In your opinion, what are some of the most urgent issues related to adolescent and young adult
health?
Young people have to work through a broad range of issues as they move from childhood to
adulthood. They may have to deal with changes to their bodies and their feelings and they may
be thinking about having their first relationship or having sex.
Young people may also be exploring their identities in terms of their sexuality or gender identity.
They may want more independence from their families, and their friends may play a more
important part in their lives. Some may also want to experiment with alcohol and other drugs.
Although growing up can be an exciting time, it can also be confusing and challenging. Research
shows confident young people who feel supported by their families and friends are more likely to
safely negotiate issues like these. However, it is important to remember adolescence is generally
a time for experimenting with risky behaviours, even with good parenting and role modelling.
Teenagers and alcohol
Alcohol is one of the most widely used drugs in Australia. According to recent surveys, around
40 per cent of young people aged 12-17 have had a full serve of alcohol and around 60 per cent
of year 10-12 students have drunk alcohol at least once.
For young people, alcohol use is associated with a range of health risks, including:
· unsafe sex
· unwanted sex
· unintended pregnancy
· drink-driving and road accidents
· violence and aggressive behaviour
· criminal activity.
Teenagers and body image
Young people are at risk of developing a negative body image, where they dislike the way they
look.
The related health problems for young people can include:
· crash dieting and malnourishment
· eating disorders, including anorexia and bulimia nervosa
· obesity
· steroid use (to build muscle mass).
Teenagers and bullying
Estimates suggest around one in six children are bullied every few weeks or more in Australia.
Young people are bullied by their peers for many reasons, including:
· the way they look (for example, if they are overweight)
· resisting pressure to conform
· their cultural or socioeconomic background or religion
· their academic achievements
· their sexual orientation or behaviour
· being ‘the new kid’ at school.
Teenagers and smoking
Despite widespread media campaigns, tobacco smoking is still popular among young people in
Australia, especially young women, though the number of young people who smoke cigarettes is
decreasing.
· Smoking tobacco increases people’s risk of:
· cancers of the lung, throat and mouth
· reduced lung function
· asthma and other respiratory problems
· damaged senses of smell and taste
· heart disease, major heart attack and stroke.
Teenagers and family life
Young people can face issues relating to family life, including:
· relationship problems between family members
· family violence
· abuse, including neglect and physical, sexual or emotional abuse
· separation and divorce.
For some young peopl.
The document discusses several health issues that teenagers may face, including effects of excessive gadget and internet use such as headaches, eye defects, obesity, aggression and mental health problems. It also discusses issues like alcohol and drug use, bullying, negative body image, family problems, suicide, teenage pregnancy and sexual relationships. The last sections provide tips for becoming a healthy teenager like eating healthy, exercising, managing sleep, hygiene and social relationships as well as signs of internet addiction.
Foster care youth resource sheet may 2012LuiFer Tirado
Foster youth are at an increased risk of suicidal behaviors compared to other youth. Risk factors for foster youth include trauma, abuse, neglect, mental illness, substance abuse and family dysfunction. Warning signs of imminent suicide risk include threats or talk of self-harm, seeking access to lethal means, depression, anxiety and feelings of hopelessness. If a youth expresses suicidal thoughts or exhibits warning signs, caregivers should take them seriously, ask directly about suicidal plans, stay with the youth, remove lethal means and contact a mental health professional for help.
Parents can help their teens with suicidal thoughts. See how you can help prevent teen suicide today! #mentalhealth #suicideprevention #endthestigma
https://pathwaysreallife.com/teen-suicide-prevention/
Teenagers are often exposed to drugs and alcohol through peer pressure, parental examples, and media influences. A study found that over 50% of 12th graders had used alcohol and nearly 25% had used illicit drugs in the past year. Teens are particularly susceptible to peer pressure as their brains prioritize rewards over risks. Parents who use drugs or drink can negatively influence teens through their example. Media frequently portrays substance use in a positive light without consequences, which teens may emulate. However, various treatment options exist to help teens struggling with addiction.
When you’re a parent, you may not give much thought to teen mental health conditions or mental distress. You might attribute potential red flags in behavior to typical teen growing pains. As parents, it is essential to realize that some things might be real warning signs of mental health issues in teens.
By understanding more about the risks for teens regarding their mental health and the impact of social media, you’re better positioned to know what to watch for; you’re also more likely to be able to help your teen who is struggling.
Teen suicide is a serious issue, with suicide being the third leading cause of death for those aged 15-24. Risk factors include mental health conditions like depression, substance abuse issues, feelings of hopelessness, and family or social problems. Warning signs can include talking about death, changes in behavior or mood, and risk-taking actions. To help prevent teen suicide, it is important to be aware of the risk factors and warning signs, address any mental health issues, restrict access to lethal means, and foster social support networks and problem solving skills. Schools also play an important role through education, monitoring, and connecting at-risk youth with counseling resources.
Causes of teenagers sucide in bangladeshAhsAn AunTu
Teenage suicide is a leading cause of death worldwide, particularly among those aged 15-24. Suicide rates are higher among females than males. Common risk factors for teen suicide include depression, substance abuse, family history of mental illness, physical or sexual abuse, stress, and feelings of hopelessness. Warning signs can include changes in behavior, sleep, interests and talk of suicide. Prevention efforts should encourage communication, ensure access to mental healthcare, and remove means of self-harm.
The document discusses several health issues that teenagers may face, including effects of excessive gadget and internet use such as headaches, eye defects, obesity, aggression and mental health problems. It also discusses issues like alcohol and drug use, bullying, negative body image, family problems, suicide, teenage pregnancy and sexual relationships. The last sections provide tips for becoming a healthy teenager like eating healthy, exercising, managing sleep, hygiene and social relationships as well as signs of internet addiction.
Foster care youth resource sheet may 2012LuiFer Tirado
Foster youth are at an increased risk of suicidal behaviors compared to other youth. Risk factors for foster youth include trauma, abuse, neglect, mental illness, substance abuse and family dysfunction. Warning signs of imminent suicide risk include threats or talk of self-harm, seeking access to lethal means, depression, anxiety and feelings of hopelessness. If a youth expresses suicidal thoughts or exhibits warning signs, caregivers should take them seriously, ask directly about suicidal plans, stay with the youth, remove lethal means and contact a mental health professional for help.
Parents can help their teens with suicidal thoughts. See how you can help prevent teen suicide today! #mentalhealth #suicideprevention #endthestigma
https://pathwaysreallife.com/teen-suicide-prevention/
Teenagers are often exposed to drugs and alcohol through peer pressure, parental examples, and media influences. A study found that over 50% of 12th graders had used alcohol and nearly 25% had used illicit drugs in the past year. Teens are particularly susceptible to peer pressure as their brains prioritize rewards over risks. Parents who use drugs or drink can negatively influence teens through their example. Media frequently portrays substance use in a positive light without consequences, which teens may emulate. However, various treatment options exist to help teens struggling with addiction.
When you’re a parent, you may not give much thought to teen mental health conditions or mental distress. You might attribute potential red flags in behavior to typical teen growing pains. As parents, it is essential to realize that some things might be real warning signs of mental health issues in teens.
By understanding more about the risks for teens regarding their mental health and the impact of social media, you’re better positioned to know what to watch for; you’re also more likely to be able to help your teen who is struggling.
Teen suicide is a serious issue, with suicide being the third leading cause of death for those aged 15-24. Risk factors include mental health conditions like depression, substance abuse issues, feelings of hopelessness, and family or social problems. Warning signs can include talking about death, changes in behavior or mood, and risk-taking actions. To help prevent teen suicide, it is important to be aware of the risk factors and warning signs, address any mental health issues, restrict access to lethal means, and foster social support networks and problem solving skills. Schools also play an important role through education, monitoring, and connecting at-risk youth with counseling resources.
Causes of teenagers sucide in bangladeshAhsAn AunTu
Teenage suicide is a leading cause of death worldwide, particularly among those aged 15-24. Suicide rates are higher among females than males. Common risk factors for teen suicide include depression, substance abuse, family history of mental illness, physical or sexual abuse, stress, and feelings of hopelessness. Warning signs can include changes in behavior, sleep, interests and talk of suicide. Prevention efforts should encourage communication, ensure access to mental healthcare, and remove means of self-harm.
Teenagers face many challenges during adolescence including stress from school, social pressures to fit in, and mental health issues like depression. Excessive computer use can worsen cognitive skills, impact social development, increase aggressive behaviors, and cause physical health issues. Peer pressure and drug/alcohol use are also significant problems, as teens sometimes turn to substances to cope with problems or fit in. Overall, adolescence is a difficult period with angst, anxiety, and stress as teens navigate independence yet still rely on guidance from others.
this is actually my project for one of my subject at school..my topic is about teenage life..this ppt presents about the different stages of being a teenager..and it also talks about the different problems we encounter as a teenager..so..i hope that you like my powerPoint presentation!!
--xoxo--
--muah--
This document discusses the behavioral traits of teenagers between the ages of 13-19. It describes the physical, mental, emotional and social changes that occur during adolescence. Teenagers experience rapid physical development through puberty which causes their bodies to mature. They also experience increased mental growth and emotional maturity. Some common behavioral traits of teenagers discussed include moodiness, a desire for independence, risk-taking behaviors, interest in romantic relationships, and idealism. The document also examines causes of loneliness in teenagers and ways for parents to help support teens who feel lonely.
Clear warning signs often precede suicide in over 90% of cases. Depression is the leading cause of suicide, and white males have the highest suicide rate increase. Suicide is the third leading cause of death among 15-24 year olds. Relationships, loss, mental constriction, and inability to adjust are common factors. Organizations like AFSP provide support for survivors and work to prevent suicide through education and outreach. Parents should take any suicide talk seriously and seek help from professionals.
The document discusses substance abuse among youth. It explores reasons for youth addiction such as peer pressure, home environment, and genetics. Media and celebrity influence are also examined. Specific substances abused by youth like alcohol, nicotine, and opioids are covered. Prevention and treatment of youth addiction through education, parental involvement, and rehabilitation are recommended.
Adolescence is a developmental stage between childhood and adulthood characterized by physical maturation and changes in cognitive abilities. Puberty triggers extreme growth spurts and sexual maturation through secondary sex characteristics. While physical changes cause adjustments in body image and self-concept, cognitive development allows for more advanced thinking skills but also egocentrism. During this period of identity formation, teens face social pressures related to independence, relationships and worldviews that can threaten well-being through risky behaviors or conditions like depression.
The document discusses several challenges faced by teenagers, including academic pressure, peer pressure, depression, and identity formation. It notes that teenage years can be both positive and negative, with many stress factors. Specific issues covered include drug and alcohol abuse, suicide rates, and problems faced by teenage parents such as lack of support and higher risks for their children. The document examines how premature adulthood is imposed on teenagers today through lack of guidance and increased freedom/responsibilities.
This short document discusses the need for sulfuryl chloride (SOCl2) and sodium (Na) to complete some chemical process or reaction. Sodium is mentioned after "then na" which likely refers to adding sodium after the sulfuryl chloride. The document provides minimal context and it is difficult to determine the overall purpose or goal based on the limited information.
you can see the difference bw IE5 and IE6 is ver.pdfaesalem06
you can see the difference b/w IE5 and IE6 is very high.. it means the element is
going to inert gas configuration after removing five e-s hence the element is nitrogen N and its
configuration is 1S2 2S2 2P3
Solution
you can see the difference b/w IE5 and IE6 is very high.. it means the element is
going to inert gas configuration after removing five e-s hence the element is nitrogen N and its
configuration is 1S2 2S2 2P3.
The elements As, Sb and Bi show no tendency to fo.pdfaesalem06
The elements As, Sb and Bi show no tendency to form anion by gaining electrons .
This is probably due to the fact that increasing size of the atom makes it difficult for the nucleus
to hold extra electrons.
Solution
The elements As, Sb and Bi show no tendency to form anion by gaining electrons .
This is probably due to the fact that increasing size of the atom makes it difficult for the nucleus
to hold extra electrons..
taking the distance from point P in water for len.pdfaesalem06
taking the distance from point P in water for length = 14 m time taken is = 14/5 =
2.8 hr and taking diagonal path in grassy plain = sqrt(15^2+11^2) time taken = 6.2003 hr
therefore total time taken is = 9.000358413 hr
Solution
taking the distance from point P in water for length = 14 m time taken is = 14/5 =
2.8 hr and taking diagonal path in grassy plain = sqrt(15^2+11^2) time taken = 6.2003 hr
therefore total time taken is = 9.000358413 hr.
The document discusses an order that is 3 and linear. It states that the order is 3 and describes it as being linear. No other information is provided.
Nope. When an atom is ionized it only affects the.pdfaesalem06
Nope. When an atom is ionized it only affects the electrons in the electron cloud,
which is outside the nucleus. Let me know if this doesn\'t clear things up.
Solution
Nope. When an atom is ionized it only affects the electrons in the electron cloud,
which is outside the nucleus. Let me know if this doesn\'t clear things up..
This mathematical expression involves taking the length L and dividing it by the square root of 2. The expression is evaluating the square root of 2 applied to the length L. This can be used to calculate the diagonal length of a square with side length L.
H2SO4 is a strong electrolyte. It dissociates alm.pdfaesalem06
H2SO4 is a strong electrolyte. It dissociates almost completely in water while rest
four compounds don\'t dissolve in water completely.
Solution
H2SO4 is a strong electrolyte. It dissociates almost completely in water while rest
four compounds don\'t dissolve in water completely..
DE is positive in exothermic reactions .pdfaesalem06
DE is positive in exothermic reactions. Exothermic reactions release energy to the surroundings, so the system's energy decreases. Therefore, the change in energy (DE) for exothermic reactions is positive as energy is lost from the system.
The yield to maturity (YTM) is the measure of bonds rate of return t.pdfaesalem06
The yield to maturity (YTM) is the measure of bonds rate of return that considers both the
interest income and any capital gain or loss. it should be noted that yield to maturity is not same
as current yield as current yield is the annual interest dividend by the bonds current value and
does not account for capital gain or loss.
YTM is important because it compare a bonds expected return with those of other securities
available in the market. YTM considers the three sources of potential return from a bond (coupon
payments, capital gains, and reinvestment returns which helps investors in Understanding how
yields vary with market prices (that as bond prices fall, yields rise; and as bond prices rise, yields
fall).it also helps investors to anticipate the effects of market changes on their portfolios. The
yield to maturity is expressed as an annual percentage rate
The following formula can be used to find out its approximate value:
APPROX YTM=C+F-P/n/F+P/2
Where
C=coupon value
F=face value
P=market price
And n=years to maturity
Solution
The yield to maturity (YTM) is the measure of bonds rate of return that considers both the
interest income and any capital gain or loss. it should be noted that yield to maturity is not same
as current yield as current yield is the annual interest dividend by the bonds current value and
does not account for capital gain or loss.
YTM is important because it compare a bonds expected return with those of other securities
available in the market. YTM considers the three sources of potential return from a bond (coupon
payments, capital gains, and reinvestment returns which helps investors in Understanding how
yields vary with market prices (that as bond prices fall, yields rise; and as bond prices rise, yields
fall).it also helps investors to anticipate the effects of market changes on their portfolios. The
yield to maturity is expressed as an annual percentage rate
The following formula can be used to find out its approximate value:
APPROX YTM=C+F-P/n/F+P/2
Where
C=coupon value
F=face value
P=market price
And n=years to maturity.
More Related Content
Similar to In your opinion, what are some of the most urgent issues related to .pdf
Teenagers face many challenges during adolescence including stress from school, social pressures to fit in, and mental health issues like depression. Excessive computer use can worsen cognitive skills, impact social development, increase aggressive behaviors, and cause physical health issues. Peer pressure and drug/alcohol use are also significant problems, as teens sometimes turn to substances to cope with problems or fit in. Overall, adolescence is a difficult period with angst, anxiety, and stress as teens navigate independence yet still rely on guidance from others.
this is actually my project for one of my subject at school..my topic is about teenage life..this ppt presents about the different stages of being a teenager..and it also talks about the different problems we encounter as a teenager..so..i hope that you like my powerPoint presentation!!
--xoxo--
--muah--
This document discusses the behavioral traits of teenagers between the ages of 13-19. It describes the physical, mental, emotional and social changes that occur during adolescence. Teenagers experience rapid physical development through puberty which causes their bodies to mature. They also experience increased mental growth and emotional maturity. Some common behavioral traits of teenagers discussed include moodiness, a desire for independence, risk-taking behaviors, interest in romantic relationships, and idealism. The document also examines causes of loneliness in teenagers and ways for parents to help support teens who feel lonely.
Clear warning signs often precede suicide in over 90% of cases. Depression is the leading cause of suicide, and white males have the highest suicide rate increase. Suicide is the third leading cause of death among 15-24 year olds. Relationships, loss, mental constriction, and inability to adjust are common factors. Organizations like AFSP provide support for survivors and work to prevent suicide through education and outreach. Parents should take any suicide talk seriously and seek help from professionals.
The document discusses substance abuse among youth. It explores reasons for youth addiction such as peer pressure, home environment, and genetics. Media and celebrity influence are also examined. Specific substances abused by youth like alcohol, nicotine, and opioids are covered. Prevention and treatment of youth addiction through education, parental involvement, and rehabilitation are recommended.
Adolescence is a developmental stage between childhood and adulthood characterized by physical maturation and changes in cognitive abilities. Puberty triggers extreme growth spurts and sexual maturation through secondary sex characteristics. While physical changes cause adjustments in body image and self-concept, cognitive development allows for more advanced thinking skills but also egocentrism. During this period of identity formation, teens face social pressures related to independence, relationships and worldviews that can threaten well-being through risky behaviors or conditions like depression.
The document discusses several challenges faced by teenagers, including academic pressure, peer pressure, depression, and identity formation. It notes that teenage years can be both positive and negative, with many stress factors. Specific issues covered include drug and alcohol abuse, suicide rates, and problems faced by teenage parents such as lack of support and higher risks for their children. The document examines how premature adulthood is imposed on teenagers today through lack of guidance and increased freedom/responsibilities.
Similar to In your opinion, what are some of the most urgent issues related to .pdf (7)
This short document discusses the need for sulfuryl chloride (SOCl2) and sodium (Na) to complete some chemical process or reaction. Sodium is mentioned after "then na" which likely refers to adding sodium after the sulfuryl chloride. The document provides minimal context and it is difficult to determine the overall purpose or goal based on the limited information.
you can see the difference bw IE5 and IE6 is ver.pdfaesalem06
you can see the difference b/w IE5 and IE6 is very high.. it means the element is
going to inert gas configuration after removing five e-s hence the element is nitrogen N and its
configuration is 1S2 2S2 2P3
Solution
you can see the difference b/w IE5 and IE6 is very high.. it means the element is
going to inert gas configuration after removing five e-s hence the element is nitrogen N and its
configuration is 1S2 2S2 2P3.
The elements As, Sb and Bi show no tendency to fo.pdfaesalem06
The elements As, Sb and Bi show no tendency to form anion by gaining electrons .
This is probably due to the fact that increasing size of the atom makes it difficult for the nucleus
to hold extra electrons.
Solution
The elements As, Sb and Bi show no tendency to form anion by gaining electrons .
This is probably due to the fact that increasing size of the atom makes it difficult for the nucleus
to hold extra electrons..
taking the distance from point P in water for len.pdfaesalem06
taking the distance from point P in water for length = 14 m time taken is = 14/5 =
2.8 hr and taking diagonal path in grassy plain = sqrt(15^2+11^2) time taken = 6.2003 hr
therefore total time taken is = 9.000358413 hr
Solution
taking the distance from point P in water for length = 14 m time taken is = 14/5 =
2.8 hr and taking diagonal path in grassy plain = sqrt(15^2+11^2) time taken = 6.2003 hr
therefore total time taken is = 9.000358413 hr.
The document discusses an order that is 3 and linear. It states that the order is 3 and describes it as being linear. No other information is provided.
Nope. When an atom is ionized it only affects the.pdfaesalem06
Nope. When an atom is ionized it only affects the electrons in the electron cloud,
which is outside the nucleus. Let me know if this doesn\'t clear things up.
Solution
Nope. When an atom is ionized it only affects the electrons in the electron cloud,
which is outside the nucleus. Let me know if this doesn\'t clear things up..
This mathematical expression involves taking the length L and dividing it by the square root of 2. The expression is evaluating the square root of 2 applied to the length L. This can be used to calculate the diagonal length of a square with side length L.
H2SO4 is a strong electrolyte. It dissociates alm.pdfaesalem06
H2SO4 is a strong electrolyte. It dissociates almost completely in water while rest
four compounds don\'t dissolve in water completely.
Solution
H2SO4 is a strong electrolyte. It dissociates almost completely in water while rest
four compounds don\'t dissolve in water completely..
DE is positive in exothermic reactions .pdfaesalem06
DE is positive in exothermic reactions. Exothermic reactions release energy to the surroundings, so the system's energy decreases. Therefore, the change in energy (DE) for exothermic reactions is positive as energy is lost from the system.
The yield to maturity (YTM) is the measure of bonds rate of return t.pdfaesalem06
The yield to maturity (YTM) is the measure of bonds rate of return that considers both the
interest income and any capital gain or loss. it should be noted that yield to maturity is not same
as current yield as current yield is the annual interest dividend by the bonds current value and
does not account for capital gain or loss.
YTM is important because it compare a bonds expected return with those of other securities
available in the market. YTM considers the three sources of potential return from a bond (coupon
payments, capital gains, and reinvestment returns which helps investors in Understanding how
yields vary with market prices (that as bond prices fall, yields rise; and as bond prices rise, yields
fall).it also helps investors to anticipate the effects of market changes on their portfolios. The
yield to maturity is expressed as an annual percentage rate
The following formula can be used to find out its approximate value:
APPROX YTM=C+F-P/n/F+P/2
Where
C=coupon value
F=face value
P=market price
And n=years to maturity
Solution
The yield to maturity (YTM) is the measure of bonds rate of return that considers both the
interest income and any capital gain or loss. it should be noted that yield to maturity is not same
as current yield as current yield is the annual interest dividend by the bonds current value and
does not account for capital gain or loss.
YTM is important because it compare a bonds expected return with those of other securities
available in the market. YTM considers the three sources of potential return from a bond (coupon
payments, capital gains, and reinvestment returns which helps investors in Understanding how
yields vary with market prices (that as bond prices fall, yields rise; and as bond prices rise, yields
fall).it also helps investors to anticipate the effects of market changes on their portfolios. The
yield to maturity is expressed as an annual percentage rate
The following formula can be used to find out its approximate value:
APPROX YTM=C+F-P/n/F+P/2
Where
C=coupon value
F=face value
P=market price
And n=years to maturity.
TDS (Total Dissolved Solids ) is a measure of the combined content o.pdfaesalem06
Total dissolved solids is a measure of inorganic and organic substances in a liquid. The most accurate method to determine TDS involves evaporating the liquid and measuring the mass of residues, which in this case was found to be 22g. Total suspended solids refer to suspended or colloidal particles, which were calculated to be 25g.
Meiosis, inheritance and variationThe uniqueness and similarities.pdfaesalem06
Meiosis, inheritance and variation:
The uniqueness and similarities within the closely related family members occurs because of
inherit traits in the form of genes are passing from one generation to another generation.
This gene passing from our ancestral parents to our parents is called as heredity. Replication is a
process of duplication of DNA. That occurs during the S phase of Eukaryotic cell cycle.
In identical small organisms these genes pass from one generation to next by duplication of their
genetic information and then splitting into two identical organisms. In complex organisms
specialized sex cells called gametes carry half of the genetic information. These gametes from
both male and female organisms combine each other and produce new organisms. The gametes
produced process is termed as meiosis.
Meiosis:
During this process 1 diploid cell which contains 46 chromosomes undergoes cell division into 2
cycles. In which only once DNA replication is takes place. it results 4 haploid daughter cells.
The zygote is formed from the combination of both an egg and a sperm cells. Zygotes have same
number of chromosomes it is due to the halving nature of the number of chromosomes in sexual
reproduction. This critical character stabilize chromosome numbers from one generation to next
generation.
Phases of meiosis:
Interphase: In this the DNA is prepared for replication. After completion of replication process
the structure of each chromosomes compressed into 2 identical chromatids.
Prophase I : In this chromosomes structure appeared as in X - Shaped. The homologous
chromosomes are pair up each other and crossing over takes placed. In this the DNA was
exchanged. the nuclear membrane was completely dissolved at end of this stage. The
Microtubules can attach to the chromosomes.
Metaphase I: The synopsized chromosomes are aliened at equator of the cell. The chromosomes
are aliened randomly in which different combinations each time meiosis occurs.
Anaphase I: During this phase the molecules of chromosomes separates and migrates towards to
2 poles of cell.
Telophase I or Cytokinesis: In this the cell divides into two daughter cells.
Prophase II : Same as Prophase I. But the DNA does not replicate again.
Metaphase II: The chromosomes aliened at equator, again the alignment is random.
Anaphase II: The chromosomes separates and migrates towards to 2 poles of cell.
Telophase II: The nucleoplasm is reformed and the cytoplasm is divides into 2 haploid daughter
cells and finally 4 new haploid daughter cells is formed.
Genetic variation is increased by meiosis due to the independent assortment nature in meiosis.
The reshuffling process of genes in meiosis is increasing the genetic variation in a population.
Solution
Meiosis, inheritance and variation:
The uniqueness and similarities within the closely related family members occurs because of
inherit traits in the form of genes are passing from one generation to another generation.
This gene passing from our an.
Inter-Process-Communication (or IPC for short) are mechanisms provid.pdfaesalem06
Inter-Process-Communication (or IPC for short) are mechanisms provided by the kernel to allow
processes to communicate with each other.
The types of inter process communication on Linux OS are:
The following IPC mechanisms are supported by Windows:
1. Clipboard - The clipboard acts as a central depository for data sharing among applications.
When a user performs a cut or copy operation in an application, the application puts the selected
data on the clipboard in one or more standard or application-defined formats. Any other
application can then retrieve the data from the clipboard, choosing from the available formats
that it understands.
2. File Mapping - File mapping enables a process to treat the contents of a file as if they were a
block of memory in the process\'s address space. The process can use simple pointer operations
to examine and modify the contents of the file. When two or more processes access the same file
mapping, each process receives a pointer to memory in its own address space that it can use to
read or modify the contents of the file.
3. Mailslot - Mailslots provide one-way communication. Any process that creates a mailslot is a
mailslot server. Other processes, called mailslot clients, send messages to the mailslot server by
writing a message to its mailslot.
4. RPC - RPC enables applications to call functions remotely. Therefore, RPC makes IPC as easy
as calling a function. RPC operates between processes on a single computer or on different
computers on a network.
5. Windows Socket - Windows Sockets is a protocol-independent interface capable of supporting
current and emerging networking capabilities.
The following IPC mechanisms are supported by Mac OS:
1. Mach Ports : Mach 3.0 is capable of running as a stand-alone kernel, with other traditional OS-
services like IO, file systems and networking stack running as user mode.It is much faster to
make a direct call between linked components than it is to send messages or do RPC between
separate tasks.
2. Apple Events : Universally supported by GUI applications on Mac OS for remote
control.Operations like opening or telling an application to open a file or quit etc can be done
using these.
3. Pasteboard - Copy Paste , Drag and drop done between applications is performed using this
technique.
4. Distributed Objects - Remote messaging feature of Cocoa to call an object in different Cocoa
applicaton.
Windows server uses the best technique to manage IPC because
a) It provides an efficient way for two or more processes on the same computer to share data.
b) It is capable of supporting current and emerging networking capabilities, such as quality of
service monitoring, robust asynchronous communication, I/O completion ports for superior
performance, and protocol-specific network
features.
=> Multiprocessing : refers to the use of two or morecentral processing units (CPU) within a
single computer system.All the operating systems provide support for multiprocessing.
Windows manages.
B)120.0° note So3 is sp2-hybridized and adopts .pdfaesalem06
B)120.0° note: So3 is sp2-hybridized and adopts a trigonal planar geometry.
Solution
B)120.0° note: So3 is sp2-hybridized and adopts a trigonal planar geometry..
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
In your opinion, what are some of the most urgent issues related to .pdf
1. In your opinion, what are some of the most urgent issues related to adolescent and young adult
health?
Young people have to work through a broad range of issues as they move from childhood to
adulthood. They may have to deal with changes to their bodies and their feelings and they may
be thinking about having their first relationship or having sex.
Young people may also be exploring their identities in terms of their sexuality or gender identity.
They may want more independence from their families, and their friends may play a more
important part in their lives. Some may also want to experiment with alcohol and other drugs.
Although growing up can be an exciting time, it can also be confusing and challenging. Research
shows confident young people who feel supported by their families and friends are more likely to
safely negotiate issues like these. However, it is important to remember adolescence is generally
a time for experimenting with risky behaviours, even with good parenting and role modelling.
Teenagers and alcohol
Alcohol is one of the most widely used drugs in Australia. According to recent surveys, around
40 per cent of young people aged 12-17 have had a full serve of alcohol and around 60 per cent
of year 10-12 students have drunk alcohol at least once.
For young people, alcohol use is associated with a range of health risks, including:
· unsafe sex
· unwanted sex
· unintended pregnancy
· drink-driving and road accidents
· violence and aggressive behaviour
· criminal activity.
Teenagers and body image
Young people are at risk of developing a negative body image, where they dislike the way they
look.
The related health problems for young people can include:
· crash dieting and malnourishment
· eating disorders, including anorexia and bulimia nervosa
· obesity
· steroid use (to build muscle mass).
Teenagers and bullying
Estimates suggest around one in six children are bullied every few weeks or more in Australia.
Young people are bullied by their peers for many reasons, including:
· the way they look (for example, if they are overweight)
2. · resisting pressure to conform
· their cultural or socioeconomic background or religion
· their academic achievements
· their sexual orientation or behaviour
· being ‘the new kid’ at school.
Teenagers and smoking
Despite widespread media campaigns, tobacco smoking is still popular among young people in
Australia, especially young women, though the number of young people who smoke cigarettes is
decreasing.
· Smoking tobacco increases people’s risk of:
· cancers of the lung, throat and mouth
· reduced lung function
· asthma and other respiratory problems
· damaged senses of smell and taste
· heart disease, major heart attack and stroke.
Teenagers and family life
Young people can face issues relating to family life, including:
· relationship problems between family members
· family violence
· abuse, including neglect and physical, sexual or emotional abuse
· separation and divorce.
For some young people, a change in family circumstances can be positive. For example, if there
has been a lot of conflict in a family, separation may be a better option.
Teenagers and illicit drugs
Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) is an illicit drug commonly used by young people. Around 17 per
cent of year 10-12 students and around 14 per cent of 14-19 year olds have used cannabis at least
once. Other commonly used illicit drugs include hallucinogens, amphetamines, cocaine and
ecstasy, with very small percentages of 12 to 17 year olds having used one of these at least once.
It is often assumed that young people turn to illicit drugs to ease depression or anxiety, but most
try drugs simply for fun. Young men are more likely than young women to experiment with
illicit drugs. Those who smoke tobacco and drink alcohol are also more likely to try illicit drugs
than those who do not.
Teenagers and media
Media, including print, television, film and online, can negatively affect young people in many
ways, including:
· exposing them to extreme violence, which can desensitise them to reality
3. · supporting the cultural ideal that only thin is beautiful, which promotes body image
problems
· reinforcing the importance of money, consumerism and status symbols.
Teenagers and suicide
After car accidents, suicide is the most common cause of death among young people in
Australia. Research shows more young women than young men attempt suicide, but young men
are far more likely to take their own lives.
In the past 10 years, the suicide rate for males aged 15 to 24 years has dropped considerably.
However, young men living in rural and remote areas are more likely than those living in the city
to take their own lives.
Teenagers and sexual relationships
Young people need access to comprehensive, factual information about sexuality to safely
negotiate adult relationships.
The issues young people may be confronted with include:
· safer sex
· contraception
· sexually transmissible infections (STIs)
· unplanned pregnancy
· peer pressure
· cultural definitions of gender roles and sexual orientation.
Teenagers and pregnancy
South Australian figures show around three per cent of young women aged 15 to 19 years
became pregnant in 2011. Of these, around 50 per cent had an abortion.
Pregnancy can be a positive time for a young woman, but she may be confronted with issues
such as:
· emotional distress
· isolation or a lack of understanding and support from family and friends
· complications during pregnancy and birth
· financial pressures.
Why are we seeing an increase in adolescent suicide and mental health conditions (e.g.,
depression, anxiety)?
Many troubling and difficult situations can make a teen consider suicide. The same emotional
states that make adults vulnerable to considering suicide also apply to adolescents. Those with
good support networks (e.g., among family and peers, or extracurricular sport, social, or religious
associations) are likely to have an outlet to help them deal with their feelings. Others without
such networks are more susceptible during their emotional changes, and may feel that they're all
4. alone in times of trouble.
Apart from the normal pressures of teen life, specific circumstances can contribute to an
adolescent's consideration of suicide. It's especially difficult when adolescents are confronted
with problems that are out of their control, such as:
Many suicides are committed by people who are depressed. Depression is a mental health
disorder. It causes chemical imbalances in the brain, which can lead to despondency, lethargy, or
general apathy towards life. Almost half of 14- and 15-year-olds have reported feeling some
symptoms of depression, which makes coping with the extensive stresses of adolescence all the
more difficult. Symptoms of depression in youth are often overlooked or passed off as being
typical "adolescent turmoil."
Another serious problem that can lead teens to suicide - or aid in their plans to end their lives - is
the easy access many of them have to firearms, drugs, alcohol, and motor vehicles. For the
general population, about 30% of suicides involve firearms. Of all firearm-related deaths that
occur, about 80% are suicides.
Warning signs and risk factors
Suicidal tendencies don't just appear out of the blue: People usually display a number of
warning signs when things seem so wrong in their lives that they've simply given up hope.
Because adolescence is such a turbulent time, it may be difficult to distinguish the signs that lead
to suicide from the changing, sometimes uncertain but otherwise normal behaviour of teens.
Behaviour changes to watch for are:
Though many suicidal teens appear depressed or downcast, others hide their problems
underneath a disguise of excess energy. If an adolescent starts displaying uncharacteristic
agitation and hyperactivity, it may also signal the existence of an underlying problem. This
restlessness may take the form of confrontational or aggressive behaviour.
More obvious signs that an adolescent may be suicidal include low self-esteem and self-
deprecating remarks. Some teens come right out and talk or write about their suicidal thoughts -
this should be taken seriously, and not ignored with the hope that it's a passing phase. Any
previous attempts at suicide are loud and clear cries for help, which demand responses before
it's too late.
As a society, how do we address these issues?
It's essential that you take suicidal behaviour or previous attempts seriously - and get assistance
quickly.Aside from professional treatment, a suicidal teen needs to know there are people who
care, and who are available to talk to. Good support means listening to what's troubling
somebody without passing judgment on his or her feelings. A person should be reassured that
there are always solutions to problems or ways other than suicide for coping with them. Giving
an adolescent the chance to open up and talk about his or her feelings will help relieve some of
5. the distress of those intense emotions, and make that person feel less alone.
Don't hesitate to bring up the subject of suicide, and to ask direct questions. Somebody who
hasn't considered ending their life isn't going to adopt the idea simply because the possibility
has been raised. On the other hand, for individuals who are thinking about suicide, your concern
will only be reassuring. At the same time, people can take the opportunity to open up about their
distress.
Some parents may find that their adolescent child resists their advances and isn't willing to
confide in them. When teens insist their parents just "don't understand," it might be a good idea
to suggest they talk to a more objective or emotionally neutral person. This can include other
family members, religious leaders, a school counsellor, a coach, or a trusted doctor.
Restricting access to firearms and ammunition is also an important preventive measure. Weapons
kept in the home increase the risk that suicide attempts will be successful, by giving a suicidal
adolescent the means to take their own life.
Getting treatment
It is very important to seek professional help for the adolescent who may be suicidal. Guidance
counsellors at schools or counsellors at crisis centres can help ensure that a distressed teen
receives the needed assistance.
As the vast majority of adolescents who commit suicide have depressive symptoms, recognition
and evaluation of clinical depression - a treatable medical condition - is essential. Physicians,
including psychiatrists, provide both one-on-one counselling and medical treatment for the
biochemical causes of depression.
Psychological counselling will help a teen develop effective mechanisms for coping with
problems. These will be of value long after adolescence has ended, when a person has to face
many of the stresses routinely encountered during adulthood.
Why are STDs among teenagers at an all-time high? Is this a major public health concern?
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are a major health problem affecting mostly young people,
not only in developing, but also in developed countries.
Over the period 1985-1996, a general decrease of gonorrhoea, syphilis and chlamydia infections
was noted in developed countries, both in the general population and among adolescents. From
the mid-1990s however, increases in the diagnoses of sexually transmitted diseases, in particular
syphilis, gonorrhoea and chlamydia have been reported in several European countries, especially
among teenagers 16-19 years old.
The problem with most STDs is that they can occur symptom-free and can thus be passed on
unaware during unprotected sexual intercourse. On an individual level, complications can
include pelvic inflammatory diseases and possibly lead to ectopic pregnancies and infertility.
Female adolescents are likely to have a higher risk of contracting an STD than their male
6. counterparts as their partners are generally older and hence more likely to be infected.
The declining age of first sexual intercourse has been proffered as one possible explanation for
the increase in numbers of STDs. According to data from different European countries, the
average age of first sexual intercourse has decreased over the last three decades, with increasing
proportions of adolescents reporting sexual activity before the age of 16 years. An early onset of
sexual activity not only increases the probability of having various sexual partners, it also
increases the chances of contracting a sexually transmitted infection. The risk is higher for
female adolescents as their cervical anatomic development is incomplete and especially
vulnerable to infection by certain sexually transmitted pathogens.
The reluctance of adolescents to use condoms is another possible explanation for the increase in
STDs. Some surveys of adolescents have reported that condoms were found to be difficult to use
for sexually inexperienced, detract from sensual pleasure and also embarrassing to suggest.
Condoms have also been reported to be used primarily as a protection against pregnancy, not
STD, with their use becoming irregular when other contraceptives are used. Furthermore, many
adolescents do not perceive themselves to be at risk of contracting an STD.
STDs affect persons of all racial, cultural, socioeconomic, and religious groups in the United
States. Persons of all sexual orientations and sexually active persons in all states, communities,
and social networks are at risk for STDs. These diseases are a tremendous health and economic
burden on the people of the United States. STDs predominantly affect otherwise healthy youth
and young adults, but the consequences can be lifelong. This impact is largely unrecognized by
the public and even some health care professionals. Severe complications of STDs include
cancer, reproductive health problems, neurologic diseases, and sometimes death. Women and
their infants bear a disproportionate burden of these STD-associated complications. The
committee estimates that the total annual cost associated with major STDs is approximately $10
billion, which rises to $17 billion when sexually transmitted HIV infections are included. The
large number of STD-related deaths and morbidity, and the high costs of managing STDs and
their complications, in the United States underscores the importance of effective prevention
programs for STDs. Many cases of cancer, infertility, spontaneous abortions, low birth weight,
STD-related deaths, and other STD-related conditions are clearly preventable. These data justify
investing in effective STD prevention programs to both reduce human suffering and contain
health care costs.
The impact of STDs on women's health is substantial. STDs disproportionately impact women
because women are more susceptible to infection, they are more likely to have undetected
infections, and they are more likely to have STD-related complications compared to men.
Adolescents and young adults are at greatest risk for acquiring STDs. Female adolescents appear
to be particularly susceptible to several STDs. As described in Chapter 3, adolescents and young
7. adults are also likely to lack information regarding STDs, lack health insurance, and use
intoxicating drugs; these factors significantly increase risk for STDs.
Many STDs increase an individual's risk for acquiring and transmitting HIV infection.
Therefore, reducing STDs would decrease the incidence of HIV infection in the population.
Given the strong association between certain STDs and cervical, liver, and other cancers, cancer
prevention programs need to incorporate STD prevention strategies as means for preventing such
cancers. As emerging and reemerging infections, new sexually transmitted infections appear on a
regular basis and are likely to continue to do so as long as rates of risky sexual behaviors remain
high and global economic and demographic factors continue to promote emergence of new
STDs. STDs are major international health problems, and all nations will have to contribute to
prevention efforts on a global scale.
Solution
In your opinion, what are some of the most urgent issues related to adolescent and young adult
health?
Young people have to work through a broad range of issues as they move from childhood to
adulthood. They may have to deal with changes to their bodies and their feelings and they may
be thinking about having their first relationship or having sex.
Young people may also be exploring their identities in terms of their sexuality or gender identity.
They may want more independence from their families, and their friends may play a more
important part in their lives. Some may also want to experiment with alcohol and other drugs.
Although growing up can be an exciting time, it can also be confusing and challenging. Research
shows confident young people who feel supported by their families and friends are more likely to
safely negotiate issues like these. However, it is important to remember adolescence is generally
a time for experimenting with risky behaviours, even with good parenting and role modelling.
Teenagers and alcohol
Alcohol is one of the most widely used drugs in Australia. According to recent surveys, around
40 per cent of young people aged 12-17 have had a full serve of alcohol and around 60 per cent
of year 10-12 students have drunk alcohol at least once.
For young people, alcohol use is associated with a range of health risks, including:
· unsafe sex
· unwanted sex
· unintended pregnancy
· drink-driving and road accidents
· violence and aggressive behaviour
8. · criminal activity.
Teenagers and body image
Young people are at risk of developing a negative body image, where they dislike the way they
look.
The related health problems for young people can include:
· crash dieting and malnourishment
· eating disorders, including anorexia and bulimia nervosa
· obesity
· steroid use (to build muscle mass).
Teenagers and bullying
Estimates suggest around one in six children are bullied every few weeks or more in Australia.
Young people are bullied by their peers for many reasons, including:
· the way they look (for example, if they are overweight)
· resisting pressure to conform
· their cultural or socioeconomic background or religion
· their academic achievements
· their sexual orientation or behaviour
· being ‘the new kid’ at school.
Teenagers and smoking
Despite widespread media campaigns, tobacco smoking is still popular among young people in
Australia, especially young women, though the number of young people who smoke cigarettes is
decreasing.
· Smoking tobacco increases people’s risk of:
· cancers of the lung, throat and mouth
· reduced lung function
· asthma and other respiratory problems
· damaged senses of smell and taste
· heart disease, major heart attack and stroke.
Teenagers and family life
Young people can face issues relating to family life, including:
· relationship problems between family members
· family violence
· abuse, including neglect and physical, sexual or emotional abuse
· separation and divorce.
For some young people, a change in family circumstances can be positive. For example, if there
has been a lot of conflict in a family, separation may be a better option.
9. Teenagers and illicit drugs
Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) is an illicit drug commonly used by young people. Around 17 per
cent of year 10-12 students and around 14 per cent of 14-19 year olds have used cannabis at least
once. Other commonly used illicit drugs include hallucinogens, amphetamines, cocaine and
ecstasy, with very small percentages of 12 to 17 year olds having used one of these at least once.
It is often assumed that young people turn to illicit drugs to ease depression or anxiety, but most
try drugs simply for fun. Young men are more likely than young women to experiment with
illicit drugs. Those who smoke tobacco and drink alcohol are also more likely to try illicit drugs
than those who do not.
Teenagers and media
Media, including print, television, film and online, can negatively affect young people in many
ways, including:
· exposing them to extreme violence, which can desensitise them to reality
· supporting the cultural ideal that only thin is beautiful, which promotes body image
problems
· reinforcing the importance of money, consumerism and status symbols.
Teenagers and suicide
After car accidents, suicide is the most common cause of death among young people in
Australia. Research shows more young women than young men attempt suicide, but young men
are far more likely to take their own lives.
In the past 10 years, the suicide rate for males aged 15 to 24 years has dropped considerably.
However, young men living in rural and remote areas are more likely than those living in the city
to take their own lives.
Teenagers and sexual relationships
Young people need access to comprehensive, factual information about sexuality to safely
negotiate adult relationships.
The issues young people may be confronted with include:
· safer sex
· contraception
· sexually transmissible infections (STIs)
· unplanned pregnancy
· peer pressure
· cultural definitions of gender roles and sexual orientation.
Teenagers and pregnancy
South Australian figures show around three per cent of young women aged 15 to 19 years
became pregnant in 2011. Of these, around 50 per cent had an abortion.
10. Pregnancy can be a positive time for a young woman, but she may be confronted with issues
such as:
· emotional distress
· isolation or a lack of understanding and support from family and friends
· complications during pregnancy and birth
· financial pressures.
Why are we seeing an increase in adolescent suicide and mental health conditions (e.g.,
depression, anxiety)?
Many troubling and difficult situations can make a teen consider suicide. The same emotional
states that make adults vulnerable to considering suicide also apply to adolescents. Those with
good support networks (e.g., among family and peers, or extracurricular sport, social, or religious
associations) are likely to have an outlet to help them deal with their feelings. Others without
such networks are more susceptible during their emotional changes, and may feel that they're all
alone in times of trouble.
Apart from the normal pressures of teen life, specific circumstances can contribute to an
adolescent's consideration of suicide. It's especially difficult when adolescents are confronted
with problems that are out of their control, such as:
Many suicides are committed by people who are depressed. Depression is a mental health
disorder. It causes chemical imbalances in the brain, which can lead to despondency, lethargy, or
general apathy towards life. Almost half of 14- and 15-year-olds have reported feeling some
symptoms of depression, which makes coping with the extensive stresses of adolescence all the
more difficult. Symptoms of depression in youth are often overlooked or passed off as being
typical "adolescent turmoil."
Another serious problem that can lead teens to suicide - or aid in their plans to end their lives - is
the easy access many of them have to firearms, drugs, alcohol, and motor vehicles. For the
general population, about 30% of suicides involve firearms. Of all firearm-related deaths that
occur, about 80% are suicides.
Warning signs and risk factors
Suicidal tendencies don't just appear out of the blue: People usually display a number of
warning signs when things seem so wrong in their lives that they've simply given up hope.
Because adolescence is such a turbulent time, it may be difficult to distinguish the signs that lead
to suicide from the changing, sometimes uncertain but otherwise normal behaviour of teens.
Behaviour changes to watch for are:
Though many suicidal teens appear depressed or downcast, others hide their problems
underneath a disguise of excess energy. If an adolescent starts displaying uncharacteristic
agitation and hyperactivity, it may also signal the existence of an underlying problem. This
11. restlessness may take the form of confrontational or aggressive behaviour.
More obvious signs that an adolescent may be suicidal include low self-esteem and self-
deprecating remarks. Some teens come right out and talk or write about their suicidal thoughts -
this should be taken seriously, and not ignored with the hope that it's a passing phase. Any
previous attempts at suicide are loud and clear cries for help, which demand responses before
it's too late.
As a society, how do we address these issues?
It's essential that you take suicidal behaviour or previous attempts seriously - and get assistance
quickly.Aside from professional treatment, a suicidal teen needs to know there are people who
care, and who are available to talk to. Good support means listening to what's troubling
somebody without passing judgment on his or her feelings. A person should be reassured that
there are always solutions to problems or ways other than suicide for coping with them. Giving
an adolescent the chance to open up and talk about his or her feelings will help relieve some of
the distress of those intense emotions, and make that person feel less alone.
Don't hesitate to bring up the subject of suicide, and to ask direct questions. Somebody who
hasn't considered ending their life isn't going to adopt the idea simply because the possibility
has been raised. On the other hand, for individuals who are thinking about suicide, your concern
will only be reassuring. At the same time, people can take the opportunity to open up about their
distress.
Some parents may find that their adolescent child resists their advances and isn't willing to
confide in them. When teens insist their parents just "don't understand," it might be a good idea
to suggest they talk to a more objective or emotionally neutral person. This can include other
family members, religious leaders, a school counsellor, a coach, or a trusted doctor.
Restricting access to firearms and ammunition is also an important preventive measure. Weapons
kept in the home increase the risk that suicide attempts will be successful, by giving a suicidal
adolescent the means to take their own life.
Getting treatment
It is very important to seek professional help for the adolescent who may be suicidal. Guidance
counsellors at schools or counsellors at crisis centres can help ensure that a distressed teen
receives the needed assistance.
As the vast majority of adolescents who commit suicide have depressive symptoms, recognition
and evaluation of clinical depression - a treatable medical condition - is essential. Physicians,
including psychiatrists, provide both one-on-one counselling and medical treatment for the
biochemical causes of depression.
Psychological counselling will help a teen develop effective mechanisms for coping with
problems. These will be of value long after adolescence has ended, when a person has to face
12. many of the stresses routinely encountered during adulthood.
Why are STDs among teenagers at an all-time high? Is this a major public health concern?
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are a major health problem affecting mostly young people,
not only in developing, but also in developed countries.
Over the period 1985-1996, a general decrease of gonorrhoea, syphilis and chlamydia infections
was noted in developed countries, both in the general population and among adolescents. From
the mid-1990s however, increases in the diagnoses of sexually transmitted diseases, in particular
syphilis, gonorrhoea and chlamydia have been reported in several European countries, especially
among teenagers 16-19 years old.
The problem with most STDs is that they can occur symptom-free and can thus be passed on
unaware during unprotected sexual intercourse. On an individual level, complications can
include pelvic inflammatory diseases and possibly lead to ectopic pregnancies and infertility.
Female adolescents are likely to have a higher risk of contracting an STD than their male
counterparts as their partners are generally older and hence more likely to be infected.
The declining age of first sexual intercourse has been proffered as one possible explanation for
the increase in numbers of STDs. According to data from different European countries, the
average age of first sexual intercourse has decreased over the last three decades, with increasing
proportions of adolescents reporting sexual activity before the age of 16 years. An early onset of
sexual activity not only increases the probability of having various sexual partners, it also
increases the chances of contracting a sexually transmitted infection. The risk is higher for
female adolescents as their cervical anatomic development is incomplete and especially
vulnerable to infection by certain sexually transmitted pathogens.
The reluctance of adolescents to use condoms is another possible explanation for the increase in
STDs. Some surveys of adolescents have reported that condoms were found to be difficult to use
for sexually inexperienced, detract from sensual pleasure and also embarrassing to suggest.
Condoms have also been reported to be used primarily as a protection against pregnancy, not
STD, with their use becoming irregular when other contraceptives are used. Furthermore, many
adolescents do not perceive themselves to be at risk of contracting an STD.
STDs affect persons of all racial, cultural, socioeconomic, and religious groups in the United
States. Persons of all sexual orientations and sexually active persons in all states, communities,
and social networks are at risk for STDs. These diseases are a tremendous health and economic
burden on the people of the United States. STDs predominantly affect otherwise healthy youth
and young adults, but the consequences can be lifelong. This impact is largely unrecognized by
the public and even some health care professionals. Severe complications of STDs include
cancer, reproductive health problems, neurologic diseases, and sometimes death. Women and
their infants bear a disproportionate burden of these STD-associated complications. The
13. committee estimates that the total annual cost associated with major STDs is approximately $10
billion, which rises to $17 billion when sexually transmitted HIV infections are included. The
large number of STD-related deaths and morbidity, and the high costs of managing STDs and
their complications, in the United States underscores the importance of effective prevention
programs for STDs. Many cases of cancer, infertility, spontaneous abortions, low birth weight,
STD-related deaths, and other STD-related conditions are clearly preventable. These data justify
investing in effective STD prevention programs to both reduce human suffering and contain
health care costs.
The impact of STDs on women's health is substantial. STDs disproportionately impact women
because women are more susceptible to infection, they are more likely to have undetected
infections, and they are more likely to have STD-related complications compared to men.
Adolescents and young adults are at greatest risk for acquiring STDs. Female adolescents appear
to be particularly susceptible to several STDs. As described in Chapter 3, adolescents and young
adults are also likely to lack information regarding STDs, lack health insurance, and use
intoxicating drugs; these factors significantly increase risk for STDs.
Many STDs increase an individual's risk for acquiring and transmitting HIV infection.
Therefore, reducing STDs would decrease the incidence of HIV infection in the population.
Given the strong association between certain STDs and cervical, liver, and other cancers, cancer
prevention programs need to incorporate STD prevention strategies as means for preventing such
cancers. As emerging and reemerging infections, new sexually transmitted infections appear on a
regular basis and are likely to continue to do so as long as rates of risky sexual behaviors remain
high and global economic and demographic factors continue to promote emergence of new
STDs. STDs are major international health problems, and all nations will have to contribute to
prevention efforts on a global scale.