This document provides information about the Electronics and Communications Engineering department at an Indian university. It outlines the department's vision, mission, program educational objectives, program outcomes, specific outcomes, syllabus, and course objectives and outcomes for the subject "Indian Knowledge System". Key details include the department's goal of producing competent engineers through teaching, learning and research. The program aims to develop students' technical knowledge, research skills, industry relationships, and ethical/professional values. The course covers topics like the Indian knowledge system framework, foundational concepts in various fields, ancient Indian mathematics/astronomy, and engineering/technology.
Brief Presentation covering Introduction to Indian Knowledge System. This is based first two chapter of reference book, as per New Education Policy 2020 (NEP 2020)
Vedas are the earliest available Indian literature on record.
There were nine schools of thought in Indian philosophy.
It is difficult to establish the chronological sequence of development of schools of Indian philosophy.
A webinar on 'Indian school of philosophy' organised by Department of Education,
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University,
Tirunelveli.
Invited Resource Person
A.Veliappan, Ph.D
Faculty, Department of Education
M.S.University, Tirunelveli, TN-627 012
Brief Presentation covering Introduction to Indian Knowledge System. This is based first two chapter of reference book, as per New Education Policy 2020 (NEP 2020)
Vedas are the earliest available Indian literature on record.
There were nine schools of thought in Indian philosophy.
It is difficult to establish the chronological sequence of development of schools of Indian philosophy.
A webinar on 'Indian school of philosophy' organised by Department of Education,
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University,
Tirunelveli.
Invited Resource Person
A.Veliappan, Ph.D
Faculty, Department of Education
M.S.University, Tirunelveli, TN-627 012
This presentation is prepared for the Graduation students to get basic idea and general information’s regarding the topic. Overall content of presentations is not through and complete, also required further additions.
Promotion of Ethics in Scientific Research through curricular Intervention at...Ajit Kumar
Ethical standards in scientific research which has become increasingly vital for presenting workable solution in Science and Technology activities to enhance transparency and public accountability. Thus, the liability of future scientists of the country is not only towards exhibits and demonstrations of some of the latest advancements in the sciences and various state of the art technologies but also towards making the research process safe for our environment, with respect to human values, guarding discriminations towards others, ensuring safety and health standards. To successfully implement ethical standards in scientific research, introduction of ethics to the university students at post graduation through implementation of integrated course structure with components of ethics is considered to be essential. The poster discusses on the model framework towards the contents of the course structure for curricular intervention for sensitizing youth towards ethics and it contemporary approaches.
This presentation is prepared for the Graduation students to get basic idea and general information’s regarding the topic. Overall content of presentations is not through and complete, also required further additions.
Promotion of Ethics in Scientific Research through curricular Intervention at...Ajit Kumar
Ethical standards in scientific research which has become increasingly vital for presenting workable solution in Science and Technology activities to enhance transparency and public accountability. Thus, the liability of future scientists of the country is not only towards exhibits and demonstrations of some of the latest advancements in the sciences and various state of the art technologies but also towards making the research process safe for our environment, with respect to human values, guarding discriminations towards others, ensuring safety and health standards. To successfully implement ethical standards in scientific research, introduction of ethics to the university students at post graduation through implementation of integrated course structure with components of ethics is considered to be essential. The poster discusses on the model framework towards the contents of the course structure for curricular intervention for sensitizing youth towards ethics and it contemporary approaches.
It is interesting to me that Aristotle, the one who developed realism, was the student of the one who developed realism’s opposite philosophy, which is idealism. Realism, which is a philosophy that asserts that objects around us are real even if they are not perceived by us, makes much more sense to me than idealism.
The philosophy of realism, especially theistic realism, can be seen in my belief that God is not merely an idea but is an objective reality. Like Thomas Aquinas, I believe that there is no conflict between faith and reason and between religion and science. I love reading works of Christian scientists who prove this and it really helps me with my faith. Such works have great impact in my life.
LIBRARY SUPPORT IN RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTjaisingh277
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Improving the Role of Universities in Conserving the Architectural HeritageIJERA Editor
Universities are known by their significant role in forming the cognitive and educational minds. This paper focused on improving the role of the universities in conserving the architectural heritage through developing an effectivefertile research system that plays a major role in building the necessary programs planned for the architectural heritage conservation. In this paper, a methodology was proposed including archeological survey a documentation of the registered and unregistered historical buildings and archeological sites planned by the local universities in order to come up yet with a reliable source for the status of those historical buildings and sites and improve the universities role in conserving the architectural heritage especially on the research and documentation part of the conservation process.
Humanities Assignment Help by Professional Experts.pdfPaul Watson
The realm of humanities opens a window to the tapestry of human experiences, exploring
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A 2006 presentation to the HE Academy on behalf of JISC on what we heard learnt about context-modelling and how that should be incorporated in the design of learning content. Based on our 2003 model of informal e-learning
There are both challenges and opportunities in the existing scenario characterized by heavy emphasis on collaboration, digitization and onset of social media. One needs to be connected with theme, institution, industry and society. The web 2.0 technologies make it possible for a researcher to be a connected one.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
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Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
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Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
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A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
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Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
2. Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering
Department Vision
The department aspires to be an advanced center of learning by synergizing
teaching, learning and research to produce competent engineers capable of
serving the society.
Department Mission
To prepare graduates with sound technical knowledge and motivate them to
explore emerging areas of research
To create environment for the development of research and innovation
activities
To build strong relationships with industry through collaborative
partnerships, student internships and research towards product
development.
To instill ethical and professional values among graduates with awareness
towards societal and environmental concerns.
3. Program Educational Objectives
PEO1: To produce graduates with in-depth knowledge in Electronics and
Communication Engineering, who can provide professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental context
PEO2: To provide graduates having self-learning abilities and effective
communication skills for working as an efficient team member.
PEO3: To provide graduates who are committed to professional ethics,
responsibilities and standards of engineering.
Program Specific Outcome
PSO1: Analysis and Design of circuits for analog and digital systems
PSO2: Identify the role of interfacing devices in communication systems and
create a prototype to meet the required functionality.
4. PROGRAM OUTCOMES
(POs)
1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge acquired in
mathematics, science, engineering for the solution of complex
engineering problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify research gaps, formulate and analyze
complex engineering problems drawing substantiated conclusions
using basic knowledge of mathematics, natural sciences and
engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for the
identified complex engineering problems as well as develop
solutions that meet the specified needs for the public health and
safety, and the cultural, societal and environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-
based knowledge and research methods, including design of
experiments, analysis and interpretation of data and synthesis of
the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Work on the latest technologies, resources
and software tools including prediction and modelling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of their limitations.
5. • 6. The engineer and society: Apply the basic acquired
knowledge to measure societal, health, safety, legal and cultural
issues and identifying the consequential responsibilities relevant
to the professional engineering practice.
• 7. Environment and Sustainability: Comprehend the impact of
the professional engineering solutions in context of society and
environment and demonstrate the need and knowledge for
sustainable development
• 8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional
ethics and responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice
• 9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an
individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams, and in
multidisciplinary settings.
• 10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex
engineering activities with the engineering community and with
society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
• 11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge
and understanding of the engineering and management principles
and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a
team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
• 12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the
preparation and ability to engage in independent and life-long
learning in the broadest context of technological change.
6. COURSE OBJECTIVES
1. To understand the Indian knowledge System.
2. To understand the foundational concepts for
science and technology.
3. To understand the ancient Indian mathematics
and astronomy.
4. To understand the ancient Indian engineering
and technology
7. COURSE OUTCOMES
CO1: Ability to understand the Indian knowledge
System.
CO 2: Ability to understand and apply
foundational concepts for science and
technology.
CO 3: Ability to understand and apply ancient
Indian mathematics and astronomy
CO 4: Ability to understand ancient Indian
engineering and technology.
8. SYLLABUS (unit-1)
Indian Knowledge System (IKS) - An Introduction:
Overview of IKS - Importance of Ancient Knowledge;
Defining IKS;
The IKS Corpus – A Classification Framework;
Chaturdaśa-Vidyāsthāna; History of IKS, Some
unique aspects of IKS;
The Vedic Corpus – Introduction to Vedas; The Four
Vedas and their divisions; Vedāngas; Vedic Life;
Philosophical Systems – Indian Philosophical
Systems; Vedic Schools of Philosophy;
Non-Vedic Philosophical Systems; Wisdom through
the Ages – Purānas, Itihāsa as source of wisdom,
Rāmāyana, Mahābhārata, Nitiśāstras, Subhāssitas.
9. Unit 2
Foundational Concepts for Science and Technology:
Linguistics - Components of Language; Pānini’s work
on Sanskrit Grammar; Phonetics in Sanskrit; Patterns
in Sanskrit Vocabulary; Computational Concepts in
Astādhyāyi, Logic for Sentence Construction;
Importance of Verbs;
Role of Sanskrit in Natural Language Processing
Number System and Units of Measurement – Number
System in India; Salient Features of the Indian
Numeral System; Unique approaches to represent
numbers; Measurements for Time, Distance and
Weight; Pingala and the Binary System
Knowledge: Framework and Classification – The
Knowledge Triangle; Prameya; Pramāna; Samśaya;
Framework for establishing Valid Knowledge
10. Unit 3
Mathematic and Astronomy in IKS:
Mathematics – Unique aspects of Indian
Mathematics; Great Mathematicians and their
Contributions; Arithmetic; Geometry;
Trigonometry; Algebra; Binary Mathematics and
Combinatorial Problems in Chandahśāstra of
Pingala, Magic Squares in India
Astronomy - Unique aspects of Indian Astronomy;
Historical Development of Astronomy in India;
The Celestial Coordinate System; Elements of
the Indian Calendar; Āryabhatiya and the
Siddhāntic Tradition; Pancānga; Astronomical
Instruments; Jantar Mantar of Rājā Jai Singh
Sawai
11. Unit 4
Engineering and Technology in IKS:
Engineering and Technology: Metals and
Metalworking – The Indian S & T Heritage; Mining
and Ore Extraction;
Metals and Metalworking Technology; Iron and
Steel in India; Lost wax casting of Idols and
Artefacts; Apparatuses used for Extraction of
Metallic Components
Engineering and Technology: Other Applications –
Literary sources for Science and Technology;
Physical Structures in India; Irrigation and Water
Management; Dyes and Painting Technology;
Surgical Techniques; Shipbuilding; Sixty-four Art
Forums; Status of Indigenous S & T
12. Books
Textbook(s):
1. B. Mahadevan, Vinayaka Rajat Bhat & Nagendra Pavana R.N., “Introduction
to Knowledge System: Concepts and Applications” PHI (2022).
References:
1. C.M Neelakandhan & K.A. Ravindran, “Vedic Texts and The Knowledge
Systems of India”, Sri Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit, Kalady (2010).
2. P.P. Divakaran, “The Mathematics of India: Concepts, Methods,
Connections”, Springer (2018)
3. C.A. Sharma, “Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy”, Motilal Banarasidass
Publication (1964)
4. G. Huet, A. Kulkarni & P. Scharf, “Sanskrit Computational Linguistics”,
Springer (2009).
5. A.K. Bag, “History of Technology in India”, Indian National Science Academy,
Vol 1, (1997)
13. Introduction
Why do we need IKS?
IKS and IKT
Indian civilization (Vedic) : oldest one
Importance of IKS:
14. Importance of Ancient Knowledge
Identity
Culture: set of ideas, customs. To shape the
culture of society
Received wisdom: provide path to transmit the
innovations to next generation
Economic value: patent eg: pigeon pea
15. Defination IKS
INDIAN: undivided Indian subcontients
- common culture, literary, social practice
- under single umbrella (eg. Chankya, Paninni)
KNOWLEDGE: 2 aspects- gained by personal experiences
- by observations and analysis
SYSTEM- a structured scheme to access the knowledge
(Granthas)
vast repository of knowledge, needs to be arranged
16. The IKS Corpus- A classification
Framework
• Classification:
- important topic of
representative
knowledge corpus
-selective phrases
• Usefulness of it depends on:
Completeness, Compactness and Inter-
connectedness
20. Vedas
Also known as sruti
Primordial source of knowledge
Provide framework of living
Resolve the conflicting problems
Primary purpose to expand the ideas in Vedas
Upa-Veda
22. Darsanas
Philospical thought that establish connection
between an individual (Jiva), the Universe (Jagat)
and a large force governing the other two
(ishwara or brahmana)
6 schools of philosphy in Sanathana dharma
23. Puranas and Itihasas
Provide ideas to explain various aspects of vedic
thoughts using detailed stories/pre historic
events.
Present social culture ideas, practices of living
Itihasas: Ramayana, Mahabharata
24. Dharma- sastras and Smrtis
Dharmic guide to tell principles of Veda to live
Dharmic life (Eg: employee)
Smrtis:rule book with specific operating guidelines
of how to put put dharmic principles into action
and what are consequences of not doing this
25. Income tax act 1961
Vedas- IT tax act 961
Smritis- guidebook to IT act 1961
Itihasas- book on law cases inIT act 1961
26. History of IKS
Indian literature belongs to 500 BCE before
Challenges to understand- Method of representing
knowledge wsa very different
- ancient knowledge was oral
Ancient western knowledge: readable
Before 3000 BCE: dark ages; oral repository; Veda,
purana, Itihasas
3000 BCE to 500 CE: recorded human history; much
contribution in different area was recorded
500 CE to 1800 CE: strong foundations
Ref: table 1.1 (A sample of IKS repository)
27. Some Unique aspects of IKS
Nuances of an Oral Tradition: multidimensional
IKS, eg- BhagwadGita
- Religious v/s Material/secular dimensions:
Regenerative points
- Spiritual v/s Material dimensions: discard old idea
and embrace new one i.e. innovation
Typical presentation style- Sutras, Encryption
30. Yajna and Project Management
Organisation of Yajna
Organisation of Yajna
31. Organisation of Yajna
Life of vedic people revolved around Yajnas
Yajnas were performed to seek blessings, wealth, health
etc
A large corpus of Vedic knowledge is required
A very evolved structure and methodology
Basic Yajna: 18 people team
Yajmana and his wife: underlying cause of Yajna to
happen
Hotr-gana: a head and 3 assistant (Rigveda): invoke the
Devtas
Adhvaryugana (Yajurveda): perform the rituals and make
offerings
Udgatr-gana (Samaveda): sing in praise of invoked
Devatas
32. Introduction to Vedas
To exist, to know, to discriminate, to obtain, and to make
known
Eternal spiritual values and principles and practices of for
gainful and happy living.
Not merely scriptures but the foundation head of Indian
culture and human civilisation
Vedic corpus is non human resource (Apauruseya)
Veda is transmitted orally (sruti) to the rsis (Rishis/ )
time to time
Rsis are ‘seers’ (sant) of mantras not the authors.
Vedas has well developed system of phonetics
recognized by UNESCO: Siksa
Karma-kanda: Yajna
Upasana-kanda: meditation
33. The four Vedas
Traditionally, its Trayi Vidya (Atharvaveda
recognized later)
Thanks to Vyasa who has organised this vast
knowledge systematically to use it correctly for
society.
To pass on the knowledge in future generation:
Paila-Rgveda
Vaisampayana- Yajurveda
Jaimini- Samaveda
Sumantu- Atharvaveda
34. The Rgveda
Oldest and biggest among all 4
Classical sanskrit poetry
To understand Indian literature and spiritual
culture
Suktas/mantras: provides creative thinking and
opening our understanding to several aspects of
life.
Ex- origin of universe: many suktas are available
Lofty and interesting set of ideas
Priest: Hotr
35. The Yajurveda
Focused on Yajna and a list of Yajnas are found
in Veda
A guidebook for Adhvaryu priest who had to do all
ritual work in a sacrifice like selection of land for
altar, offering oblations (Yagy) to sacred fire etc
Yajna includes several topics: human anatomy,
metals, constelations, seasons, numbers,
geometry and yogic insight
Two major branches:
The krsna (black): more anncient
Sukla (White): came later
Yajnavalkya transferred his knowledge to 15
36. The Samaveda
Word Sama—means to please, pacify or satisfy
Singing of Rgveda mantras
3 branches:
Kauthuma
Ranayaniya
Jaiminiya
These are refered in puranana, other suggested
about 1000)
37. The Atharveda
Atharv means which brings wellness, with no
falsehood or movement
Later addition of 3 set of Vedas
Priest: Brahmana: coordination and monitoring of
vedic rituals
In Yajna, Bharmana permission is required.
He will do quality control and compliance during
ritual are perfomred
Originally 9 sakhas, 2 are extants:
Pippalada and Saunaka
38. Message in Vedas
Foundation of sanatama dharma
Atharveda: detailed on diseases and cure, rites of
prolonging life, building constructions, trade and
commerce, statecraft, philospical, political, social
etc.
Provide a unified vision of what we need to
achieve, the oneness of thought and purpose
leads to mutual understanding and unity. “All are
same”
Table2.1: a thematic classification of ideas
presented in Atharvaveda
39. The four divisions of each
Vedas
Classification of each Veda into sub components
41. Samhita
Constitutes main portion of each vedaa
Number of mantras
25 women rishis who composed hymns in
Rgveda
Sukta/mantras indicates devtas to whom it
addresses
Mainly 4 devtas in Rgveda: indra, agni, varuna,,
mitra
43. Brahmanas
Contains explainatory notes related to mantras
used.
Describes different types of Yajnas with all
rituallistics details
Eg1: food sacrifices, full moon sacrifices, and
season related also
EG2: Detailed instruction for preparing altar
Eg 3: sprinkle water around food
Various guru shishya vidya
44. Aranyakas
Inquire into the philospical aspects of yajna
Bridge between Brahmanas and Upanishads
Represent Upasana-kanda of Veda
Similar to Brahmanas but with major difference:
Brahmanas approach yajna from prospective of
rituals to be conducted whereas Aranyakas
explains philospical aspects of rituals
Aranya means forest: why we eat, breathe etc
45. Upanishads
Means sitting near a Guru and receiving his
wisdom through aa teaching learning process
Relationship between Jiva, Jagat and Isvara
108 Upanishad in 4Vedas
46. Charioteer of life
Katha Upanishad
Body
Prana
Indriyas: manas
Buddhi
Soul is superior which is storehouse of
energy/pranas
Eg. Electrical gadgets
49. Panca Maha yajna
Share and care
Bhuta yajna: solve ecological problem
Manusya yajna: social sustainability
Pitr yajna: sense of gratitude
Deva Yajna: space, air, fire, water, earth: clean
ambience
Brahma yajna: show respect to great risis
50. Vedic Life: distinctive features
Vedas extol living a zestful life
Balanced life priorities
Emphasis on sustainable living
The primacy of Agni
Aa life guided by rta, stya and dharma
51. Philosophical System
Upanishad confine to the discussion of questions that are
related to ‘true identity’.
Father-son conversation in Taittiriya Upanishad: Bhargu
Varuna conversation on knowledge Brahman
What is “the reality”?
Deep Introspection and a single point focus (tapas)
Goal of life: to be happy, to progress or evolve in life.
Philosophical system inquire into who I am, what is my
source and destination, what are nature of God and
Universe, Are there any universal laws to remain happy
forever?
It provides the vision of life and help us to resolve the
problems which we face in life
Darsana/Schools of Philosophy: holistic understanding
of the world to attain the final goal of life.
52. Indian Philosophical system (IPS):
Development and unique features
Teaching of Upanishads suggest that attainment of Brahman is the
highest goal of life.
Happiness require Jiva, the Universe/Jagat and the God/Isvara
Rgveda: mantras to inquiry about functioning of devtas. One of famous
sukta about origin of Universe.
Purusa and Brahman
Unique features:
1. IPS based on religious thoughts
2. Two generic classes (Vedic and Non vedic)
3. All IPS agrees on certain common parameters (karma/fruit of action,
birth death cycle/Samsara, Mukti
4. ultimate goal of life
5. Every school employ Pramana for establishment of valid knowledge
6. Healthy and respectful culture b/w all schools despite divergent views
7. Debate and interaction between all philosophical schools
56. Samkhya Darsanas
Vedic schools acknowledge authority of vedic text
while non vedic don’t
Prakrti/matter, source of physical universe, self
are subordinates of Purusa/spirit.
Getting right knowledge of Purusa and Prakrti
Prakrti constitutes tri-gunas (sattva, rajas, tamas)
and form relation between Prakrti and purusa.
Doesn’t acknowledge the existence of Isvara
Emphasis on analysis leading to experimental
knowledge
58. Yoga Darsanas
Yoga acknowledge the existence of supreme
powers
More structured, practical methodology in mind
Emphases on practical step by step approach
An individual must focus on physical,
psychological and moral states of being
61. Analysis of the experience to understand reality also
known as knowable
The way of knowing the reality: Nyaya
Objects in the reality that is knowable: Vaisesika
Nyaya: detail inquiry of knowledge (Prama) and valid
cognition and its means (Pramana).
Goal of self is not to gain pleasure but to liberate from
all kind of pains for once n all (he is not body or
mind..he is out of illusion)
Vaisesika: diversity is the fundamental to universe
Certain categories are there under
samanya/jati…able to found supreme good. Eg: cow
63. To liberate the atma from the cycles of death and
birth.
Purva-Mimamsa:only by engaging in rituals
that purify the karma
Vedanta: total detachment from world
activities
Seek joy and happiness: being dharmic (PM)
and Brahman as absolute (V)
67. Jaina School of Philosophy
24 Tirthankaras (from Vrsabhadeva to Mahavira) as a Prophet of
Master of Philosophy
To educate people to crossover the ocean of re-birth.
Mahavira considered as last of Tirthankaras
Details can be found in canonical text of jainism, based on
teaching of Tirthankaras
Refused to acknowledge the authority of Vedas and notion of
supreme God.
Two sects: Svetambaras and Digambaras (different rituals,
practices and organisation)
Cycle of death-birth is attributed to tiny particle of matter that
have embedded into Jiva called Karma.
In Jainism, spiritual growth is to overcome Karma.
Ex- wet cloth
Jiva stuck between karma and passion
68. Bauddha School of Philosophy
Based on teaching of Gautama Buddha
2 forms of Buddhism: the northern form (Nepal,
Tibet, China, Korea, Vietnam) and southern form
(Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thaland)
Gautama was moved by suffering of life and
death.
Focuses on ending of sufferings of all individuals
Ultimate goal is to reach Nirvana which is not a
state reach after death but in this life only
71. Carvaka School
No text is available
Whatever is directive perceivable can only be
accepted as valid means of knowledge.
Reject idea if there is divine/Prakrti
Nothing like atma
No re-birth
73. Wisdom through ages
Difference between Purānas and Itihāsa as
source of wisdom,
Rāmāyana,
Mahābhārata,
Nitiśāstras,
Subhāssitas.
Editor's Notes
It is remains of pottery of 1st BCE-2nd CE century. Vedic people lived a life in which Yajna was central to their life practices. A Yajna is performed in an altar which is shown here
Yajna means Yagya in hindi, Altar means the s
4 group (of 4 peoples) more are required
Shakhas means schools
Not the modren brahmanas
What is life, who am I, Who is God, origin of Universe
Merely accepting the philospical opiniom from elder wise person is not the knowledge
Purusa root cause of sristi and prakrati root cause of creations
Sattva: cause of knowledge
Rajas: cause movement and is cause of pain
Tamas cause indifference