Abstract: Marketing of crops in Tanzania has been undergoing change. Direct sales from farmers to traders
and delivery to the Primary Cooperative Societies (PCS) were in practice at different points of time. Since 2007,
the warehouse receipt system was introduced in Tanzania. The warehouse operators accept the deposit of crops
in the warehouses and provide a receipt to the farmers through PCS and the farmers receive a part of the
payments through bank financing based on these receipts. This study was conducted to assess whether
Warehouse Receipt System has made any contribution in improving smallholder farmers ‘access to financial
services. The study used cross sectional design where 100 smallholder farmers in Singida Rural district in
Singida region were covered. Quantitative and qualitative techniques were used to analyze the data. The results
showed that the motives that were used to influence smallholder farmers to join WRS included price, access to
credit and access to market, although, most of the farmers participate into WRS to access credit for agricultural
activities. Moreover, level of farming technologies adopted found to have increased significantly after joining
the WRS. Based on these findings, it is recommended to increase sensitization efforts among the smallholder
farmers in order to enable the larger spectrum of the community members becoming aware of the WRS practice.
Also, policy maker should deliberately intervene to strengthen the capacity of WRS.
This document proposes two solutions to address issues in India's primary healthcare system. The first is a National Medicine Policy that establishes 13 national and 6 sub-depots to more efficiently distribute medicines. It proposes an ERP system to monitor distribution and reduce costs by eliminating intermediaries. The second proposes a Quick Response Service to improve healthcare access in India's over 100,000 slum areas, where the majority of health issues occur among women and children. Primary data was collected from slums in multiple cities to inform the solutions.
The document discusses issues with the Public Distribution System (PDS) in India for delivering subsidized food grains to the poor. It finds that only 10% of intended benefits from the system actually reach the deserving poor. Nearly 19% of subsidies go to the non-poor, 43% are lost to illegal diversion, and 28% are consumed by excessive administrative expenses. Corruption is a major issue, with 57% of food grains not reaching the intended recipients. Ghost cards, shadow ownership of cards, and inclusion errors all contribute to leakage. Several reforms are suggested, including food vouchers, local procurement and distribution, and community grain funds.
The document proposes an automated system for India's Public Distribution System to address various issues like misbehavior by dealers, adulteration, lack of an effective grievance redressal mechanism, and inefficient monitoring. The key aspects of the proposed system include packaging commodities with unique barcodes, updating a database at each stage as the commodities move from packaging to fair price shops to beneficiaries, providing smart ration cards to beneficiaries, and establishing zonal distribution centers and a grievance redressal process to increase transparency and accountability. The automated system is expected to reduce corruption and human errors and better ensure commodities reach those in need.
This study aims to create a design model of Seaweed Bank. Seaweed banks are designed by combining the financing model of Cooperatives and Banking, but both the initial and subsequent deposits are not in cash, but in the form of commodities (dried seaweed).The study was conducted from 2017 to May 2018 (four seaweed seasons). The results showed that farmers’ revenue (with set aside 5 percent per Planting Season of total revenue) amounted to US$ 433 per year per farmer or US$ 107.161 from 300 farmers. During the famine season, farmers no longer borrow funds from patron but farmers can take it from Seaweed Bank. Farmers’ need of seed that can be provided as much as US$ 96.435 or as many as 296 ropes per farmer and still remaining balance of saving as much as US$ 199.239 in the village. At the normal price US$ 0,942 per kg of dried seaweed there is an addition to the total seaweed value as much as US$ 199.239, which will impact the expected year-end saving to be as much as US$ 18.430
Constraints to Accessing Micro-Credit and Loan Scheme of Bank of Agriculture ...ijtsrd
The study examined constraints to accessing micro-credit/loan scheme of Bank of Agriculture (BOA) among farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria: Implications for extension service delivery. Purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used in selecting one hundred (100) respondents for the study. Data were collected using structured interview schedule/questionnaire and analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean scores and standard deviation. The study revealed that micro-credit/ loan scheme (88.6%) were the most patronized among the rural farmers. Others such as ECOWAS, IFAD project and ATHP programme were not patronized at all, probably because the type of projects sponsored by these credit/loan scheme are not important to the respondents. The respondents (farmers) were highly constrained by late release of funds (M= 1.27), grace period too short (M= 1. 17), excessive bureaucracy (M= 1. 14), too short payback period (M= 1. 13), services not regular (M= 1. 13), among others. The Bank of Agriculture staff also noted that they were constrained by late release of approved funds by head quarters of the Bank of Agriculture (M= 1.43), loan diversion (M= 1.27), poor funding of field officers (M= 1.20), lack of awareness by borrowers (M= 1.10) and insufficient staff (M= 0.93). The study recommends that adequate awareness campaign on the availability of micro-credit/loan scheme by Bank of Agriculture should be created in order for the beneficiaries to be knowledgeable about it. It highlights the need for approval of more funds under the scheme and timely release of funds when needed especially during planting season in order to enable the farmers to make judicious use of it for optimum productivity. Mbah Evangeline N | Jiriko, R | Agada, M.O."Constraints to Accessing Micro-Credit and Loan Scheme of Bank of Agriculture among Farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria: Implications for Extension Service Delivery" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd89.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/89/constraints-to-accessing-micro-credit-and-loan-scheme-of-bank-of-agriculture-among-farmers-in-enugu-state-nigeria-implications-for-extension-service-delivery/mbah-evangeline-n
Farmer to farmer extension approach: Analysis of extent of adoption by smallh...Premier Publishers
Agricultural extension programs are key means for assisting farmers with information and technology to expand their abilities and improve production. Of late, Zimbabwe has witnessed increased investments by both the government and the development community in the Farmer to Farmer (F2F) extension approach as a key strategy of complementing the overburdened and severely underfunded public extension and advisory services in increasing extension coverage. This study sought to assess the extent of adoption of the F2F extension approach as a major source of extension and advisory services. The study used a sample of 479 smallholder farmers that was drawn using a multi-stage random sampling approach from 6 districts in Manicaland and Masvingo provinces of Zimbabwe. The study found that adoption of the F2F extension approach was low with only 43% of the sampled farmers using the approach. Theadoption of the approach was also found to be similar across gender, districts and agro-ecological zones. Results of the binary logistic regression revealed that access to public extension services, training of farmers using the non-block training approach, number of extension visits received by a farmer per year, total area cropped, agro-ecological zone V, and adoption of improved farming practices were significant factors that encouraged the adoption of the farmer to farmer extension approach by smallholder farmers. The study suggests that two things, above all,are important in promoting the adoption of the F2F extension approach by smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe. These are:first, improving access to public extension services to backstop lead farmers andsecond, training farmers using the non-block training approach as it encourages more interaction amongst farmers as they validate each other in the application of new technologies.
Impact of size and age on firm performance evidences from microfinance instit...Alexander Decker
This study examines the impact of firm size and age on the performance of microfinance institutions in Tanzania. The study analyzes panel data from 30 microfinance institutions over 5 years. The findings show that larger total asset size and number of borrowers positively impact performance, while larger staff size negatively impacts performance. Institution age positively impacts efficiency, sustainability and revenue but negatively impacts profitability. The study concludes that both size and age impact microfinance performance and recommends that policies facilitate institution growth to improve outreach and performance monitoring as institutions grow in size and age.
William R. Eyman has extensive experience in agriculture, banking, and international development work. He owns and manages a farm in Missouri and has held several leadership roles in banking and agriculture organizations. He has also completed many volunteer assignments providing training and assistance to organizations in countries like Ghana, Armenia, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda, Georgia, Kenya, Brazil, and Russia. The assignments focused on topics like microfinance, agricultural lending, credit risk management, and capacity building.
This document proposes two solutions to address issues in India's primary healthcare system. The first is a National Medicine Policy that establishes 13 national and 6 sub-depots to more efficiently distribute medicines. It proposes an ERP system to monitor distribution and reduce costs by eliminating intermediaries. The second proposes a Quick Response Service to improve healthcare access in India's over 100,000 slum areas, where the majority of health issues occur among women and children. Primary data was collected from slums in multiple cities to inform the solutions.
The document discusses issues with the Public Distribution System (PDS) in India for delivering subsidized food grains to the poor. It finds that only 10% of intended benefits from the system actually reach the deserving poor. Nearly 19% of subsidies go to the non-poor, 43% are lost to illegal diversion, and 28% are consumed by excessive administrative expenses. Corruption is a major issue, with 57% of food grains not reaching the intended recipients. Ghost cards, shadow ownership of cards, and inclusion errors all contribute to leakage. Several reforms are suggested, including food vouchers, local procurement and distribution, and community grain funds.
The document proposes an automated system for India's Public Distribution System to address various issues like misbehavior by dealers, adulteration, lack of an effective grievance redressal mechanism, and inefficient monitoring. The key aspects of the proposed system include packaging commodities with unique barcodes, updating a database at each stage as the commodities move from packaging to fair price shops to beneficiaries, providing smart ration cards to beneficiaries, and establishing zonal distribution centers and a grievance redressal process to increase transparency and accountability. The automated system is expected to reduce corruption and human errors and better ensure commodities reach those in need.
This study aims to create a design model of Seaweed Bank. Seaweed banks are designed by combining the financing model of Cooperatives and Banking, but both the initial and subsequent deposits are not in cash, but in the form of commodities (dried seaweed).The study was conducted from 2017 to May 2018 (four seaweed seasons). The results showed that farmers’ revenue (with set aside 5 percent per Planting Season of total revenue) amounted to US$ 433 per year per farmer or US$ 107.161 from 300 farmers. During the famine season, farmers no longer borrow funds from patron but farmers can take it from Seaweed Bank. Farmers’ need of seed that can be provided as much as US$ 96.435 or as many as 296 ropes per farmer and still remaining balance of saving as much as US$ 199.239 in the village. At the normal price US$ 0,942 per kg of dried seaweed there is an addition to the total seaweed value as much as US$ 199.239, which will impact the expected year-end saving to be as much as US$ 18.430
Constraints to Accessing Micro-Credit and Loan Scheme of Bank of Agriculture ...ijtsrd
The study examined constraints to accessing micro-credit/loan scheme of Bank of Agriculture (BOA) among farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria: Implications for extension service delivery. Purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used in selecting one hundred (100) respondents for the study. Data were collected using structured interview schedule/questionnaire and analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean scores and standard deviation. The study revealed that micro-credit/ loan scheme (88.6%) were the most patronized among the rural farmers. Others such as ECOWAS, IFAD project and ATHP programme were not patronized at all, probably because the type of projects sponsored by these credit/loan scheme are not important to the respondents. The respondents (farmers) were highly constrained by late release of funds (M= 1.27), grace period too short (M= 1. 17), excessive bureaucracy (M= 1. 14), too short payback period (M= 1. 13), services not regular (M= 1. 13), among others. The Bank of Agriculture staff also noted that they were constrained by late release of approved funds by head quarters of the Bank of Agriculture (M= 1.43), loan diversion (M= 1.27), poor funding of field officers (M= 1.20), lack of awareness by borrowers (M= 1.10) and insufficient staff (M= 0.93). The study recommends that adequate awareness campaign on the availability of micro-credit/loan scheme by Bank of Agriculture should be created in order for the beneficiaries to be knowledgeable about it. It highlights the need for approval of more funds under the scheme and timely release of funds when needed especially during planting season in order to enable the farmers to make judicious use of it for optimum productivity. Mbah Evangeline N | Jiriko, R | Agada, M.O."Constraints to Accessing Micro-Credit and Loan Scheme of Bank of Agriculture among Farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria: Implications for Extension Service Delivery" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd89.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/89/constraints-to-accessing-micro-credit-and-loan-scheme-of-bank-of-agriculture-among-farmers-in-enugu-state-nigeria-implications-for-extension-service-delivery/mbah-evangeline-n
Farmer to farmer extension approach: Analysis of extent of adoption by smallh...Premier Publishers
Agricultural extension programs are key means for assisting farmers with information and technology to expand their abilities and improve production. Of late, Zimbabwe has witnessed increased investments by both the government and the development community in the Farmer to Farmer (F2F) extension approach as a key strategy of complementing the overburdened and severely underfunded public extension and advisory services in increasing extension coverage. This study sought to assess the extent of adoption of the F2F extension approach as a major source of extension and advisory services. The study used a sample of 479 smallholder farmers that was drawn using a multi-stage random sampling approach from 6 districts in Manicaland and Masvingo provinces of Zimbabwe. The study found that adoption of the F2F extension approach was low with only 43% of the sampled farmers using the approach. Theadoption of the approach was also found to be similar across gender, districts and agro-ecological zones. Results of the binary logistic regression revealed that access to public extension services, training of farmers using the non-block training approach, number of extension visits received by a farmer per year, total area cropped, agro-ecological zone V, and adoption of improved farming practices were significant factors that encouraged the adoption of the farmer to farmer extension approach by smallholder farmers. The study suggests that two things, above all,are important in promoting the adoption of the F2F extension approach by smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe. These are:first, improving access to public extension services to backstop lead farmers andsecond, training farmers using the non-block training approach as it encourages more interaction amongst farmers as they validate each other in the application of new technologies.
Impact of size and age on firm performance evidences from microfinance instit...Alexander Decker
This study examines the impact of firm size and age on the performance of microfinance institutions in Tanzania. The study analyzes panel data from 30 microfinance institutions over 5 years. The findings show that larger total asset size and number of borrowers positively impact performance, while larger staff size negatively impacts performance. Institution age positively impacts efficiency, sustainability and revenue but negatively impacts profitability. The study concludes that both size and age impact microfinance performance and recommends that policies facilitate institution growth to improve outreach and performance monitoring as institutions grow in size and age.
William R. Eyman has extensive experience in agriculture, banking, and international development work. He owns and manages a farm in Missouri and has held several leadership roles in banking and agriculture organizations. He has also completed many volunteer assignments providing training and assistance to organizations in countries like Ghana, Armenia, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda, Georgia, Kenya, Brazil, and Russia. The assignments focused on topics like microfinance, agricultural lending, credit risk management, and capacity building.
This document provides a review of agricultural extension in India. It discusses how extension helped increase productivity during the Green Revolution but has since fallen short of expectations. Key issues include weak research-extension-farmer linkages, a lack of coordination among extension agents, and problems with financing and accountability in public extension systems. It describes reforms like ATMA that aim to better integrate programs, but implementation challenges remain. Private extension is growing from input suppliers, buyers, and NGOs. Mobile applications also show promise in scaling up services. Overall extension needs to expand coverage to small farmers and lagging areas while public and private systems complement each other to accelerate inclusive agricultural growth.
ECAF on Smart Farmer Magazine July issue (launch page only)Maarten Susan
The document discusses efforts by the Kenyan government, banks, and development organizations to improve farmers' access to financing. It notes that while agriculture contributes significantly to Kenya's economy, commercial banks have largely shied away from agricultural lending due to perceptions of risk. However, there are now initiatives to address this, such as training banking officials on agricultural finance, designing new loan products tailored to farmers' needs, and making the lending process more borrower-friendly. The goal is to revolutionize agriculture in Kenya by reducing barriers to financing and supporting the farming community and agricultural sector.
Problem of agricultural marketing in indiaSouvik Roy
The passage discusses the modern farm laws introduced by the Modi government in India to address issues with the existing Agricultural Produce Market Regulation Acts (APMC Acts). The new laws allow farmers to sell their produce outside of state-regulated mandis without taxes and fees, giving farmers more market access and options to get a fair price. This reduces the pressure on farmers by providing a more competitive market outside of the inefficiencies of the APMC system, including interference by middlemen and increasing corruption.
Perceptions of People from Economically Backward Section towards Financial In...iosrjce
Financial Inclusion aims to provide the financial services to the people from economically backward
section of the society. The objective is to assist them in their economic improvement and achieve the sustainable
growth. In this study, an effort has been made to examine the views of the people from economically backward
sectionregarding the important aspects of financial inclusion. Views of 53 respondents are analyzed. ChiSquare,
nonparametric statistical technique, has been used to examine whether the views of the different
categories of the respondents about the important aspects of financial inclusiondiffer. Based on the views of the
respondents we found that bank employees are encouraging people from economically weaker sections to open
their accounts and people also found these accounts useful. Respondents are also of the view that education
level, income level, age and period of association of the account holder with the bank directly affects the quality
of services rendered. To further enhance the utility of the scheme and ensure its success, there is a need to
provide training to bank staff so that the quality of services rendered is not differentiated between different
categories of customers. Further, whereas this study pertains to the views of the economically weaker section,
there is a need to examine the views of bankers also, so that this scheme can be made more useful.
The document proposes a three tier model for agriculture in India to address various issues facing the agricultural sector. Tier 1 involves research and development of technical packages by scientists and experts. Tier 2 focuses on skill development and implementation of packages by trained local farmers, as well as establishing local storage and production facilities. Tier 3 involves forming self-help groups of farmers from different financial backgrounds to foster cooperation and boost side activities to supplement incomes. The model aims to improve productivity through appropriate technology, resource management, and efficient administration of agricultural groups.
— The study evaluates the efficiency of cooperative societies in credit delivery to agricultural enterprises in Yakurr Local Government Area, Cross River State. The specific objectives were to; describe the socioeconomic profile of cooperatives societies, identify the sources of finance that are available and utilize for credit by cooperative societies, analyze the efficiency of cooperatives using the arrival rate of loan request and the service rate and identify the challenges militating against cooperatives as a means of providing credit facilities to farmers in the study area. random sampling method was used to select 30 Cooperative Societies in the Local Government Area. Data were obtained using well structured questionnaire and were analyzed using descriptive statistics and queue theory. Results from the study showed that most of the cooperatives were formed in 2011 with 16-20 members at inception, which stood currently at 21-40 members. The benefits derived from the society ranges from, provision of input for production, accessibility of loan and marketing of products. The large proportion of the amount disbursed to member's ranges from 11000-31000naira. The result revealed that the sources of finance available to members was mainly from members contributions .The result further showed that cooperatives were not effective and efficient in queue management because the average idle time (-0.26) and the average traffic intensity was more than one (1.26). Also, findings showed that insufficient funds for disbursement(3.33), lack of qualified personnel (3.23), insincerity of members in credit management (3.16) and changes in government credit policies (3.16) were serious challenges that affected efficient delivery of credit by cooperative societies to agricultural enterprises in the study area, The study therefore recommended capacity building for cooperative members to enable them adequately source for funds and efficiently manage loan disbursement and repayment by members. Also, relevant government and nongovernmental financial institutions should be encouraged to channel credit facilities through cooperatives in other to build their financial base and make credit more accessible to agricultural enterprises.
Determinants of Willingness to Pay for Private Extension Services by Crop Far...Premier Publishers
The study analysed determinants of willingness to pay for private extension services among crop farmers in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Abuja, Nigeria. Primary data were collected from respondents using a structured questionnaire. Data were analysed using simple descriptive statistics and logit regression model. From the results, the mean age of respondents was 39 years. The mean annual income of respondents was N504,811.1 (SD = N767,997.7). Many (49.4%) of the farmers interviewed had between 6 – 10 persons in their households with an average household size of 8 persons. Majority (79.4%) of the respondents were male while only 20.6% of the respondents were female. Socioeconomic factors influencing crop farmers’ willingness to pay for private extension found in the study were age, income, membership of cooperatives and frequency of extension visits. Age was significant at 10% while Income and membership of cooperatives were both significant at 5% respectively. However, frequency of extension visits was significant at 1%. There should be deliberate policies that will draw younger Nigerian into farming as the study reveals that willingness to pay for private extension increases within the younger generation of farmers. Younger farmers have the innovativeness to incorporate vital innovations and modern technologies in farming.
This document discusses micronutrient malnutrition in children in India and proposes a solution. It summarizes that 48% of Indian children under 5 are stunted and 43% underweight despite government schemes. The schemes fail due to inadequate reach, lack of nutrients in meals, and inefficiencies in supply chains. The proposed solution creates agricultural cooperatives to source micronutrient-rich foods locally for distribution through Anganwadi centers and school meals. This would eliminate middlemen, improve farmer prices, and provide a holistic diet while being locally sourced and self-sustaining. Metrics are identified to measure the impact and scalability of the solution. Challenges and mitigation strategies are also discussed.
The document summarizes research on microfinance in Assam, India. It outlines the objectives to study the current status and informal practices of microfinance in the state. Data was collected from four districts on formal and informal microfinance providers. Informal providers include village societies and committees. Formal providers include NGOs, MFIs, banks, and cooperatives. Key findings include the emerging but nascent microfinance industry, role of banks and RRBs, presence of local MFIs, strong informal practices, and high interest rates charged informally.
Comparative study of access of group and individual farmerAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that compares the access of group and individual farmer-clients to credit from microfinance institutions in Enugu State, Nigeria. A total of 72 respondents (36 individuals and 36 groups) were surveyed. Regression analysis found that years of experience, farm size, credit history, income, collateral, interest rate, deposit requirements, and distance to the MFI affected access for both groups and individuals. A test of means found a statistically significant difference between the groups' and individuals' access levels. A survey also found that minimum deposits, interest rates, and loan sizes were seen as constraints more by groups, while individuals also saw surety requirements as a hindrance. Overall, group lending was found to provide better access
This document discusses farmer producer organizations (FPOs) in India. It provides background on FPOs and their legal forms. As of 2019, there were over 7,000 registered FPOs across India, with the majority being small in size and capital. The top challenges for FPOs are access to capital, infrastructure, and support. The document outlines a strategy for FPO development over 6 years and discusses the roles and structure of FPOs. It also summarizes various financial support programs available to FPOs from organizations like NABARD and the government.
BASIX is a livelihood promotion institution established in 1996 that provides integrated microfinance and technical assistance services to rural populations in India. It operates through subsidiaries that focus on microfinance, technical services, and banking. BASIX aims to generate sustainable livelihoods for different segments of the rural economy, including subsistence workers, micro-enterprises, and small agro-enterprises, through tailored financial products and services combined with training and support. After over a decade of operations, BASIX has lent over Rs. 460 million to more than 31,000 clients across six Indian states.
Potential Linked Plan of NABARD and its importance in DCP (District Credit Pl...Dr Dilip Vishnu Deshpande
Potential Linked Plan (PLP) is a unique document prepared by District Development Manager (DDM) NABARD for each district . It gives very useful information about credti flow and potential for development through credit. It is useful for bankers, government, NGOs, students as well as policy makers
67 informal credit system through social entrepreneurs in tiruchirappalli dis...chelliah paramasivan
1. The document examines the informal credit system through social entrepreneurs in Tiruchirappalli District, Tamil Nadu.
2. It finds that NGOs play an active role in promoting self-help groups (SHGs) that provide savings and credit services to local communities.
3. Data on the lead bank profile and performance of SHGs in the district from 2010-2013 show significant growth in the number of SHGs formed, bank loans disbursed, and average loan amounts disbursed to SHGs.
This document analyzes producer organizations (POs) and their ability to competitively supply smallholder farmers' products to formal markets like school feeding programs. It develops a framework to evaluate six key areas of PO competitiveness: 1) members' production potential, 2) coverage of core activities, 3) market integration level, 4) financial capacity, 5) efficiency and planning, and 6) human resource support. This framework was used to analyze 14 PO cases, finding diversity in performance. While direct business results were unclear due to data limitations, the analysis provides a picture of PO functions and identifies interventions to strengthen POs for effective participation in formal markets.
Effect of operational guidelines of bank of agriculture on loan disbursment a...Alexander Decker
The document analyzes loan disbursement and repayment performance across three lending schemes of the Bank of Agriculture in Kwara State, Nigeria from 2000-2010. It finds that:
1) The Macro Loan Scheme had the highest average annual disbursement at N133.5 million, followed by the Special Credit/Collaboration Scheme at N14.85 million and the Direct Lending Scheme at N25.96 million.
2) Loan repayment was also highest on average annually for the Macro Loan Scheme at N161.94 million, followed by the Special Credit/Collaboration Scheme at N22.83 million and the Direct Lending Scheme at N8.35 million.
3) The
Assessing the access to credit by small scale commercial famers in gondola di...Benjamim Vilanculos
Major constraints that constitute the limitations of access to agricultural credit faced by small scale commercial farmers in Gondola District in Mozambique mainly transaction costs and risks in the lending process
Access to Finance from Financial Institutions among the Smallholder’s Cashew ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The study was carried out among the cashew nut producers in Tandahimba District to identify
factors that influence smallholder’s cashew nut producers to access finance from financial institutions. The study
employed a cross-sectional research design, whereby a sample size of 100 respondents was used. Data were
collected through a household survey and interviews. Quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed by using
binary logistic regression and content analysis respectively. The results show that factors influencing cashew nut
smallholder’s producers to access finance from financial institutions are: age of the producers’ (p = 0.001), having
financial statements for at least three years of producers’ in cooperatives (p = 0.027), cooperative membership to
cooperative union (p = 0.014), absence of criminal cases (p = 0.042), certificate of maximum liability from
registrar of cooperatives (p = 0.011), minutes of the meeting which approved application for the loan for
cooperatives (p = 0.041), farm/ land size (p = 0.044) and effectiveness of cooperative association in linking
producers’ to getting a loan from a financial institution (p = 0.032). The study concludes that, the identified factors
can be used for efficient access to finances among smallholder’s cashew nut producers in Tandahimba district.
KEYWORDS - finance, financial institutions, smallholder farmer and warehouse receipt system.
George Muruka describes the main steps of the action-research and what support SanFin partners have received. The presentation takes lessons in terms of the type of support needed by MFI so that they can deliver loans for sanitation. Finally, G. Muruka looks at the wider context of the East Africa region, highlighting the potential size of the sanitation microfinance markets (considering the need for accessing improved sanitation in the region). G. Muruka considers potential actions from sanitation practitioners which could make the sector more attractive to microfinance institutions.
This document provides a summary of a study assessing small-scale farmer participation in District Agricultural Development Plans (DADPs) in Kilosa District, Tanzania. It was conducted to understand how DADPs are implemented and how communities participate in the process. The study found that while efforts have been made to involve farmers, participation is not as stipulated in guidelines. It provides several recommendations to enhance small-scale farmer involvement in DADP planning and implementation, including developing a strategy with stakeholders, directly consulting marginal farmers, organizing farmers' groups, and establishing an effective agricultural information system. The study concludes that policies aim to transform small-scale agriculture but implementation has not achieved this due to a mismatch between policies and initiatives to operational
This document describes several successful models of agricultural microfinance in Sudan led by the Central Bank of Sudan. It summarizes models that provide financing to farmers using Islamic modes of finance like Murabaha and Musharakah. Key models highlighted include the Agricultural Bank of Sudan's initiative that reached over 9,000 women in rural villages, the MASARA project in North Kordofan that financed 760 women's groups, and the Hibiscus value chain model piloted with 27,000 clients across 3 states. Common factors in the successful models included use of Islamic microinsurance, close supervision of multiple stakeholders, and financing dedicated rural agricultural activities.
This document provides a review of agricultural extension in India. It discusses how extension helped increase productivity during the Green Revolution but has since fallen short of expectations. Key issues include weak research-extension-farmer linkages, a lack of coordination among extension agents, and problems with financing and accountability in public extension systems. It describes reforms like ATMA that aim to better integrate programs, but implementation challenges remain. Private extension is growing from input suppliers, buyers, and NGOs. Mobile applications also show promise in scaling up services. Overall extension needs to expand coverage to small farmers and lagging areas while public and private systems complement each other to accelerate inclusive agricultural growth.
ECAF on Smart Farmer Magazine July issue (launch page only)Maarten Susan
The document discusses efforts by the Kenyan government, banks, and development organizations to improve farmers' access to financing. It notes that while agriculture contributes significantly to Kenya's economy, commercial banks have largely shied away from agricultural lending due to perceptions of risk. However, there are now initiatives to address this, such as training banking officials on agricultural finance, designing new loan products tailored to farmers' needs, and making the lending process more borrower-friendly. The goal is to revolutionize agriculture in Kenya by reducing barriers to financing and supporting the farming community and agricultural sector.
Problem of agricultural marketing in indiaSouvik Roy
The passage discusses the modern farm laws introduced by the Modi government in India to address issues with the existing Agricultural Produce Market Regulation Acts (APMC Acts). The new laws allow farmers to sell their produce outside of state-regulated mandis without taxes and fees, giving farmers more market access and options to get a fair price. This reduces the pressure on farmers by providing a more competitive market outside of the inefficiencies of the APMC system, including interference by middlemen and increasing corruption.
Perceptions of People from Economically Backward Section towards Financial In...iosrjce
Financial Inclusion aims to provide the financial services to the people from economically backward
section of the society. The objective is to assist them in their economic improvement and achieve the sustainable
growth. In this study, an effort has been made to examine the views of the people from economically backward
sectionregarding the important aspects of financial inclusion. Views of 53 respondents are analyzed. ChiSquare,
nonparametric statistical technique, has been used to examine whether the views of the different
categories of the respondents about the important aspects of financial inclusiondiffer. Based on the views of the
respondents we found that bank employees are encouraging people from economically weaker sections to open
their accounts and people also found these accounts useful. Respondents are also of the view that education
level, income level, age and period of association of the account holder with the bank directly affects the quality
of services rendered. To further enhance the utility of the scheme and ensure its success, there is a need to
provide training to bank staff so that the quality of services rendered is not differentiated between different
categories of customers. Further, whereas this study pertains to the views of the economically weaker section,
there is a need to examine the views of bankers also, so that this scheme can be made more useful.
The document proposes a three tier model for agriculture in India to address various issues facing the agricultural sector. Tier 1 involves research and development of technical packages by scientists and experts. Tier 2 focuses on skill development and implementation of packages by trained local farmers, as well as establishing local storage and production facilities. Tier 3 involves forming self-help groups of farmers from different financial backgrounds to foster cooperation and boost side activities to supplement incomes. The model aims to improve productivity through appropriate technology, resource management, and efficient administration of agricultural groups.
— The study evaluates the efficiency of cooperative societies in credit delivery to agricultural enterprises in Yakurr Local Government Area, Cross River State. The specific objectives were to; describe the socioeconomic profile of cooperatives societies, identify the sources of finance that are available and utilize for credit by cooperative societies, analyze the efficiency of cooperatives using the arrival rate of loan request and the service rate and identify the challenges militating against cooperatives as a means of providing credit facilities to farmers in the study area. random sampling method was used to select 30 Cooperative Societies in the Local Government Area. Data were obtained using well structured questionnaire and were analyzed using descriptive statistics and queue theory. Results from the study showed that most of the cooperatives were formed in 2011 with 16-20 members at inception, which stood currently at 21-40 members. The benefits derived from the society ranges from, provision of input for production, accessibility of loan and marketing of products. The large proportion of the amount disbursed to member's ranges from 11000-31000naira. The result revealed that the sources of finance available to members was mainly from members contributions .The result further showed that cooperatives were not effective and efficient in queue management because the average idle time (-0.26) and the average traffic intensity was more than one (1.26). Also, findings showed that insufficient funds for disbursement(3.33), lack of qualified personnel (3.23), insincerity of members in credit management (3.16) and changes in government credit policies (3.16) were serious challenges that affected efficient delivery of credit by cooperative societies to agricultural enterprises in the study area, The study therefore recommended capacity building for cooperative members to enable them adequately source for funds and efficiently manage loan disbursement and repayment by members. Also, relevant government and nongovernmental financial institutions should be encouraged to channel credit facilities through cooperatives in other to build their financial base and make credit more accessible to agricultural enterprises.
Determinants of Willingness to Pay for Private Extension Services by Crop Far...Premier Publishers
The study analysed determinants of willingness to pay for private extension services among crop farmers in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Abuja, Nigeria. Primary data were collected from respondents using a structured questionnaire. Data were analysed using simple descriptive statistics and logit regression model. From the results, the mean age of respondents was 39 years. The mean annual income of respondents was N504,811.1 (SD = N767,997.7). Many (49.4%) of the farmers interviewed had between 6 – 10 persons in their households with an average household size of 8 persons. Majority (79.4%) of the respondents were male while only 20.6% of the respondents were female. Socioeconomic factors influencing crop farmers’ willingness to pay for private extension found in the study were age, income, membership of cooperatives and frequency of extension visits. Age was significant at 10% while Income and membership of cooperatives were both significant at 5% respectively. However, frequency of extension visits was significant at 1%. There should be deliberate policies that will draw younger Nigerian into farming as the study reveals that willingness to pay for private extension increases within the younger generation of farmers. Younger farmers have the innovativeness to incorporate vital innovations and modern technologies in farming.
This document discusses micronutrient malnutrition in children in India and proposes a solution. It summarizes that 48% of Indian children under 5 are stunted and 43% underweight despite government schemes. The schemes fail due to inadequate reach, lack of nutrients in meals, and inefficiencies in supply chains. The proposed solution creates agricultural cooperatives to source micronutrient-rich foods locally for distribution through Anganwadi centers and school meals. This would eliminate middlemen, improve farmer prices, and provide a holistic diet while being locally sourced and self-sustaining. Metrics are identified to measure the impact and scalability of the solution. Challenges and mitigation strategies are also discussed.
The document summarizes research on microfinance in Assam, India. It outlines the objectives to study the current status and informal practices of microfinance in the state. Data was collected from four districts on formal and informal microfinance providers. Informal providers include village societies and committees. Formal providers include NGOs, MFIs, banks, and cooperatives. Key findings include the emerging but nascent microfinance industry, role of banks and RRBs, presence of local MFIs, strong informal practices, and high interest rates charged informally.
Comparative study of access of group and individual farmerAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that compares the access of group and individual farmer-clients to credit from microfinance institutions in Enugu State, Nigeria. A total of 72 respondents (36 individuals and 36 groups) were surveyed. Regression analysis found that years of experience, farm size, credit history, income, collateral, interest rate, deposit requirements, and distance to the MFI affected access for both groups and individuals. A test of means found a statistically significant difference between the groups' and individuals' access levels. A survey also found that minimum deposits, interest rates, and loan sizes were seen as constraints more by groups, while individuals also saw surety requirements as a hindrance. Overall, group lending was found to provide better access
This document discusses farmer producer organizations (FPOs) in India. It provides background on FPOs and their legal forms. As of 2019, there were over 7,000 registered FPOs across India, with the majority being small in size and capital. The top challenges for FPOs are access to capital, infrastructure, and support. The document outlines a strategy for FPO development over 6 years and discusses the roles and structure of FPOs. It also summarizes various financial support programs available to FPOs from organizations like NABARD and the government.
BASIX is a livelihood promotion institution established in 1996 that provides integrated microfinance and technical assistance services to rural populations in India. It operates through subsidiaries that focus on microfinance, technical services, and banking. BASIX aims to generate sustainable livelihoods for different segments of the rural economy, including subsistence workers, micro-enterprises, and small agro-enterprises, through tailored financial products and services combined with training and support. After over a decade of operations, BASIX has lent over Rs. 460 million to more than 31,000 clients across six Indian states.
Potential Linked Plan of NABARD and its importance in DCP (District Credit Pl...Dr Dilip Vishnu Deshpande
Potential Linked Plan (PLP) is a unique document prepared by District Development Manager (DDM) NABARD for each district . It gives very useful information about credti flow and potential for development through credit. It is useful for bankers, government, NGOs, students as well as policy makers
67 informal credit system through social entrepreneurs in tiruchirappalli dis...chelliah paramasivan
1. The document examines the informal credit system through social entrepreneurs in Tiruchirappalli District, Tamil Nadu.
2. It finds that NGOs play an active role in promoting self-help groups (SHGs) that provide savings and credit services to local communities.
3. Data on the lead bank profile and performance of SHGs in the district from 2010-2013 show significant growth in the number of SHGs formed, bank loans disbursed, and average loan amounts disbursed to SHGs.
This document analyzes producer organizations (POs) and their ability to competitively supply smallholder farmers' products to formal markets like school feeding programs. It develops a framework to evaluate six key areas of PO competitiveness: 1) members' production potential, 2) coverage of core activities, 3) market integration level, 4) financial capacity, 5) efficiency and planning, and 6) human resource support. This framework was used to analyze 14 PO cases, finding diversity in performance. While direct business results were unclear due to data limitations, the analysis provides a picture of PO functions and identifies interventions to strengthen POs for effective participation in formal markets.
Effect of operational guidelines of bank of agriculture on loan disbursment a...Alexander Decker
The document analyzes loan disbursement and repayment performance across three lending schemes of the Bank of Agriculture in Kwara State, Nigeria from 2000-2010. It finds that:
1) The Macro Loan Scheme had the highest average annual disbursement at N133.5 million, followed by the Special Credit/Collaboration Scheme at N14.85 million and the Direct Lending Scheme at N25.96 million.
2) Loan repayment was also highest on average annually for the Macro Loan Scheme at N161.94 million, followed by the Special Credit/Collaboration Scheme at N22.83 million and the Direct Lending Scheme at N8.35 million.
3) The
Assessing the access to credit by small scale commercial famers in gondola di...Benjamim Vilanculos
Major constraints that constitute the limitations of access to agricultural credit faced by small scale commercial farmers in Gondola District in Mozambique mainly transaction costs and risks in the lending process
Access to Finance from Financial Institutions among the Smallholder’s Cashew ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The study was carried out among the cashew nut producers in Tandahimba District to identify
factors that influence smallholder’s cashew nut producers to access finance from financial institutions. The study
employed a cross-sectional research design, whereby a sample size of 100 respondents was used. Data were
collected through a household survey and interviews. Quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed by using
binary logistic regression and content analysis respectively. The results show that factors influencing cashew nut
smallholder’s producers to access finance from financial institutions are: age of the producers’ (p = 0.001), having
financial statements for at least three years of producers’ in cooperatives (p = 0.027), cooperative membership to
cooperative union (p = 0.014), absence of criminal cases (p = 0.042), certificate of maximum liability from
registrar of cooperatives (p = 0.011), minutes of the meeting which approved application for the loan for
cooperatives (p = 0.041), farm/ land size (p = 0.044) and effectiveness of cooperative association in linking
producers’ to getting a loan from a financial institution (p = 0.032). The study concludes that, the identified factors
can be used for efficient access to finances among smallholder’s cashew nut producers in Tandahimba district.
KEYWORDS - finance, financial institutions, smallholder farmer and warehouse receipt system.
George Muruka describes the main steps of the action-research and what support SanFin partners have received. The presentation takes lessons in terms of the type of support needed by MFI so that they can deliver loans for sanitation. Finally, G. Muruka looks at the wider context of the East Africa region, highlighting the potential size of the sanitation microfinance markets (considering the need for accessing improved sanitation in the region). G. Muruka considers potential actions from sanitation practitioners which could make the sector more attractive to microfinance institutions.
This document provides a summary of a study assessing small-scale farmer participation in District Agricultural Development Plans (DADPs) in Kilosa District, Tanzania. It was conducted to understand how DADPs are implemented and how communities participate in the process. The study found that while efforts have been made to involve farmers, participation is not as stipulated in guidelines. It provides several recommendations to enhance small-scale farmer involvement in DADP planning and implementation, including developing a strategy with stakeholders, directly consulting marginal farmers, organizing farmers' groups, and establishing an effective agricultural information system. The study concludes that policies aim to transform small-scale agriculture but implementation has not achieved this due to a mismatch between policies and initiatives to operational
This document describes several successful models of agricultural microfinance in Sudan led by the Central Bank of Sudan. It summarizes models that provide financing to farmers using Islamic modes of finance like Murabaha and Musharakah. Key models highlighted include the Agricultural Bank of Sudan's initiative that reached over 9,000 women in rural villages, the MASARA project in North Kordofan that financed 760 women's groups, and the Hibiscus value chain model piloted with 27,000 clients across 3 states. Common factors in the successful models included use of Islamic microinsurance, close supervision of multiple stakeholders, and financing dedicated rural agricultural activities.
This study analyzed the factors affecting loan repayment performances in Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) with
a case study of (Promotion of Rural Initiatives and Development Enterprises) PRIDE Arusha, Tanzania. The
study used both quantitative and qualitative techniques to investigate factors affecting loan repayment
performances. The findings show that clients’ characteristics (age, household size, gender and level of
education), nature of business (business type, business stability and income level) and loan characteristics
(repayment period, repayment mode, and repayment amount) were among the factors that influenced borrowers
in repaying their loans. Lack of business knowledge was another factor mentioned by clients which leads to low
productivity hence failure to have enough fund to repay their loans.
The study further revealed that there was a significant relationship between loan repayment performances with
clients’ businesses challenges, loan diversification to other non-income activities, and other outside factors such
market imperfections, higher interest charges, drought, among others.
Influence of the Registration Process and Requirements on Cooprative Performa...ARON43448
The document discusses the influence of registration processes and requirements on cooperative performance in Zambia. It provides background on cooperatives globally and in Zambia. A study was conducted in Central Province using surveys and interviews of 209 respondents from cooperatives. The study found that registration requirements are affordable but the process does not sufficiently support cooperative growth and performance. Revisions to the registration process are recommended to enhance cooperative contributions to social and economic development in rural Zambia.
The document summarizes challenges around access to financial services in the agricultural sector in Mozambique. It outlines the country's policy framework and goals to increase access, including doubling access to services by 2025. It analyzes trends that show bank account ownership increasing but remaining low, with most farmers relying on informal services. The main constraints to smallholder access are low income, lack of collateral, limited coverage of institutions, and high interest rates. Recommendations include promoting private sector participation, value chains, land collateral models, mobile accounts, and data collection on smallholder access.
The document summarizes challenges around access to financial services in the agricultural sector in Mozambique. It outlines the country's policy framework and targets to increase access, including doubling access to financial services by 2025 under the Malabo goals. The results section analyzes trends in bank accounts, electronic payments, and savings groups. Smallholder farmers have low access to formal financial services at 8%, relying more on informal options. Barriers to access include low incomes, lack of collateral, and distance from financial institutions. Recommendations include promoting private sector participation, value chains, land-based lending, mobile payments, and expanding rural agents.
Likoma dado upscaling extension coverage and impact under pluralistic (2)Farm Radio Trust Mw
This document discusses an innovative approach proposed by Lilongwe Agricultural Development Division to increase the coverage and impact of agricultural extension services in Malawi. The approach involves focusing on addressing a common problem faced by all farmers through a coordinated intervention on a key value chain. Local chickens and the high mortality caused by Newcastle Disease was identified as this common problem. A massive vaccination campaign targeting local chickens could draw interest from all farmers and help increase chicken populations, leading to income gains that farmers could invest in other agricultural programs. This coordinated approach targeting a shared issue aims to improve uptake of extension services across the country.
Impact on Income Farmer Debt Bondage System Cengkeh (Case Study in Liwutung V...IJEAB
Until recently known as the clove plantation crop that can provide the greatest revenue among plants cultivated population in Southeast Minahasa Regency. Although the level of selling price per kilo of dry high compared to most other plantation crops among the results, but the reality in practice is still a lot of farmers who still fall into the practice of debt bondage system that is very detrimental to farmers. The purpose of this research is: (a). Knowing the dynamics of debt bondage system applicable at the farm level. (2). Assessing the value of the losses suffered by farmers with their debt bondage system. Research was conducted during 3 months from July to September 2015. The location is determined purposive sampling with consideration as production centers. Respondents were selected by 20 farmers. Data collected included primary and secondary data. The data type for the primary data are: recording made by every owner of the garden at the time of measurement of the crop in the form of a notebook crops and types of other expenses such as shopping lists staple for the harvest progresses, wages harvest, pre-harvest such as ladders, rope as media binder stairs and media container yields while secondary data obtained from the department or the relevant authorities are technically fully understand the business development of the crop. The data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the source of bonded labor system is productive cycle, farmers' lack of funds to finance farming, relatively high maintenance costs as well as costs of urgency needs of school children especially in the beginning of the new school / college or religious holidays. The amount of bonded labor is determined by the length of time the next harvest or the condition indicator ovary. Great value losses experienced by farmers is Rp. 8,122,056.25 per harvest period.
This seminar presentation discusses the use of ICTs among extension workers and farmers in Nigeria and its relevance to sustainable agricultural development. It begins with introducing the background and challenges facing Nigerian smallholders, such as poverty, illiteracy, and lack of access to information. It then provides an overview of the traditional agricultural extension model and discusses how ICTs could complement extension efforts. The research aims to explore how ICTs, specifically mobile phones, could improve farmers' adoption of good agricultural practices and increase productivity. The study will be conducted in two communities, interviewing extension workers and surveying farmers on their information needs, ICT access, and farming practices. The findings could help establish information centers and contribute to knowledge on
Agriculture Cooperatives’ Contribution to Improvement of Community Life in Pa...jo bitonio
This document summarizes a study on the contributions of agriculture cooperatives to improving community life in Pangasinan, Philippines. The study examined 13 cooperatives and found they provide various social and economic interventions. Socially, they offer scholarships, capacity building, medical services, and insurance. Economically, they provide grocery stores, employment, and livelihood training. The cooperatives contribute to communities by being adaptable, effective, significant, financially viable, and sustainable. They empower marginalized groups like women by providing capital and business opportunities. The study concludes cooperatives play a crucial role in local social and economic development through their various interventions. It recommends strengthening monitoring, developing comprehensive plans, and forging partnerships to help cooperatives better support
This document provides terms of reference for analyzing risks and opportunities of different types of agricultural inputs for small-scale farmers in Tanzania. It begins with background on ActionAid Tanzania and a climate change and agriculture project they are implementing. The project aims to promote climate-smart agriculture among small-scale farmers. The assignment will analyze risks and opportunities of inputs like inorganic/organic fertilizers and hybrid/open-pollinated varieties in one project and one non-project village. It will assess input access, risks, opportunities, and livelihood impacts. The analysis will inform recommendations on managing risks and helping farmers benefit from opportunities to improve food security under climate change.
A Study on Problems faced by Beneficiaries in Availing Direct Benefit Transf...PARAMASIVANCHELLIAH
Direct benefit transfer is well known and reaching in all kind of people in India. It is one
of the initiatives of its kind and one of the largest junction and e-governance program being
implemented by GoI (Government of India) as it involves digitization of information,
rationalization and mechanization of processes and direct benefit transfer by Financial
Inclusion of all families. It covers each and every individual family and resident of the States.
There are some difficulties to reach the benefit to the real beneficiaries such as personal
problems, technology problems and financial problems. Successful implementation of any
program requires consistent and visible mechanisms for ensuring sanction of benefits by a single
office using a single and common dais. This paper made on attempts to analyse the problems
faced by the beneficiaries in availing direct benefit transfer
Microfinance for sanitation: how can public funders get involved?Trémolet Consulting
This document discusses microfinance for sanitation and its potential role in addressing the global sanitation crisis. It notes that 2.6 billion people lack access to improved sanitation and that microfinance can help households invest in sanitation facilities. Examples from Vietnam, India, and limited experiences in Tanzania show how microfinance has enabled hundreds of thousands of households to access sanitation. The document advocates that public funders can play a role in kickstarting microfinance markets for sanitation by identifying financing needs, supporting partners like MFIs, and providing initial funding and support structures to grow markets sustainably. It provides guidance on selecting partners and determining what assistance may be needed based on the local financial context.
Microfinance for sanitation: how can public funders get involved?Trémolet Consulting
As public policy in many countries stipulates that households should finance their own on-site sanitation facilities, the question of facilitating access to finance for upfront costs (and in some cases, maintenance costs as well) is pressing. In this presentation, Sophie Trémolet looks at the role of public intervention including donor agencies) to stimulate the market of microfinance for sanitation.
This document provides information on various types of agricultural credit and retail banking products in India. It discusses the four stages of agricultural credit development since 1904 and the role of organizations like NABARD. It also describes various government sponsored schemes for agriculture like SGSY, SJSRY, and PMRY. The document outlines different types of agricultural loans like direct/indirect credit and microfinance approaches like self-help groups. It concludes by covering retail banking products like housing loans, consumer loans, credit cards, and personal/educational loans.
Impact of Village Saving and Loan Associations (VSLAs) in Rubengera Sector – ...Premier Publishers
The study aimed at studying the impact of VSLAs on sustainable development of rural population of Rubengera Sector in Karongi District. A sample of 92 respondents were selected from the study population of 2400 members of VSLAs in the study area using Alain Bouchard formula. The respondents were selected with the help of simple random sampling techniques. Data collection instruments included observation, focus group discussion, questionnaire and documentation. After the collection of data, it was processed through editing, coding and tabulation; then analyzed with comparative and statistical methods with the help of SPSS. After data analysis and interpretation of the results, the researcher found out that VSLAs helped in the financial inclusion of different categories. According to the profile of the respondents, the researcher found that VSLAs included women, men and youth, people with different academic levels and professions.
In conclusion, all 92 sampled, 100% of the respondents confirmed that since the adoption of VSLAs, there have been positive changes that have characterized the socioeconomic development of the rural population in the study area. The sampled members of VSLAs confirmed that after joining VSLAs, livelihood status have improved such as improvement in school enrolment, better health status, better housing and improvement in income level. Furthermore, findings revealed that after joining VSLAs, most of the members have shifted to upper categories of Ubudehe program.
Awareness about microfinance sevices among rural peoplesushilajaglan
The document presents a case study on the performance appraisal of microfinance services and awareness of rural people in Block Israna, Panipat, Haryana, India. It discusses the growth of microfinance in India through self-help groups (SHGs) and microfinance institutions (MFIs). Key findings include: (1) Over 76.97 lakh SHGs are linked to banks as of 2015, (2) MFIs serve over 371 lakh clients as of 2015, (3) 62.5% of respondents in the study area prefer informal sources of finance over formal sources. The study aims to examine awareness levels, preferences for formal/informal finance, and reasons for accessing
This document analyzes the impact of microfinance on rural households in northern villages in Uttar Pradesh, India. It studies whether microfinance facilitates rural development and poverty alleviation. The study surveyed 450 rural households. It finds that microfinance has significantly impacted economic, social, and political factors in the external environment. Access to microfinance has increased household incomes, savings, and income-generating activities. It has also improved decision-making power and reduced poverty. The study concludes that microfinance is an effective tool for empowering farmers and rural people, and plays a key role in rural development and poverty alleviation.
Similar to Improving Smallholder Farmers Access to Finance Through Warehouse Receipt System in Tanzania (20)
This paper applies the Vector Autoregressive (VAR) technique to annual data from 1980 to 2013 to provide empirical evidence on the long-run relationship between export trade and economic growth in Malawi. The export trade in this study is disaggregated into services and goods exports. Thus, the paper estimated two models. The first model deals with the relationship between export of services and growth, and the other one determines the relationship between goods export and growth. While the paper finds no evidence for long-run relationship between export of services and goods on economic growth, the empirical results suggest existence of a short-run nexus between export of goods and economic growth in Malawi. The Granger causality test results have also confirmed existence of a unidirectional causality from goods exports to economic growth and another unidirectional causality from goods exports to service exports.
This document summarizes a study that examines the nonlinear relationship between real exchange rates and bilateral trade balance between South Korea and the United States from 1985 to 2013. The study finds:
1) There is a cointegrating relationship between real exchange rates and bilateral trade balance in both linear and nonlinear models, suggesting a long-run equilibrium relationship.
2) South Korea-U.S. bilateral trade balance exhibited no J-curve effect when the South Korean won depreciated against the U.S. dollar.
3) A performance evaluation found the nonlinear model was better than the linear model at predicting trade balance, indicating depreciation has a limited effect and sharp currency depreciation can hurt a country's
Mobile banking has grown in Nigeria in recent years as banks offer SMS banking, funds transfers, bill payments, and other services via mobile phones. However, the paper identifies several challenges to the operation of mobile banking in Nigeria, including insecure environments, interoperability issues between different mobile devices, unstable power and network infrastructure, and low financial literacy among many Nigerians. The paper proposes that Nigerian banks adopt a "non-bank led model" of mobile banking to make services more transformational and accessible to the unbanked, rather than just adding a new channel for existing customers. Future research is needed to address challenges like security, scalability, and expanding financial inclusion through mobile banking in Nigeria.
Abstract: The paper examines the impact of public sectoral expenditure on economic growth in Nigeria for the period 1981-2013. It was observed that the growth of government expenditure has not fully felt by the economy. The econometric methodology employed is the ARDL model and results show that while the impact of government expenditure on administration and debt servicing were positive on economic growth in the long and short run, expenditure on economic and social sectors has negative impact. We argue that this may not be unconnected with the high level of corruption prevalent in the public sector where funds that are meant for provision or maintenance of social-economic activities like agriculture, roads, transportations, schools and hospitals are diverted for personal use. The CUSUM and CUSUMSQ test show the model is stable as neither of them cross the 5% boundary. The paper recommended that government should increase expenditure to the social and economic sectors while debts or debt servicing should be reduced. Also, corruption so prevalent in the public sector must be minimized if cannot be eradicated.
This document summarizes a research article that investigates the causal relationship between road transport infrastructure development, economic growth, and poverty level in Nigeria from 1980 to 2012. It finds that road transport infrastructure development and economic growth cause poverty reduction in the long run, but that poverty reduction and economic growth can influence each other in the short run. The document reviews theories and prior empirical research on the relationships between transportation infrastructure, economic growth, and poverty reduction. It finds mixed results from other studies on the direction of causality. The research aims to help inform transport investment decisions in Nigeria by providing more clarity on the links between these important variables.
Abstract: The theoretical relationship of the long-run equilibrium between real exchange rates and interest rate differentials is essentially derived from the Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) and the uncovered interest parity. However, empirical evidence on this long-run relationship has rather been inconclusive. While several authors are able to establish the long-run relationship between real exchange rates and interest rate differentials other could not found this relationship. The reason for lack of relationship in some of the studies is as a result of omitted variables (Meese and Rogoff, 1988). Therefore, attempt is made in this study to evaluate this relationship between real exchange rate and interest rate differential for the case of Nigeria by controlling for foreign exchange reserves. The paper uses monthly data for the period 1993:1-2012:12 and applies Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) model. The estimates suggest the existence of long-run relationship between real exchange rate, interest rate differential and foreign exchange reserves. In the long run, the exchange rate coefficient has a positive effect on the foreign reserves. However, the effect of interest rate differential is negative and statistically significant. On the short run dynamics, the finding indicates a non-monotonic relationship between real exchange rate, interest rate differential and foreign exchange reserves. The out-of-sample forecast indicates a better forecast using ARMA model as all Theil coefficients are close zero for all the horizons used in the model.
Abstract: Financial is the result of an organized process that is commonly referred to as money management
or financial planning and control. Financial planning is the process of managing money to achieve economic
satisfaction. This planning process allows for controlling financial situation. Every organisation has a unique
financial position, and any financial activity therefore must also be carefully planned to meet specific needs and
goals. A comprehensive financial plan can enhance the quality of organisational life and increase future needs
and resources. The specific advantages of personal financial planning include Increased effectiveness in
obtaining, using, and protecting your financial resources throughout your lifetime The objective of the present
study was to study the financial planning and to analyze the financial control. The tools applied for this study
are Additional Fund Needed, Breakeven Analysis, Index analysis etc, findings reveals that the additional fund
needed was increased during the study period. The company has to reduce the additional fund needed, dividend
payout ratio, plant capacity and in order to increase the retained earnings and profit margin. For most
companies, planning and controlling is a necessary but painful process. Unfortunately, it is often a prolonged
exercise that takes so long that the starting assumptions are virtually meaningless by the time the process is
complete. Add to that the rapidly increasing need for reporting and controls, both from investors and to meet
regulatory requirements. As per the above observations and analysis the company will have to improve its
financial planning and control for the upcoming years.
This document describes a hybrid intelligent system for forecasting iron prices that integrates web-based text mining, a rule-based expert system, and GMDH neural networks. The system collects relevant information on factors affecting iron prices from the internet using text mining. It extracts rules on the relationship between price movements and influencing factors from historical data using an expert system. Finally, it forecasts future iron prices using the GMDH neural networks model incorporating information from the other modules. The system is tested on daily iron price data from 2009 to 2013 and is found to improve forecasting accuracy over GMDH neural networks alone.
Abstract: In this paper, we examine the existence of the size effect in the Tunisian stock exchange (TSE) over
the period January 2008 to December 2013 and we test the relationship between size and January effects. The
findings reveal that there is a size effect in the TSE. However, we report that size and January effects are separate
anomalies. More specifically, we document that average returns are found to increase with decreases in size.
However, we find that small firms don’t significantly outperform large firms in January.
More from International Journal of Economics and Financial Research (9)
[4:55 p.m.] Bryan Oates
OJPs are becoming a critical resource for policy-makers and researchers who study the labour market. LMIC continues to work with Vicinity Jobs’ data on OJPs, which can be explored in our Canadian Job Trends Dashboard. Valuable insights have been gained through our analysis of OJP data, including LMIC research lead
Suzanne Spiteri’s recent report on improving the quality and accessibility of job postings to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.
Decoding job postings: Improving accessibility for neurodivergent job seekers
Improving the quality and accessibility of job postings is one way to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.
2. Elemental Economics - Mineral demand.pdfNeal Brewster
After this second you should be able to: Explain the main determinants of demand for any mineral product, and their relative importance; recognise and explain how demand for any product is likely to change with economic activity; recognise and explain the roles of technology and relative prices in influencing demand; be able to explain the differences between the rates of growth of demand for different products.
In a tight labour market, job-seekers gain bargaining power and leverage it into greater job quality—at least, that’s the conventional wisdom.
Michael, LMIC Economist, presented findings that reveal a weakened relationship between labour market tightness and job quality indicators following the pandemic. Labour market tightness coincided with growth in real wages for only a portion of workers: those in low-wage jobs requiring little education. Several factors—including labour market composition, worker and employer behaviour, and labour market practices—have contributed to the absence of worker benefits. These will be investigated further in future work.
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OJP data from firms like Vicinity Jobs have emerged as a complement to traditional sources of labour demand data, such as the Job Vacancy and Wages Survey (JVWS). Ibrahim Abuallail, PhD Candidate, University of Ottawa, presented research relating to bias in OJPs and a proposed approach to effectively adjust OJP data to complement existing official data (such as from the JVWS) and improve the measurement of labour demand.
How Does CRISIL Evaluate Lenders in India for Credit RatingsShaheen Kumar
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How Does CRISIL Evaluate Lenders in India for Credit Ratings
Improving Smallholder Farmers Access to Finance Through Warehouse Receipt System in Tanzania
1. International Journal of Economics
and Financial Research
ISSN: 2411-9407
Vol. 1, No. 3, pp: 41-49, 2015
URL: http://arpgweb.com/?ic=journal&journal=5&info=aims
*Corresponding Author
41
Academic Research Publishing Group
Improving Smallholder Farmers Access to Finance Through
Warehouse Receipt System in Tanzania
William J. G.* The University of Dodoma, Department of Agricultural Economics, P.O. Box 395, Dodoma, Tanzania
Kaserwa N. Tanzania Warehouse Licensing Board, P.O. Box 38093, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
1. Introduction
The Warehouse Receipt System (WRS) was legally established in the country in 2007 as a way of getting
around this financing problem by linking small holder farmers with financial institutions. There are currently three
financial institutions: National Micro-finance Bank (NMB), Cooperative and Rural Development Bank (CRDB),
Kilimanjaro Cooperative Bank Limited (KCBL) which provides loans to smallholder farmers through registered
primary cooperatives societies (PCS) and comprise 20-30 members. Currently, there about 566 PCS covering major
cashew growing areas in Tanzania. The system allows agricultural producers and processors to obtain working
capital by using agricultural products stored in licensed warehouse as collateral (Forestier and Bryde, 2013).
The WRS emerged as an important means of improving the performance of Agricultural marketing system
following the global economic liberalization in 1980s (Kwadjo, 2013). However, progress in promoting WRS and
related market institutions in Africa has generally been slow or limited but interest remains high in Eastern and
Southern Africa. Tanzania Government intends to ensure the mainstreaming of the system for eight crops such as
cotton, coffee, cashew nuts, paddy, sunflower, sesame, maize and pigeon peas to facilitate agricultural productivity
and financing for the small holder farmers (Slater and Dona, 2010). Currently, the WRS is under operations in 14
regions of Tanzania including Mtwara, Lindi, Coast, Morogoro, Singida, Manyara, Kilimanjaro, Mwanza, Mara,
Mwanza, Tanga, Kagera, Mbeya, Dodoma.
To enhance smallholder farmers to increase their access to credit, the Government of Tanzania has attempted to
establish several policies. These include Tanzania vision 2025 and National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of
Poverty. Others policies include National Microfinance Policy 2000, Cooperative Policy 2002, Tanzania Agriculture
Policy 1997 and Agricultural Marketing Policy 2008. Likewise, several programmes have been initiated including
Kilimo Kwanza strategy, Tanzania Agricultural Sector Development Program (ASDP), Tanzania Agriculture
Productivity Program, Agriculture Sector Development Strategy (ASDS), District Agricultural Development Plan
(DADP) and Tanzania Agriculture and Food Security Investment Plan (TAFSIP). Furthermore, the government has
put in place regulation tools including Cooperative Societies Act 2003 (currently Tanzania Cooperative Societies Act
2013) and Cooperative Societies Rules 2004, Warehouse Receipt Act 2005, Warehouse Regulations 2006 and
Tanzania Warehouse Licensing Board.
Abstract: Marketing of crops in Tanzania has been undergoing change. Direct sales from farmers to traders
and delivery to the Primary Cooperative Societies (PCS) were in practice at different points of time. Since 2007,
the warehouse receipt system was introduced in Tanzania. The warehouse operators accept the deposit of crops
in the warehouses and provide a receipt to the farmers through PCS and the farmers receive a part of the
payments through bank financing based on these receipts. This study was conducted to assess whether
Warehouse Receipt System has made any contribution in improving smallholder farmers ‘access to financial
services. The study used cross sectional design where 100 smallholder farmers in Singida Rural district in
Singida region were covered. Quantitative and qualitative techniques were used to analyze the data. The results
showed that the motives that were used to influence smallholder farmers to join WRS included price, access to
credit and access to market, although, most of the farmers participate into WRS to access credit for agricultural
activities. Moreover, level of farming technologies adopted found to have increased significantly after joining
the WRS. Based on these findings, it is recommended to increase sensitization efforts among the smallholder
farmers in order to enable the larger spectrum of the community members becoming aware of the WRS practice.
Also, policy maker should deliberately intervene to strengthen the capacity of WRS.
Keywords: Warehouse; Smallholder; Financing; Cooperatives; Tanzania.
2. International Journal of Economics and Financial Research, 2015, 1(3): 41-49
42
These efforts have resulted to the creation of an enabling environment, the provision of proactive support
to private operators, farmers’ cooperatives (organizations), NGOs and CBOs who supply inputs and credit to
smallholder farmers as well as ensuring a strong regulatory mechanism. However, these efforts have much to be
desired, because rural farmers are still facing difficulties in accessing credits. This raises concern that the role of
financing smallholder farmers in rural areas has not yet been adequately addressed.
Sustainable provision of financial services to smallholder farmers by formal financial institutions continues to
be hampered by many problems (Coulter and Onumah, 2012). These problems include high intermediation costs,
peculiar difficulties in the financial environment, missing markets for risk management instruments and lack of
suitable collateral. Also, few formal financial institutions actually understand the most common economic activity in
rural areas, i.e. agriculture, and those who understand are reluctant to serve the agricultural sector given its
seasonality and the inherent risks of farming (Mahieux et al., 2011). Most of the Savings and Credit Cooperative
Societies (SACCOS), which turned up to fill this gap are small, and they are questionable of sustainability. In
Tanzania, they have not fully helped the smallholder farmers in solving their agricultural financial problem
(Onumah, 2010).
The introduction of warehouse receipt (WR) was expected to reduce these problems to smallholder farmers.
However, WRS is still unavailable to most of smallholder farmers who are faced with cumbersome lending
procedures. Several studies have been done on WRS however; they are mainly concentrated on marketing. These
include study done by Onumah (2014), which centered on the contribution of WRS in marketing of produce in the
liberalized market. Furthermore, the study by Onumah (2014) centered on the contribution of WRS in enabling
farmers accessing financial services in financial institutions. However, most of these efforts have failed to improve
the access to financial services by smallholder farmers. Hence, little has been done to understand the problems which
smallholder farmers are facing. There is a need to find out the extent in which WRS has smoothen the access to
financial services to smallholder farmers in order to improve their activities. Therefore, the aim of this study was to
analyze the contributions of the WRS towards facilitating smallholder farmers to access credit from financial
institutions with evidence from Singida Rural districts in Tanzania.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of the Study Area
The study was conducted in Singida Rural district (Singida region) where 83% of communities are engaged in
agriculture, mostly, sunflower farming. According to DALDO (2013, unpublished report) found that the WRS was
not used by most of sunflower smallholder farmers. This developed an interest to find more about the practice. The
selection of the study area was also because most studies on WRS have been done in other regions of Tanzania
including Manyara, Mtwara, Rukwa and Katavi.
2.2. Study Design
The study used cross-sectional survey design because it allows obtaining field data and results more rapidly.
Data collected used for simple description purposes as well as determining relationships between variables.
According to Babbie (1990) and Bailey (1994), a cross-sectional design allows data to be collected at a single point
in time without repetition from the representative population.
2.3. Study population
Singida Rural is one of the six districts of the Singida region of Tanzania. It is bordered to the East by the
Manyara region, to the South by the Ikungi district and to the West by the Mkalama district. According to the 2012
Tanzania national census, the population of the Singida Rural District was 225,521. The Singida Rural district is
administratively divided into 30 wards.
2.4. Sampling Frame and Sample Size
The sampling frame to conduct this study constituted smallholder farmers through cooperatives societies,
extension officers, collateral manager and employees from financial institutions: Banks (NMB and CRDB).
The sampling to conduct the study on the part of farmers was the farmers who are growing sunflower and adopted
warehouse receipt system. The sample size consisted of randomly selected of 100 smallholder farmers who are
members of the primary cooperatives using WRS as a means of obtaining credit from financial institutions. This
sample was assumed to be enough for obtaining the information required, because the population was homogeneous.
Four key informants were selected using purpose method (1) extension officers from five wards, one (1) warehouse
manager and two (2) employees from financial institutions providing loans to smallholder farmers.
2.5. Sources of Data
The study collected both primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected from smallholder farmers and
key informants by using structured questionnaires, focus group discussion, interview and personal observation.
Secondary data were obtained from the publications in the libraries, reports from financial institutions, warehouses
reports, ward extension officers reports and other agricultural programs found in the districts.
3. International Journal of Economics and Financial Research, 2015, 1(3): 41-49
43
2.6. Data and Collection Methods
2.6.1. Questionnaire
Well-structured self-administered questionnaires, with both open and closed ended questions were used for data
collection. Primary data including amount of loan issued to farmers, knowledge of farmers on the importance of
using WRS, accessibility and training related to the use of WRS as a means of getting loans were collected.
Secondary data collection include amount of loan outstanding, number of farmers borrowing from financial
institutions through WRS and trend of the farmers produce stored in the Warehouse for various periods.
2.6.2. Focus Group Discussion
In this study, focus group discussion was conducted in order to obtain in-depth information from smallholder
farmers. The method helped to obtain opinions on WRS and financial services. The group consists of three credit
officers and eight homogenous smallholder farmers.
2.6.3. Interview
Furthermore, unstructured interview was conducted to seek information from extension officers, Bank’s
employees and Warehouse manager. The method enabled the researcher to be more informed on WRS as a way of
accessing financial services to smallholder farmers.
2.6.4. Personal Observation
Field observation was carried out to verify some of the smallholder farmers’ responses and record whatever they
could have not reported and not asked in the questionnaire.
2.7. Data Analysis and Presentation
Descriptive analysis was used whereby quantitative and qualitative data collected was cleaned and analyzed by
the aid of Statistical Package for Social Scientist (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel Office 2010. These packages used for
analysis in order to obtain the quantitative description of the information. The results that were obtained were in
form of mean, sum, percentages and frequencies.
Regression analysis was applied to analyze the determinants of choosing WRS. The model was used to identify
the motives of small holder farmers to choose the WRS. The dependent variable in this model was summation of the
motives identified by smallholder farmers, each motive being assigned a value of 1 for those who assigned it and a
value of zero otherwise. The factors considered were, access to market, improve market information (price, demand,
quality, etc), easing access to finance, stable prices and mitigating price risks, enabling cost effective and
management of food reserves. The functional relationship is specified in Equation 1.
𝑌 = 𝑓(𝐺, 𝐿, 𝑀, 𝐼 , 𝐹, 𝑃 , 𝑆 ) … … … … … … … … … … . … . … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (1)
Where,
𝐺 = Gender of the farmer
𝐿 = Land size owned by farmers
𝑀 = Smallholder access to market
𝐼 = Improve market information (price, demand, quality, etc)
𝐹 = Easing access to finance
𝑃 = Stable prices and mitigating price risks
𝑆 = Access to improved storage facility (reduce post harvest losses)
The econometric model is specified as follows presented in Equation 2.
𝑌 = 𝛼0 + 𝛼1 𝐺 + 𝛼2 𝐿 + 𝛼3 𝑀 + 𝛼4 𝐼 + 𝛼5 𝐹 + 𝛼6 𝑃 + 𝛼7 𝑆 + 𝜇 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . . … … … (2)
Where,
𝛼 = The coefficient to estimate the relationship between the output and the different variables,
𝑈 = Error term.
Content analysis was used for analysis of the data collected through focus group discussion and interview.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Characteristics of Smallholder Head of Households
Respondent’s characteristics depicted by the study were gender, age, education level and marital status as they
are analyzed and presented in Table 2.
Gender: The results show that, 73 (73%) of farmers were males who and the remaining 27 (27%) were female. Male
participation in the Warehouse Receipt System is higher compared to female. This means, the awareness and
participation in the WRS is higher for males than females while the general population consists of more females than
males. Therefore, Deliberate efforts are needed to enable in order to enable more females participate in the system.
These findings comply with that of Stephens (1992) who argued that though most technologies are considered
gender neutral, they are often gender biased during their introduction and use by societies.
4. International Journal of Economics and Financial Research, 2015, 1(3): 41-49
44
Age: Respondents’ age categories are depicted. From the Table, it shows that 47 (47%) farmers were aged
between 41 and 50 years, 27 (27%) between 31 and 40 years, 21 (21%) between 51 and 60 years, four (4%) between
20 and 30 years, and only one (1%) was aged between 61 and 70 years. The implication of the above statistics is
that majority of the population who participated in the WRS were middle to old age. From the Focused Group
Discussion (FGDs), it was revealed that, the participation of the young population was very minimal as shown
above, mainly, due the youth’s negative attitude towards agriculture as a whole and inadequate emphasize by the
government in commercializing agriculture in particular.
Level of education: Community members participating in the WRS were not of the same education level. About
77 (77%) farmers had primary education, 12 (12%) had no formal education, seven (7%) had post-secondary
education, and four (4%) had secondary education. If you critically visualize the above findings, you will realize that
majority (77%) of the farmers involving into WRS only attended primary education followed by no formal
education. The post-secondary education constituted a very low percentage. The information from FGDs indicated
that, the more people are educated, the more they tend to run away from agriculture activities and look for other
survival options, particularly, formal employment and business related activities in cities. As a result, it has led to
low participation of people with higher educational levels in the WRS because, primarily, they are not participating
in agricultural production. The results are in agreement with that of CIMMYT Economic Program (2013) where it
was reported that in Tanzania, most farmers have primary education and rely on traditional farming practices.
Marital status: Majority 88 (88%) of the respondents interviewed were married and living together with their
partners in the same house. Eight (8%) were widowed, two (2%) were divorced/separated, and two (2%) were single.
This raised a great concern in financial institutions including Banks and SACCOS visited whereby people who are
single were less interested in participating in the WRS, and one of the major reasons pointed out by the most of the
interviewees was less family obligations which single families have.
Land size owned: Minimum land owned by farmers was 1.5 hectares while maximum land owned by farmers
was 14.6 hectares. These findings show that majority 97 (97%) of the respondents interviewed owned a land
between 1.5 to 5 hectares. Two (2%) owned a land between 5.1 to 10.0 hectares and 1 (1%) owned land between
10.1 to 15 hectares. From FGDs revealed that before the adoption of the WRS, farm size was ranging between
0.5 hectare per household (the minimum size) and 8 hectares per household (the maximum size). But,
after the adoption of the WRS, farm size changed from 0.5 to 1.5 hectares as a minimum size and from 8
to 14.6 ha as a maximum farm size in average. One among the factors for the changes included: the
adoption of new technology, increased income, market availability and reliability through WRS as well as
other benefits obtained from the system. Farmers with larger farms are likely to be better informed, be able to
take larger risks associated with early adoption, and have more opportunity to experiment. Agricultural market
related technologies such adoption of WRS is more likely to be adopted by farmers with larger farms to be able to
meet the market requirements in terms consistency of supply of products to buyers. Nkonoki (2011) found that
resource such as land size may make easier for a farmer to alter
practices. Also Jamison and Lawrence (1982) discovered a significant relationship between farm size and
adoption of an innovation in agricultural market and that there was a positive correlation between farm size and
adoption of new technologies.
3.2. Awareness of WRS
Awareness and source of information: Table 3 depicts that majority of the respondents 72 (72%) were aware of
Warehouse Receipt System. About 28 (28%) among the total respondents interviewed were not aware about the
system. This means there is a general awareness of the system, but, of course, more efforts are needed to enable the
entire community members to become aware of the system and especially on warehouse receipt system modus
operandi. Farmers need urgent intervention to be trained on how the WRS operates farmers’ obligations and their
rights in the system. When community members were asked as to where they obtained the information to access loan
through WRS, the responses were as follow; majority of them 76 (76%) they obtained the information from primary
cooperatives societies, 21(21%) got the information from bank advertisement and 3(3%) of the total respondents
obtained the information from the village meetings. For this matter, it means that primary cooperative societies were
the fundamental source of information with regard to access to finance in through WRS. It was also pointed out by
respondents during Focused Group Discussion that, being a primary cooperative societies members and banks
advertisement e.g leaflets, newspapers in the study area is a stepping stone towards socio-economic success and
forum for different information, such as, loan, new economic opportunities, marketing and pricing of different goods
and services.
3.3. Motive behind Farmers to Choose WRS
The study revealed that smallholder farmers were faced with lack of sustainable market, low prices and wrong
measurement when selling their produce. Respondents had different reason as to why they use the WRS (Table 4).
The reasons differ from one farmer to another. The results indicated that, respondents were using the system as a
source of loan. This is because when small holder farmers have access to credit, they can get resources to buy inputs,
which are important in increasing productivity. This result, therefore, points to the need to increase awareness of
farmers in WRS so that many farmers will be involved. Moreover, the results indicate that male farmers are likely to
5. International Journal of Economics and Financial Research, 2015, 1(3): 41-49
45
use WRS than the female farmers. Access to the market was also important determinant. This could be because
when the market is guaranteed to the farmers, they can easily sell their produce. The result implies that more
warehouses should be set up to store farmers produce when they are waiting for the better market. Warehouse
facilities may also offer other services such as farmers with information on appropriate time to sell their produce so
as to get higher prices and increase their profit margin. Moreover, the probability of the smallholder farmer to choose
WRS significantly increases with the increase of prices, which is used as a proxy for income. The finding implies
that the higher prices to the farmers are, the more they can be able to buy agricultural equipment, and other resources
required for the farming activities. Farmers with higher income are also able to quickly obtain market information
and price information because they have the ability to attend meetings and other interactions. Whereas, access to
storage facility was not significant, there was a positive relationship between the storage facility, access to market
access and higher prices. Size of the land and access to storage facility were not significant, however, the sign of the
coefficient was positive, which shows that, these variables may be important and should, therefore, not be neglected.
3.4. Facilitation of WRS to Farmers in Accessing Financial Services
The study revealed that financial institutions in Tanzania have established agricultural business (Agribusiness)
department and special units. The institutions have been innovating new product targeting agricultural sector.
Generally, there was growing interest in small scale farmers by financial institutions, banks companies amongst
others has increased the number of financial products available. Farmers are aware of these financial institutions and
insurance products thus limiting their uptake and utilization.
The WRS enables smallholder farmers accessing credits and savings from the banks. All respondents
interviewed explained that they normally do obtain money in Banks (NMB and CRDB) for different activities in
WRS. More than one trillion Tanzanian shillings were borrowed by farmers through WRS in 2013/2014 cropping
season. During Focus Group Discussion, it was revealed that farmers benefited from the loan offered by the financial
institutions. Some of the benefits of warehouse receipt financing highlighted during the discussion are: it gives
flexibility to farmers/ primary producers to sell their produce when the market offers in good price, provides ample
time and flexibility for primary producers to purchase raw materials, warehouse provides good storage and reduces
post-harvest losses, promotes quality of crops which one of the requirements to high value market in Europe which
offer high price, facilitates price discoveries for farmers through participation in price setting and avoid being price
takers.
During the FGDs, farmers mentioned the eligibility criteria for warehouse Receipt Financing. These includes:
registered farmers cooperatives, loan Application letter from cooperatives, realistic crop procurement plan and cash
flow projections, financial statements for at least three years of farmers cooperatives, Crop business license,
security of the loan (if pre-finance is required), certificate of maximum liability from Registrar of Cooperatives and
minutes of the meeting approving to apply for the loan for Cooperatives.
Farmers discussed that, borrowing helps them to participate in agriculture, because, during farming season,
majority of the farmers are broke and cannot afford to buy farm inputs such as fertilizers, seeds, pesticides,
herbicides). Also money borrowed from financial banks are used to cover the following: warehouse operators lien,
buying books, papers, pens, transportation of crops from their farm to the warehouse, fees for primary societies,
Union fee, purchase storage materials (bags).
Figure 1 illustrates how the WRS was operating during the fieldwork period in the study area. The arrows in the
top left-hand box show how sunflower move from the farmer to the primary cooperative society (PCS) before being
auctioned off to exporters and processors. Services provided by the PCS buying of sunflower from its members,
collecting and transporting of sunflower and storing them in licensed warehouses, money transfer and warehouse
maintenance. In the right-hand corner of the figure, the movement of money to and from the bank is shown. Initially,
the primary societies apply for loans from banks to pay their farmers for their produce before auction. Once the loans
have been approved, individual farmers through their cooperatives are paid a proportion of the indicative price and
are normally paid 70 percent of the price as an advance, using money obtained from banks (bank loans) before
sunflower are sold to traders and the remaining part of the price is paid after auction. At the warehouse where the
auction takes place, the sunflower bags are organized by the primary society. Sales catalogue with the grades of
batches for the different primary societies is provided for the bidders who jot down the prices for a batch and put
them in an auction box. The auction is then conducted and the winning (highest) bidder takes the warehouse receipt
to the bank to arrange payment. After having paid, the bidder is provided with a permit and a levy for transporting
the product, and then returns the original warehouse receipt that he used to pay for the batch at the bank. Given proof
of payment from the bank, the warehouse manager provides the winning bidder with a release warrant. Bids must be
high enough to cover any unforeseen additional costs associated with production. If they are too low, the auction is
suspended and there is no winner. The minimum bid allowed is for 50 tones. After the auction, farmers receive a
second payment that covers the remaining part (30%) of the indicative price. Mashindano et al. (2011) reported that
farmers retain the receipt and, after sale at the auction by the warehouse management several months later, the
farmer is given the remaining 30 percent plus any bonus (less costs of storage, interest, transport and administration).
This is in line with Nkonya and Barreiro (2013) who both reported that if auction prices are above expectations,
farmers are paid an additional price bonus.
6. International Journal of Economics and Financial Research, 2015, 1(3): 41-49
46
4. Conclusions and Recommendations
The use of WRS has shown a positive implication to the producers mainly in rural areas irrespective of
educational level, marital status, land owned or gender of an individual concerned. However, there are some minor
variations on the use of the system based on age, gender, marital status and educational level among the smallholder
farmers participating in the WRS. With respect to the awareness of the WRS, majority of the members in the study
area were aware and few were not aware of the system though efforts from Tanzania Warehouse Licensing Board
(TWLB) are underway to enable all members of the primary cooperative societies becoming aware. With regard to
the motive for farmers choosing the WRS, they are using the system as a source of loan, others are using the system
in order to acquire markets for their produces while the rest are using the system in order to obtain good price when
the produce sold. Furthermore, the WRS goes with technological adoption basically aiming at increasing the output
hence improving the general total socio-economic wellbeing of the smallholder farmers.
Based on the findings and discussions, this study recommends that there is a need to increase sensitization
efforts among the smallholder farmers in order to enable a larger spectrum of the community members to become
aware of the WRS practice and therefore, using it as a tool towards poverty reduction and at the end of the day
improving their socio-economic livelihood status. A deliberate intervention from the government is needed to
strengthen the capacity of WRS. This can be done through opening more opportunities for loans, ensuring better
prices for different products and training community members on better WRS practices.
The findings in this study should be interpreted in the light of two limitations. One, the cross sectional nature of
the study’s design poses challenges to the validity of a causal interpretation. A longitudinal design is more
appropriate for solving this problem. Two, the findings are based on the primary data collected from only sunflower
smallholder farmers in Singida Rural district of Singida region where the WRS is under operation. Similar studies
should be conducted in other regions where the practice is not in existence in order to make comparisons
on different aspects, which in one way or another affects the WRS.
Abbreviations
ASDS: Agricultural Sector Development Strategy
ASDP: Agricultural Sector Development program
CBOs: Community Based Organizations
CRDB: Cooperative and Rural Development Bank
CIMMYT: International Maize and Wheat improvement Centre
DADP: District Agricultural Development Plan
DALDO: District Agricultural and Livestock Development Officer
FGDs: Focus Group Discussions
KCBL: Kilimanjaro Cooperative Bank limited
NGOs: Non- Government Organizations
NMB: National Micro-finance Bank
PCS: Primary Cooperative Societies
SACCOS: Savings and Credit Cooperatives Societies
SPSS: Statistical Package for Social Sciences
TAFSIP: Tanzania Agriculture and Food Security Investment Plan
TWLB: Tanzania Warehouse Licensing Board
TZS: Tanzanian Shillings
WRS: Warehouse Receipt System
7. International Journal of Economics and Financial Research, 2015, 1(3): 41-49
47
Tables
Table-1. Independent variables and their hypothesized effects (expected signs)
Explanatory
Variables
Expected
signs
Explanations of the relationship Measures
Gender of the
farmer
Motive is positively related to gender of
farmers. Equal opportunity to both genders in
WRS, the more the motives increase.
1 = Male 0 = Female
Land size owned Motive is positively related to land size. The
more land owned by farmers increase
production and thus more products to be
stored in WRS.
Acres
Access to market
(M)
+ Motive is positively related to Access to
market. The more buyers/traders in WRS, the
more the motives increase.
1 = access 0 = no access
market
information (I)
+ Motive is positively related to improved
market information. The more available
information through WRS, the more they
increase motivation for farmers to join WRS.
1 = access 0 = no access
Easing access to
finance (F)
+ Motive is positively related to ease to access
to finance. The more available source of
finance at low interest rates, the more they
increase the motive of farmers through
cooperatives to take loan.
1 = access 0 = no access
Stable price (P) + Expected high and stable price of crops
through WRS will make farmers motivation
to join WRS to increase.
Price measured in TZS/Kg
Access to storage
facility Reduce
post harvest losses
(S)
+ Motive is positively related to availability of
improved storage facility to reduce post
harvest losses. The more improved storage
facility through WRS, the more they increase
the motive of farmers to store their crops in
WRS.
1 = access 0 = no access
Table-2. Characteristics of smallholder head of households
Characteristics Categories Number Percentage
Gender Male 73 73.0
Female 27 27.0
100.0
Age 20-30 4 4.0
31-40 27 27.0
41-50 47 47.0
51-60 21 21.0
61-70 1 1.0
100.0
Level of education Primary 77 77.0
No formal education 12 12.0
Secondary 4 4.0
Post secondary 7 7.0
100.0
Marital status Married 88 88.0
Widow/separated 8 8.0
Single 2 2.0
100.0
Land size owned 1.5- 5.0 97 97.0
5.1-10.0 2 2.0
10.1-15.0 1 1.0
100.0
Source: own research findings, 2014
8. International Journal of Economics and Financial Research, 2015, 1(3): 41-49
48
Table-3. Awareness and source of information for credit in of WRS
Characteristics Categories Number Percentage
Awareness Yes 72 72.0
no 28 28.0
100.0
Source of information Primary cooperatives 76 76.0
Bank advertisement 21 21.0
Village meetings 3 3.0
100.0
100.0
Source: own research findings, 2014
Table-4. Motives behind farmers to choose WRS
Variables Coefficient P-value
Gender of farmer 0.479 0.007
Land size owned by farmers 0.115 0.165
Access to credit 0.368 0.002
Access to storage facility 0.748 0.125
Access to market 0.323 0.068
Stable price 0.294 0.363
Log likelihood = -97.3482, Pseudo R2
= 0.2340, Prob Chi2
= 0.0000
Source: own research findings, 2014
Figures
Figure-1. Marketing of raw cashew nuts through warehouse receipt system (WRS) in Tanzania
Flow of crops e.g. sunflower produced in Mpwapwa
district
Flow of money from financial institutions
Source: own illustrations based on FGDs by sunflower smallholder farmers and other stakeholders
Auction
Financial institutions (NMB
and CRDB)
Warehouse
operator
District services
and other
services
Processors Exporters
Farmer Cooperative Unions
9. International Journal of Economics and Financial Research, 2015, 1(3): 41-49
49
Acknowledgement
The authors acknowledge the generous financial support to carry out this research study from Agricultural Non-
State Actors Forum (ANSAF). The authors further acknowledge all interviewees from the LGAs, TLB, CRDB and
NMB Banks, primary cooperative Societies (PCS).
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