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In-depth IED Awareness Training
- 1. In-Depth IED Awareness Training ChrisFearnley Crime & Intelligence Analyst
- 2. Scope • What isan IED? • The five components of an IED – Casing – Explosive – Power source – Detonator / Initiator – Trigger / Firing Switch • Different types of IED – Command (RC or CW) – VOIED – PBIED – VBIED – EFP – Chemical / Biological • IED Enhancements • Experimental IEDs – Drone-borne – RC-driven VBIEDs
- 3. The Casing • Virtuallyanything can be used as a casing for an IED! • Serves two purposes: – Conceal the device from being detected – Enhance the explosive power
- 4. The Explosive • Twotypes: High explosive and low explosive • Comes in all shapes, sizes, granularity and colour • Low explosive: – Black powder • Obtained from shotgun cartridges – Potassium perchlorate • Obtained from fireworks & match heads • High explosive: – TNT • Harvested from conventional munitions – Ammonium nitrate-based • Obtained through processing of fertiliser – TATP (triacetone triperoxide) • Favoured in Europe, precursors freely available • Terrorist publications such as Inspire magazine regularly feature scientifically-accurate ‘how-to’ guides for manufacturing homemade explosives
- 6. The Power Source •All IEDs require a power source, except for incendiary devices • Common items include 9V batteries, car batteries, motorcycle batteries, AA batteries… • Possibilities are endless… even stored mechanical energy can be used, such as a coiled spring.
- 7. The Detonator /Initiator • Explosives require some sort of method or component to initiate an explosive • Detonators – Can be mechanical or electrical – Hard to acquire in UK, an improvised detonator is more likely to be seen – Contain a low explosive • Initiators – Different from detonators – Used to ‘initiate’ low explosives, such as black powder – Often improvised, easy to make
- 9. The Trigger /Firing Switch • Every IED requires some sort of action or input to cause the device to function – A button – A switch – A timer • IRA often used a mercury tilt switch • Mobile phones and UHF/VHF radios favoured by IS
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- 14. Command: CW (commandwire) or RC (radio-control) • The IED receives a ‘command’ that causes it to initiate • Two types: – Command wire (CW) – Radio-controlled (RC) • IS frequently use mobile phones or radios • Command wires less popular, difficult to conceal, limited range
- 15. VOIED: (Victim-operated) • TheIED is initiated as a result of some sort of action or motion of the victim – Pressure plate – Pressure release – Motion sensor (PIR) – Tilt switch
- 16. PBIED: (Person-borne) • Alsoknown as a “suicide vest” • Worn around the waist/chest • Two types: – Defensive • Anti-capture device • Bataclan theatre – Offensive • Inflict mass casualties • Contains fragmentation matrix • Stade de France • IS utilise female and child operatives to infiltrate secure locations • IS Have experimented with internal PBIEDs
- 17. VBIED: (Vehicle-borne) • Hugedestructive power • Main charges up to 50 tonnes seen!! • Suicide & non- suicide • Perimeter breach • Mass casualty
- 18. EFP: Explosively FormedProjectile • Design originated from the Iranians • Used to great effect during the first Gulf War – Destroyed a US M1 Abrams MBT • Identifiable by the concave ‘liner’, usually made of copper or steel
- 19. Chemical/Biological IED • Chemicaland biological weapons have added ‘fear factor’ • IS have been experimenting for years • Main difficulty exists in getting explosive power correct – Too low, the agent will not be dispersed – Too high and the agent will be vaporized/destroyed
- 20. Refrigerant 134a Mixtures withhigh concentrations of air at elevated pressure and/or temperature can be ignited. Contact of 1,1,1,2- tetrafluoroethane with flames or hot surfaces in excess of 250 °C (482 °F) may cause vapour decomposition and the emission of toxic gases including hydrogen fluoride and carbonyl halides.
- 21. IED Enhancements • Additivesor damage multipliers added to enhance the lethality or destructive capability of an IED • Most common is fragmentation – Ball-bearings – Nuts and bolts – Steel rebar – Bullets • Accelerant to increase incendiary effect – Gasoline – Kerosene • Pressurised containers – Gas cylinders
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- 27. Drone-borne IED • Terroristsusing drones for several years – Reconnaissance – Assassination • Technique not perfected – Technical hurdles – Weight – Targeting – Stable flight – Navigation – Counter-measures • Propaganda value and creates ‘terror’
- 30. RC-Driven VBIEDs • Remote-controlled vehiclefilled with explosives • Technical and design hurdles • Often slow- moving, difficult to maneuver • Vulnerable to interdiction • No requirement for a suicide operative • https://www.youtub e.com/watch?v=Tr 4y6kaiiBY
- 31. Supply of IEDComponents to Iraq/Syria
- 32. Supply of DetCord to Iraq/Syria
- 34. Supply of ElectricDetonators to Iraq/Syria