB assemblies. It helps the
designer identify and correct the hot spot by optimizing the electrical and mechanical design of the electronic housing before
the design is committed to production. Figure 19 shows a re-design that reduced the heat generated in a housing.
Figure 19: Thermography Image of Hot Spots Before and After De on
sulation Coordination vs. Housing Spacing
ration to ensure the proper insulation levels of electronic components and
here are several guidelines for insulation coordination and housing spacing, including UL 840 Insulation Coordination
L 508 standard covers the test criteria for industrial control devices and automation process systems for use in ordinary
aterials of Construction
made from many types of insulation materials. An important selection criterion is to source
olyamide is one of the most versatile thermoplastic materials for many engineering applications. Due to good electrical,
olycarbonate contributes many advantages due to rigidity, dielectric strength, and dimensional stability. The material is
olyvinyl chloride (PVC) is commonly used in the electronics industry due to competitive price. Housing and transparent
covers are made of extruded PVC (UL 94-V0). The maximum permitted operating temperature is 50o
C. If the application
sign Correcti
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Insulation coordination is an additional conside
electronics housings. It uses empirical data analysis by correlating the insulation characteristics and required spacing of
housings based on overvoltage, rated impulse withstand voltage, equipment installation category, and pollution degree.
However, this analysis is not intended to replace the system qualification. Since there may be process variation, it is
important to follow up with actual test validation and periodic rechecking of clearance to withstand the specified voltages.
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Including Clearances and Creepage Distances for Electrical Equipment. UL 840 specifies the air distance (clearance) and
over surface distance (creepage) spacing between electrical potentials for safe operation of electrical equipment. These
distances are important to prevent potential arcing or leakage currents and takes into consideration the pollution degree and
overvoltage protection category since both will influence the performance. Overvoltage category is the grouping of products
based on typical installation with respect to overvoltage protection and available energy.9
The pollution degree is the level of
pollution present at the product’s location, where the clearance and creepage measurements are taken. For example,
Pollution Degree 1 means no pollution or only dry or non-conductive pollution, which has very little impact on the electrical
behavior. Pollution Degree 2 represents a temporary conductive as result of condensation.
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locations in accordance with the National Electric Code, NFPA 70. Temperature, overvoltage and undervoltage, dielectric
withstand, and short circuit testing validate proper design of electronics housing spacing.
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Electronic housings can be
products from manufacturers who can document that the materials used meet environmental safety regulations such as RoHS,
VDE, UL and CE marking.
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mechanical, and chemical resistance properties, polyamide is commonly used in industrial electronic housing. It is heat
stabilized and can endure temperatures up to 105° C. Polyamide reinforced with fiber is characterized by great rigidity,
hardness, and resistance to higher temperatures than non-reinforced polyamide.
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widely used in electrical applications, because of its high volume resistivity advantage that decreases, and low or almost zero
moisture absorption as humidity is introduced into the environment. Polycarbonate can handle high temperatures up to 125o
C. The amorphous material only absorbs moisture to a very limited degree and is used for items such as large, rigid
electronics component housings. Polycarbonate is particularly suited for use in cover profiles, marking materials or
connector plug levers in industrial electronic housings.
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11. environment requires higher than 50o
C, the user can consider high temperature resistant polycarbonate thermoplastic
material. While most thermoplastic materials are processed with injection molding using ready-to-use molding and extrusion
material, PVC is processed as a powder in the extruder.
Acrylnitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) has good mechanical impact properties and rigidity while maintaining dimensional
ability. The material provides precision surface quality, well suited for metallic coating such as nickel.
er DIN EN 60529
lectrical safety is one of the most important concerns of the connection technologies used on electronic housings. The IEC
egrees of protection against the external influences or accidental contact of body
lectrical devices and systems must be designed to protect the service and maintenance people from potential electrical
maintenance. To check shock-hazard protection, a test finger or a test ball is applied at a defined
around the live components must not be able to shock a hand. To test, a
0-mm diameter metal ball is rolled around the connector or housing with a pressure of 50 N. The area within 30 mm of a
st
Tests and Approvals
Degree of Protection p
E
60529/DIN VDE 0470-1 defines the two d
parts (hand and finger), dust and water to electrical housings for safety and ensures the reliable product performance. In
general, electronic housings protected by industrial-grade cabinets are considered as IP20 unless higher stringent
environmental protection is required.
Touch Proof, IEC 60529
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shocks during installation or
force to every opening of the connecting devices.
“Back of hand” safety requires that an area 100 mm
5
live part must also be finger-safe. This is tested by using a metal rod roughly the diameter of a small finger (12.5 mm). For a
product to successfully pass the test, the probe can not come in contact with any live voltage. Electrical devices rated IP20
have passed these tests. Figure 20 shows test apparatus being used with standard PCB terminal blocks.
Figure 20: “Back of Hand” and “Finger” Safety Tests per IEC 60529
UL 94 Flammability Tes
nderwriters Laboratory Standard 94 is the most widely accepted test for flammability performance of thermoplastics.
rograms on insulating material that measure the material’s ability to extinguish the flame.
nition.
he second test program measures the ignition resistance of the plastic to electrical ignition. The material's resistance to
cations defined in UL 94, V0 is commonly molded in fabricating industrial electronic housing.
he V0 classification requires testing of the material in a vertical position based on material’s ability to self-extinguish within
ort Term Evaluation
ccording to the UL 508, Industrial Control Equipment standard, a polymeric electrical housing shall comply with the
ard for Polymeric Materials – Use in Electrical Equipment Evaluations, UL 746A. In
t
10
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There are two steps of test p
The first step evaluates the material’s tendency either to extinguish or to spread the flame when subjected to flame ig
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ignition and surface tracking characteristics is described in UL 746A, which is similar to the test procedures described in IEC
60112, 60695 and 60950.
Among the 12 flame classifi
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a specified time after the flame ignition is removed. Materials classified as UL 94 V0 have the greatest degree of protection
against fire.
UL 746A Sh
A
applicable requirements in the Stand
addition to determining whether the material is able to self-extinguish or spread the flame, it is also important to evaluate the
material’s resistance when exposed to a possible flame ignition source. UL 746 is a short-term evaluation of material’s
resistance to three basic tests: Relative Thermal Index (RTI), Hot-wire Ignition (HWI), High-current Arc Resistance to
Ignition (HAI), and High-voltage Arc Tracking Rate (HVTR).
12. IEC Glow-Wire Test (IEC 60695-2)
11
IEC 60695 is tested to measure, describe, and rank the properties of materials in response to heat caused by contact with an
d laboratory conditions. The Glow Wire Test is used to simulate the ability of product
ent.
d underneath the test specimen or the specified layer do not ignite.
essed into electronic housing
a progression of steps.
electrically heated wire under controlle
to extinguish fire or not producing particles to spread fire when the product is overheated which could be caused by a fault
current flowing through a wire, overloading of components, and/or simply due to bad connections. While UL 746C requires
the insulated live parts to be tested for HWI, HAI, and HVATR, the Glow-Wire Test to IEC 60695-2-11 is used to test
individual electrical components and assemblies. The test is exposed to specified glow wire temperature for 30 seconds. The
test is considered passing if meeting test criteria DIN IEC 60695-2-11 (VDE 0471-2-11):2009-12 which is basically:
a. No ignition occurs at all.
b. If ignition does occur, flames or glowing material is extinguished within 30 seconds after removal of the glow elem
c. Flammable materials place
Figure 21 illustrates three successive applications of glow-wire testing as the glowing element pr
in
Figure 21: Glow Wire Test on Electronic Housing
The glow wire test can be also defi ire Flammability Index (GWFI) to
st the behavior of the material. The difference is that GWIT and GWFI are usually done with solid electrical insulating
ability Index) is the highest temperature at which the flame extinguishes within 30 seconds after 3
ccessive applications. Typically, the penetration depth of the heated resistor is limited to 7 mm. Detail test criteria and
no flame occurs. A glow
ire with specified temperature is applied to the thermoplastic at 1 Newton for 30 seconds in three consecutive times.
he typical industrial environment exposes electronic systems to a high degree of shock and vibration. The tests in
IN EN 60068 2-6:2008 (vibration safety) and 600668-2-7:2008 (shock test) determine the ability of
ows the vibration test conditions applied to an electronic housing.
N 60068
Frequency 10 to 150 Hz
ned as Glow Wire Ignition Test (GWIT) and Glow W
te
material (disc or plate).
GWFI (Glow Wire Flamm
su
procedures for GWFI (Glow Wire Flammability Ignition) are specified under IEC 60695-2-12.
GWIT (Glow Wire Ignition Temperature) is 25° C above the highest temperature measured at which
w
Vibration Test
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accordance to D
components to withstand the specified severities of sinusoidal vibration by simulating rotation, pulsating, and oscillating
forces.
Table 3 sh
Table 3: Vibration Testing per DIN E
Sweep speed 1 octave/min
Amplitude 0.35 Hz)mm (10 to 58.1
Acceleration 5 g z)(58.1 to 150 H
Test duration 2.5 h per axis
Test direction x, sy, z, in all 3 dimension
Test CBweight on the P 200 g
Condi idatetion of test cand Annealed conditioned 2 %
13. The general criteria for vibration test is to ensure no dam e occurs that would affect further use of the device, that
limate Testing
nvironment tests are accelerated life tests to ensure product reliability in various environmental conditions
he climate test evaluates the following parameters:
thstand voltage
igure 22
-02)
ag
everything remains secure on the PCB and housing, and that contact resistance doesn’t rise more than 1.5 mΩ.
C
The climate and e
such as temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, and saltwater. The industrial electronic housings are subjected to a
series of accelerated temperature shock tests between -40 and 105° C. Based on the evaluation of climate test, the user can
determine the quality and long-term effects of the product use.
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• Contact resistance (before and after) and Wi
• Cold storage test (DIN EN 60068-2-1: 1995-03), shown in F
• Temperature change (DIN EN 60068-2-14:2000-08)
• Heat storage (DIN EN 60068-2-2:1994-08)
• Damp heat storage (DIN EN 60068-2-30:2000
Figure 22: Electronic Housings Tested to DIN EN 60068-2-1
esign-In-Process for Electronic Housings
many challenges, including the need for shorter product development cycles
stage-gate or milestone process is an operational roadmap. It is used in the product development cycle from idea inception
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Today’s industrial device manufactures face
while also reducing the overall system cost. Many equipment vendors often break away from their traditional vertical
integration and create strategic partnerships with expert suppliers, such as housing manufacturers, to deliver the new product
innovation.
A
to product launch, as shown in Figure 23. Stage-gate process accelerates the time-to-market, while delivering quality and
managing the potential risk. Each stage is separated by decision gates, which are critical to execute prior to moving on to the
next stage of product development.
Figure 23: Stage-Gate Process
e 1, applied to the development of an e ” process. This requires close cooperation
• Dimensions of desired finished housing
ector colors
nts
• Operating temperature
ermination points)
entation of PCB
Stag lectronic device, begins the “scoping
between the technical teams of both the customer and housing supplier. The team’s goal is to define the technical
requirements so the project can be completed on schedule. For a complete technical specification and quotation, the team
must discover the following criteria during the scoping process:
• Mounting style (DIN rail or panel)
• Type of housing
• Housing and conn
• Printing and labeling requireme
• Housing material type
• Number of poles (# of t
• Number of PCB and ori
• Types of connection technology
14. • Bus connections desired
• Electrical (voltage, current, power dissipation)
tage category
project design team will construct the
onclusion
l marketplace offers increasing opportunities for designers of PCBs as the manufacturing, process, utility, and
uthors
Mike Nager graduated from the University of Scranton with a BS in Electronics Engineering (1988) and is a
risty Yi holds a BS in Mechanical Engineering Technology (1996) and an MBA (2003) from Penn State
n Maksel holds a Graduate Engineer degree (2006) in Industrial Engineering (Wirtschaftingenieur) from the
eferences
• Agency approvals required
• Unit quantities
• Pollution degree and overvol • Target dates
After the customer approves the budgetary quote and plan, the housing supplier’s
concept design in CAD and hold a design review meeting prior to building actual mold tooling. Upon request, the
manufacturer can supply a rapid prototype to the customer to validate the form-fit-function compared to the customer’s future
application uses. Pilot samples from the production tool will be fully evaluated to comply with all necessary pre-defined test
plans. Finally, it is important to have a post-launch review with both teams to deliver continuous technology innovation for
the next product generations.
C
The industria
transportation segments rely on more and more electronics. This paper has discussed some of the nuances of matching the
electronic housing options with the application requirements. We hope this paper will provide the foundation for further
study.
A
senior member of IEEE. He has worked for manufacturers of industrial controls including Moore Products,
Leeds & Northrop, ifm efector, and Phoenix Contact. He has published papers in periodicals including Control
Engineering, Industrial Computing, Machine Design and Plant Engineering. He heads the Industry Management
department of Phoenix Contact, one of the world’s leading manufacturers of industrial devices, connectors, and
housings. He works out of the Phoenix Contact Inc. Americas headquarters in Harrisburg PA.
K
University. She held various leadership positions such as Senior Industrial Engineer, Product Engineer and
Product Manager for leading manufactures including Berg, FCI, Tyco, and Phoenix Contact. She has developed
high speed/high volume connector manufacturing systems for the consumer and industrial markets. She is the
Product Manager for Americas Device Connection Technology. Kristy is a member of ODVA and Fieldbus
Foundation and works out of the Phoenix Contact Inc. Americas headquarters in Harrisburg, PA.
Ja
University of Applied Science and Arts in Göttingen, Germany. His study included a combination of both
engineering and business topics. He has worked for leading companies including ABB (Automation Unit), KSB
(a manufacturer of pumps and automation), Sartorius AG ( a manufacturer of weighing technology), and
Phoenix Contact. He is Phoenix Contact’s Product Manager for Electronic Housings and works out the
company’s global headquarters in Blomberg Germany.
R
1
The direct comparison between IP rating and NEMA ratings can’t be made and the differences are beyond the scope of this
Deutsches Institut für Normung (translation: German Institute for Standardization). DIN
DIN rail variations
nd related mounting dimensions
ndoffs. This
uctor
stances for Electrical Equipment-UL 840: ISBN 0-7629-
for Safety of Flammability of Plastic Materials for the Parts in Devices and Appliances testing.
http://www.ul.com
paper. A simple internet search will direct the reader to many informative discussions on the topic. At the time of writing, a
“harmonization” effort has begun.
2
The name is DIN is based on the
rail dimensions according to EN 60715 are 15 x 7.5 mm
3
EN 60715 also defines the 15 x 5.5 mm and 35 x 15 mm
4
DIN 43880 Built-in equipment for electrical installations; overall dimensions a
5
In some situations, the DIN rail will be electrically isolated from the backplane with the use of non-metallic sta
can be used to establish an isolated ground to ensure signal integrity as well as for other purposes. If the DIN rail is not
grounded then other precautions such a shielding and labeling must be used to protect personnel from accidental shock.
6
IEC 60947-7-2:2002 Low-voltage switchgear and control gear - Part 7-2: Ancillary equipment - Protective cond
terminal blocks for copper conductors. Applies to protective conductor terminal blocks with PE function up to 120 mm2
(250
MCM) and to protective conductor terminal blocks with PEN function equal to and above 10 mm2
(AWG 8).
7
Data from Phoenix Contact ME 12,5 series of electronic housings
8
Data from Phoenix Contact UEG series of electronic housings
9
Insulation Coordination Including Clearances and Creepage Di
1049-6; March 2, 2007
10
UL 94, the Standard
15. for materials and IEC 60695-2-11, Fire hazard testing - Part 2-11: Glowing/hot-wire based test methods
11
IEC 60695-2-12 Fire hazard testing - Part 2-12: Glowing/hot-wire based test methods - Glow-wire flammability index
(GWFI) test method
- Glow-wire flammability test method for end-products
45. Power Dissipation
Table 2: Maximum Heat Dissipation:
How Vents and Spacing Change the Maximum Allowed Heating [i]
@ 20°C Ambient Temperature
Vents Present?
Yes No
No spacing between housings 4.4 W 4.3 W
20 mm between housings 8.4 W 7.1 W
[i] Data from Phoenix Contact ME 12,5 series of electronic housings