The document discusses the evolution of money from bartering to the gold standard. It describes how the gold standard worked and its limitations, leading countries to print more money than their gold reserves during World Wars. This ended the gold standard. The post-war Bretton Woods system established rules for international monetary systems. However, "beggar thy neighbor" policies of devaluing currencies to boost exports led to currency wars and a decline in international trade.
This document discusses global monetary policy and the trading of currencies. It provides background on the history of currency exchange, including the gold standard and Bretton Woods systems. It describes the current system of managed floating exchange rates, where currencies float against each other but central banks sometimes intervene. The International Monetary Fund and World Bank continue to play roles in global monetary affairs by providing loans and imposing rules on recipient countries.
Money serves three main functions - as a store of value, medium of exchange, and unit of account. There are two main types of money - commodity money, which has intrinsic value like gold, and fiat money, which has no intrinsic value but is declared legal tender by a government institution. Fiat money allows central banks like the Federal Reserve to control the money supply more easily than commodity money. The Federal Reserve has developed different measures of the money supply, from M0 which only includes physical currency, to broader measures like M1 and M2 that include checkable deposits and savings. Controlling the money supply is a key tool of monetary policy.
The document discusses the paper currency standard and the causes and definition of trade cycles.
1. The paper currency standard consists of unlimited legal tender paper money and token coins that are issued and managed by central banks. Paper money is now inconvertible and accepted due to government mandate.
2. Trade cycles are periods of good trade characterized by rising prices and low unemployment that alternate with periods of bad trade with falling prices and high unemployment.
3. The causes of trade cycles include internal factors like consumption levels, inventory levels, labor unions, and credit/money supply as well as external factors such as mismanagement, trade deficits, climate, wars, and population growth.
Money is defined as a current medium of exchange like coins and banknotes, as well as the assets and resources owned by someone. Money is needed for daily living expenses, relationships, and life plans. It affects standards of living, health, education, and self-esteem. Money functions as a lubricant and power in society, and brings freedom and status. Like oil, it can move resources to where they are needed. People are either spenders who lack regard for the future or savers who are shrewd investors and goal-setters. Proper money management is important for success through life's stages of dependence, independence and responsibility.
The document discusses the demand and supply of money. It defines different measures of the money supply (M1, M2, M3) which include currency, checkable deposits, savings deposits, money market funds and other savings instruments. The amount of money in circulation depends on how much is demanded by individuals and businesses for transactions and storing wealth. The supply of money is determined by monetary authorities like the Federal Reserve and expands/contracts to meet business needs. Money derives its value from its functions as a medium of exchange, store of value and unit of account which depend on it maintaining stability and purchasing power over time.
Malaysia Currency, the Ringgit (RM) is under attack again by rogue traders.
Former PM Dr Mahathir, who managed to overcome the attack in 1997 is being sought for advice and help to manage the current situation in 2014.
Impact of currency fluctuation on fii ,dii and sensexMohit Jariwala
This document discusses currency exchange rates and factors that influence fluctuations in rates. It provides examples of how changes in supply or demand of a currency can impact its exchange rate relative to other currencies. Increased supply from exporters receiving payments, foreign investors purchasing domestic assets, or speculators selling a currency can cause its value to depreciate. Meanwhile, increased demand from importers paying for goods, foreign investment inflows, speculative buying, or central bank purchases can strengthen a currency's value through appreciation. Exchange rates are determined daily in global currency markets and affected by economic fundamentals and speculative forces.
This document discusses global monetary policy and the trading of currencies. It provides background on the history of currency exchange, including the gold standard and Bretton Woods systems. It describes the current system of managed floating exchange rates, where currencies float against each other but central banks sometimes intervene. The International Monetary Fund and World Bank continue to play roles in global monetary affairs by providing loans and imposing rules on recipient countries.
Money serves three main functions - as a store of value, medium of exchange, and unit of account. There are two main types of money - commodity money, which has intrinsic value like gold, and fiat money, which has no intrinsic value but is declared legal tender by a government institution. Fiat money allows central banks like the Federal Reserve to control the money supply more easily than commodity money. The Federal Reserve has developed different measures of the money supply, from M0 which only includes physical currency, to broader measures like M1 and M2 that include checkable deposits and savings. Controlling the money supply is a key tool of monetary policy.
The document discusses the paper currency standard and the causes and definition of trade cycles.
1. The paper currency standard consists of unlimited legal tender paper money and token coins that are issued and managed by central banks. Paper money is now inconvertible and accepted due to government mandate.
2. Trade cycles are periods of good trade characterized by rising prices and low unemployment that alternate with periods of bad trade with falling prices and high unemployment.
3. The causes of trade cycles include internal factors like consumption levels, inventory levels, labor unions, and credit/money supply as well as external factors such as mismanagement, trade deficits, climate, wars, and population growth.
Money is defined as a current medium of exchange like coins and banknotes, as well as the assets and resources owned by someone. Money is needed for daily living expenses, relationships, and life plans. It affects standards of living, health, education, and self-esteem. Money functions as a lubricant and power in society, and brings freedom and status. Like oil, it can move resources to where they are needed. People are either spenders who lack regard for the future or savers who are shrewd investors and goal-setters. Proper money management is important for success through life's stages of dependence, independence and responsibility.
The document discusses the demand and supply of money. It defines different measures of the money supply (M1, M2, M3) which include currency, checkable deposits, savings deposits, money market funds and other savings instruments. The amount of money in circulation depends on how much is demanded by individuals and businesses for transactions and storing wealth. The supply of money is determined by monetary authorities like the Federal Reserve and expands/contracts to meet business needs. Money derives its value from its functions as a medium of exchange, store of value and unit of account which depend on it maintaining stability and purchasing power over time.
Malaysia Currency, the Ringgit (RM) is under attack again by rogue traders.
Former PM Dr Mahathir, who managed to overcome the attack in 1997 is being sought for advice and help to manage the current situation in 2014.
Impact of currency fluctuation on fii ,dii and sensexMohit Jariwala
This document discusses currency exchange rates and factors that influence fluctuations in rates. It provides examples of how changes in supply or demand of a currency can impact its exchange rate relative to other currencies. Increased supply from exporters receiving payments, foreign investors purchasing domestic assets, or speculators selling a currency can cause its value to depreciate. Meanwhile, increased demand from importers paying for goods, foreign investment inflows, speculative buying, or central bank purchases can strengthen a currency's value through appreciation. Exchange rates are determined daily in global currency markets and affected by economic fundamentals and speculative forces.
The document discusses various topics related to money and banking in the United States, including the following key points:
- There is over $2 trillion in U.S. currency in circulation globally, enough to provide over $2000 for each person.
- The Federal Reserve is responsible for printing paper currency and regulating the money supply and interest rates to influence economic conditions.
- U.S. coins are minted in Philadelphia, Denver, and San Francisco, with over 7 billion pennies minted each year. Paper currency is printed in Washington D.C. and Fort Worth.
- The Bureau of Engraving and Printing replaces damaged bills if over 51% of the bill is received, including recovering $850 after
Money & banking notes for students http://www.imran.xyzImran Hussain Khan
The document discusses the qualities of good money and forms/types of money. It begins by defining money and discussing its functions, including as a medium of exchange, standard of value, and role in economic activities. It then discusses the forms/types of money, including metallic money (coins), paper money, bank money (checks, bills, drafts), legal tender money, plastic money, and near money. Finally, it outlines the qualities of a good money material, such as general acceptability, recognizability, being economical, elasticity, easy to melt and shape, portability, and homogeneity.
This document provides an overview of money, including its definition, evolution, characteristics, types, functions, demand and supply. It defines money as anything widely used and accepted in transactions. Money has evolved from commodity money backed by precious metals to modern fiat currency not backed by any commodity. Key characteristics include durability, divisibility, transportability and limited supply. The main types discussed are commodity, fiat and bank money. Functions of money include serving as a unit of value, medium of exchange, store of value and standard for deferred payments. Demand is influenced by transactions, precautionary and speculative motives, while supply includes currency and bank deposits measured by indicators like M1, M2 and M3.
Motivational Currency is a new approach to an old challenge. Motivational Currency is what drives people from the inside out. It's an easy to remember way to understand what motivates you, uncover what motivates others and influence with impact. . www.OnPointAdvising.com
The value of a currency is determined by supply and demand factors. If demand for a country's currency is high from travelers, governments, and investors, its value increases. However, demand decreases if a country has a weak economy, high inflation, political instability, or high national debt. These factors can lower the value of a currency. Additionally, currency values fluctuate compared to each other in foreign exchange markets based on relative demand for different currencies.
1. The document discusses chapters from a book by Irving Fisher on monetary economics and the banking system. It provides study questions on topics like the hierarchy of money, different types of currencies, how banking credits are mobilized, and the experiences of the Bank of England with monetary policy.
2. Key concepts discussed include the distinction between money and credit, how banks create money through lending, Gresham's law regarding the driving out of good money, different types of currency standards, and how central banks can influence monetary conditions through interest rate policy.
3. The study questions analyze these topics through the use of accounting identities, diagrams, and relating the concepts to material covered in lectures.
Money has a long history, evolving from bartering to commodity money to coins to paper currency. The US dollar printing process involves engraving master dies, making printing plates, and using intaglio printing on specialized paper with security features. Bills go through quality control before destruction of unusable notes. Modern money is fiat currency not backed by precious metals, though it was representative money tied to gold or silver values in the past. Understanding the history and production process provides context around modern monetary systems.
The document presents a new economic theory that views wealth as having three types - raw materials, transformation ability, and finished products - and being determined globally by supply and demand. It argues that while the total real value of wealth worldwide is fixed, the relative value of different assets varies between countries. When a country's currency value becomes misaligned with global values due to overprinting, market forces will inevitably cause inflation to correct the imbalance.
Currency strength is determined by fiscal deficits, trade balances, foreign reserves, and capital flows. Countries with trade surpluses and capital inflows tend to have strengthening currencies, while those with deficits and outflows see weakening currencies. China gained a competitive advantage by keeping its currency artificially weak for years. Now, the US-China trade war is prompting countries to weaken currencies to boost exports. China already depreciated its currency this year, and other exporting nations may follow to maintain competitiveness if trade wars continue, potentially sparking a currency war. India also saw rupee depreciation due to factors like rising oil prices and capital outflows from expected US interest rate hikes. Policymakers face challenges in managing currencies
This document discusses the three motives that drive individuals' demand for money: transactionary, precautionary, and speculative. Transactionary demand refers to money held for regular purchases and bills that are paid periodically but not simultaneously to when individuals are paid. Precautionary demand is money held for unforeseen life events. Speculative demand arises from hoping to profit from changes in bond prices, with higher interest rates reducing speculative money holding as bonds become more attractive. Overall, demand for money results from the combination of needs for transactions, precautions, and speculation.
The document discusses the nature and creation of money. It explains that money serves three main functions: as a medium of exchange, a unit of account, and a store of value. It also describes how commercial banks create money by lending out deposits and only keeping a fraction in reserves, allowing more money to be created than the initial deposits. The money supply is managed and controlled by the U.S. Federal Reserve system, which aims to expand or contract the money supply to influence economic growth and inflation.
Money was not used in early history as exchanges were done through bartering. Definitions of money include anything widely accepted for payments or that acts as a medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account. Money serves four main functions: medium of exchange, store of value, unit of account, and deferred payment. The money supply is the total amount of money available in an economy and is composed of currency and demand deposits. It is determined by the monetary base and money multiplier. Money supply measurements include M0, M1, M2, M3, and M4. Inflation is a sustained increase in the general price level and can be caused by an increase in the money supply, decrease in goods supply
1. The document discusses foreign exchange rates and policies regarding differentiating between bank selling rates (BSR) and bank buying rates (BBR).
2. It provides examples to show that BSR is the rate at which banks sell foreign currency to tourists, while BBR is the rate at which banks buy foreign currency from tourists.
3. Tourism is an important source of foreign currency for South Africa, contributing to GDP and employment. However, a strong rand negatively impacts tourism while a weak rand makes South Africa a more affordable destination.
The document discusses the history of currency in India from ancient times to present day. It notes that India was one of the first issuers of coins in the 6th century BC. During the Mughal period in the 1540s, the silver coin called the rupee was introduced and remained in use until the early 20th century. Paper currency was introduced in the 1770s. The Reserve Bank of India was established in 1935 and issued the first banknotes. The value of the rupee is determined by factors like trade balances, inflation differentials, interest rates, public debt, political stability, and commodity prices. Appreciation of the rupee benefits importers while hurting exporters.
The document discusses various topics related to money and banking in the United States, including the following key points:
- There is over $2 trillion in U.S. currency in circulation globally, enough to provide over $2000 for each person.
- The Federal Reserve is responsible for printing paper currency and regulating the money supply and interest rates to influence economic conditions.
- U.S. coins are minted in Philadelphia, Denver, and San Francisco, with over 7 billion pennies minted each year. Paper currency is printed in Washington D.C. and Fort Worth.
- The Bureau of Engraving and Printing replaces damaged bills if over 51% of the bill is received, including recovering $850 after
Money & banking notes for students http://www.imran.xyzImran Hussain Khan
The document discusses the qualities of good money and forms/types of money. It begins by defining money and discussing its functions, including as a medium of exchange, standard of value, and role in economic activities. It then discusses the forms/types of money, including metallic money (coins), paper money, bank money (checks, bills, drafts), legal tender money, plastic money, and near money. Finally, it outlines the qualities of a good money material, such as general acceptability, recognizability, being economical, elasticity, easy to melt and shape, portability, and homogeneity.
This document provides an overview of money, including its definition, evolution, characteristics, types, functions, demand and supply. It defines money as anything widely used and accepted in transactions. Money has evolved from commodity money backed by precious metals to modern fiat currency not backed by any commodity. Key characteristics include durability, divisibility, transportability and limited supply. The main types discussed are commodity, fiat and bank money. Functions of money include serving as a unit of value, medium of exchange, store of value and standard for deferred payments. Demand is influenced by transactions, precautionary and speculative motives, while supply includes currency and bank deposits measured by indicators like M1, M2 and M3.
Motivational Currency is a new approach to an old challenge. Motivational Currency is what drives people from the inside out. It's an easy to remember way to understand what motivates you, uncover what motivates others and influence with impact. . www.OnPointAdvising.com
The value of a currency is determined by supply and demand factors. If demand for a country's currency is high from travelers, governments, and investors, its value increases. However, demand decreases if a country has a weak economy, high inflation, political instability, or high national debt. These factors can lower the value of a currency. Additionally, currency values fluctuate compared to each other in foreign exchange markets based on relative demand for different currencies.
1. The document discusses chapters from a book by Irving Fisher on monetary economics and the banking system. It provides study questions on topics like the hierarchy of money, different types of currencies, how banking credits are mobilized, and the experiences of the Bank of England with monetary policy.
2. Key concepts discussed include the distinction between money and credit, how banks create money through lending, Gresham's law regarding the driving out of good money, different types of currency standards, and how central banks can influence monetary conditions through interest rate policy.
3. The study questions analyze these topics through the use of accounting identities, diagrams, and relating the concepts to material covered in lectures.
Money has a long history, evolving from bartering to commodity money to coins to paper currency. The US dollar printing process involves engraving master dies, making printing plates, and using intaglio printing on specialized paper with security features. Bills go through quality control before destruction of unusable notes. Modern money is fiat currency not backed by precious metals, though it was representative money tied to gold or silver values in the past. Understanding the history and production process provides context around modern monetary systems.
The document presents a new economic theory that views wealth as having three types - raw materials, transformation ability, and finished products - and being determined globally by supply and demand. It argues that while the total real value of wealth worldwide is fixed, the relative value of different assets varies between countries. When a country's currency value becomes misaligned with global values due to overprinting, market forces will inevitably cause inflation to correct the imbalance.
Currency strength is determined by fiscal deficits, trade balances, foreign reserves, and capital flows. Countries with trade surpluses and capital inflows tend to have strengthening currencies, while those with deficits and outflows see weakening currencies. China gained a competitive advantage by keeping its currency artificially weak for years. Now, the US-China trade war is prompting countries to weaken currencies to boost exports. China already depreciated its currency this year, and other exporting nations may follow to maintain competitiveness if trade wars continue, potentially sparking a currency war. India also saw rupee depreciation due to factors like rising oil prices and capital outflows from expected US interest rate hikes. Policymakers face challenges in managing currencies
This document discusses the three motives that drive individuals' demand for money: transactionary, precautionary, and speculative. Transactionary demand refers to money held for regular purchases and bills that are paid periodically but not simultaneously to when individuals are paid. Precautionary demand is money held for unforeseen life events. Speculative demand arises from hoping to profit from changes in bond prices, with higher interest rates reducing speculative money holding as bonds become more attractive. Overall, demand for money results from the combination of needs for transactions, precautions, and speculation.
The document discusses the nature and creation of money. It explains that money serves three main functions: as a medium of exchange, a unit of account, and a store of value. It also describes how commercial banks create money by lending out deposits and only keeping a fraction in reserves, allowing more money to be created than the initial deposits. The money supply is managed and controlled by the U.S. Federal Reserve system, which aims to expand or contract the money supply to influence economic growth and inflation.
Money was not used in early history as exchanges were done through bartering. Definitions of money include anything widely accepted for payments or that acts as a medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account. Money serves four main functions: medium of exchange, store of value, unit of account, and deferred payment. The money supply is the total amount of money available in an economy and is composed of currency and demand deposits. It is determined by the monetary base and money multiplier. Money supply measurements include M0, M1, M2, M3, and M4. Inflation is a sustained increase in the general price level and can be caused by an increase in the money supply, decrease in goods supply
1. The document discusses foreign exchange rates and policies regarding differentiating between bank selling rates (BSR) and bank buying rates (BBR).
2. It provides examples to show that BSR is the rate at which banks sell foreign currency to tourists, while BBR is the rate at which banks buy foreign currency from tourists.
3. Tourism is an important source of foreign currency for South Africa, contributing to GDP and employment. However, a strong rand negatively impacts tourism while a weak rand makes South Africa a more affordable destination.
The document discusses the history of currency in India from ancient times to present day. It notes that India was one of the first issuers of coins in the 6th century BC. During the Mughal period in the 1540s, the silver coin called the rupee was introduced and remained in use until the early 20th century. Paper currency was introduced in the 1770s. The Reserve Bank of India was established in 1935 and issued the first banknotes. The value of the rupee is determined by factors like trade balances, inflation differentials, interest rates, public debt, political stability, and commodity prices. Appreciation of the rupee benefits importers while hurting exporters.
This document discusses PAC (P1 derived artificial chromosome) vectors. PAC vectors are derived from bacteriophage P1 and can accommodate DNA fragments up to 85-100 kb in size, larger than cosmids but smaller than YAC vectors. PAC vectors contain a packaging site (pac) and loxP sites that allow for in vitro packaging of recombinant DNA into phage particles and subsequent circularization of the DNA upon infection of a host E. coli cell expressing Cre recombinase. PAC vectors are useful for constructing genomic libraries from various organisms.
Money originated around 100,000 years ago when items were used for trading. The Lydians were the first to use actual coin money made of silver and gold. After World War II, most governments backed their currencies with the US dollar, establishing fiat currencies not directly backed by gold. Money facilitates the exchange of goods and services instead of direct bartering. The US Mint uses a six-step process to produce coins, starting with cutting coin blanks from metal sheets and ending with counting and bagging the finished coins.
Money originated around 100,000 years ago when items were used for barter and trade. The Lydians were the first to coin money using silver and gold to represent wealth. After World War II, most governments tied their currencies to the US dollar, establishing fiat monetary systems based on government backing rather than gold. Money facilitates the exchange of goods and services instead of bartering. The US Mint uses a six-step process to produce coins, starting with cutting coin blanks from metal sheets and ending with counting and bagging the finished coins.
Money refers to anything of value that is generally accepted as a medium of exchange. The demand for money is derived from its use in transactions and as a store of value. Legal tender laws require that a country's currency must be accepted for payment of debts. There are various definitions of money supply that include currency in circulation, demand deposits, savings accounts, and other assets that can be easily converted into cash. Inflation is a sustained increase in the general price level over time, and can be caused by factors that increase aggregate demand such as growth in the money supply, incomes, government spending, and capital inflows.
The document discusses the history and mechanics of the gold standard. It describes the classical gold standard from 1815-1914 where currency was pegged to a fixed amount of gold. It then explains the gold-exchange standards from 1926-1931 and 1945-1968 where the US dollar was pegged to gold which other currencies were pegged to. The document outlines pros and cons of the gold standard, such as its role in controlling inflation but also how it favors storing value over using money and can cause deflationary crashes. It questions whether returning to the gold standard would be appropriate today.
Money has evolved over time from bartering of goods, to commodity money, metallic coins, paper money, checks/debit cards, and now largely plastic/digital currency. It began as a way to overcome the inefficiencies of bartering by using commonly accepted goods as currency. Metals like gold and silver were then used to create durable and divisible coins. As trade grew, paper money and checks emerged to allow easier carrying of funds. Today, digital payment methods via credit/debit cards and apps predominate as plastic and digital currencies are portable, durable and support fast global transactions. Money serves key economic functions as a medium of exchange, unit of account, store of value, and standard for deferred payments.
Money has evolved over time from commodity money, to metallic money, to paper money, credit money, and now plastic money. Commodity money like shells and salt were used initially but had problems like being perishable and indivisible. Metallic coins solved some of these issues but were heavy. Paper money emerged as a lighter alternative that was also portable. Credit money in the form of checks and debit transfers further improved portability. Today, plastic credit and debit cards allow for digital money transfers, providing modern convenience. Money serves important economic functions as a medium of exchange, unit of account, store of value, and standard for deferred payments. It plays a key role in facilitating trade and economic development.
One: Money has evolved over thousands of years from bartering systems to various commodity forms like salt and metals to the first coins around 600 BC. The modern concept of currency emerged around 2500 years ago with the minting of coins.
Two: As societies grew more complex, bartering limitations drove the need for a standardized monetary system. Various commodities like grains, livestock, and metals were used as early forms of money.
Three: The value of a currency is determined by its demand in the global marketplace. Countries aim to keep their currencies relatively weak to encourage other nations to buy more of their exports, boosting their economies. The US dollar remains strong as many countries use it globally.
This document contains an editorial and several news articles from The Gold Standard Institute's journal.
The editorial discusses recent economic troubles in countries like Cyprus and Greece, and increasing money printing by central banks. It argues this unsustainable path will inevitably lead countries toward adopting an honest gold standard. One news article analyzes how a gold standard benefits average citizens more than the rich, by allowing interest rates to be set freely. Another reviews different definitions and analyses of the concept of "freegold."
Gold has historically been seen as a hedge against currency debasement and inflation. However, the document analyzes whether gold is a good investment now. While gold prices have surged in the past due to crises, this may be a temporary increase unless sustained inflation occurs. Central bank buying has supported gold prices, but retail demand is falling as consumers reduce spending during the economic downturn. Gold makes sense as a portfolio hedge but cannot be the primary investment due to its volatility and lack of dividends.
Chapter 14 Money and Banking in the text Principles of Macroe.docxbartholomeocoombs
This document provides an overview of different definitions of money, including M1 and M2 money supply. M1 money supply includes highly liquid forms of money like cash, checking accounts, and traveler's checks. M2 money supply includes less liquid forms of money like savings accounts, money market funds, and small certificates of deposit in addition to M1. The document uses examples from US monetary statistics to illustrate the components and relative sizes of M1 and M2 money supply. It also briefly discusses the history of different forms of money from commodity money to fiat currency and the functions money serves like being a medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account.
The document proposes implementing a modern gold standard monetary system in the United States. It argues that gold is well-suited to serve as money due to its intrinsic properties. It outlines steps to make gold fully legal tender, including removing federal taxes on gold transactions and allowing individuals and businesses to use gold in financial reporting and payments. Recent state-level legal tender laws in Utah providing a model for how gold could begin circulating as money again using technologies like debit cards backed by gold reserves. The proposal aims to establish an monetary system with gold as the basis for currency value rather than fiat money.
The document discusses various topics related to money and banking in the United States, including:
- There is $665 billion in U.S. currency in circulation and $37 million in new notes are printed each day.
- U.S. bills contain identifying numbers and letters to help track printing errors and authenticate currency.
- The $20 bill is the most counterfeited U.S. denomination, while the $100 bill is most counterfeited overseas.
- Damaged currency can be redeemed by the U.S. Treasury if over 51% of the bill is intact.
The document summarizes a business plan for a proposed indoor soccer club called "El tapete" in Bogota, Colombia. It will have 5 indoor soccer fields located within 10 minutes of residential neighborhoods totaling 7,000 residents and a nearby university. The capital needed is $290,000 USD to construct the fields, facilities, and parking lot. Monthly income is projected at $30,000 USD from field rentals with additional income from food/drink and events. The objectives are to develop a youth soccer academy and host tournaments to occupy the fields 90% of rush hours. The mission is to provide locals a year-round soccer facility.
The document summarizes a business plan for a proposed indoor soccer club called "El tapete" in Bogota, Colombia. It will have 5 indoor soccer fields located within 10 minutes of residential neighborhoods totaling 7,000 residents and a nearby university. The capital needed is $290,000 USD to construct the fields, facilities, and parking lot. Monthly income is projected at $30,000 USD from field rentals with additional income from food/drink and events. The objectives are to develop a youth soccer academy and host tournaments to occupy the fields 90% of rush hours. The mission is to provide locals a year-round soccer facility.
This document discusses various topics related to money and banking, including:
- The evolution of money from barter trade to commodity money to coins and notes.
- The functions of money as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value.
- Banking services like loans, overdrafts, drafts, and different types of cheques.
- Qualities of good money and the demand for money for transaction, precautionary, and speculative motives.
- Differences between money and capital, and forms of money like coins, banknotes, and deposits.
The document discusses the history and role of gold as money, from its use in early Islamic societies to the modern gold standard and fiat currency systems. It argues that fiat currencies have problems as a store of value and unit of account due to potential inflation. The document proposes adopting an Islamic gold dinar as an alternative currency that could provide price stability and help facilitate trade between Islamic countries. However, challenges to implementing the dinar include limited gold reserves in some countries and potential resistance from major powers.
When it comes to sleepless nights, Toimi Soini of Finland originally set the record by using the “toothpicks under the eyelids” method for 11 straight days. In hindsight, Toimi was an amateur.
You wouldn’t know it, but the nice people running the Bank of Canada have gone sleepless since 2003 – that’s 3,564 days without sweet dreams.
Yet, that’s nothing compared to the very private folks at the Swiss National Bank. These super-secretive bankers have surpassed over 4,660 sleepless nights – despite living in Zzzzzzurich.
This, of course brings us to the World record for sleepless nights. At 5,025 nights and counting, the always polite and well dressed chaps over at the Bank of England are reigning champions.
Toimi Soini was not a banker and this was his downfall. As for the Canadians, Swiss and British – yes they are all bankers, but not just any bankers. This terrific trio have the displeasure of forever being known as the bankers who sold their gold.
The irony of course, is the action of the World’s central bankers themselves is the reason why gold is destined to remain golden for sometime to come. And with gold sitting near $1700/oz, and with no end to the money printing games, the sleepless nights are destined to continue.
This document provides an overview of a financial education class for 6th grade students. It covers the history of money including the barter system and evolution of coins. It also discusses needs versus wants, the importance of requesting bills for purchases, the benefits of trade between locations and countries, the importance of saving money, and an introduction to different types of taxes. The purpose is to educate young students on basic financial literacy topics.
This document provides an overview of a 6th class financial education textbook. It covers the following topics: the history of barter systems and the evolution of money; the differences between needs and wants; the importance of requesting bills for purchases; an introduction to domestic and foreign trade and the benefits of trade; the importance of saving money; the different types of taxes and why paying taxes is important.
The document discusses good money management skills for teens, noting that living paycheck to paycheck or being in debt can lead to long-term financial struggles. It emphasizes the importance of clearly seeing spending and debt problems in order to correct them. Developing money management skills as a teen, such as avoiding long-term loans with high interest, can help ensure financial ease over a lifetime.
“Amidst Tempered Optimism” Main economic trends in May 2024 based on the results of the New Monthly Enterprises Survey, #NRES
On 12 June 2024 the Institute for Economic Research and Policy Consulting (IER) held an online event “Economic Trends from a Business Perspective (May 2024)”.
During the event, the results of the 25-th monthly survey of business executives “Ukrainian Business during the war”, which was conducted in May 2024, were presented.
The field stage of the 25-th wave lasted from May 20 to May 31, 2024. In May, 532 companies were surveyed.
The enterprise managers compared the work results in May 2024 with April, assessed the indicators at the time of the survey (May 2024), and gave forecasts for the next two, three, or six months, depending on the question. In certain issues (where indicated), the work results were compared with the pre-war period (before February 24, 2022).
✅ More survey results in the presentation.
✅ Video presentation: https://youtu.be/4ZvsSKd1MzE
KYC Compliance: A Cornerstone of Global Crypto Regulatory FrameworksAny kyc Account
This presentation explores the pivotal role of KYC compliance in shaping and enforcing global regulations within the dynamic landscape of cryptocurrencies. Dive into the intricate connection between KYC practices and the evolving legal frameworks governing the crypto industry.
Budgeting as a Control Tool in Government Accounting in Nigeria
Being a Paper Presented at the Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency (NIMASA) Budget Office Staff at Sojourner Hotel, GRA, Ikeja Lagos on Saturday 8th June, 2024.
Calculation of compliance cost: Veterinary and sanitary control of aquatic bi...Alexander Belyaev
Calculation of compliance cost in the fishing industry of Russia after extended SCM model (Veterinary and sanitary control of aquatic biological resources (ABR) - Preparation of documents, passing expertise)
Explore the world of investments with an in-depth comparison of the stock market and real estate. Understand their fundamentals, risks, returns, and diversification strategies to make informed financial decisions that align with your goals.
Fabular Frames and the Four Ratio ProblemMajid Iqbal
Digital, interactive art showing the struggle of a society in providing for its present population while also saving planetary resources for future generations. Spread across several frames, the art is actually the rendering of real and speculative data. The stereographic projections change shape in response to prompts and provocations. Visitors interact with the model through speculative statements about how to increase savings across communities, regions, ecosystems and environments. Their fabulations combined with random noise, i.e. factors beyond control, have a dramatic effect on the societal transition. Things get better. Things get worse. The aim is to give visitors a new grasp and feel of the ongoing struggles in democracies around the world.
Stunning art in the small multiples format brings out the spatiotemporal nature of societal transitions, against backdrop issues such as energy, housing, waste, farmland and forest. In each frame we see hopeful and frightful interplays between spending and saving. Problems emerge when one of the two parts of the existential anaglyph rapidly shrinks like Arctic ice, as factors cross thresholds. Ecological wealth and intergenerational equity areFour at stake. Not enough spending could mean economic stress, social unrest and political conflict. Not enough saving and there will be climate breakdown and ‘bankruptcy’. So where does speculative design start and the gambling and betting end? Behind each fabular frame is a four ratio problem. Each ratio reflects the level of sacrifice and self-restraint a society is willing to accept, against promises of prosperity and freedom. Some values seem to stabilise a frame while others cause collapse. Get the ratios right and we can have it all. Get them wrong and things get more desperate.
An accounting information system (AIS) refers to tools and systems designed for the collection and display of accounting information so accountants and executives can make informed decisions.
What Lessons Can New Investors Learn from Newman Leech’s Success?Newman Leech
Newman Leech's success in the real estate industry is based on key lessons and principles, offering practical advice for new investors and serving as a blueprint for building a successful career.
In World Expo 2010 Shanghai – the most visited Expo in the World History
https://www.britannica.com/event/Expo-Shanghai-2010
China’s official organizer of the Expo, CCPIT (China Council for the Promotion of International Trade https://en.ccpit.org/) has chosen Dr. Alyce Su as the Cover Person with Cover Story, in the Expo’s official magazine distributed throughout the Expo, showcasing China’s New Generation of Leaders to the World.
Monthly Market Risk Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]Commonwealth
Markets rallied in May, with all three major U.S. equity indices up for the month, said Sam Millette, director of fixed income, in his latest Market Risk Update.
For more market updates, subscribe to The Independent Market Observer at https://blog.commonwealth.com/independent-market-observer.
Governor Olli Rehn: Inflation down and recovery supported by interest rate cu...
Important lessons in economics
1. Some contemporary OPINION’S become FACTS in future.
When we form an opinion we all hope it will become a fact,
which is why we invest based on our OPINION.
Why do some people achieve a higher degree
of success when it comes to OPINIONS?
Important Lessons in
Economics
- By Sana Securities