The document summarizes existing techniques for strengthening reinforced concrete beams and proposes a new hybrid anchor system to eliminate premature end peeling of plates bonded to flexurally strengthened beams. The proposed system consists of a connector and anchor plate that work together to resist interfacial shear and normal stresses at the plate end, preventing debonding and allowing for a reduced anchor plate size. Existing strengthening methods like steel plating, mechanically fastened FRP, and near-surface mounted FRP are reviewed along with their advantages and limitations before discussing the mechanism of end peeling failures in plate bonding strengthening.
SHEAR PERFORMANCE OF FIBER REINFORCED SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE DEEP BEAMSIAEME Publication
The self-compacting concrete (SCC) is the newest innovating category of high performance concrete. The shear behavior of Fiber Reinforced Self-Compacted Concrete (FRSCC) deep beams was investigated. The experimental program consisted of twelve simply supported beams tested up to failure under four-point load. The key parameters covered in this investigation were steel fibers ratios (0.0, 0.50, 0.75 & 1.00%) and the effective shear span to depth ratio; a/d that varied from 0.6 to 1.0. Also, the main flexure reinforcement ratio was variable (1.0, 1.60 and 2.20 percent). In addition, vertical and horizontal web reinforcement effect was investigated. The mid-span deflection, cracks, reinforcement and concrete strains of the tested beams were recorded and compared. Test results pointed out that the steel fibers enhanced the cracking load, ultimate capacity, displacement and energy absorption of the tested FRSCC deep beams.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Strengthening structures via external bonding of advanced fibre reinforced polymer (FRP)
composite is becoming very popular worldwide during the past decade because it provides a more
economical and technically superior alternative to the traditional techniques in many situations as it
offers high strength, low weight, corrosion resistance, high fatigue resistance, easy and rapid
installation and minimal change in structural geometry. Although many in-situ RC beams are
continuous in construction, there has been very limited research work in the area of FRP
strengthening of continuous beams. In the present study an experimental investigation is
carried out to study the behavior of continuous RC beams under static loading. The beams are
strengthened with externally bonded glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets. Different scheme
of strengthening have been employed. The program consists of fourteen continuous (two-span) beams
with overall dimensions equal to (150×200×2300) mm. The beams are grouped into two series
labeled S1 and S2 and each series have different percentage of steel reinforcement. One beam from
each series (S1 and S2) was not strengthened and was considered as a control beam, whereas all
other beams from both the series were strengthened in various patterns with externally bonded GFRP
sheets. The present study examines the responses of RC continuous beams, in terms of failure modes,
enhancement of load capacity and load deflection analysis. The results indicate that the flexural
strength of RC beams can be significantly increased by gluing GFRP sheets to the tension face. In
addition, the epoxy bonded sheets improved the cracking behaviour of the beams by delaying the
formation of visible cracks and reducing crack widths at higher load levels. The experimental results
were validated by using finite element method
SHEAR PERFORMANCE OF FIBER REINFORCED SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE DEEP BEAMSIAEME Publication
The self-compacting concrete (SCC) is the newest innovating category of high performance concrete. The shear behavior of Fiber Reinforced Self-Compacted Concrete (FRSCC) deep beams was investigated. The experimental program consisted of twelve simply supported beams tested up to failure under four-point load. The key parameters covered in this investigation were steel fibers ratios (0.0, 0.50, 0.75 & 1.00%) and the effective shear span to depth ratio; a/d that varied from 0.6 to 1.0. Also, the main flexure reinforcement ratio was variable (1.0, 1.60 and 2.20 percent). In addition, vertical and horizontal web reinforcement effect was investigated. The mid-span deflection, cracks, reinforcement and concrete strains of the tested beams were recorded and compared. Test results pointed out that the steel fibers enhanced the cracking load, ultimate capacity, displacement and energy absorption of the tested FRSCC deep beams.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Strengthening structures via external bonding of advanced fibre reinforced polymer (FRP)
composite is becoming very popular worldwide during the past decade because it provides a more
economical and technically superior alternative to the traditional techniques in many situations as it
offers high strength, low weight, corrosion resistance, high fatigue resistance, easy and rapid
installation and minimal change in structural geometry. Although many in-situ RC beams are
continuous in construction, there has been very limited research work in the area of FRP
strengthening of continuous beams. In the present study an experimental investigation is
carried out to study the behavior of continuous RC beams under static loading. The beams are
strengthened with externally bonded glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets. Different scheme
of strengthening have been employed. The program consists of fourteen continuous (two-span) beams
with overall dimensions equal to (150×200×2300) mm. The beams are grouped into two series
labeled S1 and S2 and each series have different percentage of steel reinforcement. One beam from
each series (S1 and S2) was not strengthened and was considered as a control beam, whereas all
other beams from both the series were strengthened in various patterns with externally bonded GFRP
sheets. The present study examines the responses of RC continuous beams, in terms of failure modes,
enhancement of load capacity and load deflection analysis. The results indicate that the flexural
strength of RC beams can be significantly increased by gluing GFRP sheets to the tension face. In
addition, the epoxy bonded sheets improved the cracking behaviour of the beams by delaying the
formation of visible cracks and reducing crack widths at higher load levels. The experimental results
were validated by using finite element method
Structural strengthening, restoring and adding capacity is an integral part of today’s concrete repair industry. Structural strengthening may be required for increasing load capacity of beams, columns, walls, and/or slabs, seismic retrofitting, supporting additional live or dead loads not included in original design, to relieve stresses generated by design or construction errors, or to restore original load capacity to damaged structural elements.
Strengthening structures via external bonding of advanced fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composite is becoming very
popular worldwide during the past decade because it provides a more economical and technically superior alternative
to the traditional techniques in many situations as it offers high strength, low weight, corrosion resistance, high fatigue
resistance, easy and rapid installation and minimal change in structural geometry. Although many in-situ RC beams
are continuous in construction, there has been very limited research work in the area of FRP strengthening of continuous
beams.
Retrofitting of Beam-Column Joint using Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer and G...Satyam Vijay Bhosale
Retrofitting of an existing building is immensely essential for the deteriorated and damaged structure in Engineering and Medical fields. It refers to endowing the structure with a service level higher than that initially planned by modifying the structures, not necessarily damage area. Beam-column joints, being the lateral and vertical load transferring connections in reinforced concrete structures are particularly vulnerable to failures and hence the satisfactory performance of these joints is key to control the performance of connecting structural members during any event.
The project involves the study of the load carrying capacity of the beam-column joint after the application of the CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer) and GFRP (Glass fibre Reinforced Polymer) sheets. Five beam-column joint models were cast out of which one model was the control specimen and others were cast for the purpose of the retrofitting. Four specimens were retrofitted by L-shape and straight configurations. The project focused on the effect of using the CFRP sheets and GFRP sheets for enhancing the strength and ductility of the beam-column joint. The wraps were provided to prevent the shear failure of the beam-column joint. The failure criteria including ultimate capacity, mode of failure, initial stiffness, ductility and developed ultimate strain in the reinforcing steel and respective sheet were considered and then compared.
State-of-the-art review of FRP strengthened RC slabsIJSRD
Many concrete structures are getting weakened or collapsed due to corrosion of steel reinforcement in structures and other factors. Rehabilitation and strengthening of concrete structures with FRP (Fibre Reinforced Polymers) has been a useful technique since last few years. FRP sheets or plates are very suitable for strengthening not only because of their strength, but also due to the simplicity in the application. In this review paper, different strengthening techniques using FRP and other materials are reviewed. It can be concluded from the literature review that FRP is one of the efficient option for strengthening in either of the case like increasing the load carrying capacity of structures or to restore the original capacity of the structure after distress due to any means.
Reinforced arches have a wide range of applications. This paper discuss about use of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) for strengthening of reinforced concrete arches. The experiment is conducted on shallow arches. Three arches are tested. One is used as a control arch while other two are strengthened using FRP strips in different patterns. Six non symmetric point loads are equally spaced along the arches. The arch is modelled as a polygon.
Shear and Flexural Behaviour of R.C.C. Beam With Circular Opening Strengthene...IJERA Editor
This paper explores the behavior of R.C.C. beam with circular opening strengthened by CFRP sheets. In this experimental work five beams were casted, one beam without opening (i.e. solid beam) and one with circular post opening and considered as control beams. The remaining three beams were externally strengthened by Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets with different strengthening schemes i.e. around the opening, inside the opening. These beams were simply supported and tested less than two points loading in the loading frame. The behaviors of such beams were studied in terms of load carrying capacity, load-deflection behavior and cracking patterns. From the test results it is concluded that the ultimate load carrying capacity of the R.C.C. beam strengthened with CFRP sheets increased in the range of 13.01% to 55.32%. Among all the strengthening schemes, the strengthening with CFRP around and inside the opening was found very effective in improving the ultimate load carrying capacity of beam.
Design of FRP Axial Strengthening of RCC Columns -ACI 44 0.2R-08 - تصميم ت...Dr.Youssef Hammida
This study investigates the behavior and failure modes of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) confined concrete wrapped with different FRP schemes, including fully wrapped, partially wrapped, and nonuniformly-wrapped concrete cylinders. By using the same amount of FRP, this study proposes a new wrapping scheme that provides a higher compressive strength
Review on analytical study on strengthening of beam by frpeSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper present the review of analytical and numerical study of flexural and shear performance of retrofitted or strengthening
of beam by fibre reinforced polymer (FRP). Now a day investigator prefer numerical and analytical study to minimize error which
can’t reduce in experimental study, hence numerical study is more reliable than experimental study and analytical study less time
consuming then experimental still having good agreement with experimental study.Almost all the software available in market are
work based on finite element method (FEM) such as ANSYS, ATENA 3D and ABAQUS. Analytical study carried out by different
author using FEM basedsoftware they found ultimate capacity of beam increased noticeably.Analytical investigation of reinforced
concrete (RC) beam with FRP were carried out by number of investigator they all studied on different aspect, some of those
worked on single layer or double layer of FRP , some of those worked on different pattern and thickness of FRP and then
compared stress, strain and deflection with control specimen. For precise result by finite element method use fine mashing and
appropriate material property. Bond behaviour between steel-concrete and concrete-FRP sheets/plate must be specify for
accurate and realistic results.
Keywords: retrofitting of beam, strengthening of beam, GFRP, CFRP, Finite Element Method (FEM), ANSYS
this presentation has animations, play it in ms powerpoint as slideshow for better understanding.
this module includes
a) Introduction
b) Advantages and types of
pre-stressing
c) Pre-stressing systems
d) Materials for pre-stressing
E) PREREQUISITE OF SOM
Repair and Retrofit on Beam and Column Jointsamerald24
A research experiment has been conducted on the structural performance of repaired minor damaged reinforced concrete beam and column Joints using composite known as CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer) under simulated cyclic 2D loadings to find the practical lamination repair scheme for flexural strengthening, shear strengthening, and joint strengthening.
Experimental Behavior of RC Beams Strengthened by Externally Bonded CFRP with...IJERDJOURNAL
Abstract:- Carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP) laminates, or plates, offer very high-strength potential; however, handling of long pieces of these flexible plates can present challenges under field conditions. The development of methods for splicing CFRP plates will enhance the versatility and Practicality of using these materials in field applications. This paper studies the efficiency of CFRP lap splice in externally bonded CFRP flexural strengthened reinforced concrete beams. Seven half-scale beams with different conditions were tested in two-point bending until failure. Two groups were tested; the first one includes control specimens: the first without CFRP strengthening, the second strengthened with full length and without splice, and the third with cutoff at middle of the beam. All specimens in the second group having cut-off at the middle and with lap splice lengths equal 300, 450, 600, 900 mm. respectively on each side of the cut-off. The study illustrates the effect of confinement on the first crack load, failure load, mid-span deflection, and strain in both reinforcement and CFRP. The failure load was also predicted analytically by CEB-FIP (1993), adopting the traditional sectional analysis for strain compatibility. Instead of strain measuring, three accurate bond-slip models are used to provide accurate prediction for the contribution of CFRP in the flexural capacity of the strengthened beam since all strengthened beams are failed by interfacial debonding of CFRP.
Structural strengthening, restoring and adding capacity is an integral part of today’s concrete repair industry. Structural strengthening may be required for increasing load capacity of beams, columns, walls, and/or slabs, seismic retrofitting, supporting additional live or dead loads not included in original design, to relieve stresses generated by design or construction errors, or to restore original load capacity to damaged structural elements.
Strengthening structures via external bonding of advanced fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composite is becoming very
popular worldwide during the past decade because it provides a more economical and technically superior alternative
to the traditional techniques in many situations as it offers high strength, low weight, corrosion resistance, high fatigue
resistance, easy and rapid installation and minimal change in structural geometry. Although many in-situ RC beams
are continuous in construction, there has been very limited research work in the area of FRP strengthening of continuous
beams.
Retrofitting of Beam-Column Joint using Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer and G...Satyam Vijay Bhosale
Retrofitting of an existing building is immensely essential for the deteriorated and damaged structure in Engineering and Medical fields. It refers to endowing the structure with a service level higher than that initially planned by modifying the structures, not necessarily damage area. Beam-column joints, being the lateral and vertical load transferring connections in reinforced concrete structures are particularly vulnerable to failures and hence the satisfactory performance of these joints is key to control the performance of connecting structural members during any event.
The project involves the study of the load carrying capacity of the beam-column joint after the application of the CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer) and GFRP (Glass fibre Reinforced Polymer) sheets. Five beam-column joint models were cast out of which one model was the control specimen and others were cast for the purpose of the retrofitting. Four specimens were retrofitted by L-shape and straight configurations. The project focused on the effect of using the CFRP sheets and GFRP sheets for enhancing the strength and ductility of the beam-column joint. The wraps were provided to prevent the shear failure of the beam-column joint. The failure criteria including ultimate capacity, mode of failure, initial stiffness, ductility and developed ultimate strain in the reinforcing steel and respective sheet were considered and then compared.
State-of-the-art review of FRP strengthened RC slabsIJSRD
Many concrete structures are getting weakened or collapsed due to corrosion of steel reinforcement in structures and other factors. Rehabilitation and strengthening of concrete structures with FRP (Fibre Reinforced Polymers) has been a useful technique since last few years. FRP sheets or plates are very suitable for strengthening not only because of their strength, but also due to the simplicity in the application. In this review paper, different strengthening techniques using FRP and other materials are reviewed. It can be concluded from the literature review that FRP is one of the efficient option for strengthening in either of the case like increasing the load carrying capacity of structures or to restore the original capacity of the structure after distress due to any means.
Reinforced arches have a wide range of applications. This paper discuss about use of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) for strengthening of reinforced concrete arches. The experiment is conducted on shallow arches. Three arches are tested. One is used as a control arch while other two are strengthened using FRP strips in different patterns. Six non symmetric point loads are equally spaced along the arches. The arch is modelled as a polygon.
Shear and Flexural Behaviour of R.C.C. Beam With Circular Opening Strengthene...IJERA Editor
This paper explores the behavior of R.C.C. beam with circular opening strengthened by CFRP sheets. In this experimental work five beams were casted, one beam without opening (i.e. solid beam) and one with circular post opening and considered as control beams. The remaining three beams were externally strengthened by Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets with different strengthening schemes i.e. around the opening, inside the opening. These beams were simply supported and tested less than two points loading in the loading frame. The behaviors of such beams were studied in terms of load carrying capacity, load-deflection behavior and cracking patterns. From the test results it is concluded that the ultimate load carrying capacity of the R.C.C. beam strengthened with CFRP sheets increased in the range of 13.01% to 55.32%. Among all the strengthening schemes, the strengthening with CFRP around and inside the opening was found very effective in improving the ultimate load carrying capacity of beam.
Design of FRP Axial Strengthening of RCC Columns -ACI 44 0.2R-08 - تصميم ت...Dr.Youssef Hammida
This study investigates the behavior and failure modes of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) confined concrete wrapped with different FRP schemes, including fully wrapped, partially wrapped, and nonuniformly-wrapped concrete cylinders. By using the same amount of FRP, this study proposes a new wrapping scheme that provides a higher compressive strength
Review on analytical study on strengthening of beam by frpeSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper present the review of analytical and numerical study of flexural and shear performance of retrofitted or strengthening
of beam by fibre reinforced polymer (FRP). Now a day investigator prefer numerical and analytical study to minimize error which
can’t reduce in experimental study, hence numerical study is more reliable than experimental study and analytical study less time
consuming then experimental still having good agreement with experimental study.Almost all the software available in market are
work based on finite element method (FEM) such as ANSYS, ATENA 3D and ABAQUS. Analytical study carried out by different
author using FEM basedsoftware they found ultimate capacity of beam increased noticeably.Analytical investigation of reinforced
concrete (RC) beam with FRP were carried out by number of investigator they all studied on different aspect, some of those
worked on single layer or double layer of FRP , some of those worked on different pattern and thickness of FRP and then
compared stress, strain and deflection with control specimen. For precise result by finite element method use fine mashing and
appropriate material property. Bond behaviour between steel-concrete and concrete-FRP sheets/plate must be specify for
accurate and realistic results.
Keywords: retrofitting of beam, strengthening of beam, GFRP, CFRP, Finite Element Method (FEM), ANSYS
this presentation has animations, play it in ms powerpoint as slideshow for better understanding.
this module includes
a) Introduction
b) Advantages and types of
pre-stressing
c) Pre-stressing systems
d) Materials for pre-stressing
E) PREREQUISITE OF SOM
Repair and Retrofit on Beam and Column Jointsamerald24
A research experiment has been conducted on the structural performance of repaired minor damaged reinforced concrete beam and column Joints using composite known as CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer) under simulated cyclic 2D loadings to find the practical lamination repair scheme for flexural strengthening, shear strengthening, and joint strengthening.
Experimental Behavior of RC Beams Strengthened by Externally Bonded CFRP with...IJERDJOURNAL
Abstract:- Carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP) laminates, or plates, offer very high-strength potential; however, handling of long pieces of these flexible plates can present challenges under field conditions. The development of methods for splicing CFRP plates will enhance the versatility and Practicality of using these materials in field applications. This paper studies the efficiency of CFRP lap splice in externally bonded CFRP flexural strengthened reinforced concrete beams. Seven half-scale beams with different conditions were tested in two-point bending until failure. Two groups were tested; the first one includes control specimens: the first without CFRP strengthening, the second strengthened with full length and without splice, and the third with cutoff at middle of the beam. All specimens in the second group having cut-off at the middle and with lap splice lengths equal 300, 450, 600, 900 mm. respectively on each side of the cut-off. The study illustrates the effect of confinement on the first crack load, failure load, mid-span deflection, and strain in both reinforcement and CFRP. The failure load was also predicted analytically by CEB-FIP (1993), adopting the traditional sectional analysis for strain compatibility. Instead of strain measuring, three accurate bond-slip models are used to provide accurate prediction for the contribution of CFRP in the flexural capacity of the strengthened beam since all strengthened beams are failed by interfacial debonding of CFRP.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
“Strengthening Of PCC Beams by Using Different Types of Wire Mesh Jacketing”IJMER
This paper presents the effect of the use of different types of wire mesh jacketing to the PCC
beams. The experimental work is mainly concerned with the study of flexural strength of concrete by
different types of wire mesh jacketing. This study brings out the importance of use of strengthening of
existing structure technology by using locally available wire mesh. In this paper, the beams of plain
cement concrete are bonded with locally available wire mesh to strengthen of structural member for
increase its strength. The method mention in this paper is most suited for strengthening and retrofitting
due to their easy availability, economy and their property of being cast to any shape without needing
significant formwork.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
15 experimental study for strengthening of rc rectangular columns with anchor...Ahmed Ebid
Debonding between CFRP sheets and concrete surface is one of the most important modes of failure. The common solution to
prevent this mode of failure is to extend the CFRP sheets by enough length to avoid debonding. A more advanced technique is to anchor the CFRP sheets to the concrete element using either steel or CFRP anchors. The aim of this research is to study the effect of using CFRP anchors on the capacity of concentric and eccentric RC columns. In order to achieve that goal, ten specimens of RC columns divided into two sets were tested. The first set was tested under concentric load, while the other set was tested under eccentric load. Each set had one control sample, while the other four samples were wrapped with CFRP bands. Two of the wrapped samples were anchored and the others were not. The spacing between CFRP wraps was varied between 80 and 200 mm. The results showed that the concentric and eccentric capacity of the sample increased with decreasing the spacing between CFRP bands as long as the eccentricity is small enough to cause
compression failure mode. But for samples with tension failure caused by large eccentricity, the CFRP bands have no effect on the capacity. It was also noted that anchors have no significant effect on the axial capacity of the samples
15 experimental study for strengthening of rc rectangular columns with anchor...
INDJST
1. Abstract
The main aim of this article is to review the existing anchor systems and to propose new technique of end anchor to
eliminate premature end peeling of plate bonded flexurally strengthened reinforced concrete beam. The proposed hybrid
anchor system consists of connector and anchor plate. The connector and anchor plate of hybrid anchor system would
resist the interfacial shear stress and normal stress respectively, thus, it could prevent the premature end peeling and
reduce the size of the anchor plate significantly.
*Author for correspondence
Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 8(8), 748-756, April 2015
ISSN (Print) : 0974-6846
ISSN (Online) : 0974-5645
Hybrid Anchor System to Eliminate End Peeling of
Flexurally Strengthened Reinforced Concrete Beam
Md Ashraful Alam1*
, M. T. E. Amin1
, Mohd Zamin Jumaat2
and Zakaria Che Muda1
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Selangor, Malaysia
2
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia
1. Introduction
The demand of retrofitting Reinforced Concrete (RC)
structure has been increased because of the damage of
the structures, changes of uses of structures or because
of flexural deficiency of structures due to under design.
Strengthening of old structures are cost effective as com-
paredtocompletereplacementofthedamagedordeficient
structures. A significant number of research works have
been conducted over last decades to strengthen RC
structures using various methods such as mechanically
fastened fiber reinforced polymer composite, sprayed
fiber-reinforced polymer composites, near surface
mounting, externally bonded steel plate and CFRP lami-
nate1–15
. Because of several advantages, externally bonded
method using steel plate and Fiber Reinforced Polymer
(FRP) laminate was found to be the most popular choice.
However, premature debonding of plates due to plate
end debonding and intermediate crack induced (IC)
debonding were found to be the main disadvantages of
externally bonded method1,14
. Researchers investigated
that plate end debonding was most common as com-
pared to IC debonding2–5,14
. And it could be happened
due to formation of high interfacial stresses at the end
of the plate6,14
. Thus elimination of this debonding fail-
ure is crucial to obtain the full strength and ductility of
strengthened beam.
Various techniques of anchoring systems such as
transverse anchors, ductile anchors, U-jacket anchors,
near-surface mounted rod anchors and U and L shaped
anchor plates had been proposed by past researches to
mitigate end peeling14,15,30,31
. As compared to others, end
anchor with U and L-shaped wrap and plates were found
to be the most effective to eliminate plate end debonding
failure of flexurally strengthened RC beams6,12–15
.
Although the effect of U and L-shaped end anchors to
eliminate premature debonding failure had been inves-
tigated14
, effective methods to reduce the dimension of
those anchor plates are seldom found. In most of the cases,
larger lengths of end anchors were provided. However,
since excessive interfacial shear and normal stresses at
end of the plate caused plate end debonding failure6,14
, a
hybrid anchor system could be proposed to optimize the
dimension of the anchor plates. The main objective of this
Keywords: Connector, CFRP Laminate, End Anchors, Flexural Strengthening, Plate End Debonding, Reinforced Concrete
Beam, Steel Plate
2. Md Ashraful Alam, M. T. E. Amin, Mohd Zamin Jumaat and Zakaria Che Muda
Indian Journal of Science and Technology 749Vol 8 (8) | April 2015 | www.indjst.org
research is to review the existing anchoring system and to
propose a new hybrid end anchor system to reduce the
dimension of the anchor plate for preventing plate end
debonding failure of flexurally strengthened RC beam.
2. Existing Methods of
Strengthening
The research works have been conducted over last decades
on various techniques of strengthening RC beams are
summarized below:
2.1 Steel Plate Concrete Composite (SPCC)
Nie et al.17
and Nie and Zhao had introduced SPCC tech-
niqueinstrengtheningRCbeamforcyclicload18
,asshown
in Figure 1. They investigated that through this method
the weight of structure could be increased a bit; however,
the concrete cover and crack were not exposed at the bot-
tom of the beam (Figure 1). Since, the plate enhanced to
resist the tensile stress, the load bearing capacity and flex-
ural stiffness of the beam could be significantly improved
using SPCC technique17,18
. Nevertheless, the corrosion of
plate, high installation cost and weight of steel plate were
the main drawbacks of this method.
Figure 1. Alam: RC beam strengthening
bySPCC technique17
.
Figure 1. Alam: RC beam strengthening by SPCC
technique17
.
Figure 2. Alam: Fastener layout19
.
Figure 2. Alam: Fastener layout19
.
2.2 Mechanically Fastened Fiber Reinforced
Polymer Composite (MF-FRP)
MF-FRP method of strengthening was being proposed
by Bank et al.20
as shown in Figure 2. Nardone et al.19
also proposed an analytical model that could able to
predict the flexural behavior of RC structures strength-
ened with MF-FRP strips. The method had some
advantages including high installation speed, minimal
surface preparation was required to fix FRP laminate
and the structure could be used immediately after
strengthening. However brittle failure modes of struc-
tures, possible damage of concrete during installation of
fastener and also difficulty to install fastener in presence
of congested internal reinforcement were the potential
shortcomings of this technique.
2.3 Sprayed Fiber–Reinforced Polymer
Composites (SFRP)
In this method controlled length of chopped polymer
matrix had been randomly sprayed on the soffit face
of structure with epoxy adhesive. For the application,
a spray gun with a chopper unit and epoxy contain-
ers were required. Lee and Hausmann investigated the
strength and ductility of damaged and undamaged RC
beams using SFRP method21
. They concluded that SFRP
was capable to increase the strength and ductility of
strengthened beam substantially and the method was
effective for repairing and strengthening of damaged
RC beam as well.
Figure 3. Alam: RC specimens after application of SFRP21
3. Hybrid Anchor System to Eliminate End Peeling of Flexurally Strengthened Reinforced Concrete Beam
Indian Journal of Science and TechnologyVol 8 (8) | April 2015 | www.indjst.org750
2.4 Near Surface Mounting (NSM)
NSM was first introduced in 1940s using steel bar to
repair and strengthen structure23
. However, because
of corrosion, the steel had been replaced by CFRP and
GFRP bars. In this method FRP strips were installed into
opened thin grooves on concrete cover at tension region
of strengthened beam as shown in Figure 4 Barros et
al.23
carried out a study on NSM strengthening tech-
nique using CFRP laminate strips. They investigated
that NSM technique could increase 91% ultimate load
as compared to control beam.
lay-up using sheets and fabrics, prefabricated laminates
and bars are the main types of CFRP. Superior mechanical
and non-corrosive properties are the main advantages of
CFRP laminate.
3. Problems Related With Plate
Bonding Method
Researchers investigated that plate bonding method using
CFRP laminate and steel plate is the most effective method
of strengthening RC beam because of their potential
advantages. However, debonding of plates and laminates
is the critical issue of this method to obtain the ultimate
strength of strengthened beam. The debonding could
be divided into two categories i.e. plate end debonding
and IC debonding. Plate end debonding originates near
the end of the plate and propagates towards the concrete
either along the tensile steel reinforcement (end cover
separation) or along the interface of plates (end inter-
face debond). Whereas, IC debonding originates either
from a flexural crack at mid-span of beam (flexural crack
debond) or an inclined flexural-shear crack at shear span
of beam (shear crack debond)14,26,28
. In general, plate end
debonding is found to be more common in plate bonded
method of flexural strengthened RC beam.
4. Mechanism of End Peeling
A significant number of research works have been con-
ducted to investigate the causes of plate end debonding
failure of strengthened beam. According to Smith and
Teng, due to discontinuity of plate, concentrated interfa-
cial shear and normal stresses at end of plate causes the
plate end debonding failure16. The typical interfacial
shear and normal stress diagram of strengthened beam
proposed by Smith and Teng is shown in Figure 516.
It could be seen that the shear and normal stresses are
concentrated near the end of the strengthening plate.
The highly concentrated shear and normal stresses cause
cracks at end of the plate which initiate the debonding of
flexurally strengthened plate14
. Smith and Teng also inves-
tigated that the higher un-plated length, thicker plate and
plate with high modulus of elasticity influenced to have
higher interfacial shear and normal stresses at end of the
plate16
. The type of debonding also depends on the level of
stress concentrations. The higher interfacial stress causes
the debonding of plate at the level of internal reinforce-
Figure 4. Alam: The position of NSM bar24
.Figure 4. Alam: The position of NSM bar24
.
2.5 Discrete Fiber-Reinforced Polyuria
(DFRP)
In DFRP strengthening system the fibers were sprayed
rather than the traditional manual laid up of lami-
nates25
. Minimization of construction time due to ease
of construction, provide multi-hazard benefits includ-
ing mitigation of fragmentation due to blast and impact
were the main advantages of this technique. Greene and
Myers examined that through this method the ductility
could be increased as high as 160% with various poly-
urea coating systems25
.
2.6 Externally Bonded Steel Plate and CFRP
Laminate
Now a day externally bonded steel plate and CFRP lami-
nates are the most practical choice. Corrosion and other
disadvantages limited to use steel plate as compared to
CFRP laminate19,29,31
. In general, carbon (CFRP) and
glass (GFRP) are the main fibers that are used in FRP
materials. However, CFRP laminate is found to be more
compatible with steel as compared to GFRP laminate. Wet
4. Md Ashraful Alam, M. T. E. Amin, Mohd Zamin Jumaat and Zakaria Che Muda
Indian Journal of Science and Technology 751Vol 8 (8) | April 2015 | www.indjst.org
ment, otherwise, the plate would debond at concrete
adhesive interface. In both cases plate end debonding fail-
ure was found to be catastrophic and brittle in nature14
.
Figure 5. Alam: Shear and Normal stress16
.
5. Existing Methods of Anchoring
The present research works focus on preventing prema-
ture plate end debonding failure using various anchor
systems to obtain the highest flexural capacities and duc-
tility of strengthened beams. The existing anchor systems
for strengthening of RC beams are summarized in Table 1
and the brief descriptions are shown below.
5.1 U and L Shape End Anchor
Jumaat and Alam experimented on the behavior of U
and L shaped end anchors system to prevent end peel-
ing of steel and CFRP laminate strengthened beam14. As
Figure 6. Alam: Details of U and L end anchors14
.
per their investigations, the side plates of U and L shaped
end anchors could increase the shear strength and thus
the shear crack would be minimized at end of the plates.
Furthermore, the shapes of U and L end anchors clamped
the beam which would reduce the cracks due to normal
stress. Finally, plate debonding was prevented and it
allowed the beam to fail by flexurally as per its reinforced
design14
.
5.2 End-Cap Anchor
Kim et al29
investigated a technique for replacing the steel
anchors with nonmetallic anchors. They investigated the
effects of this anchor on strengthened RC structures with
FRP laminates. In this anchoring system, the end-cap
anchor was fixed on the beam with base plate. Stiffeners
were also provided to prevent local buckling of the base
plate during the prestressing of the CFRP sheets. A typical
stress contour is shown in the Figure 7.
Figure 7. Alam: End cap anchor system29
.
5.3 Transverse Anchors
Transverse Anchor system is also proposed by Kim et
al29
. In this method mechanical anchors were installed
using threated rod which was welded with rectangular
steel plate in U-wrap strengthening system. Steel support
plate was prepared to mount the lateral anchor plates with
nuts. They also recommended that the lateral anchor plate
5. Hybrid Anchor System to Eliminate End Peeling of Flexurally Strengthened Reinforced Concrete Beam
Indian Journal of Science and TechnologyVol 8 (8) | April 2015 | www.indjst.org752
could be replaced with other materials such as GFRP lam-
inate. A typical set up of this anchor system is shown in
Figure 8.
tigations, ductile anchor had increased 27% failure load
of strengthened beam as compared to control T-beam.
It also enhanced the ductility of strengthened beam by
increasing 91% mid-span deflection of beam than the
control beam30
.
5.5 Surface-Bonded Flat Anchorage system
(SBFA)
SBFA anchorage system is a new technique and very few
researches has been carried out. Mofidi et al31
applied the
SBFA anchorage system for beams strengthened using
the Externally Bonded (EB) method. The details of SBFA
anchoring system is shown in Figure 10.
Figure 8. Alam: Transverse U-shaped anchor29
.Figure 8. Alam: Transverse U-shaped anchor29
.
5.4 Ductile Anchor System
Galal and Mofidi proposed ductile anchor system for
strengthening of reinforced concrete beams using CFRP
sheet30
, as shown in Figure 9. The ductile anchor consisted
of one steel plate, two threaded holes, one steel angle, two
steel tensile link members, four high tensile threaded
rods and one heavy duty Hilti bolt. The steel angle was
fastened by the heavy duty Hilti bolt with 45° inclination.
The two tensile links connected the angle of the steel plate
using nuts. Basically, they used ductile anchor at beam
column joint of strengthened beam. As per their inves-
Figure 9. Alam: Hybrid FRP/ductile steel anchor system30
.
Figure 10. Alam: Elevation with surface-bonded CFRP
laminate end-anchorage system31
.
5.6 Double-Aluminum-Plate Mechanical
End-Anchorage System (DAMA)
Mofidi et al31
proposed DAMA anchoring system for
strengthening of reinforced concrete T beam using exter-
nally bonded fabrics. In this system, the fabrics were
anchored through the beam using aluminum plates and
bolts as shown in Figure 11.
Figure 11. Alam: Elevation DAMA: (a) first aluminum
plate installed; (b) second aluminum plate installed31
.
6. Md Ashraful Alam, M. T. E. Amin, Mohd Zamin Jumaat and Zakaria Che Muda
Indian Journal of Science and Technology 753Vol 8 (8) | April 2015 | www.indjst.org
5.7 Embedded Round CFRP Bar End-
Anchorage System (ERBA)
The details of ERBA anchoring system is shown in Figure
12. This anchoring system could be applied in externally
bonded method of strengthening RC beam31
.
57%, indicating that FRPs with end anchors are able to
achieve a desired strengthening capacity and require less
material than unanchored FRPs. In addition, it was found
that a greater number of small anchors and reduced spac-
ing were more effective to develop the capacity of the FRP
fiber. As larger spacing did not cover the entire width of
the FRP, it causes partial debonding32
.
Figure 12. Alam: ERBA anchor system31
.
5.8 FRP Anchors
The FRP anchor system is a promising form of end
anchors since it could be applied in various strengthen-
ing applications such as beams, slabs and walls. The FRP
anchors could be referred as spike anchors, fiber anchors,
fiber bolts and FRP dowels10
. The form of spike FRP
anchor is shown in Figure 13.
Figure 13. Alam: Spike anchor10
.
The spike FRP anchor could be simply manufac-
tured in research laboratory or in construction site.
Normally, the spike is made from loose or bundled glass
fiber, carbon fiber and carbon sheet as shown in Figure
13(a). Recently Koutas and Triantafillou conducted their
study on the role of spike anchors in three-sided jackets
(U-jackets) of reinforced concrete T-beams, strengthened
in shear36
. Orton et al32
reported that FRP anchors were
capable to increase the efficiency of material usage up to
Figure 14. (a-b) Alam: The rolled sheet10
.
6. Effective Method of Anchoring
Through the analysis of exiting anchor systems, U shaped
end anchor was found to be the most effective in elimi-
nating premature plate end debonding failure31
. The U
shaped end anchors could resist interfacial shear and nor-
mal stresses significantly because of the nature of U shape
of the anchor. Since the U shape anchor could prevent
interfacial stresses, plate end debonding of strengthened
beam could be eliminated significantly14
.
7. Proposed Method of Anchoring
Researchers investigated that basically the plate end
debonding failure of strengthened beam occurred due to
formation of high interfacial shear and normal stresses at
end of the plate as shown in the Figure 15. Anchors would
have significant effects to overcome this failure. As com-
pared to others, end anchors with U and L shaped plates
were able to prevent plate end debonding failure of flexur-
ally strengthened RC beam completely13
.
However, the size of U and L shaped anchor plates
could be reduced significantly by applying connectors
together with those anchor plates as shown in Figure 16.
This research is going to propose hybrid anchor system
using anchor plate and embedded shear connector. In this
particular system, shear connector would resist the inter-
facial shear stress and the anchor plate could resist the
7. Hybrid Anchor System to Eliminate End Peeling of Flexurally Strengthened Reinforced Concrete Beam
Indian Journal of Science and TechnologyVol 8 (8) | April 2015 | www.indjst.org754
References
Anchoring system Strengthening Method
Mode of failure
Type of anchor
Dimension
(mm)
Material Method
Nie Zhao18 Steel Plate
Anchor system
4700 X 230 Steel plate
Steel plate composite
method
Fatigue failure of the
steel plate and flexural
failure on the concrete.
Nardone, Lignola,
Prota, Manfredi
Nanni19
Mechanically
fastened FRP
650 X 50 X 3.2 FRP strips
Mechanically fastened
fiber reinforced
polymer composite
cleavage, sustained
bearing, shear-out, net
tension, and
Pry-out failure.
Almusallam
Elsanadedy24 -
Ø12, Ø14,
Ø16
GFRP
near-surface mounted
GFRP bars
NSM rod debonding
and concrete cover
separation
Jumaat Alam14 U and L shape
end-Anchor
250 X 125 X
250, 250 X 125
Steel plate
U and L shaped end-
anchorage system
Flexure
Kim, Wight
Green29 U-wraps
750 X 150 X
0.33
Prestressed
CFRP
Non-metallic Anchor
Systems
Premature debonding
failure
Galal Mofidi30 Ductile
Anchor System
160X 40 X13 Hybrid FRP
new hybrid FRP
sheet/ ductile anchor
system for flexural
strengthening
Concrete crushing, FRP
rupture and debonding
failure
Mofidi et al31 U-jackets end-
anchor
20 X 2.5 CFRP laminate
Surface-Bonded Flat
Anchorage
Shear
Mofidi et al31 U-jackets end-
anchor
CFRP laminate
Double-aluminium-
plate mechanical end-
anchorage
Flexure
Mofidi et al31 U-jackets end-
anchor
9.5 CFRP laminate
Embedded round
CFRP bar end-
anchorage system
Shear
Mofidi et al31 U-jackets end-
anchor
20 X 2.5 CFRP laminate
Embedded flat
CFRP laminate end-
Anchorage system
Flexure
8. Md Ashraful Alam, M. T. E. Amin, Mohd Zamin Jumaat and Zakaria Che Muda
Indian Journal of Science and Technology 755Vol 8 (8) | April 2015 | www.indjst.org
Figure 15. Alam: Hybrid anchor system calculation from
shear and normal stress.
Figure 16. Alam: Proposed U-shaped hybrid anchor
system with connector.
normal stress. Thus, the dimension of the plates would be
significantly optimized.
8. Conclusion
Premature plate end debonding failure is the most criti-
cal point for flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete
beam using externally bonded plates. U and L shaped
anchor system proposed by past researchers was found to
be the most effective way to prevent it. Although those
anchor systems could prevent premature debonding fail-
ure, the dimension of anchor plates could not be reduced
significantly by the existing method. In this article a
new hybrid anchor system has been introduced to opti-
mize the dimension of those anchor plates. As the shear
and normal stresses are the main reasons for premature
debonding failure, connectors could be installed to pre-
vent the shear stress and anchors to prevent the normal
stress. The combination of connector and anchor is named
as hybrid anchor system which could significantly reduce
the size of the anchor plates. Future research should focus
on examining the effects of the proposed hybrid anchor
system to reduce the dimension of those anchor plates.
9. Acknowledgement
The study was carried out at the Department of Civil
Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Malaysia under
the research grant of 08012012 ERGS. The authors would
like to thanks to MOHE for providing the grant to con-
duct the research and the Department for facilitating the
study.
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