The document provides information about various aspects of Indian culture and history: - Indian civilization originated in ancient India and spread its influence on language and culture to many parts of Europe and Asia. Major Indian epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata are an important part of Indian literature. - Sanskrit was the main language of ancient Indian literature. Other aspects of Indian culture discussed include classical dance forms, festivals like Holi connected to harvests, and important architectural sites like the Taj Mahal and Khajuraho temples known for their sculptures. - The document thus gives a broad overview of the long history and diverse cultural traditions of India through discussing its literature, performing arts, religions, and

1. Group 1

2.  was the center of an ancient
civilization which spread
east and soth.
 this civilization affected the
language and culture of
many countries in Europe
and Asia.

3.  India also founded colonies in
ancient Persia, Greece, and
Rome, as well as in Spain,
England and France.
 These countries belong to the
Indo-European race.
 They once had their homes in
Central Asia and spoke the
same language .

4.  Indians have a civilization
older than that of the ancient
Greeks and Romans.
 India gave the world
trigonometry, the first grammar
books, the first phonetics, and
the game of chess.

5. • India had already
considerable body of literature
in early 300 B.C. that is written
in several Indian tongues
derived from a common
ancestral language, the
SANSKRIT.
• “Sanskrit” means cultivated
or perfected.

6.  Earliest literature in India is a
collection of traditions handed
by word of mouth known as
the VEDAS.
 Vedas contains hymns
addressed to the Indian gods,
who are very numerous and
also contains stories that is all
about gods.

7.  Literature in India is often
called Sanskrit Literature.
 it reveals the inner and outer
life of remarkable people and
it extends from a remote past
to the present.

9. Indian Dance, entire range of
performance forms of the Indian
subcontinent, which has one of the
richest such traditions in the world.
During the cultural revivalist period
preceding Indian independence in 1947,
extant forms were redeveloped,
rehabilitated, and brought under a loose
classification for the purposes of
scholarship.

10. •Today it is possible to recognize seven
classical dance forms alongside several
semi-classical forms more closely allied to
martial arts and theatre, as well as folk and
tribal dances, film and show dance, and a
modern and contemporary dance
movement. The coexistence of these varied
aspects of Indian dance constitutes a major
part of the Indian dance performance
diaspora since the early 20th century.

11. •Each form is related to a
particular musical and rhythmic
system, roughly divided into
northern Hindustani music or
southern Carnatic music, as well
as to a language, although Sanskrit
terminology is a common element
to all forms, particularly in
training.

14.  The first characteristics about
Indian Literatures is that it is
based on piety, a deeply
religious stories.
 The second characteristics is
that the Indian literary
written in forms of epics ,
corresponds to great epochs in
the history of India.

15.  The Ramayana and the
Mahabharata are the most
important epics of India; the
latter is the longest found in
world literature.
 Consequently the Indians
believed in reincarnation and
they show kindness to other
people and animals . They also
abstain from destroying plants
because they believe that the
plants might be reincarnated
one’s dead relative.

16.  Their gods are believed to
be reincarnated into human
beings or even animals.
Thus the Ramayana is about
the reincarnation of the
creator god Vishnu in the
person of Rama, the hero of
the epic.

17.  Ramayana recounts the
adventures of Rama and his
wife Sita. Legend has it that
Sita was born of a furrow, the
child of mother earth..Sita is
regarded by the women of
India as the perfect symbol of
wifely devotion and self-
reliance for the beloved.

18.  The Mahabharata deals with another
reincarnation of Vishnu with Krishna. These
reincarnations of Vishnu are called Avatars.
 The Mahabharata is considered the greatest
epic of India.
 It tells the story of a civil war that might have
taken place in the early years of the Aryan
occupation of India.

19.  it tells of two rival bands of
brothers, descendants of a common
grandfather, King Pandu. When he
died, he left his five sons in the care
of his brother who was to be regent
while his sons are still minors. The
regent himself had many sons, and
they coveted the kingdom for
themselves. The result was a period
of intrigues and battles which
resulted in the excile of the five
brothers.

21.  Indian drama has reached a
high stage of development
during the second century B.C.
 Indian drama is characterized
by poetry and idyllic beauty .
It concentrates on love as the
backround of the story; it has a
happy ending and no violent
emotions

22.  The most striking about Indian
drama is that it is multi-lingual. The
Gods, kings, and nobles speak in
Sanskrit whereas women , thieves,
and policemen speak appropriate
language.
 Bhasa, the first great name in
Indian drama.
 Kalidasa is the greatest writers of
plays and thirteen plays are
attributed to him. He is called as the
brightest of the “ nine gems genius.

23. The Panchatantra is a rich
collection of stories of
ancient times.
 It contains the first fables
ever written and also
contains some of the
important collections of
short stories in the world.

24.  he was a great Indian poet and
dramatist. He was awarded the
Nobel Prize for literature in 1913
and was knighted by the British
government in 1915.
 he visited Europe and japan and
went to the U.S, giving lectures
and readings of his poems, which
he first wrote in english and then
translated into his native Bengali.

26.  it takes place on the month of
March and April. Women cooked
wheat porridge sweetened with
brown sugar and set is aside. The
women dreesed in their best
clothes carry the porridges with
them and with their youngest
children and goes to the shrine of
Girgaon-wali Mata.

27.  Then after that they moved on
the shrine of Kainthi-wali Mata,
this is godess of typhoid the
same ritual is repeated brown
sugar and candy are distributed
to the c hildren.
 Sometimes the godess are given
sweets rather than porridge.

28.  it is popular in India. It is one
of the four main festivals of the
village. On this festival day,
lamps are lighted all over the
village and are placed in the line
tops of the houses.
 By 9 pm everyone is at home to
worship Lakshmi, the godess of
wealth.

29.  The lights of the whole village
are left burning all night, the
house are left open because
Laksmi is supposed to enter
and bless the house.
 Each house is brilliant with
lights, it is believed that
Lakshmi will not enter a
poorly lighted house.

30.  is connected with the wheat harvest, a
harvest festival. It is celebrated on the
full moon day of the Hindu month of
Phalguna with a great deal of
boisterousness and colour. The legend
that accounts for the festival describes
how a young prince, Prahlada, defied his
father by worshipping the god Vishnu.
As a result, his father allowed him to be
carried into the fire by the female
demon, Holika, the embodiment of evil,
who claimed she herself was fireproof.

31.  . Through Vishnu's
intervention, Holika burned to
death but Prahlada was
unharmed. On the first day of
this two-day festival, bonfires
are lit and effigies of Holika
placed in the centre to
represent the triumph of virtue
and religion over evil

32.  On the first day of this two-day
festival, bonfires are lit and effigies of
Holika placed in the centre to represent
the triumph of virtue and religion over
evil
 . On the second day of the festival
people throw coloured waters and
powders on each other. Holi is also a
time of good will, when people pay or
forgive debts, make up quarrels, and
wish each other good luck.

34.  It designed as a tomb for the wife of a 17th-century
Mughal emperor, was constructed by about 20,000
workers from 1631 to 1648 in Agra, a city in northern
India. The massive domed structure was constructed
in the Indo-Islamic style, using white marble and
inlaid gems. At each corner is a minaret (prayer
tower), and passages from the Koran, the Muslim
holy book, adorn the outside walls. The bodies of the
emperor and his wife remain in a vault below the
building.

35.  It was built in the 11th century and is situated in
Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India. It is a famous
tourist and archaeological site known for its
temples dedicated to Shiva, Vishnu, and Jain
patriarchs. It was one of the capitals of the kings
of the Candella dynasty, who developed a realm
between the 9th and the 11th centuries. Of the
areas 85 original temples, about 20 are still well
preserved. Most of them are constructed from
sandstone, and are richly carved with sculptures.

36. Delhi’s Red Fort,
completed in 1648, once
served as the imperial
palace of India’s Mughal
emperors. The outer walls,
seen here, are made of red
sandstone.

37.  Known as the Hawa Mahal, the
Palace of the Winds was built to
provide the women of the harem
of the maharaja of Jaipur with a
window on the world. The five-
storey building is made of pink
marble and has almost 600
windows from which they could
look unobserved.

38. Thank
You
For
Listening!!!!! :-D