The document proposes a method to improve text rendering performance by converting subset embedded fonts to complete font files. It discusses how rendering text as shapes instead of text increases printer spool size and slows performance. The method involves converting subset embedded fonts to proper TTF files by adding missing data, and rendering the fonts using language frameworks so text is rendered instead of shapes. This reduces spool size and improves application performance.
This document discusses collaborative modeling and metamodeling. It describes how collaboration allows multiple engineers to work together in defining modeling languages and creating models. Collaboration enables language definitions and models to be integrated, checked early, and developed faster. It also improves scalability by allowing large teams to work together on large models using multiple integrated modeling languages.
Generic Tools - Specific Languages (PhD Defense Slides)Markus Voelter
Generic Tools, Specific Languages (GTSL) is an approach for developing tools and applications in a way that supports easier and more meaningful adaptation to specific domains. To achieve this goal, GTSL generalizes programming language IDEs to domains traditionally not addressed by languages and IDEs. At its core, GTSL represents applications as documents/programs/models expressed with suitable languages. Application functionality is provided through an IDE that is aware of the languages and their semantics. The IDE provides editing support, and also directly integrates domain-specific analyses and execution services. Applications and their languages can be adapted to increasingly specific domains using language engineering; this includes developing incremental extensions to existing languages or creating additional, tightly integrated languages. Language workbenches act as the foundation on which such applications are built.
PYFML- A TEXTUAL LANGUAGE FOR FEATURE MODELINGijseajournal
The document describes PyFML, a new textual feature modeling language based on Python. PyFML aims to generalize classical feature models by supporting extensions like cardinalities, attributes, and complex cross-tree constraints. It uses the textX meta-language to build the PyFML grammar and maps feature models to a Python object representation that can be analyzed by the PyConstraint solver. The language is designed to provide a human-readable notation for feature models while enabling scalable analysis of large problems.
An important aspect of a program, apart from its ability to solve the problem, is its maintainability. A program has to undergo frequent changes in its lifetime because of the change in the problems to be solved. If a program is not written in a manner that allows incorporating changes easily, after a while, it may become useless altogether.
One way to bring some discipline into programming practices is structured programming. It is a way of creating programs that ensures high quality of maintainability, reusability, amenability to easy debugging and readability.
GOTO
The Improvement and Performance of Mobile Environment using Both Cloud and Te...IJwest
This document discusses using cloud and text computing to improve file sharing between mobile devices. It proposes a wireless network that allows devices within 300 meters to share files securely at speeds of 50-140 Mbps. This is an improvement over existing Bluetooth file transfer which has short range, slow speeds, and security issues. The document describes how cloud computing provides shared computing resources over the internet and text computing further enhances performance. It outlines advantages like reduced costs, increased storage, flexibility and mobility. Overall cloud and text computing could allow easy information transfer between devices without internet.
Elderly Text-Entry Performance on TouchscreensHugo Nicolau
The document summarizes a study on elderly users' text entry performance on touchscreens. It found that elderly users had higher error rates when using mobile devices compared to tablets. The most common errors were omissions, where users forgot to type words. Insertion errors were also common on mobile devices and correlated with hand tremor. Substitution errors were more common on mobile devices and often due to poor aiming accuracy. Based on the findings, the document suggests implications for touchscreen keyboard design like shifting layouts, understanding typing behaviors, addressing poor aiming, allowing personalization, and compensating for hand tremor. It concludes more research is needed to analyze tremor data and develop touch models.
B#: Chord-based Correction for Multitouch Braille InputHugo Nicolau
The document describes a chord-based correction method called B# for improving the accuracy of braille input on touchscreens. B# was tested with 11 blind participants and found to reduce errors by 18% overall compared to the standard Android spellchecker, with a maximum accuracy of 75% for B# versus 55% for Android. B# uses a scoring function that calculates the distance between typed and expected characters to identify and correct errors at the chord level rather than character-level corrections.
This document discusses collaborative modeling and metamodeling. It describes how collaboration allows multiple engineers to work together in defining modeling languages and creating models. Collaboration enables language definitions and models to be integrated, checked early, and developed faster. It also improves scalability by allowing large teams to work together on large models using multiple integrated modeling languages.
Generic Tools - Specific Languages (PhD Defense Slides)Markus Voelter
Generic Tools, Specific Languages (GTSL) is an approach for developing tools and applications in a way that supports easier and more meaningful adaptation to specific domains. To achieve this goal, GTSL generalizes programming language IDEs to domains traditionally not addressed by languages and IDEs. At its core, GTSL represents applications as documents/programs/models expressed with suitable languages. Application functionality is provided through an IDE that is aware of the languages and their semantics. The IDE provides editing support, and also directly integrates domain-specific analyses and execution services. Applications and their languages can be adapted to increasingly specific domains using language engineering; this includes developing incremental extensions to existing languages or creating additional, tightly integrated languages. Language workbenches act as the foundation on which such applications are built.
PYFML- A TEXTUAL LANGUAGE FOR FEATURE MODELINGijseajournal
The document describes PyFML, a new textual feature modeling language based on Python. PyFML aims to generalize classical feature models by supporting extensions like cardinalities, attributes, and complex cross-tree constraints. It uses the textX meta-language to build the PyFML grammar and maps feature models to a Python object representation that can be analyzed by the PyConstraint solver. The language is designed to provide a human-readable notation for feature models while enabling scalable analysis of large problems.
An important aspect of a program, apart from its ability to solve the problem, is its maintainability. A program has to undergo frequent changes in its lifetime because of the change in the problems to be solved. If a program is not written in a manner that allows incorporating changes easily, after a while, it may become useless altogether.
One way to bring some discipline into programming practices is structured programming. It is a way of creating programs that ensures high quality of maintainability, reusability, amenability to easy debugging and readability.
GOTO
The Improvement and Performance of Mobile Environment using Both Cloud and Te...IJwest
This document discusses using cloud and text computing to improve file sharing between mobile devices. It proposes a wireless network that allows devices within 300 meters to share files securely at speeds of 50-140 Mbps. This is an improvement over existing Bluetooth file transfer which has short range, slow speeds, and security issues. The document describes how cloud computing provides shared computing resources over the internet and text computing further enhances performance. It outlines advantages like reduced costs, increased storage, flexibility and mobility. Overall cloud and text computing could allow easy information transfer between devices without internet.
Elderly Text-Entry Performance on TouchscreensHugo Nicolau
The document summarizes a study on elderly users' text entry performance on touchscreens. It found that elderly users had higher error rates when using mobile devices compared to tablets. The most common errors were omissions, where users forgot to type words. Insertion errors were also common on mobile devices and correlated with hand tremor. Substitution errors were more common on mobile devices and often due to poor aiming accuracy. Based on the findings, the document suggests implications for touchscreen keyboard design like shifting layouts, understanding typing behaviors, addressing poor aiming, allowing personalization, and compensating for hand tremor. It concludes more research is needed to analyze tremor data and develop touch models.
B#: Chord-based Correction for Multitouch Braille InputHugo Nicolau
The document describes a chord-based correction method called B# for improving the accuracy of braille input on touchscreens. B# was tested with 11 blind participants and found to reduce errors by 18% overall compared to the standard Android spellchecker, with a maximum accuracy of 75% for B# versus 55% for Android. B# uses a scoring function that calculates the distance between typed and expected characters to identify and correct errors at the chord level rather than character-level corrections.
This document provides a syllabus for a Desktop Publishing course for B.Com 1st year students. The syllabus covers 5 units:
1) Introduction to desktop publishing software, hardware requirements, and commercial DTP packages.
2) Types of graphics, fonts, printers, and scanners used in DTP.
Desktop publishing allows users to combine text and graphics to produce publications. It builds on word processing skills and uses software like Adobe InDesign, QuarkXPress, and Microsoft Publisher. Key aspects of desktop publishing include setting up pages, columns, margins and master pages. Users can also customize fonts, colors, and paragraph styles. Documents are created by selecting templates, arranging text and images, and manipulating type through techniques like kerning and leading. Desktop publishing is important as it enhances visual communication and streamlines information dissemination.
The document discusses text and its use in multimedia. It describes factors that affect text legibility like font size and style. It recommends choosing easily readable fonts in few sizes and colors. It also discusses tools for editing and designing fonts used to create custom fonts and manipulate existing ones. These tools include Fontographer and Font Monger. The document also discusses using text in multimedia, like subtitles, and navigation elements like menus and buttons. Hypertext and hypermedia are discussed along with their structures like nodes, anchors, and links that allow non-linear navigation.
Desktop publishing introduces concepts for developing sophisticated documents like brochures and reports using industry software and hardware. It builds on word processing skills by allowing manipulation of text and graphics. Upon completing the course, students will be able to understand and apply computer technology related to careers, basic terminology, produce newsletters with publication software, and understand the importance of desktop publishing in business.
Elem of design unit 7 module 2 investigation of fontskateridrex
This document discusses different types of digital fonts, including TrueType, PostScript Type 1, and OpenType fonts. It explains that TrueType and PostScript Type 1 fonts contain screen and printer font files that must both be installed, while OpenType fonts can be used on both Windows and Mac systems. The document also provides tips for managing fonts, such as using font management software to organize fonts into collections and enable or disable them.
The document discusses the evolution of word processing from typewriters to modern digital tools. It outlines the basic steps of the word processing process, including entering text, editing, formatting, and printing. Additional tools like outliners, thesauruses, and spelling/grammar checkers are explored. Desktop publishing is introduced as bringing together word processing, graphics, and page layout capabilities to more easily produce publications. The future of paperless and voice-based word processing technologies is also considered.
In the field of touchy processing, many people would access the touchy phones, keypads etc. where the disadvantage of touchy system is all about touch screen. So, to overcome this problem, we are going to develop a project based on touch less device which is used to access and process our data with minimum time complexity for optimization of the sourcing data. Our project contain marker to highlight required key term. Touch less detects both the size and location of “Marker’s Gestures” for writing purposes. Whereas the camera played a key role to select our object that is an image for it’s processing. In this, we are giving command on camera to identify the gestures by Touch less SDK and reducing manual efforts.
In the field of touchy processing, many people would access the touchy phones, keypads etc. where the disadvantage of touchy system is all about touch screen. So, to overcome this problem, we are going to develop a project based on touch less device which is used to access and process our data with minimum time complexity for optimization of the sourcing data. Our project contain marker to highlight required key term. Touch less detects both the size and location of “Marker’s Gestures” for writing purposes. Whereas the camera played a key role to select our object that is an image for it’s processing. In this, we are giving command on camera to identify the gestures by Touch less SDK and reducing manual efforts.
Computer software provides instructions that tell computers what to do. There are different types of software for different needs. Application software is designed for specific tasks like word processing, spreadsheets, presentations, databases, communication, graphics, desktop publishing, and games. Word processing software allows creating, editing, and formatting documents, spreadsheets organize and calculate numbers, and presentation software displays information as slideshows.
Overlapping optimization with parsing through metagrammarsIAEME Publication
This document describes techniques for improving the performance of a meta framework developed by combining C++ and Java language segments. The meta framework identifies and parses source code containing C++ and Java statements using a metagrammar. Bytecodes are generated from the abstract syntax tree and optimized using techniques associated with the metagrammar, such as constant propagation. Constant propagation identifies constant values and replaces variables with those values to simplify expressions and reduce unnecessary computations. Other optimizations discussed include function inlining, exception handling, and eliminating unreachable code through constant folding. The goal is to develop an optimized meta framework that generates efficient bytecodes for hybrid C++ and Java source code.
Class 17-18 Introduction to Perl.pdf bbbbbb21h51a0581
Jjjnnnnnnn nnn ummmm hai ra hai u happy birthday u u happy u uzz my dear u happy u happy birthday to you too bangaram ji ki vacha ra exam undhe mrg nuchi thinnaledhu mrg u happy birthday to you too bangaram u uzz my love you u happy birthday to you too bangaram u happy birthday zzzzzzz God bless you all the best for your life and your family a very happy u happy birthday to you too bangaram u happy birthday to you too u happy birthday to you too bangaram u happy birthday to you too bangaram u happy birthday to you too bangaram u happy birthday to you too bangaram u u happy birthday to you too bangaram u
Different software packages are used to perform different tasks on a computer. Common software types include text editors, word processors, desktop publishers, databases, spreadsheets, charting packages, presentation software, web browsers, email clients, graphics software, and programming languages. Each software type has different strengths and capabilities that make it more suitable for certain tasks over others.
IRJET- Voice to Code Editor using Speech RecognitionIRJET Journal
This document presents a summary of a research paper on developing a voice-controlled code editor using speech recognition. A team of students and a professor from S.B Jain Institute of Technology, Management and Research created a Java program editor that allows users to write code using voice commands. The editor takes advantage of the natural human ability to speak language and allows coding more accurately and intuitively compared to manual typing. It analyzes the user's speech using acoustic and language modeling with Hidden Markov Models to accurately recognize commands. The proposed voice-controlled code editor is designed to reduce typing errors, improve coding speed, and enable people with disabilities to operate a computer. It will support basic editing tasks and allow switching between voice and manual input.
1. The document describes an automatic graphical design generator system that takes a program file as input and generates a graphical design of the program without requiring the user to have knowledge of the program.
2. It aims to reduce the time and effort required to manually create graphical designs by dragging and dropping symbols. The proposed system can generate designs for programs written in languages like Java as long as the program is logically and syntactically correct.
3. Graphical designs provide an easy way to understand complex programs for students and software testers. The automatic generation of designs from code can also assist with reverse engineering programs where the code is available but a design is needed.
This document provides guidance on how to become a good software engineer. It discusses what programming is, different types of computer languages, popular programming majors, and how to learn software programming. The document recommends starting with online courses to learn programming basics and the integrated development environment. It also advises supplementing courses with books for a more comprehensive understanding and to develop an open mind. Community websites are recommended for discussions and problem solving help. The overall guidance is that both courses and books are important for learning, but courses are best to start as a beginner.
Visual Basic (VB) is a programming language and development environment created by Microsoft for building graphical user interface (GUI) applications. It uses an event-driven programming model and is ideal for rapid application development (RAD). Some key points about VB include that it has a large user base, enables access to databases, and allows building of Windows applications using pre-built components in an easy-to-understand syntax.
Word processing is a program that allows users to type, edit, and print documents. It has replaced typewriters. Word processing can be used for business, education, and personal documents. It offers advantages like faster editing, font formatting, printing multiple copies, and adding images. Newer versions of word processing programs include features like spell check, grammar check, templates, mail merge, and WYSIWYG display. The interface of word processing programs has evolved over time from menus and toolbars to the modern ribbon system seen in Microsoft Word 2007 and later.
This document discusses word processors and their advantages over typewriters. It defines a word processor as software that allows users to create, edit, and format documents on a computer rather than a typewriter. The main advantages of word processors are that they allow users to easily correct mistakes, delete or insert text, and reformat documents without retyping the entire document. More advanced features of modern word processors include collaborative editing, automatic indexing, version control, and non-printing comments and annotations.
The latest open source software available and the latest development in itRizwan Razman
This document discusses open source software, hardware, and the latest developments in information and communication technology (ICT). It provides definitions and examples of open source operating systems like Ubuntu Linux and Fedora Linux. It also discusses open source application software such as OpenOffice and Squirrel Mail. Examples of recent hardware include the Lexmark X8350 and X9575 printers. Software examples covered are Adobe Photoshop CS3 and CS4. The document concludes with an overview of pervasive computing and examples like smartphones and personal digital assistants.
Graphical programming involves using visual elements like diagrams instead of text to represent programs. It represents programs as directed graphs showing control and data flow. LabVIEW is a notable graphical programming language that uses a dataflow paradigm where nodes in a diagram represent functions and the flow of data between nodes determines execution order. Benefits of graphical programming include being more intuitive for visual thinkers and easier debugging through features like watching data flow in diagrams. However, graphical programs can lack readability, integration with tools, and suitability for documentation compared to text-based languages.
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
This document provides a syllabus for a Desktop Publishing course for B.Com 1st year students. The syllabus covers 5 units:
1) Introduction to desktop publishing software, hardware requirements, and commercial DTP packages.
2) Types of graphics, fonts, printers, and scanners used in DTP.
Desktop publishing allows users to combine text and graphics to produce publications. It builds on word processing skills and uses software like Adobe InDesign, QuarkXPress, and Microsoft Publisher. Key aspects of desktop publishing include setting up pages, columns, margins and master pages. Users can also customize fonts, colors, and paragraph styles. Documents are created by selecting templates, arranging text and images, and manipulating type through techniques like kerning and leading. Desktop publishing is important as it enhances visual communication and streamlines information dissemination.
The document discusses text and its use in multimedia. It describes factors that affect text legibility like font size and style. It recommends choosing easily readable fonts in few sizes and colors. It also discusses tools for editing and designing fonts used to create custom fonts and manipulate existing ones. These tools include Fontographer and Font Monger. The document also discusses using text in multimedia, like subtitles, and navigation elements like menus and buttons. Hypertext and hypermedia are discussed along with their structures like nodes, anchors, and links that allow non-linear navigation.
Desktop publishing introduces concepts for developing sophisticated documents like brochures and reports using industry software and hardware. It builds on word processing skills by allowing manipulation of text and graphics. Upon completing the course, students will be able to understand and apply computer technology related to careers, basic terminology, produce newsletters with publication software, and understand the importance of desktop publishing in business.
Elem of design unit 7 module 2 investigation of fontskateridrex
This document discusses different types of digital fonts, including TrueType, PostScript Type 1, and OpenType fonts. It explains that TrueType and PostScript Type 1 fonts contain screen and printer font files that must both be installed, while OpenType fonts can be used on both Windows and Mac systems. The document also provides tips for managing fonts, such as using font management software to organize fonts into collections and enable or disable them.
The document discusses the evolution of word processing from typewriters to modern digital tools. It outlines the basic steps of the word processing process, including entering text, editing, formatting, and printing. Additional tools like outliners, thesauruses, and spelling/grammar checkers are explored. Desktop publishing is introduced as bringing together word processing, graphics, and page layout capabilities to more easily produce publications. The future of paperless and voice-based word processing technologies is also considered.
In the field of touchy processing, many people would access the touchy phones, keypads etc. where the disadvantage of touchy system is all about touch screen. So, to overcome this problem, we are going to develop a project based on touch less device which is used to access and process our data with minimum time complexity for optimization of the sourcing data. Our project contain marker to highlight required key term. Touch less detects both the size and location of “Marker’s Gestures” for writing purposes. Whereas the camera played a key role to select our object that is an image for it’s processing. In this, we are giving command on camera to identify the gestures by Touch less SDK and reducing manual efforts.
In the field of touchy processing, many people would access the touchy phones, keypads etc. where the disadvantage of touchy system is all about touch screen. So, to overcome this problem, we are going to develop a project based on touch less device which is used to access and process our data with minimum time complexity for optimization of the sourcing data. Our project contain marker to highlight required key term. Touch less detects both the size and location of “Marker’s Gestures” for writing purposes. Whereas the camera played a key role to select our object that is an image for it’s processing. In this, we are giving command on camera to identify the gestures by Touch less SDK and reducing manual efforts.
Computer software provides instructions that tell computers what to do. There are different types of software for different needs. Application software is designed for specific tasks like word processing, spreadsheets, presentations, databases, communication, graphics, desktop publishing, and games. Word processing software allows creating, editing, and formatting documents, spreadsheets organize and calculate numbers, and presentation software displays information as slideshows.
Overlapping optimization with parsing through metagrammarsIAEME Publication
This document describes techniques for improving the performance of a meta framework developed by combining C++ and Java language segments. The meta framework identifies and parses source code containing C++ and Java statements using a metagrammar. Bytecodes are generated from the abstract syntax tree and optimized using techniques associated with the metagrammar, such as constant propagation. Constant propagation identifies constant values and replaces variables with those values to simplify expressions and reduce unnecessary computations. Other optimizations discussed include function inlining, exception handling, and eliminating unreachable code through constant folding. The goal is to develop an optimized meta framework that generates efficient bytecodes for hybrid C++ and Java source code.
Class 17-18 Introduction to Perl.pdf bbbbbb21h51a0581
Jjjnnnnnnn nnn ummmm hai ra hai u happy birthday u u happy u uzz my dear u happy u happy birthday to you too bangaram ji ki vacha ra exam undhe mrg nuchi thinnaledhu mrg u happy birthday to you too bangaram u uzz my love you u happy birthday to you too bangaram u happy birthday zzzzzzz God bless you all the best for your life and your family a very happy u happy birthday to you too bangaram u happy birthday to you too u happy birthday to you too bangaram u happy birthday to you too bangaram u happy birthday to you too bangaram u happy birthday to you too bangaram u u happy birthday to you too bangaram u
Different software packages are used to perform different tasks on a computer. Common software types include text editors, word processors, desktop publishers, databases, spreadsheets, charting packages, presentation software, web browsers, email clients, graphics software, and programming languages. Each software type has different strengths and capabilities that make it more suitable for certain tasks over others.
IRJET- Voice to Code Editor using Speech RecognitionIRJET Journal
This document presents a summary of a research paper on developing a voice-controlled code editor using speech recognition. A team of students and a professor from S.B Jain Institute of Technology, Management and Research created a Java program editor that allows users to write code using voice commands. The editor takes advantage of the natural human ability to speak language and allows coding more accurately and intuitively compared to manual typing. It analyzes the user's speech using acoustic and language modeling with Hidden Markov Models to accurately recognize commands. The proposed voice-controlled code editor is designed to reduce typing errors, improve coding speed, and enable people with disabilities to operate a computer. It will support basic editing tasks and allow switching between voice and manual input.
1. The document describes an automatic graphical design generator system that takes a program file as input and generates a graphical design of the program without requiring the user to have knowledge of the program.
2. It aims to reduce the time and effort required to manually create graphical designs by dragging and dropping symbols. The proposed system can generate designs for programs written in languages like Java as long as the program is logically and syntactically correct.
3. Graphical designs provide an easy way to understand complex programs for students and software testers. The automatic generation of designs from code can also assist with reverse engineering programs where the code is available but a design is needed.
This document provides guidance on how to become a good software engineer. It discusses what programming is, different types of computer languages, popular programming majors, and how to learn software programming. The document recommends starting with online courses to learn programming basics and the integrated development environment. It also advises supplementing courses with books for a more comprehensive understanding and to develop an open mind. Community websites are recommended for discussions and problem solving help. The overall guidance is that both courses and books are important for learning, but courses are best to start as a beginner.
Visual Basic (VB) is a programming language and development environment created by Microsoft for building graphical user interface (GUI) applications. It uses an event-driven programming model and is ideal for rapid application development (RAD). Some key points about VB include that it has a large user base, enables access to databases, and allows building of Windows applications using pre-built components in an easy-to-understand syntax.
Word processing is a program that allows users to type, edit, and print documents. It has replaced typewriters. Word processing can be used for business, education, and personal documents. It offers advantages like faster editing, font formatting, printing multiple copies, and adding images. Newer versions of word processing programs include features like spell check, grammar check, templates, mail merge, and WYSIWYG display. The interface of word processing programs has evolved over time from menus and toolbars to the modern ribbon system seen in Microsoft Word 2007 and later.
This document discusses word processors and their advantages over typewriters. It defines a word processor as software that allows users to create, edit, and format documents on a computer rather than a typewriter. The main advantages of word processors are that they allow users to easily correct mistakes, delete or insert text, and reformat documents without retyping the entire document. More advanced features of modern word processors include collaborative editing, automatic indexing, version control, and non-printing comments and annotations.
The latest open source software available and the latest development in itRizwan Razman
This document discusses open source software, hardware, and the latest developments in information and communication technology (ICT). It provides definitions and examples of open source operating systems like Ubuntu Linux and Fedora Linux. It also discusses open source application software such as OpenOffice and Squirrel Mail. Examples of recent hardware include the Lexmark X8350 and X9575 printers. Software examples covered are Adobe Photoshop CS3 and CS4. The document concludes with an overview of pervasive computing and examples like smartphones and personal digital assistants.
Graphical programming involves using visual elements like diagrams instead of text to represent programs. It represents programs as directed graphs showing control and data flow. LabVIEW is a notable graphical programming language that uses a dataflow paradigm where nodes in a diagram represent functions and the flow of data between nodes determines execution order. Benefits of graphical programming include being more intuitive for visual thinkers and easier debugging through features like watching data flow in diagrams. However, graphical programs can lack readability, integration with tools, and suitability for documentation compared to text-based languages.
Similar to Improving the performance of text rendering using font type conversion (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
"$10 thousand per minute of downtime: architecture, queues, streaming and fin...Fwdays
Direct losses from downtime in 1 minute = $5-$10 thousand dollars. Reputation is priceless.
As part of the talk, we will consider the architectural strategies necessary for the development of highly loaded fintech solutions. We will focus on using queues and streaming to efficiently work and manage large amounts of data in real-time and to minimize latency.
We will focus special attention on the architectural patterns used in the design of the fintech system, microservices and event-driven architecture, which ensure scalability, fault tolerance, and consistency of the entire system.
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
"Scaling RAG Applications to serve millions of users", Kevin GoedeckeFwdays
How we managed to grow and scale a RAG application from zero to thousands of users in 7 months. Lessons from technical challenges around managing high load for LLMs, RAGs and Vector databases.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSFAjin Abraham
Mobile Security Framework - MobSF is a free and open source automated mobile application security testing environment designed to help security engineers, researchers, developers, and penetration testers to identify security vulnerabilities, malicious behaviours and privacy concerns in mobile applications using static and dynamic analysis. It supports all the popular mobile application binaries and source code formats built for Android and iOS devices. In addition to automated security assessment, it also offers an interactive testing environment to build and execute scenario based test/fuzz cases against the application.
This talk covers:
Using MobSF for static analysis of mobile applications.
Interactive dynamic security assessment of Android and iOS applications.
Solving Mobile app CTF challenges.
Reverse engineering and runtime analysis of Mobile malware.
How to shift left and integrate MobSF/mobsfscan SAST and DAST in your build pipeline.
LF Energy Webinar: Carbon Data Specifications: Mechanisms to Improve Data Acc...DanBrown980551
This LF Energy webinar took place June 20, 2024. It featured:
-Alex Thornton, LF Energy
-Hallie Cramer, Google
-Daniel Roesler, UtilityAPI
-Henry Richardson, WattTime
In response to the urgency and scale required to effectively address climate change, open source solutions offer significant potential for driving innovation and progress. Currently, there is a growing demand for standardization and interoperability in energy data and modeling. Open source standards and specifications within the energy sector can also alleviate challenges associated with data fragmentation, transparency, and accessibility. At the same time, it is crucial to consider privacy and security concerns throughout the development of open source platforms.
This webinar will delve into the motivations behind establishing LF Energy’s Carbon Data Specification Consortium. It will provide an overview of the draft specifications and the ongoing progress made by the respective working groups.
Three primary specifications will be discussed:
-Discovery and client registration, emphasizing transparent processes and secure and private access
-Customer data, centering around customer tariffs, bills, energy usage, and full consumption disclosure
-Power systems data, focusing on grid data, inclusive of transmission and distribution networks, generation, intergrid power flows, and market settlement data
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectorsDianaGray10
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
Speakers:
Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
"Choosing proper type of scaling", Olena SyrotaFwdays
Imagine an IoT processing system that is already quite mature and production-ready and for which client coverage is growing and scaling and performance aspects are life and death questions. The system has Redis, MongoDB, and stream processing based on ksqldb. In this talk, firstly, we will analyze scaling approaches and then select the proper ones for our system.
Improving the performance of text rendering using font type conversion
1. Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol 3, No.5, 2012
Improving the Performance of Text Rendering using Font Type
Conversion
Zohebahmed Mulla
Dept of ISE R.V.C.E,Bangalore, India
zohebahmedmulla@gmail.com
Raghavendra Prasad S.G
Assistant Professor, Dept of ISE R.V.C.E,Bangalore, India
sgrp.vishnu@gmail.com
Abstract
Printers and PDF are part of our day to day life; enhanced performance of a printer will benefit the users by great
deal. Type conversion method proposed to improve performance by overcoming limitation of applications that
render characters as shape rather than text which slows down the printer as a PDF file is composed of thousands
of character. Rendering of character as shape will increase spool size of the printer since instruction related to
every single character construction has to be stored such as number of, path construction commands(moveto,
curveto and so on) along with their co-ordinate points. Proposed paper deals with the method to convert subset
embedded font in to complete font file say TTF, by adding essential missing data and then rendering them using
language framework fonts which results in rendering as text instead of shape, .ultimately reducing the printer
spool size and enhances the performance of application.
Keywords- Font type conversion, Font engine, Subset embedded fonts, language frame work font, printer
Introduction
In information technology, glyph is nothing but visual representations of the character. Collection of glyphs
constitute a font, a single font might have many versions, such as heavy, medium, oblique, gothic, and regular.
These different versions are called faces. All of the faces in a font have a similar typographic design and can be
recognized as members of the same family. With the appearance of personal computers, printers and internet at
the end of the 20th century, font designers were no longer limited with the specifications of the metal types and
started developing fonts which did not adhere to a single well known specification, hence a need for a
standardizing font definition was identified by Xerox PARC with development of its first laser printer.
Warnock created a language, similar to InterPress, called PostScript to solve the problem. With introduction of
Apple LaserWriter first printer to use postscript brought a revolution, both in desktop as well as printer
applications. Another kind of printer which was non postscript was developed and Ghostscript was used to print
PostScript documents on non-PostScript printers [1].
Performance of Applications is a crucial factor as per user perspective yet, the application fails to address
the issue of rendering text in printers. That is current printer renders glyph as shape not as text which increases
the spool size and decreases performance. The paper discussed on this front and the mechanism developed to
solve the problem using type conversion of native java fonts which are then handled by the java framework
itself, solves the problem to a greater extent.
The paper is organized as follows. Section II describes the literature survey on printer classification,
working of printer and performance issues in a printer. The solution to the above problem is discussed in section
III which speaks about proposed mechanism consisting of converting non proper TTF font to proper TTF,
handling of these fonts by java frame work and installation of these fonts temporarily so that other application
can use it. Section IV explains about the experimental data collected. Section V is the conclusion and section VI
acknowledges the contributions made.
Background
Text rendering is a complex job, in contradiction to many belief that it straight forward. There exist numerous
ways to format text within a document, at the same time there might be many paths that yields the same results.
Mapping given text to the final glyph in font requires many transformations, which includes parsing the font
data and analyzing language writing patterns. After the final glyph is achieved, it is then followed by rasterizing,
merging and filtering so that the final visual must display on viewer or on to printer output. GDI (graphical
device interface) and GDI+ are used for this purpose which places rendered text on to the canvas or on to
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physical print medium. In this section, the topics discussed would be font classification, subset embedded fonts,
printer architecture and control flow as well as the issue which initiated this research and resulted in the
mechanism hence proposed.
A Font classification
Bitmap Font: A bitmap font is one that stores each glyph as an array of pixels (i.e a bitmap). It is less
commonly known as a raster font. Bitmap fonts are simply collections of raster images of glyphs. For each
variant of the font, there is a complete set of glyph images, with each set containing an image for each character.
For example, if a font has three sizes, and any combination of bold and italic, then there must be 12 complete
sets of images[1][2].
Vector fonts: vector fonts are collections of vector images, i.e. a set of lines and curves to define the border of
glyphs. Early vector fonts were used by vector monitors and vector plotters using their own internal fonts,
usually with thin single strokes instead of thick outlined glyphs. The advent of desktop publishing brought the
need for a universal standard to integrate the graphical user interface of the first Macintosh and laser printers.
The term to describe the integration technology was WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get). The
universal standard was (and still is) Adobe PostScript. Examples are PostScript Type 1 and Type 3 fonts,
TrueType and Open Type [1][2].
1. True type Fonts(TTF)
TrueType is an outline font standard developed by Apple as to compete with Adobe’s type 1 font in 1980. These
fonts are commonly used in Windows and Mac operating system and are based on vector graphics. Strength of
true type is it offers the font developer a higher degree of control over font till pixel level.
True type system includes virtual machine which executes programs inside font. Glyphs which are produced
with intension that the rasterize produces fewer undesirable features in glyph by taking help of distort and
control points within the outline
2. Postscript Fonts
PostScript is an object-oriented language, meaning that it treats images, including fonts, as collections of
geometrical objects rather than bit maps. PostScript fonts are called outline fonts because the outline of each
character is defined. They are also called scalable fonts because their size can be changed with PostScript
commands. Further postscript divided in to type0, type1, type2, type3 and so on.
3. Open type Font
Open type font is a format for scalable computer fonts. It was built on its predecessor TrueType, retaining
TrueType's basic structure and adding many intricate data structures for prescribing typographic behaviour. Open
Type is a registered trademark of the Microsoft Corporation. The specification germinated at Microsoft, along
with contributions from Adobe Systems before it was announced publically in 1996. The specification continues to
be developed actively and is presently migrating to an open format.
B Subset embedded font
One while creating a PDF might have come across the option of subset font, wondering what does that option do
and does it affect the PDF look. Answer to this question would be straight forward, that it will help decreasing
the size of the PDF but it would affect the edit ability of the PDF.For those are neither familiar with this word
nor created a PDF, subset embedded font is nothing but embedding only those glyphs or characters that are used
in PDF creation. For example, in Helvetica font, if characters from A to F are only used, then those characters
will be embedded in the PDF, ignoring the rest.
The file size of the PDF would also be smaller since only a part of the font is being embedded. Editing the file
would be possible only if the other user has the same font.
Another option is full font embedding in which complete font is embedded in to the PDF. This increases the file
size and allows the other user to edit it even though the font is not installed in the user’s system.
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C Introduction to flow control in standard printer
Fig 1: Printer Architecture
(1) Application makes win32 printing and GDI calls; these are primarily functions that are found in
Winspool.dll and gdi32.dll. These calls are device independent calls [3].
(2) The Win32 calls are passed to the Kernel - Mode GDI rendering engine. The printer driver in conjunction
with the graphics-rendering engine renders the input and passes the raw data on to the spooler [3].
(3) Spooler further processes the data and sends it to the port driver to which the target printer is connected and
data is then printed on sheet/document [3].
D Printing issue
As discussed earlier, an application that does not interpret a character as text instead renders as shape resulting in
increased spool size as well as making the application non responsive till the printing process is over. Now let
us analyze why rendering as shape increases spool size and how to overcome this problem.
Consider a scenario in which a PDF composed of random alphabets and numbers is sent for printing as
mentioned above with respect to the flow of control and architecture of a printer. First a GDI call is made and
then it is passed to graphics rendering engine.
Graphics rendering engine reads data character by character. In this case, let the first character be A. When
character A is read and data is transferred to the spool, character A is not transferred as text instead it is
transferred as shape.
For example the raw data at spool for character A is as shown below
co-ordinates- [-22.0, 1357.0, 332.0, 1357.0, 1160.0, 339.0, 1160.0, 1110.0, 1160.0, 1203.0, 1150.0, 1260.0,
1130.0, 1285.0, 1106.0, 1315.0, 1066.0, 1331.0, 1010.0, 1332.0, 962.0, 1332.0, 962.0, 1357.0, 1456.0, 1357.0,
1456.0, 1332.0, 1406.0, 1332.0, 1348.0, 1331.0, 1305.0, 1311.0, 1280.0, 1274.0, 1266.0, 1249.0, 1258.0, 1194.0,
1258.0, 1110.0, 1258.0, -23.0, 1217.0, -23.0, 345.0, 1039.0, 345.0, 247.0, 345.0, 151.0, 355.0, 92.0, 373.0, 71.0,
399.0, 39.0, 440.0, 23.0, 494.0, 25.0, 543.0, 25.0, 543.0, 0.0, 49.0, 0.0, 49.0, 25.0, 97.0, 25.0, 157.0, 23.0, 199.0,
42.0, 224.0, 82.0, 239.0, 105.0, 247.0, 160.0, 247.0, 247.0, 247.0, 1160.0, 207.0, 1206.0, 177.0, 1238.0, 157.0,
1254.0, 137.0, 1269.0, 106.0, 1283.0, 66.0, 1297.0, 48.0, 1303.0, 19.0, 1306.0, -22.0, 1308.0, -22.0, 1357.0]
path construction commands - [moveto, lineto, lineto, lineto, curveto, curveto, lineto, lineto, lineto, lineto, lineto,
curveto, curveto, lineto, lineto, lineto, lineto, curveto, curveto, lineto, lineto, lineto, lineto, lineto, curveto,
curveto, lineto, curveto, curveto, curveto, lineto, closepath]
Interpretation of the above can be done as command moveto will take two co-ordinate points and will move to
that specified position while the command lineto will take two more co-ordinate points and will draw line
between the specified points. Similarly, curve to will draw Bezier curve by taking six co-ordinate points and this
will continue till closepath is reached. This is how character as a shape is rendered onto physical print media as
depicted in the below image.
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Fig: 2 Construction of character A
Now imagine this PDF made of thousands of characters and if each character has to be rendered as
shape, then just imagine spool size due do the data as described above, which increases the time taken
to print and ultimately compromises the application’s performance. As presented in the experimental
result section below file of any size in spool on an average becomes 13 times bigger than the original
size. A situation where a file of very large size given as input is rendered as shape, it may not be able
to fit into the spool size resulting in crashing or hanging of the printer as well as its application.
To overcome this problem a unique method called font type conversion to produce language
framework font is proposed which result in rendering as text instead of shape. Method is described in
detail in proposed mechanism section below.
.
Proposed Mechanism
The Font type conversion is driving force behind achieving the goal set at the beginning, type conversion and
creation of language framework font is achieved by following three methods.
A Conversion from non-proper TTF stream to Proper TTF stream
Here non-proper TTF is nothing but font files which are not installable. We also consider converting file formats
such as PFB, CFF, CID, and OTF so on to proper TTF and the conversion involves adding missing as well some
default data to make it a proper TTF stream. Later in same section, we will elaborate how to add missing and
default data but first, we will analyze why TTF is chosen over other formats.
Reason for selecting TTF was that it is supported by both dot-net as well as java platforms. Java supports
type1 PFB along with TTF while the same is not supported by Dot-net. Another important aspect is that in order
to use PFB (printer font binary) stream, you will need PFM (printer font metric) information along with it but
PFB stream does not have PFM information along with it, which makes it a highly unattractive option. Based on
the two factors and with the intension to make the proposed mechanism to be compatible with dot-net in future,
decision of converting to proper TTF was selected.
A hurdle in the process of achieving increased printer performance was to convert non proper TTF which
contains glyph data to be extracted from it and combined with some default values to fill up tables in order to
convert it to proper TTF files so that, it can be loaded by java and Dot-net frame work. To solve this problem
one has to dig deeper in to structure and specification of TTF and other non TTF font files. To keep it simple, we
will convert PFB to TTF .The steps are explained in the example below in a simple yet meaningful way.
A PFB can be bifurcated into 3 parts. The first section is composed of font properties such as version, font
name, family name and so on while the second section consist of encrypted data which includes glyph
information while the last section called the end marker specifies end of file, diagrammatically as depicted
below.
.
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Properties
Such as version , font name and
family name so on
Encrypted data
Composed of glyph information
for each character embedded by
font file in format shown
End marker
Consist of 512 zero’s followed by
cleartomark
Fig: 3 structure of PFB
Similarly TTF consist of Table Directory, Required and Optional Tables where Table directory begins at byte 0
with the Offset Table and it contains information such as version number, number of tables, search range, and so
on followed by at 12 byte there will information such as tag, offset to tables, checksum and length.
While requirement table consist of tables such as cmap, glyf, head, hhea, hmtx, loca, maxp, name, post and
OS/2. Out of which glyph table is of primary importance to us as the byte array obtained from the PFB has to
be imported in TTF glyph section.
Last section of optional tables consists of around 14 tables out of which an attempt was made to remove as
many tables as possible or add default values to the tables to make the conversion much simpler. Below is
diagrammatic representation of the TTF structure
Table D irectory
A t byte zero containing
version , number of table info as
on information
Offset to tables
A t 12 th byte w ith information
such as tag , offset to tables ,
checksum and length for each
table
R equired tables
Hmtx cmap head
Hhea loca maxp
Name post OS /2
glyf
Optional Tables
Defined for other platforms and
for future expansion
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Fig 4: structure of TTF
Now that the structures of both are known, let us see how the information about properties and glyphs such
as byte array of co-ordinates and path construction commands will be filled in TTF.
First properties such as FontBBox, version, font name family and so on are read from PFB and then the
values such as FontBBox is then put into head table. Similarly family, font name and copy right extracted from
PFB are then substituted into the name table of TTF and so on. The process goes on till the required properties
have been extracted from PFB and substituted into TTF.
The second important aspect of this conversion is substituting glyph information extracted from PFB in to
TTF. For this, we have to construct a glyf table where the path construction commands of PFB goes into
instruction[ ]. One of the table variable of data type byte contains the path construction commands of every
glyph and co-ordinates is then put into xCo-ordinates[ ] , yCo-ordinates[ ] of the glyf table. Along with this table
other tables such as maxp, head, post and loca have to be generated by either taking the default specific values or
extracting them from PFB to make a proper TTF tables. The above mentioned steps are represented
diagrammatically as follows,
.
Properties Table Directory
Such as version, font name and At byte zero containing
family name so on version, number of table info as
on information
Offset to tables
Encrypted data
At 12 th byte with information
Composed of glyph information Propeties values
for each character embedded by
such as tag, offset to tables ,
font file in format shown checksum and length for each
table
Required tables
End marker
Hmtx cmap head
Consist of 512 zero’s followed by After Second
cleartomark decryption Hhea loca maxp
Name post OS /2
glyf
Byte array and
Path command
Substituted in to glyph
table
Optional Tables
Defined for other platforms and
for future expansion
Byte array
+
Path command
For each character supported
by that font file
Fig 5: Conversion of non proper TTF to proper TTF
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B Native java fonts handling by java framework
In the previous step, we have created a proper TTF stream from non proper TTF or non TTF font stream. This
results in creation of java fonts which helps in drawing on the canvas as text rather than shape.
For this purpose we use an API called graphics.drawString method, which draws the specified text string at the
specified location with the specified Brush and Font objects.
The API is as explained below,
public abstract void drawString(String str, float x, float y)
This API renders the text specified by the specified String, using the current text attribute state in the
Graphics2D context. The baseline of the first character is at position (x, y) in the User Space. The rendering
attributes applied include the Clip, Transform, Paint, Font and Composite attributes. For characters in script
systems such as Hebrew and Arabic, the glyphs can be rendered from right to left, in which case the co-ordinates
supplied is the location of the leftmost character on the baseline.
Parameters:
str - the String to be rendered
x - the x co-ordinate of the location where the String should be rendered
y - the y co-ordinate of the location where the String should be rendered
C Temporary installation of fonts
Main reason for installing font is that it can used by other devices(printer) or application can use the installed
fonts in private collection folder, as it will decreases manual work that is required if font is not installed under
such circumstances whole font file have to copied which is not good approach for programming.
But one cannot install font permanently in others windows font directory due to following reason
(1) User may not want anyone to install any font in his system without his knowledge.
(2) One may not have required permission to install fonts directly in window’s font directory.
For above specified reasons we install font temporarily in private font collection instead of windows font
directory. Once the object using it is killed/terminated the temporally installed fonts are also removed from the
system automatically.
JNA (java native access) library is used
And API called AddFontResourceEx [6] which is of the format as shown below
int AddFontResourceEx(
__in LPCTSTR lpszFilename,
__in DWORD fl,
__in PVOID pdv
);
Were parameter lpszFilename can take file with extension such as .TTF,.OTF,.MM and so on
Once the three steps are completed its results in rendering as text rather than shape since we send co-ordinate
values and commands to the printer. Else without proposed method, the printer font processing engine has to
convert the glyph in to corresponding co-ordinate points and commands to draw onto the output medium which
is nothing but rendering as shape.
Using Experimental Result and Analysis of Performance
Postscript and non postscript based printer which takes PDF for printing purpose render text as
shape which results in increased spool size of printer as a PDF will be composed of thousands of
characters. Now consider a scenario where one printer in connected to many systems through LAN
where it may receive multiple requests at once. Under these conditions, the printer performance is
crucial to successfully complete all the requests in considerably less amount of time.
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In this paper we have taken two criteria namely Spool size and output file to compare the performance
of printer before and after the proposed mechanism is implemented.
4.1 comparisons with respect to spool size
Let us consider a sample file of size 856kb as an input to the printer. If rendered as shape, the spool
size will become 18.3Mb. This is an increase of 17780kb, which is approximately 21 times the
original size, the reason for which is explained in related work section. If the same file is rendered as
text with the help of proposed mechanism of font type conversion, the spool size will be 8.02Mb
which is an increase of 7540 kb in spool size or an 8 times increase as compared to original size of
file, and improvement of around 13 times as compared to previous method.
Similarly experiments were carried on files of size .91, 1.83, 3.7 and 4.44 mb respectively. Files and
spool size observed were 37.5, 78.2, 151 and 301 all in mb, if rendered as shape. If they were rendered
as text, the spool size observed was 7.14, 15, 28.6,56, 110 mb respectively with an overall reduction of
63.24 percent in the spool size when compared to rendering as shape.
350
301
300
Y-axis 250
spool ORIGINAL FILE SIZE
size in 200
Mb 151 SPOOL SIZE IF
150 RENDERED AS
110 SHAPE
100 78.2 SPOOL SIZE IF
56 RENDERED AS TEXT
50 37.5 28.6
17.2 15
7.14
0.83 0.91 1.83 3.7 7.44
0
FILE1 FILE2 FILE3 FILE4 FILE5
X-axis file nane
Fig 6: graph showing spool size
4.2 Proof of concept
After identify the problem in printing and proposing a method to solve it, now comes how to show that aim
has been achieved. That is how to show that output is text not shape for this purpose a test was done in which a
virtual printer was taken and content were then printed on to PDF, if PDF created by this way had subset
embedded fonts in the properties section that will prove that the output was generated as text if there no
embedded fonts in the PDF then output in inform of shape.
Our experimental results have proved that data which was printed on to PDF had subset embedded font in it,
hence this proof that proposed concept works as well as spool size is reduced thereby improving the performance
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Fig 7: PDF font properties is blank if rendered as shape
Fig 8: PDF font properties is not blank if rendered as text
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Conclusion
In this paper we proposed a method to overcome the limitation of application which do not render character as
text for subset embedded fonts in PDF and hence to improve the performance.
[1] Reducing the size of file in printer spool by creating native font that can be loaded by java frame work.
[2] Proposed method is easy to implement at same time quite efficient since once non proper ttf stream is
converted in to proper ttf stream by using font type conversion and we get , language framework font which are
then handled by java framework using inbuilt API’s.
[3] Improves the response time of application. By reducing the time for printing. Since it made non-responsive
till printing job is done.
There are still a great many works need to be studied in the future with respect to font processors and
rendering issues
Acknowledgment
Although much of the conceptual work and initial software for this was done as part of the Xtreme font engine
program. We wish to thank Girish Patil, Shivaranjini, Santhanam, Snehashree, Abhishek and Krishna Kumar
from Gnostice Information Technology for kind help and support
References
[1] The WIKIPEDIA website. Available. [Online]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostScript.
[2] Dipali B Choudhary, Sagar A Tamhane, Rushikesh K Joshi “A SURVEY OF FONTS AND ENCODINGS
FOR INDIAN LANGUAGE SCRIPT” International Conference on Multimedia and Design (ICMD), 23-25 sept
2002, Bombay.
[3] The Calsoft Lab website, Available [online] http://www.calsoftlabs.com/whitepapers/bitmap-driver.html.
[4]Microsoft topology, website Available [online]
http://www.microsoft.com/typography/SpecificationsOverview.mspx
[5]Graphics 2D in java website, Available [online]
mhttp://download.java.net/jdk7/archive/b123/docs/api/java/awt/Graphics2D.html
[6] Microsoft MSDN website, Available [online]
http://msdn.microsoft.com/enus/library/dd183326%28v=vs.85%29.aspx.
[7] Thomas w phinny “TrueType, PostScript Type 1,& OpenType: What’s the Difference?”, white paper
December 2004 by adobe
65
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