This document discusses implications, limitations, and future directions related to research on glucose levels and aggression. It suggests that low glucose levels may impair self-control and increase aggression. Interventions to increase glucose could potentially reduce violence. However, glucose only partially explained increased aggression in diabetics. Future research should explore whether glucose impacts regions of the brain involved in conflict monitoring and emotion regulation to influence aggression. The findings on war killings are also limited, as the relationship depends on reciprocal violence between groups rather than just one group's metabolic disorders. Overall, the document considers practical applications but also acknowledges limitations that warrant further investigation.
I reviewed two latest meta-analyses on low carb diet (LCD) in order to conclude the magnitude of the metabolic outcomes (Hession et al & Kodoma et al.). I synthethized this data with the data from available long term trials (Shai et al 2008, Sacks et al. 2009 and Foster et al 2010). There is no striking deleterious effect of LCD on LDL -level, at most it's modest and compensated by positive changes in HDL, TG and glucose/insulin
The Okinawa Flat Belly Tonic is a new one of a kind weight loss “tonic” supplement. It helps men and women burn fat fast using a simple 20-second Japanese tonic. IF THAT TONIC DOES NOT WORK AS GIVEN YOUR VALUABLE MONEY WILL REFUND WITH IMMEDIATE EFFECT.
Professor Julio Licinio opens the First National Symposium on Translational Psychiatry, 4 -5 April 2011, at The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University.
I reviewed two latest meta-analyses on low carb diet (LCD) in order to conclude the magnitude of the metabolic outcomes (Hession et al & Kodoma et al.). I synthethized this data with the data from available long term trials (Shai et al 2008, Sacks et al. 2009 and Foster et al 2010). There is no striking deleterious effect of LCD on LDL -level, at most it's modest and compensated by positive changes in HDL, TG and glucose/insulin
The Okinawa Flat Belly Tonic is a new one of a kind weight loss “tonic” supplement. It helps men and women burn fat fast using a simple 20-second Japanese tonic. IF THAT TONIC DOES NOT WORK AS GIVEN YOUR VALUABLE MONEY WILL REFUND WITH IMMEDIATE EFFECT.
Professor Julio Licinio opens the First National Symposium on Translational Psychiatry, 4 -5 April 2011, at The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University.
The effects of reduce and eliminate appeals on individual meat consumptionNew Food Innovation Ltd
In this study its was shown that even simple reduce and eliminate meat appeals in the form of news articles can lead to a significant reduction in individuals meat consumption five week later
Effect of the_glycemic_index_of_the_diet_on_weight (2)AmineYahyaoui2
Effect of the glycemic index of the diet on weight loss, modulation of
satiety, inflammation, and other metabolic risk factors: a randomized
controlled trial1–3
Journal of clinical nutrition : How to treat obesity with calorically unrestr...Wouter de Heij
How to treat obesity with calorically unrestricted diets. It’s written by the medical doctor, A.W. Pennington, who inspired Dr Robert Atkins to lose weight in a similar way. This paper is dated 1953, ten years before Atkins tested it and two decades before his book “Dr Atkins’ Diet Revolution” was published.
E D I T O R I A LInvited Commentary Childhood and Adolesc.docxbrownliecarmella
E D I T O R I A L
Invited Commentary: Childhood and Adolescent Obesity:
Psychological and Behavioral Issues in Weight Loss Treatment
David B. Sarwer • Rebecca J. Dilks
Received: 5 May 2011 / Accepted: 11 May 2011 / Published online: 31 May 2011
� Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011
Abstract The prevalence of childhood and adolescent
obesity has tripled in the past three decades. This increase
has been accompanied by a dramatic rise in obesity-related
health complications among American youth. Thus, many
obese youth are now experiencing illnesses that will
threaten their life expectancy in the absence of significant
weight loss. Despite these concerns, a relatively modest
body of research has focused on the treatment of adolescent
obesity. Results from trials investigating the efficacy of
behavioral and pharmacological treatments, like studies of
these interventions with adults, suggest that individuals
typically lose 5–10% of their initial weight. Unfortunately,
weight regain is common. Given the increase in the number
of obese adolescents, coupled with the modest results from
more conservative treatment approaches, it is not surprising
that bariatric surgery for adolescents who suffer from
extreme obesity has grown in popularity. The weight losses
after surgery are impressive and many adolescents, like
adults, experience significant improvements in their phys-
ical and mental health postoperatively. However, only a
small fraction of adolescents and adults who are heavy
enough for bariatric surgery present for surgical treatment.
Among those who undergo surgery, a significant minority
appear to struggle with a number of behavioral and psy-
chosocial issues that threaten their lifelong success. With
all of this in mind, the current obesity problem in the
United States and other Westernized countries likely will
present a significant challenge to both current and future
medical and mental health professionals who work with
adolescents and young adults.
The Childhood and Adolescent Obesity Problem
Obesity is a growing problem among America’s youth. The
rate of obesity or overweight ([95th percentile for age and
gender) has doubled among children and tripled among
adolescents over the last 20 years (Ogden et al. 2002). The
most recent data suggests that 31% of children in the United
States are currently overweight or obese (Ogden et al. 2010),
which translates into approximately 5 million children.
Furthermore, recent estimates suggest that 4% of American
children and adolescents are above the 99th percentile and,
thus, are extremely obese (Freedman et al. 2007). This
percentage is larger than the number of American youth
affected by cancer, cystic fibrosis, HIV and type I diabetes
mellitus combined (Freedman et al. 2007).
Instead of using the term ‘‘obesity’’ with children and
adolescents, several authorities recommend using the
Centers for Disease Control’s (CDC) BMI tables
(Kuczmarski et.
· Your initial post should be at least 500 words, formatted and ci.docxVannaJoy20
· Your initial post should be at least 500 words, formatted and cited in current APA style with support from at least 2 academic sources. Your initial post is worth 8 points.
· You should respond to at least two of your peers by extending, refuting/correcting, or adding additional nuance to their posts. Your reply posts are worth 2 points (1 point per response.)
· All replies must be constructive and use literature where possible.
#1
Lisa Wright
St. Thomas University
NUR 417: Aging and End of Life
Yedelis Diaz
November 01, 2022
Pathological Conditions in Older Adults
As one goes through the natural aging process, the body's capacity to defend itself against infections diminishes. The immune system's ability to offer protection is reduced, and the individual becomes susceptible to conditions that affect them more than other age groups (Haynes, 2020). This population also experiences other symptoms impairing other aspects of their lives as time passes. For instance, their skin and bones lose their integrity and become more prone to abrasions and breakage. This assignment module will examine the pathological conditions that affect the sexual response in older adults and how and why nutritional and psychological factors, drugs, and other alternative and complementary medications affect the immune system of the populations.
Pathological Conditions that Affect Sexual Response in Older Adults
Sexuality is an essential aspect of life, irrespective of the age group one is in—the older population and the younger generation alike need to explore sexuality to maintain health and well-being. Exploring sexuality is also a mixture of biological, psychological, social, and religious factors, all of which have plenty to do with aging. Among the pathological conditions that affect sexual response in the elderly include
Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause
These are the changes experienced in the genitourinary pathway as one age. The individual can feel a burning sensation, dryness, or irritation. This can lead to painful sexual encounters, which can, in turn, reduce their desire to engage and their response.
Dementia
This is a degenerative disorder of the mental faculties, predominantly among the elderly (National Institute on Aging, n.d.). Their judgment diminishes, making them disinterested or utterly unaware of their sexual experiences. Some forms of the condition have been shown to increase sex or closeness, but the individual may fail to recognize what is appropriate and what is not.
Diabetes
As a chronic condition experienced mainly by this population, it can lead to yeast generation, leading to itchiness around the sex organs, making sex unpalatable. The situation can, however, be addressed with medication.
Incontinence
This is a condition where one experiences bladder leakage caused by poor control (National Institute on Aging, n.d.). It is most prevalent among the population an.
Resurge - The Godzilla Of Offers - Resurge weight loss.Med Gaith
Resurge- The Godzilla Offers is a blend of natural products that are helpful to losing weight, boosting the immune system, increasing metabolism, and relieving stress. it is effective against problems that in one way or another are related to weight gain. It is made in the USA and approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Running head: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SELF-EFFICACY 1
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SELF-EFFICACY 2
The Relationship between Physical Activity and Self-Efficacy in Schools
Abstract
Few studies have examined the relationship between physical activities and health outcomes among adolescents. The majority of the adult population knows much about health-risk behaviours of adolescents, and knows less about their health-promoting behaviours. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between physical activity levels and self-efficacy among adolescents.
Introduction
According to Start Active, regular physical activity associates with benefits for physical and mental health (as cited in Roberts et al, 2015). Studies have indicated that health life traits and styles have an impact on lifelong health and life quality. Childhood poor diet and physical inactivity have been risk factors for a multitude of chronic health condition in adulthood (Matthews et al, 2015). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for children, only 42% of children and 8% of adolescents achieve current recommended physical activity.
Most students studying in Hoca Ahment Yesevi University were hound to have health issues emanating from lack of physical exercise and personal fitness programs (Ozkan, 2015). Up to 70 per cent of university students are reported as not participating in regular free-time physical activity or exercise (Haase et al, 2004, as cited in Roberts et al, 2014). Simon et al (2015) mentioned that majority of the adult population fails to achieve recommended daily exercise, 30-minutes moderate intensity exercise. When physical activity is conducted regularly as the researchers found out, it is likely to improve the physical fitness of the students and generally of people and therefore contributing heavily to better healthy life styles. Achieving daily exercise was shown to promote better sleep quality and higher psychological functioning in adolescents (Kalak et al, 2012, as cited in Rew et al, 2015).
Styles and activities that promote the health of humans increase their chances of wellbeing and therefore promote healthy living. In achieving well-being in health, there must be a mentioned engagement in activities which are likely to enhance the same such as proper exercises and fitness methods. Health promotion takes quite a multidimensional structure, that is, intellectual, mental, physical and social and therefore a number of behaviours which are meant at promoting behaviours are identified by health professionals and other researchers. These behaviours include life appreciation, stress management, health responsibility, social support, exercise and better nutrition. Therefore a general conclusion is arrived at that physical activity and exercise have an impact on the quality of human life and can actually aid its improveme.
The effects of reduce and eliminate appeals on individual meat consumptionNew Food Innovation Ltd
In this study its was shown that even simple reduce and eliminate meat appeals in the form of news articles can lead to a significant reduction in individuals meat consumption five week later
Effect of the_glycemic_index_of_the_diet_on_weight (2)AmineYahyaoui2
Effect of the glycemic index of the diet on weight loss, modulation of
satiety, inflammation, and other metabolic risk factors: a randomized
controlled trial1–3
Journal of clinical nutrition : How to treat obesity with calorically unrestr...Wouter de Heij
How to treat obesity with calorically unrestricted diets. It’s written by the medical doctor, A.W. Pennington, who inspired Dr Robert Atkins to lose weight in a similar way. This paper is dated 1953, ten years before Atkins tested it and two decades before his book “Dr Atkins’ Diet Revolution” was published.
E D I T O R I A LInvited Commentary Childhood and Adolesc.docxbrownliecarmella
E D I T O R I A L
Invited Commentary: Childhood and Adolescent Obesity:
Psychological and Behavioral Issues in Weight Loss Treatment
David B. Sarwer • Rebecca J. Dilks
Received: 5 May 2011 / Accepted: 11 May 2011 / Published online: 31 May 2011
� Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011
Abstract The prevalence of childhood and adolescent
obesity has tripled in the past three decades. This increase
has been accompanied by a dramatic rise in obesity-related
health complications among American youth. Thus, many
obese youth are now experiencing illnesses that will
threaten their life expectancy in the absence of significant
weight loss. Despite these concerns, a relatively modest
body of research has focused on the treatment of adolescent
obesity. Results from trials investigating the efficacy of
behavioral and pharmacological treatments, like studies of
these interventions with adults, suggest that individuals
typically lose 5–10% of their initial weight. Unfortunately,
weight regain is common. Given the increase in the number
of obese adolescents, coupled with the modest results from
more conservative treatment approaches, it is not surprising
that bariatric surgery for adolescents who suffer from
extreme obesity has grown in popularity. The weight losses
after surgery are impressive and many adolescents, like
adults, experience significant improvements in their phys-
ical and mental health postoperatively. However, only a
small fraction of adolescents and adults who are heavy
enough for bariatric surgery present for surgical treatment.
Among those who undergo surgery, a significant minority
appear to struggle with a number of behavioral and psy-
chosocial issues that threaten their lifelong success. With
all of this in mind, the current obesity problem in the
United States and other Westernized countries likely will
present a significant challenge to both current and future
medical and mental health professionals who work with
adolescents and young adults.
The Childhood and Adolescent Obesity Problem
Obesity is a growing problem among America’s youth. The
rate of obesity or overweight ([95th percentile for age and
gender) has doubled among children and tripled among
adolescents over the last 20 years (Ogden et al. 2002). The
most recent data suggests that 31% of children in the United
States are currently overweight or obese (Ogden et al. 2010),
which translates into approximately 5 million children.
Furthermore, recent estimates suggest that 4% of American
children and adolescents are above the 99th percentile and,
thus, are extremely obese (Freedman et al. 2007). This
percentage is larger than the number of American youth
affected by cancer, cystic fibrosis, HIV and type I diabetes
mellitus combined (Freedman et al. 2007).
Instead of using the term ‘‘obesity’’ with children and
adolescents, several authorities recommend using the
Centers for Disease Control’s (CDC) BMI tables
(Kuczmarski et.
· Your initial post should be at least 500 words, formatted and ci.docxVannaJoy20
· Your initial post should be at least 500 words, formatted and cited in current APA style with support from at least 2 academic sources. Your initial post is worth 8 points.
· You should respond to at least two of your peers by extending, refuting/correcting, or adding additional nuance to their posts. Your reply posts are worth 2 points (1 point per response.)
· All replies must be constructive and use literature where possible.
#1
Lisa Wright
St. Thomas University
NUR 417: Aging and End of Life
Yedelis Diaz
November 01, 2022
Pathological Conditions in Older Adults
As one goes through the natural aging process, the body's capacity to defend itself against infections diminishes. The immune system's ability to offer protection is reduced, and the individual becomes susceptible to conditions that affect them more than other age groups (Haynes, 2020). This population also experiences other symptoms impairing other aspects of their lives as time passes. For instance, their skin and bones lose their integrity and become more prone to abrasions and breakage. This assignment module will examine the pathological conditions that affect the sexual response in older adults and how and why nutritional and psychological factors, drugs, and other alternative and complementary medications affect the immune system of the populations.
Pathological Conditions that Affect Sexual Response in Older Adults
Sexuality is an essential aspect of life, irrespective of the age group one is in—the older population and the younger generation alike need to explore sexuality to maintain health and well-being. Exploring sexuality is also a mixture of biological, psychological, social, and religious factors, all of which have plenty to do with aging. Among the pathological conditions that affect sexual response in the elderly include
Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause
These are the changes experienced in the genitourinary pathway as one age. The individual can feel a burning sensation, dryness, or irritation. This can lead to painful sexual encounters, which can, in turn, reduce their desire to engage and their response.
Dementia
This is a degenerative disorder of the mental faculties, predominantly among the elderly (National Institute on Aging, n.d.). Their judgment diminishes, making them disinterested or utterly unaware of their sexual experiences. Some forms of the condition have been shown to increase sex or closeness, but the individual may fail to recognize what is appropriate and what is not.
Diabetes
As a chronic condition experienced mainly by this population, it can lead to yeast generation, leading to itchiness around the sex organs, making sex unpalatable. The situation can, however, be addressed with medication.
Incontinence
This is a condition where one experiences bladder leakage caused by poor control (National Institute on Aging, n.d.). It is most prevalent among the population an.
Resurge - The Godzilla Of Offers - Resurge weight loss.Med Gaith
Resurge- The Godzilla Offers is a blend of natural products that are helpful to losing weight, boosting the immune system, increasing metabolism, and relieving stress. it is effective against problems that in one way or another are related to weight gain. It is made in the USA and approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Running head: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SELF-EFFICACY 1
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SELF-EFFICACY 2
The Relationship between Physical Activity and Self-Efficacy in Schools
Abstract
Few studies have examined the relationship between physical activities and health outcomes among adolescents. The majority of the adult population knows much about health-risk behaviours of adolescents, and knows less about their health-promoting behaviours. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between physical activity levels and self-efficacy among adolescents.
Introduction
According to Start Active, regular physical activity associates with benefits for physical and mental health (as cited in Roberts et al, 2015). Studies have indicated that health life traits and styles have an impact on lifelong health and life quality. Childhood poor diet and physical inactivity have been risk factors for a multitude of chronic health condition in adulthood (Matthews et al, 2015). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for children, only 42% of children and 8% of adolescents achieve current recommended physical activity.
Most students studying in Hoca Ahment Yesevi University were hound to have health issues emanating from lack of physical exercise and personal fitness programs (Ozkan, 2015). Up to 70 per cent of university students are reported as not participating in regular free-time physical activity or exercise (Haase et al, 2004, as cited in Roberts et al, 2014). Simon et al (2015) mentioned that majority of the adult population fails to achieve recommended daily exercise, 30-minutes moderate intensity exercise. When physical activity is conducted regularly as the researchers found out, it is likely to improve the physical fitness of the students and generally of people and therefore contributing heavily to better healthy life styles. Achieving daily exercise was shown to promote better sleep quality and higher psychological functioning in adolescents (Kalak et al, 2012, as cited in Rew et al, 2015).
Styles and activities that promote the health of humans increase their chances of wellbeing and therefore promote healthy living. In achieving well-being in health, there must be a mentioned engagement in activities which are likely to enhance the same such as proper exercises and fitness methods. Health promotion takes quite a multidimensional structure, that is, intellectual, mental, physical and social and therefore a number of behaviours which are meant at promoting behaviours are identified by health professionals and other researchers. These behaviours include life appreciation, stress management, health responsibility, social support, exercise and better nutrition. Therefore a general conclusion is arrived at that physical activity and exercise have an impact on the quality of human life and can actually aid its improveme.
Stress, Food, and Inflammation Psychoneuroimmunology and Nutr.docxcpatriciarpatricia
Stress, Food, and Inflammation: Psychoneuroimmunology and Nutrition at
the Cutting Edge
JANICE K. KIECOLT-GLASER, PHD
Abstract: Inflammation is the common link among the leading causes of death. Mechanistic studies have shown how various
dietary components can modulate key pathways to inflammation, including sympathetic activity, oxidative stress, transcription
factor nuclear factor-�B activation, and proinflammatory cytokine production. Behavioral studies have demonstrated that stressful
events and depression can also influence inflammation through these same processes. If the joint contributions of diet and behavior
to inflammation were simply additive, they would be important. However, several far more intriguing interactive possibilities are
discussed: stress influences food choices; stress can enhance maladaptive metabolic responses to unhealthy meals; and diet can
affect mood as well as proinflammatory responses to stressors. Furthermore, because the vagus nerve innervates tissues involved
in the digestion, absorption, and metabolism of nutrients, vagal activation can directly and profoundly influence metabolic
responses to food, as well as inflammation; in turn, both depression and stress have well-documented negative effects on vagal
activation, contributing to the lively interplay between the brain and the gut. As one example, omega-3 fatty acid intake can boost
mood and vagal tone, dampen nuclear factor-�B activation and responses to endotoxin, and modulate the magnitude of
inflammatory responses to stressors. A better understanding of how stressors, negative emotions, and unhealthy meals work
together to enhance inflammation will benefit behavioral and nutritional research, as well as the broader biomedical community.
Key words: interleukin-6; C-reactive protein; proinflammatory cytokines; depression; omega-3; polyunsaturated fatty acid.
CRP � C-reactive protein; EPA � eicosapentaenoic acid; IL �
interleukin; TNF � tumor necrosis factor; LPS � lipopolysaccha-
ride; n-3 � omega-3; n-6 � omega-6; NF � nuclear factor;
PUFA � polyunsaturated fatty acid.
INTRODUCTION
Together, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes ac-count for almost 70% of all deaths in the United States;
these diseases share inflammation as a common link (1,2).
Dietary strategies clearly influence inflammation, as docu-
mented through both prospective observational studies as well
as randomized, controlled, feeding trials in which participants
agree to eat only the food provided to them (1,3). Mechanistic
studies have shown how various dietary components can mod-
ulate sympathetic activity, oxidative stress, transcription fac-
tor nuclear factor (NF)-�B activation, and proinflammatory
cytokine production, thus modifying health risks (4).
Behavioral studies have convincingly demonstrated that
stress and depression can also influence inflammation through
these same pathways. Stressors—and the negative emotions
they generate— can enhance sympathetic hyperacti.
Fitness/Substance Abuse
Do Alcohol Consumers Exercise More? Findings
From a National Survey
Michael T. French, PhD; Ioana Popovici, PhD; Johanna Catherine Maclean, MA
Abstract
Purpose. Investigate the relationship between alcohol consumption and physical activity
because understanding whether there are common determinants of health behaviors is critical in
designing programs to change risky activities.
Design. Cross-sectional analysis.
Setting. United States.
Subjects. A sample of adults representative of the U.S. population (N 5 230,856) from the
2005 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.
Measures. Several measures of drinking and exercise were analyzed. Specifications included
numerous health, health behavior, socioeconomic, and demographic control variables.
Results. For women, current drinkers exercise 7.2 more minutes per week than abstainers.
Ten extra drinks per month are associated with 2.2 extra minutes per week of physical activity.
When compared with current abstainers, light, moderate, and heavy drinkers exercise 5.7,
10.1, and 19.9 more minutes per week. Drinking is associated with a 10.1 percentage point
increase in the probability of exercising vigorously. Ten extra drinks per month are associated
with a 2.0 percentage point increase in the probability of engaging in vigorous physical activity.
Light, moderate, and heavy drinking are associated with 9.0, 14.3, and 13.7 percentage point
increases in the probability of exercising vigorously. The estimation results for men are similar to
those for women.
Conclusions. Our results strongly suggest that alcohol consumption and physical activity are
positively correlated. The association persists at heavy drinking levels. (Am J Health Promot
2009;24[1]:2–10.)
Key Words: Health Behavior, Lifestyle, Alcohol, Exercise, Health
Consciousness, Sensation Seeking, Prevention Research. Manuscript format:
research, Research purpose: modeling/relationship testing, Study design:
nonexperimental, Outcome measure: physical activity, behavioral, Setting: state/
national, Health focus: fitness/physical activity, Strategy: skill building/behavior
change, Target population age: adult, Target population circumstances:
education/income level and race/ethnicity
PURPOSE
The epidemiologic literature has
firmly established that certain lifestyle
health-related choices are associated
with an elevated risk of morbidity and
mortality.1–3 Excessive alcohol con-
sumption, physical inactivity, smoking,
and unhealthy dietary practices ac-
count for a large proportion of pre-
ventable chronic diseases and deaths in
the United States. However, the precise
association between these behaviors is
still the subject of longstanding debate.
There are reasons to believe that
health behaviors may not be indepen-
dent of each other. One view purports
that individuals’ motivation to prevent
disease or improve health could cause
the clustering of health behaviors.4 In
other words, health consciousness
could l.
Running header THE MENACE OF OBESTIY1The Me.docxanhlodge
Running header: THE MENACE OF OBESTIY 1
The Menace of Obesity
Rodney Martinez
Columbia Southern University
The menace of obesity: Stern & Kazaks (2009) defined obesity as a health condition that is associated with excess body fat that is gained by environmental and genetic factors that are difficult to control during dieting. Obesity is classified as having a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 or above. BMI is a tool that measures obesity in an individual. The personal or community effects of obesity will be discussed. It will include a discussion on one factor that contributes to childhood or adult obesity and two prevention measures that relate to the selected factor. Finally, a discussion on one sociological theory that relates to the selected contributing factor to obesity will be given to provide a better understanding on what we as Americans define being obesity.
Effects of Obesity
The cost of obesity is known to go beyond those pertaining to personal health, including heart diseases, type II diabetes’ and bone and joint disease. Obesity has a lifelong financial impact on the individual, family members and the community at large, because of the medical bills to treat diseases. Kopelman (2010) stated that this worsens the situations since this individual is less productive financially due to the health condition and thus leaving the burden to family members and the community. According to a recent report from the Department of Health Policy at George Washington University's School of Public Health and Health Services, the tangible annual health- and work-related costs of obesity for a woman amount to $4,789 more than a woman of average weight would pay. For an obese man, those added costs are $2,646 annually.
One of the main contributing factors to childhood or adult obesity is a lifestyle. Eckel (2003) argued that overeating with in a combination with a sedentary lifestyle has been known to contribute to obesity. If you take foods in which a high percentage of calories come from high-fat, refined and sugary foods that will easily make you gain weight and high chances of being obese if you continue with that diet for long without counteracting practices. As more American families consume diets on the go and more people looking for low-cost foods, more people will reach high-calorie and fatty foods and beverages such as fast food.
Preventive Measures of Obesity
One of the preventive measures that can be taken to avoid obesity is changing behaviors which will affect these lifestyle choices. Choosing whole grains such as whole bread and brown rice rather than white rice and while bread. These foods are richer in fiber and nutrients and thus the body absorb them more slowly and therefore will not cause a rapid spike in insulin. Eating less fatty foods will also reduce excess calories in the bath. (Waters, E. 2010) stated that another preventive measure that is recommended is exercising every day, this will help in burning exce.
Evidence-Based Treatments of AddictionAuthor(s) Charles P. .docxgitagrimston
Evidence-Based Treatments of Addiction
Author(s): Charles P. O'Brien
Source: Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 363, No. 1507, The Neurobiology of
Addiction: New Vistas (Oct. 12, 2008), pp. 3277-3286
Published by: The Royal Society
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20208741 .
Accessed: 05/12/2014 15:41
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of
content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms
of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
.
The Royal Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Philosophical
Transactions: Biological Sciences.
http://www.jstor.org
This content downloaded from 206.224.223.240 on Fri, 5 Dec 2014 15:41:30 PM
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=rsl
http://www.jstor.org/stable/20208741?origin=JSTOR-pdf
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
PHILOSOPHICAL
TRANSACTIONS
_of-?TT^
PhiL Trans' R' Soc' B (2008) 363' 3277~3286
THE ROYAL 4\ doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0105
SOCIETY JAJJ Published online 18 July 2008
Review
Evidence-based treatments of addiction
Charles P. O'Brien*
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Chestnut Street,
Philadelphia, PA 19104-6178, USA
Both pharmacotherapy and behavioural treatment are required to relieve the symptoms of addictive
disorders. This paper reviews the evidence for the benefits of pharmacotherapy and discusses
mechanisms where possible. Animal models of addiction have led to some medications that are effective
in reducing symptoms and improving function but they do not produce a cure. Addiction is a chronic
disease that tends to recur when treatment is stopped; thus, long-term treatment is recommended.
Keywords: addiction; relapse; withdrawal; endophenotype
1. INTRODUCTION
Most theories of drug-addiction mechanisms have been
based on animal models and, until recently, these
theories have made the assumption that all subjects are
alike in their responses to drugs (Deroche-Gamonet
et ah 2004). In reality, human subjects are quite
variable in how they respond to drugs. Moreover,
data from the studies of non-human primates indicate
that genetic variation is also important in other higher
species. Drugs that demonstrate rewarding properties
in animals also tend to be abused by humans, but only
by a relatively small percentage of those humans
exposed (table 1). The most obvious effects of chronic
drug use are tolerance and physiological dependence
and these phenomena trans ...
This paper investigates the non-pecuniary benets of education using several individuals' health outcomes, health-damaging and health-improving behaviors, and preventive care. We exploit a reform which raised compulsory schooling by three years in Italy to identify the causal effect of lower secondary education and, unlike most previous papers in the literature, we analyze a wide range of health indicators. Our analysis shows that the rise in schooling induced by the reform reduced BMI and the incidence of obesity across Italian women, and raised men's likelihood of
doing regular physical activity and cholesterol and glycemia checks. No effect is found instead on preventive care and health-improving behavior for women, and on smoking prevalence and intensity for both genders. Some potential reasons for the gender differences in the results are discussed.
This draft: December 16, 2016
Preliminary and Incomplete. Please do not cite.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
1. Implications, Limitations, and Future Directions
These findings may have implications for acts of violence in which people reportedly
“snap.” People who have chronic problems with their glucose functioning may not have
sufficient mental energy to override their aggressive impulses, which may place them at
risk for aggressing against others. People who have experienced minor metabolic
demands might use up energy needed for restraining aggressive impulses, which
increases the likelihood of aggression. To be sure, consuming sugar should not be
considered a panacea for curbing aggression. The current results do suggest, however,
that interventions designed to provide individuals with metabolic energy may foster
harmonious social interactions. Interventions that increase brain glycogen, for instance,
might help to provide additional metabolic energy that can be used for the self-controlled
restraint of aggressive urges [see Gailliot, 2008].
Metabolic problems might increase aggression partly because individuals seek to be
energized. Substances that provide metabolism can be highly sought out or can even
become addictive. For example, the addictive drug caffeine is often sought out via energy
drinks for its energy-providing properties [Reissig et al., 2009]. Engaging in physical
aggression can energize a person by breaking down metabolites stored in fat and muscle.
The metabolites then enter the bloodstream and can be used by other processes, an
effect similar to that obtained from physical exercise. Low glucose and problems
metabolizing glucose might predispose individuals to actions that increase their levels of
arousal and energy (e.g. eating, ingesting caffeine), which may increase the likelihood of
aggression [Zillman et al., 1972].
More broadly, processes that have especially enabled successful reproduction and
evolution might tend to be more metabolically expensive [see Gailliot et al., 2010].
Evidence thus far supports the existence of three expensive psychological processes—
reproduction (e.g. sperm production, ovarian activity during menstruation), immune
defense (e.g. cancer is metabolically expensive and impairs executive functioning), and
self-control or higher order executive functioning (e.g. aggressive restraint)—and all three
confer relatively large contributions to evolved dispositions. Although aggressive restraint
is metabolically expensive, its metabolic costs may have been outweighed by the benefit
of passing along one’s genes to the next generation. That is, the ability to inhibit
aggressive behavior is beneficial to reproductive success above and beyond the
metabolic costs of doing so.
Increasing glucose levels to adequate levels among aggressive-prone individuals could
greatly reduce aggression in society. Police in the United Kingdom give lollipops to
drunken club-goers late at night, which has been found to reduce the drunken aggression
2. and mob violence common among them. Indeed, one report showed that the “sweet
lollipop intervention” decreased the annual rate of physical assaults by 10% over a 1-year
period [BBC News, 2007]. Thus, our findings may have practical significance in terms of
reducing aggression and violence outside the laboratory.
One limitation from the current investigation is that self-control only partially accounted
for the relationship between diabetic status and aggression, explaining only 4% of the
variance. To be sure, multiple mediators likely exist. One possibility is that when people
are placed in an aggressive situation, a boost of glucose increases activation in neural
regions associated with conflict monitoring [e.g. dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; DeWall
et al., 2010] and the downregulation of negative affect [e.g. right ventrolateral prefrontal
cortex; Creswell et al., 2007]. This increased activation in the dACC and RVPFC may, in
turn, be associated with lower levels of aggression. Another possibility is that the
relationship between heightened glucose levels on aggression is due to an increase in
positive mood. Although this is possible, our previous research has shown that the effect
of glucose on behavior is not attributable to fluctuations in emotional states [e.g. DeWall
et al., 2008; Gailliot et al., 2007]. Exploration of these potential mediators awaits future
inquiry.
A second limitation relates to the effect of glucose- 6-phosphate dehydrogenase
deficiency on war killings. It is possible that for war killings, the killing is carried out by one
set of people with another set being killed. Therefore, higher levels of this metabolic
disorder in one country may relate to more war killings in other countries instead of more
killings in one’s own country. Though possible, we believe that this is unlikely for at least
two reasons. First, wars involve a violence escalation cycle in which one group of people
kills members of another group, leading members of the second to kill members of the
first group, and so on. Therefore, one’s country amount of people killed in war depends
in large part on how many people in that country are killing members of other countries.
This reasoning meshes well with recent theoretical and empirical research showing that
highly aggressive people create situations in which they both experience aggressive
outbursts from others and perpetrate high levels of aggression toward others [Anderson
et al., 2008; DeWall and Anderson, 2010]. Second, the results related to war killings are
similar to results related to non-war killings, which suggests that how much people are
killing in and out of war is related to how many people have a specific type of metabolic
disorder. Thus, the findings related to war killings in Study 4 offer valid evidence regarding
the relationship between deficiencies in glucose metabolism and aggression.