Indian Logic: Means of knowledge.  Pramanas: Pratyaksha (Perception), Anumana (Inference), Upamana (Comparison), Shabda (Verbal testimony), Arthapatti (Implication) and Anupalabddhi (Non-apprehension).  Structure and kinds of Anumana (inference), Vyapti (invariable relation), Hetvabhasas (fallacies of inference).

1. INDIAN LOGICS
Siva Prasath T R
UGC Junior Research Fellow
Department of Social Work
Pondicherry Central University
sivaprasathtr@gmail.com
Ph:9500436023
Siva Prasath T R (UGC Junior Research Fellow)
Department of Social Work , Pondicherry Central University
sivaprasathtr@gmail.com , 9500436023
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2. Classical Schools of Indian Philosophy
• Samkhya Philosophy
• Yoga Philosophy
• Nyaya Philosophy
• Vaisheshika Philosophy
• Purva mimansa (mimansa)
• Uttara Mimamsa (Vedanda)
Siva Prasath T R (UGC Junior Research Fellow)
Department of Social Work , Pondicherry Central University
sivaprasathtr@gmail.com , 9500436023
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3. Samkhya
(Dualistic)
Yoga Nyaya Vaisheshika Purva mimansa Uttara Mimamsa
(Vedanda)
Kapila Pathanjali Gautam Vaisheshik Jaimini Advaita Shankara
Vishishtha Advaita or qualified
monism of Ramanuja
Dvaita of Madhva
Emphasizes the
attainment of
knowledge of self
by means of
concentration and
meditation.
Practical path for
the realization of
the self
Nothing is
acceptable
unless it is in
accordance with
reason and
experience
(scientific
approach)
Physics of ancient
times
Propounded the
atomic theory
To analyze and
understand thorough
Examines the teachings
of the veda
Lays emphasis on the
performance of the
yagya for attaining
various spiritual and
worldly benefits
World is unreal, maya. Vedanta is
monistic, in other words, it says
that there is only one reality,
brahman
1. Pratyakṣa
2. Anumāṇa
3. Śabda
1. Pratyakṣa
2. Anumāṇa
3. Śabda
4. Upamāṇa
1. Pratyakṣa
2. Anumāṇa
1. Pratyakṣa
2. Anumāṇa
3. Śabda
4. Upamāṇa
5. Arthapati
6. Anupalabdhi
1. Pratyakṣa
2. Anumāṇa
3. Śabda
4. Upamāṇa
5. Arthapati
6. Anupalabdhi
Siva Prasath T R (UGC Junior Research Fellow)
Department of Social Work , Pondicherry Central University
sivaprasathtr@gmail.com , 9500436023
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4. Pramanas
• To gain the knowledge
• To understand the knowledge
• Means of knowledge is understood through various means
• Through which one can have valid cognitions of world.
Pra
Ma
Outward or forth - (Away from a starting point)
Measurement
1. Pratyakṣa
2. Anumāṇa
3. Śabda
4. Upamāṇa
5. Arthapati
6. Anupalabdhi
Siva Prasath T R (UGC Junior Research Fellow)
Department of Social Work , Pondicherry Central University
sivaprasathtr@gmail.com , 9500436023
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5. Pratyaksa (Perception)
• Direct contact with the knowledge
• Whatever felt through sense organs
Eg: Child observe the surrounding and gain knowledge
Types
1. Laukika-Ordinary Perception
2. Alaukika-Extra ordinary Perception
Siva Prasath T R (UGC Junior Research Fellow)
Department of Social Work , Pondicherry Central University
sivaprasathtr@gmail.com , 9500436023
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6. Anumana (inference)
• Previous knowledge about something
• Hidden meanings
• Educated guess
Eg: Dark clouds-rain Smoke-fire
Siva Prasath T R (UGC Junior Research Fellow)
Department of Social Work , Pondicherry Central University
sivaprasathtr@gmail.com , 9500436023
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7. Shabda (Verbal testimony)
• Verbal testimony
• Authoritativeness-Authority of humans and vedas but vedas as only infallible testimony.(Never
makes mistake)
Eg: King ordering his subjects
Siva Prasath T R (UGC Junior Research Fellow)
Department of Social Work , Pondicherry Central University
sivaprasathtr@gmail.com , 9500436023
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8. Upamana (Comparison)
• Knowledge imparted by means of analogy (Similarity)
Eg: Elephant leg: Elephantasis
Tiger:Cheetah
Comparing the unknown with known
Types
1. Sadharmya- Unkown object→Similarities
2. Vaidharmya-Comparing with dissimilarities (Disease diagnosis)
3. Dharmamatro- Special character present
Camel:hump Elephant:Tusk
Siva Prasath T R (UGC Junior Research Fellow)
Department of Social Work , Pondicherry Central University
sivaprasathtr@gmail.com , 9500436023
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9. Arthapatti (postulation)
• Knowledge arrived at through presumptions. and postulations.
• Suggestion or Assumption of the existence ,fact, truth of something as a basis for reasoning.
Eg Fat man-Didn’t eat at day
Two boats-2nd boat reached
Siva Prasath T R (UGC Junior Research Fellow)
Department of Social Work , Pondicherry Central University
sivaprasathtr@gmail.com , 9500436023
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10. Anupalabdi (non-perception)
• Non Apprehension
Eg: Absence of Flower fragrance some girl is absent.
Absence of something can lead to knowledge
Siva Prasath T R (UGC Junior Research Fellow)
Department of Social Work , Pondicherry Central University
sivaprasathtr@gmail.com , 9500436023
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11. Anumana (inference) - Structure
Paksha
Minor term
Mountain
Hetu
Middle term
Smoke
Sadhya
Major term
Fire
Anu+Mana-After knowledge
Eg: Hill is fiery because the hill is smoky
Vyapti
(Invariable relations)
Pakshadharmata
Paramsa
Siva Prasath T R (UGC Junior Research Fellow)
Department of Social Work , Pondicherry Central University
sivaprasathtr@gmail.com , 9500436023
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12. Vyapti
• State of Pervasion→Correlation between two facts
• Vyapya –Pervaded Vyapaka-other pervades
• Smoke is pervaded by fire
Types
Samayvyapti- Vyapti between. terms of equal extension- Nameable is knowable
and knowable is Nameable (Vice versa)
Asavyapti- Vyapti between. terms of unequal extension-Infer one term from other
but not viceversa
Siva Prasath T R (UGC Junior Research Fellow)
Department of Social Work , Pondicherry Central University
sivaprasathtr@gmail.com , 9500436023
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13. Kinds of Anumana
Parata Anumana
1. Pratinja –Preposition
2. Hetu-Ground
3. Udharana-Illustrations
4. Upanaya- Application
5. Nigamana-Conclusion
1.Purvata Anumana- reasoning obtained from cause to effect
Eg:Clouds leads to rain Seeds leads to plant
2.Sheshavata Anumana- reasoning obtained from effect to cause
Eg: Upon seeing the fruit inferringthe seeds
3.Samanyota DrushtaAnumana- Inferential knowledge obtained
through generalisation of particular matter
4.Svartha Anumana- The inference of meaning from one’s own
perspective of observation
Siva Prasath T R (UGC Junior Research Fellow)
Department of Social Work , Pondicherry Central University
sivaprasathtr@gmail.com , 9500436023
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14. Hetvabhasa-Inferential defects
• Fallacies of inference-False/mistaken idea/deception
• Any error in relation between Hetu and Sadhya
• Types
1. Savyabhicara- Only fire but no smoke-redhot iron
2. Viruddha-Contradictory Fire in lake because there is water in it
3. Asiddha-Not proved-Redhot iron has smoke, because its fiery
4. Satpratipaksa-Having an antithesis- Two perspective of different persons
5. Badhita-Opposed by another strong pramana- Fire is cold
Siva Prasath T R (UGC Junior Research Fellow)
Department of Social Work , Pondicherry Central University
sivaprasathtr@gmail.com , 9500436023
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