An Investigation of Critical Failure Factors In Information Technology ProjectsIOSR Journals
Rate of failed projects in information technology system project remains high in comparison with other infrastructure or high technology projects. The objective of this paper is to determine and represent a broad range of potential failure factors during the implementation phase and cause of IS/IT Project defeat/failure. Challenges exist in order to achieve the projects goal successfully and to avoid the failure. In this research study, 12 articles were studied as significant contributions to analyze developing a list of critical failure factors of IT projects
The project was done as part of my summer internship at University of Applied Sciences, Western Switzerland (HES-SO) under the guidance of Prof.(Dr.) Florian Evequoz. The objective of project was to on the design an E-Government Application called CARES( Computer-Aided Requirements Engineering Software).It is a cloud-based requirements engineering (RE) tool allowing Swiss public administrations to create WTO-conform procurement documents towards their business processes.
With CARES, authorities will be able to:
• Document and model their business processes (BP) as recommended by Swiss E-Government standards
• Use the BP represented in BPMN as a basis for Requirements Engineering (RE)
• Enrich the process documentation in case BPMN would not be sufficient for RE
• Generate a complete requirements report that can be published as a request for proposal
Following a UX design lifecycle literature and online study was done and comparative analysis of the related software (Signavio) in the domain was performed. Next user interviews and contextual inquiry were carried out by travelling to Swiss cities and meeting the users from Swiss IT companies, public administrations etc. The interviews were recorded and documented. Affinity analysis of the user interviews was done and several ideas and insights were generated through Brainstorming .New goals were defined, two user personas were identified and information architecture was build. Finally prototypes were made in form of high fidelity wireframes and visuals
An Investigation of Critical Failure Factors In Information Technology ProjectsIOSR Journals
Rate of failed projects in information technology system project remains high in comparison with other infrastructure or high technology projects. The objective of this paper is to determine and represent a broad range of potential failure factors during the implementation phase and cause of IS/IT Project defeat/failure. Challenges exist in order to achieve the projects goal successfully and to avoid the failure. In this research study, 12 articles were studied as significant contributions to analyze developing a list of critical failure factors of IT projects
The project was done as part of my summer internship at University of Applied Sciences, Western Switzerland (HES-SO) under the guidance of Prof.(Dr.) Florian Evequoz. The objective of project was to on the design an E-Government Application called CARES( Computer-Aided Requirements Engineering Software).It is a cloud-based requirements engineering (RE) tool allowing Swiss public administrations to create WTO-conform procurement documents towards their business processes.
With CARES, authorities will be able to:
• Document and model their business processes (BP) as recommended by Swiss E-Government standards
• Use the BP represented in BPMN as a basis for Requirements Engineering (RE)
• Enrich the process documentation in case BPMN would not be sufficient for RE
• Generate a complete requirements report that can be published as a request for proposal
Following a UX design lifecycle literature and online study was done and comparative analysis of the related software (Signavio) in the domain was performed. Next user interviews and contextual inquiry were carried out by travelling to Swiss cities and meeting the users from Swiss IT companies, public administrations etc. The interviews were recorded and documented. Affinity analysis of the user interviews was done and several ideas and insights were generated through Brainstorming .New goals were defined, two user personas were identified and information architecture was build. Finally prototypes were made in form of high fidelity wireframes and visuals
Design and Implementation of an AutomatedPersonnel Recruitment System Nathalia Kharisma Sari
This is my summary of International Journal Human Resources Management.
The title is Design and Implementation of an AutomatedPersonnel Recruitment System.
• Seasoned data engineer with 9 years of experience in data warehousing business intelligence. Hands on experience in large scale, Massively Parallel Processing, distributed and highly available database systems. Having exposure on various domains like Banking, E-Commerce/Online payments, medical systems, Fashion Application Systems (FAS), Retailer, telecom industry and Logistics.
Project Proposal Service Center Management softwareAdam Waheed
Service center professional is software which can manage full service life cycle of an organization. The software is a web based application which will be developed on PHP MySQL to solve current problems of Albion service center .This software is very useful for medium and small sized organizations
TOWARDS AUTOMATION OF SOA-BASED BUSINESS PROCESSESIJCSEA Journal
The adoption of business processes to design business activities is becoming a reality to a significant number of companies. In addition, the Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is being used in diverse situations for the execution of business processes using computational resources. In this context, the need of business process automation appears with high relevance. In this work, we present a solution named BPA-SOA, which aims to automate SOA-based business processes, specified in BPMN, into WS-BPEL executable processes. In BPA-SOA, business and service information can be specified at the business level, translated into executable artifacts, deployed in execution-level resources and enforced at runtime. An illustrative scenario is presented to better illustrate and showcase the proposed solution.
Today’s highly competitive and customer-centric market conditions have pushed software and
solution delivery organizations beyond the traditionally accepted limits of software
development and delivery capabilities. Lean methodologies such as Lean Six Sigma and DevOps
can help improve operational solution delivery capacities through
Streamlining of solution delivery process
Improved software quality
Automation of system operations
Self-administration of system operations by development teams
Agile methodologies augment such operational improvements with their own enablement of
faster time to market (TTM) by transforming the Lean concept of value-added activities into
value-added product features. Agile software architecture augments solution delivery
organizations’ Agile software development life cycle (SDLC) capabilities with flexible
architectures that facilitate future product development.
Design and Implementation of an AutomatedPersonnel Recruitment System Nathalia Kharisma Sari
This is my summary of International Journal Human Resources Management.
The title is Design and Implementation of an AutomatedPersonnel Recruitment System.
• Seasoned data engineer with 9 years of experience in data warehousing business intelligence. Hands on experience in large scale, Massively Parallel Processing, distributed and highly available database systems. Having exposure on various domains like Banking, E-Commerce/Online payments, medical systems, Fashion Application Systems (FAS), Retailer, telecom industry and Logistics.
Project Proposal Service Center Management softwareAdam Waheed
Service center professional is software which can manage full service life cycle of an organization. The software is a web based application which will be developed on PHP MySQL to solve current problems of Albion service center .This software is very useful for medium and small sized organizations
TOWARDS AUTOMATION OF SOA-BASED BUSINESS PROCESSESIJCSEA Journal
The adoption of business processes to design business activities is becoming a reality to a significant number of companies. In addition, the Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is being used in diverse situations for the execution of business processes using computational resources. In this context, the need of business process automation appears with high relevance. In this work, we present a solution named BPA-SOA, which aims to automate SOA-based business processes, specified in BPMN, into WS-BPEL executable processes. In BPA-SOA, business and service information can be specified at the business level, translated into executable artifacts, deployed in execution-level resources and enforced at runtime. An illustrative scenario is presented to better illustrate and showcase the proposed solution.
Today’s highly competitive and customer-centric market conditions have pushed software and
solution delivery organizations beyond the traditionally accepted limits of software
development and delivery capabilities. Lean methodologies such as Lean Six Sigma and DevOps
can help improve operational solution delivery capacities through
Streamlining of solution delivery process
Improved software quality
Automation of system operations
Self-administration of system operations by development teams
Agile methodologies augment such operational improvements with their own enablement of
faster time to market (TTM) by transforming the Lean concept of value-added activities into
value-added product features. Agile software architecture augments solution delivery
organizations’ Agile software development life cycle (SDLC) capabilities with flexible
architectures that facilitate future product development.
Agile software development and challengeseSAT Journals
Abstract Loyal and steady customer base alone can keep the organizations successful in the current turbulent business environment. In the current era of software engineering, the success of a business process is measured in terms of „customer satisfaction‟ rather than any other criteria like meeting deadlines for delivery, optimization of data, architecture etc. Day by day, customers are turning out to be more demanding, as their expectations from the software are growing. In order to achieve customer satisfaction in a meaningful way, software engineers are looking for more effective development models. “Agile” is one such model, that fits the bill and therefore industry is looking at with interest .Is agile better than traditional waterfall model will agile work effectively with distributed teams which is most common in the current software engineering Phenomenon. This paper highlights a few challenges with Agile->scrum and gives an insight to the user whether the agile is THE SILVER BULLET . Index Terms: waterfall, Agile, Scrum, XP, distributed teams
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IT PROJECT SHOWSTOPPER FRAMEWORK: THE VIEW OF PRACTITIONERSijseajournal
The study intended to unravel critical IT project showstoppers which tend to halt IT projects temporarily or permanently, and ultimately cause them to fail, by positioning them in the systems development life cycle (SDLC) framework. Interviewing 8 IT project and program managers of the banking and telecommunications industries in Ghana individually and in a group, 19 critical showstoppers were identified spanning the whole SDLC. Generally, it was observed that for the successful completion of IT projects, the expertise and availability of project managers and team members are critical. Again, the project manager must be able to prove that the project is in line with the objectives and strategic direction of the business, is being mounted to gain competitive advantage, and has a solid business case. Thirdly, funding is key at all stages of the cycle, as well as approval for continuation at various stages.
The software development process heavily relies on requirement engineering as it forms the base for entire process. Although software engineering is full of methods for requirement analysis, the problem we face is which method to select and how to apply it. It is expected that we should be able to get clear and complete idea about what is expected by the user from the proposed system. This puts emphasis on requirement analysis process. The method we need to adopt should enable us to get clear and complete set of requirements. The requirement engineering process dependent on abilities of the persons carrying out the process also the nature of system puts certain constraints on the process. . This paper is an attempt to look at certain problems posed by the requirement engineering process and possible corrective measures against it to help improve overall software quality.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
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COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
2. Fig. 1. Interface Requirement Document - Structure and Sample Content
• ESB in traditional implementations were stateless ma-
chines and never store any transaction data or payload.
Logs may be available with limited information
• Based on the characteristics of connectors or adapters
used in an interface, transaction data may not clearly
identify source or target application
• In some middleware platforms, the data is in proprietary
format and sometimes the platform may not expose data
to enable reverse engineering
Apart from system and technical environment challenges
cited above, there are people challenges observed in every
project. While some are common to any software project, few
challenges are unique to middleware projects. Interface being
like a bridge between applications, is not considered as an
independent entity for ownership impacting the middleware
projects in the following ways:
• No specific resource person for information elicitation,
unlike an application or a business process
• Middleware work is not included in the work plans for
the organizational units that support projects on various
applications and business processes. So, getting cross
functional commitment from the resource persons is
always a challenge
• Middleware technical team is the best knowledge re-
source for requirements. However, this team in all organi-
zations is a small shared services team, already burdened
with huge backlog of work and conflicts with priorities
of different projects, so getting their attention and time
too is a challenge
III. NATURE AND CONTENT OF MIDDLEWARE
REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION
The IRD consists of functional and non-functional require-
ments. Figure 1 provides a schematic overview of the content
of the elements of the interface requirement document.
The different requirements specification attributes for an
IRD should cover the following dimensions:
• General information
• Functional requirements
• Business capabilities and Process dependencies
Fig. 2. Different interventions for requirements elicitation
• Business impact
• Volume, Scalability and Performance
• Special design considerations
• Connectivity and Scheduling
• Data persistence
• Privacy and Security
• Testing and Error handling
• Legal and Regulatory requirements
IV. BEST PRACTICES FROM INDUSTRY EXPERIENCE
Different kinds of interventions were used for requirements
elicitation. Figure 2 lists the different interventions and the
suitability for different project types. Other artifacts developed
to help improve the quality of information in an IRD include
• Technical guidelines for interfaces
• Checklist to verify that necessary attributes are docu-
mented in an IRD
• Multi-dimensional Viewpoints model for checking the
completeness of interfaces identified in the project scope
V. FUTURE WORK
Based on the lessons learnt from the past projects, work is
in progress to determine if middleware requirements can be
integrated into DevOps tool chain in a Digital Transformation
program that involves IPaaS implementation.
Using machine learning, it is possible to enhance the
automation of requirements elicitation, to minimize the impact
caused by limited availability of human stake holders and
the current methods of requirement elicitation. This is an
immediate research focus for the authors.
REFERENCES
[1] R.van der Muelen,“Use a hybrid integration approach to empower
digital transformation”. Gartner. Updated April 26, 2018. [Online].
Available at https://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/use-a-hybrid-
integration-approach-to-empower-digital-transformation, Accessed on:
May 11, 2020.
[2] V. Issarny, M. Caporuscio and N. Georgantas, ”A Perspective on the
Future of Middleware-based Software Engineering,” Future of Software
Engineering (FOSE ’07), Minneapolis, MN, 2007, pp. 244-258, doi:
10.1109/FOSE.2007.2.
[3] W. Emmerich, ”Software engineering and middleware: a roadmap,”
in the Proceedings of the Conference on The Future of Software
Engineering (ICSE ’00), ACM New York, NY, 2000, pp. 117-129, doi:
https://DOI.org/10.1145/336512.336542.
413
3. VI. ANNEXURE
Additional information to support the content in the main
paper is provided for a deeper understanding of the audience.
A sample IRD will be used to explain the concepts discussed
in this paper along with explaining more about the utilities
and tools used as best practices in various projects that have
been described in the various sections of this Annexure.
A. Principles for middleware interface requirements
Before embarking on the requirements elicitation, it is
essential to finalize the design principles for middleware
interfaces. These principles can help in improving QoR elicited
for IRD attributes Some common principles that are derived
from authors’ experience in middleware projects are:
• Develop reusable application programming interfaces
(API) as preferred way of data integration, wherever
possible
• Only secure protocols to be used, avoids insecure trans-
mission
• Mandatory encryption for data elements that are subject
to regulatory compliance like SOX, GDPR
• No archival / persistence of business data at the middle-
ware layer
• Source / Target system teams should advise the middle-
ware project team for any specific fault handling at the
middleware layer apart from common exception handling
within the platform
• Source / Target system teams must perform data valida-
tion as per agreed layout and stop processing in case of
data validation failures
• Source / Target system teams must have estimates of data
volumes expected to be processed by an interface
• No business data to be sent in email messages triggered
by failures in interface processing
• No changes should be accommodated in Middleware
layer to overcome the performance issues in Source /
Target systems
A disciplined alignment with these design principles can
help in optimizing the scope in being able to rationalize the
number of interfaces necessary for the project.
B. Attributes and Dimensions to be documented in an IRD
An IRD is the full source of interface requirements infor-
mation for a middleware developer. Figure 3 provides an
overview of the various attributes that are necessary to be
captured under each dimension of requirements specification
as part of an IRD.
All the dimensions and attributes depicted in Figure 3 along
with the source system to target system mapping will help in
preparing an IRD with high QoR.
Figure 4 depicts a handy checklist for the requirements
analyst and interface designer to ensure completeness of the
requirements specifications in an IRD.
Fig. 3. Requirement Dimensions and Attributes
Fig. 4. Checklist for validating completeness of IRD
C. Multi Dimensional ViewPoints Validation Model
In many projects, interfaces are identified based on the
business requirements view specified by the customer from
their active memory. These requirements pertain to frequently
and commonly used processes and miss out capturing special
and infrequently used business processes that are dormant
in memory. Moreover since the interfaces are not owned
by any specific application or business process owner, such
misses are more likely in middleware projects than in other
software projects. To prevent such lapses, a multi dimensional
viewpoints validation model is developed that can help prompt
any such misses.
This model is based on standard industry business process
models and best practices brought in by system integrators like
the authors’ company from their experience gained from other
customers in the same business domain. Figure 5 provides an
overview of this model.
D. Requirements Capturing and Governance Tool
In projects with large number of interfaces, it is a greater
challenge to manually collect the attributes required for the
IRD. An online tool was developed where information elicited
from the user helps to derive the inference and prompts gaps
in completion immediately and ensuring documenting missing
attribute values quickly.
Figure 6 provides a process view of the different functions
built into the tool used for requirements capturing.
414
4. Fig. 5. Four Dimension ViewPoints Validation Model
Fig. 6. Requirements Capturing and Governance Tool Process Flow
Figure 7 and Figure 8 are screenshots from the tool
used for requirements capturing. They show the perspective of
source and target system requirement specification attributes
respectively that are keyed in or chosen from the various drop
down lists defined in the user interface of the tool.
Fig. 7. Screenshot of User Interface to capture Source System attributes
Fig. 8. Screenshot of User Interface to capture Target System attributes
The complete information is consolidated and generate an
IRD automatically. This tool also has workflows mechanism
to manage approvals of the requirements as well as monitoring
the progress of interface life cycle throughout the project, thus
providing control to the stakeholders to intervene at the right
point in time and improve responsiveness and address delays
due to information unavailability or people availability in a
better manner.
E. Machine Learning based automation - future research
focus area
To help the requirements analyst, a chat-bot shall be de-
signed. It will be capable of asking the questions based on
the profile of a person driven by cognitive instruction coming
from the learning model. Entire information will be captured
categorically into the database. This database will be mined,
explored by the rules and models built in the engine to derive
the inferences for attribute values recommendations. Multiple
versions of the IRD can be produced but the best document
with highest accuracy will be generated as recommendation to
undergo review and approval by customer.
The Recommendation Engine model will be based on
similar four dimensions like the ViewPoints validation model
depicted in Figure 5. However since the data is analyzed by
machine intelligence, the processing and cognitive ability is
enhanced and will improve the ability to address the gaps
much beyond capabilities of the current interventions and
methods.
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