- Stress, depression, and inflammation are linked through common pathways like sympathetic activity, oxidative stress, and pro-inflammatory cytokines.
- Unhealthy diets high in saturated fat and refined carbs promote inflammation while diets high in omega-3 fatty acids, fruits, vegetables, and whole grains reduce inflammation.
- Stress influences food choices towards unhealthy options and can enhance inflammatory responses to meals, while certain diets like Mediterranean can positively impact mood and inflammation.
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Author Manuscript
Psychosom Med. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 January 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Psychosom Med. 2011 January ; 73(1): 67–74. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3182002116.
Modeling Social Influences on Human Health
Kate Karelina, Ph.D.1 and A. Courtney DeVries, Ph.D.1,2
1 Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
2 Institute of Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
USA
Abstract
Social interactions have long-term physiological, psychological and behavioral consequences.
Social isolation is a well recognized but little understood risk factor and prognostic marker of
disease, and can have profoundly detrimental effects on both mental and physical well-being,
particularly during states of compromised health. In contrast, the health benefits associated with
social support (both reduced risk and improved recovery) are evident in a variety of illnesses and
injury states; however, the mechanisms by which social interactions influence disease
pathogenesis remain largely unidentified. The substantial health impact of the psychosocial
environment can occur independently of traditional disease risk factors and is not accounted for
solely by peer-encouraged development of health behaviors. Instead, social interactions are
capable of altering shared pathophysiological mechanisms of multiple disease states in distinct
measurable ways. Converging evidence from animal models of injury and disease recapitulates the
physiological benefits of affiliative social interactions and establishes several endogenous
mechanisms (inflammatory signals, glucocorticoids and oxytocin) by which social interactions
influence health outcomes. Taken together, both clinical and animal research are undoubtedly
necessary in order to develop a complete mechanistic understanding of social influences on health.
Keywords
Social interaction; health; experimental models; oxytocin
Social influences on health
Social interactions shape humans from early development through senescence and have a
strong impact on many aspects of physiology and behavior. Indeed, social interaction is
essential for proper cognitive, affective and behavioral development (1). Among adults, the
social environment remains an important determinant of health and well being; ample
evidence suggests that positive social support accelerates and improves patient recovery
from cancer, cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease (CVD), atherosclerosis, and other
chronic diseases with an inflammatory component (2–5). This has led to a substantial
interest in the capacity to which the social environment affects physiological systems,
particularly during health challenges. The benefits of a positive social environment are
particularly salient in chronic disease st.
N
IH
-P
A
A
uthor M
anuscript
N
IH
-P
A
A
uthor M
anuscript
N
IH
-P
A
A
uthor M
anuscript
NIH Public Access
Author Manuscript
Psychosom Med. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 January 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Psychosom Med. 2011 January ; 73(1): 67–74. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3182002116.
Modeling Social Influences on Human Health
Kate Karelina, Ph.D.1 and A. Courtney DeVries, Ph.D.1,2
1 Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
2 Institute of Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
USA
Abstract
Social interactions have long-term physiological, psychological and behavioral consequences.
Social isolation is a well recognized but little understood risk factor and prognostic marker of
disease, and can have profoundly detrimental effects on both mental and physical well-being,
particularly during states of compromised health. In contrast, the health benefits associated with
social support (both reduced risk and improved recovery) are evident in a variety of illnesses and
injury states; however, the mechanisms by which social interactions influence disease
pathogenesis remain largely unidentified. The substantial health impact of the psychosocial
environment can occur independently of traditional disease risk factors and is not accounted for
solely by peer-encouraged development of health behaviors. Instead, social interactions are
capable of altering shared pathophysiological mechanisms of multiple disease states in distinct
measurable ways. Converging evidence from animal models of injury and disease recapitulates the
physiological benefits of affiliative social interactions and establishes several endogenous
mechanisms (inflammatory signals, glucocorticoids and oxytocin) by which social interactions
influence health outcomes. Taken together, both clinical and animal research are undoubtedly
necessary in order to develop a complete mechanistic understanding of social influences on health.
Keywords
Social interaction; health; experimental models; oxytocin
Social influences on health
Social interactions shape humans from early development through senescence and have a
strong impact on many aspects of physiology and behavior. Indeed, social interaction is
essential for proper cognitive, affective and behavioral development (1). Among adults, the
social environment remains an important determinant of health and well being; ample
evidence suggests that positive social support accelerates and improves patient recovery
from cancer, cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease (CVD), atherosclerosis, and other
chronic diseases with an inflammatory component (2–5). This has led to a substantial
interest in the capacity to which the social environment affects physiological systems,
particularly during health challenges. The benefits of a positive social environment are
particularly salient in chronic disease st.
N
IH
-P
A
A
uthor M
anuscript
N
IH
-P
A
A
uthor M
anuscript
N
IH
-P
A
A
uthor M
anuscript
NIH Public Access
Author Manuscript
Psychosom Med. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 January 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Psychosom Med. 2011 January ; 73(1): 67–74. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3182002116.
Modeling Social Influences on Human Health
Kate Karelina, Ph.D.1 and A. Courtney DeVries, Ph.D.1,2
1 Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
2 Institute of Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
USA
Abstract
Social interactions have long-term physiological, psychological and behavioral consequences.
Social isolation is a well recognized but little understood risk factor and prognostic marker of
disease, and can have profoundly detrimental effects on both mental and physical well-being,
particularly during states of compromised health. In contrast, the health benefits associated with
social support (both reduced risk and improved recovery) are evident in a variety of illnesses and
injury states; however, the mechanisms by which social interactions influence disease
pathogenesis remain largely unidentified. The substantial health impact of the psychosocial
environment can occur independently of traditional disease risk factors and is not accounted for
solely by peer-encouraged development of health behaviors. Instead, social interactions are
capable of altering shared pathophysiological mechanisms of multiple disease states in distinct
measurable ways. Converging evidence from animal models of injury and disease recapitulates the
physiological benefits of affiliative social interactions and establishes several endogenous
mechanisms (inflammatory signals, glucocorticoids and oxytocin) by which social interactions
influence health outcomes. Taken together, both clinical and animal research are undoubtedly
necessary in order to develop a complete mechanistic understanding of social influences on health.
Keywords
Social interaction; health; experimental models; oxytocin
Social influences on health
Social interactions shape humans from early development through senescence and have a
strong impact on many aspects of physiology and behavior. Indeed, social interaction is
essential for proper cognitive, affective and behavioral development (1). Among adults, the
social environment remains an important determinant of health and well being; ample
evidence suggests that positive social support accelerates and improves patient recovery
from cancer, cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease (CVD), atherosclerosis, and other
chronic diseases with an inflammatory component (2–5). This has led to a substantial
interest in the capacity to which the social environment affects physiological systems,
particularly during health challenges. The benefits of a positive social environment are
particularly salient in chronic disease st.
N
IH
-P
A
A
uthor M
anuscript
N
IH
-P
A
A
uthor M
anuscript
N
IH
-P
A
A
uthor M
anuscript
NIH Public Access
Author Manuscript
Psychosom Med. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 January 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Psychosom Med. 2011 January ; 73(1): 67–74. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3182002116.
Modeling Social Influences on Human Health
Kate Karelina, Ph.D.1 and A. Courtney DeVries, Ph.D.1,2
1 Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
2 Institute of Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
USA
Abstract
Social interactions have long-term physiological, psychological and behavioral consequences.
Social isolation is a well recognized but little understood risk factor and prognostic marker of
disease, and can have profoundly detrimental effects on both mental and physical well-being,
particularly during states of compromised health. In contrast, the health benefits associated with
social support (both reduced risk and improved recovery) are evident in a variety of illnesses and
injury states; however, the mechanisms by which social interactions influence disease
pathogenesis remain largely unidentified. The substantial health impact of the psychosocial
environment can occur independently of traditional disease risk factors and is not accounted for
solely by peer-encouraged development of health behaviors. Instead, social interactions are
capable of altering shared pathophysiological mechanisms of multiple disease states in distinct
measurable ways. Converging evidence from animal models of injury and disease recapitulates the
physiological benefits of affiliative social interactions and establishes several endogenous
mechanisms (inflammatory signals, glucocorticoids and oxytocin) by which social interactions
influence health outcomes. Taken together, both clinical and animal research are undoubtedly
necessary in order to develop a complete mechanistic understanding of social influences on health.
Keywords
Social interaction; health; experimental models; oxytocin
Social influences on health
Social interactions shape humans from early development through senescence and have a
strong impact on many aspects of physiology and behavior. Indeed, social interaction is
essential for proper cognitive, affective and behavioral development (1). Among adults, the
social environment remains an important determinant of health and well being; ample
evidence suggests that positive social support accelerates and improves patient recovery
from cancer, cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease (CVD), atherosclerosis, and other
chronic diseases with an inflammatory component (2–5). This has led to a substantial
interest in the capacity to which the social environment affects physiological systems,
particularly during health challenges. The benefits of a positive social environment are
particularly salient in chronic disease st.
Many of the current chronic disease conditions including cardiovascular disease, Diabetes, hyperlipidemia, ADD, ADHD, Arthritis, and other chronic conditions implicate chronic inflammation as the main disease culprit. Much of our western diet and lifestyle is to blame for this increase. Bioflavinoids contained in whole foods plant based diets show promise in reducing whole body inflammation. This novel paper discusses it possible role in reimaging and treating patients suffering from chronic inflammation to improve their health.
Stress is defined as a state of physiological or psychological strain caused by an adverse stimuli , physical, mental, or emotional, internal or external that tend to disturb the functioning of an organism and which the organism naturally desires to avoid.
iCAAD London 2019 - Prof Wulf Rossler - NUTRITION, SLEEP AND PHYSICAL EXERCI...iCAADEvents
Until recently nutrition and various other lifestyle factors were predominantly in the focus of medical disciplines like cardiology, endocrinology or gastroenterology. As mental disorders are multifactorial diseases and as such are complex, emerging evidence suggests that nutrition, exercise and sleep also play an important role in the aetiology, progression and treatment of mental disorders.
Intermittent fasting had a strong anti inflammatory effect beside the many other benefits. Intermittent fasting is an eating pattern and Interventional strategy where in individuals are subjected to varying periods of fasting. It doesn’t specify which foods you should eat but rather when you should eat them. Intermittent fasting (IF) is an eating pattern that cycles between periods of fasting and eating. It’s currently very popular in the health and fitness community. Recently attracted attention because:
1- Its Evidence-Based Health Benefits
2- Its potential for correcting metabolic Abnormalities
3- Better adherence than other methods
Low-Dose Naltrexone in Diseases’ Treatment: Global Reviewresearchinventy
Naltrexone is a non-selective opioid antagonist, which shows effects on delta, mu and kappa receptors. Its therapeutic use is designed for drug addicts’ treatment, reducing withdrawal side effects. However, several researchers have used low-dose Naltrexone (LDN) for therapeutic purposes in diseases associated to immune system deficiency and inflammatory and tumor processes. Consequently, enhance evidences that LDN use hypothesis promotes, through a compensation mechanism, an increase of endorphins and enkephalins, in addition to opioid receptors up-regulation mechanism, in Central Nervous System (CNS), becoming it a potentially effective clinical practice in these pathologies. Thus, we present a review about LDN use in different pathologies, all they published in literature, and its therapeutic effects, enabling us to conclude that 3.0-4.5mg/day dose use in humans is effective for idiopathic diseases with alterations in immune system, as well as those ones with inflammatory and tumor characteristics.
Strict APA format 1 page and no references before 2015. Peer-reviewe.docxcpatriciarpatricia
Strict APA format 1 page and no references before 2015. Peer-reviewed only
NO PLAGIARISM (APA format)
Part 1
Chapter 12 – From the chapter reading, we learned that e-mail is a major area of focus for information governance (IG) efforts, and has become the most common business software application and the backbone of business communications today. In addition, the authors provided details to support their position by providing 2013 survey results from 2,400 corporate e-mail users from a global perspective. The results indicated that two-thirds of the respondents stated that e-mail was their favorite form of business communication which surpassed not only social media but also telephone and in-person contact.
Q1: With this detail in mind, briefly state why the e-Mail has become a critical component for IG implementation?
Part 2
2. Write on two topics 50 words discussing the above question (50 words x 2)
Note: Create a new page other than paper in the same document for two topics
.
Stress and Healthcare Workers Productivity at Lexington Medical .docxcpatriciarpatricia
Stress and Healthcare Workers Productivity at Lexington Medical Center
ABSTRACT
The research proposal aim at assessing the effect of workplace stress on workers productivity at Lexington Medical Center. The objective of the research is to assess worker productivity, the stress level among health workers, and the extent to which their productivity and performance is related to stress levels. The research survey will be a cross section and it will involve 120 participants (about 20% of the total population) and it will be conducted through convenience sampling techniques and stratified sampling. The data will be collected using questionnaire and descriptive statistical regression analysis will be used for data analysis. Before the actual data collection, there will be pilot study to determine reliability of the
research process. At this stage, the research will include expert opinion to enhance validity of the research.
This abstract did not give a background and summary of your study, and your expected outcome
Keywords:Employee productivity/ job performance, work place stress/occupational stress, doctors, nurses, medical attendant Lexington Medical Center.
Table of Contents
Why do you have a background and Statement of the Problem? The background can be covered in the statement and description of the problem.
1CHAPTER ONE
11.0INTRODUCTION
11.1 Background to the Research Problem
31.2 Statement of the Research Problem
31.3 Objectives of the Study
31.3.1General Objective
41.3.2 Specific Objectives
41.4. Research Questions
Why do you have a General and a Specific Objectives and Research Question. Please read the textbook or my powertpoint and understand it. Also my dissertation..
41.4.1 General Research Question
41.4.2 Specific Research Questions
41.5 Relevance of the Research
51.6 Organization of the Dissertation (Why disseration? Disseration is totally different from a Research Proposal
51.7. Limitations
6CHAPTER TWO
62.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
62.1 Overview
62.2 Conceptual Definitions
72.2.1 Work Place Stress
72.2.2 Employee Performance
82.3. Theoretical Literature Review
82.3.1 Employees Performance Management
82.3.2 Stress at Workplace
10Work Stress and Employees Performance
10Theories of Work Stress
10The Job Demands-Control Theory (JD-C)
11The Role Theory
11Empirical Literature Review
12Assessing Employee Performance
132.5.3 Relationship between work Stresses and Employee Performance
13Research Gap Identified
142.9 Statement of Hypotheses
15CHAPTER THREE
153.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
153.1 Overview
153.2 Research Design
153.3 Study Population
153.4 Area of the Research
163.5.1 Sample Size
173.5.2 Sampling Procedure
183.6. Variables and Measurements
193.7 Methods and Instrument Used for Data Collection
193.8. Data Processing and Analysis
21CHAPTER FOUR
214.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
214.1 Summary
22References
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION (Omit the numbers. LOOK AT MY DISSERATION)
1.1 Background You do not need to put backgr.
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IH
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A
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uthor M
anuscript
N
IH
-P
A
A
uthor M
anuscript
N
IH
-P
A
A
uthor M
anuscript
NIH Public Access
Author Manuscript
Psychosom Med. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 January 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Psychosom Med. 2011 January ; 73(1): 67–74. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3182002116.
Modeling Social Influences on Human Health
Kate Karelina, Ph.D.1 and A. Courtney DeVries, Ph.D.1,2
1 Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
2 Institute of Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
USA
Abstract
Social interactions have long-term physiological, psychological and behavioral consequences.
Social isolation is a well recognized but little understood risk factor and prognostic marker of
disease, and can have profoundly detrimental effects on both mental and physical well-being,
particularly during states of compromised health. In contrast, the health benefits associated with
social support (both reduced risk and improved recovery) are evident in a variety of illnesses and
injury states; however, the mechanisms by which social interactions influence disease
pathogenesis remain largely unidentified. The substantial health impact of the psychosocial
environment can occur independently of traditional disease risk factors and is not accounted for
solely by peer-encouraged development of health behaviors. Instead, social interactions are
capable of altering shared pathophysiological mechanisms of multiple disease states in distinct
measurable ways. Converging evidence from animal models of injury and disease recapitulates the
physiological benefits of affiliative social interactions and establishes several endogenous
mechanisms (inflammatory signals, glucocorticoids and oxytocin) by which social interactions
influence health outcomes. Taken together, both clinical and animal research are undoubtedly
necessary in order to develop a complete mechanistic understanding of social influences on health.
Keywords
Social interaction; health; experimental models; oxytocin
Social influences on health
Social interactions shape humans from early development through senescence and have a
strong impact on many aspects of physiology and behavior. Indeed, social interaction is
essential for proper cognitive, affective and behavioral development (1). Among adults, the
social environment remains an important determinant of health and well being; ample
evidence suggests that positive social support accelerates and improves patient recovery
from cancer, cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease (CVD), atherosclerosis, and other
chronic diseases with an inflammatory component (2–5). This has led to a substantial
interest in the capacity to which the social environment affects physiological systems,
particularly during health challenges. The benefits of a positive social environment are
particularly salient in chronic disease st.
N
IH
-P
A
A
uthor M
anuscript
N
IH
-P
A
A
uthor M
anuscript
N
IH
-P
A
A
uthor M
anuscript
NIH Public Access
Author Manuscript
Psychosom Med. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 January 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Psychosom Med. 2011 January ; 73(1): 67–74. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3182002116.
Modeling Social Influences on Human Health
Kate Karelina, Ph.D.1 and A. Courtney DeVries, Ph.D.1,2
1 Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
2 Institute of Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
USA
Abstract
Social interactions have long-term physiological, psychological and behavioral consequences.
Social isolation is a well recognized but little understood risk factor and prognostic marker of
disease, and can have profoundly detrimental effects on both mental and physical well-being,
particularly during states of compromised health. In contrast, the health benefits associated with
social support (both reduced risk and improved recovery) are evident in a variety of illnesses and
injury states; however, the mechanisms by which social interactions influence disease
pathogenesis remain largely unidentified. The substantial health impact of the psychosocial
environment can occur independently of traditional disease risk factors and is not accounted for
solely by peer-encouraged development of health behaviors. Instead, social interactions are
capable of altering shared pathophysiological mechanisms of multiple disease states in distinct
measurable ways. Converging evidence from animal models of injury and disease recapitulates the
physiological benefits of affiliative social interactions and establishes several endogenous
mechanisms (inflammatory signals, glucocorticoids and oxytocin) by which social interactions
influence health outcomes. Taken together, both clinical and animal research are undoubtedly
necessary in order to develop a complete mechanistic understanding of social influences on health.
Keywords
Social interaction; health; experimental models; oxytocin
Social influences on health
Social interactions shape humans from early development through senescence and have a
strong impact on many aspects of physiology and behavior. Indeed, social interaction is
essential for proper cognitive, affective and behavioral development (1). Among adults, the
social environment remains an important determinant of health and well being; ample
evidence suggests that positive social support accelerates and improves patient recovery
from cancer, cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease (CVD), atherosclerosis, and other
chronic diseases with an inflammatory component (2–5). This has led to a substantial
interest in the capacity to which the social environment affects physiological systems,
particularly during health challenges. The benefits of a positive social environment are
particularly salient in chronic disease st.
Many of the current chronic disease conditions including cardiovascular disease, Diabetes, hyperlipidemia, ADD, ADHD, Arthritis, and other chronic conditions implicate chronic inflammation as the main disease culprit. Much of our western diet and lifestyle is to blame for this increase. Bioflavinoids contained in whole foods plant based diets show promise in reducing whole body inflammation. This novel paper discusses it possible role in reimaging and treating patients suffering from chronic inflammation to improve their health.
Stress is defined as a state of physiological or psychological strain caused by an adverse stimuli , physical, mental, or emotional, internal or external that tend to disturb the functioning of an organism and which the organism naturally desires to avoid.
iCAAD London 2019 - Prof Wulf Rossler - NUTRITION, SLEEP AND PHYSICAL EXERCI...iCAADEvents
Until recently nutrition and various other lifestyle factors were predominantly in the focus of medical disciplines like cardiology, endocrinology or gastroenterology. As mental disorders are multifactorial diseases and as such are complex, emerging evidence suggests that nutrition, exercise and sleep also play an important role in the aetiology, progression and treatment of mental disorders.
Intermittent fasting had a strong anti inflammatory effect beside the many other benefits. Intermittent fasting is an eating pattern and Interventional strategy where in individuals are subjected to varying periods of fasting. It doesn’t specify which foods you should eat but rather when you should eat them. Intermittent fasting (IF) is an eating pattern that cycles between periods of fasting and eating. It’s currently very popular in the health and fitness community. Recently attracted attention because:
1- Its Evidence-Based Health Benefits
2- Its potential for correcting metabolic Abnormalities
3- Better adherence than other methods
Low-Dose Naltrexone in Diseases’ Treatment: Global Reviewresearchinventy
Naltrexone is a non-selective opioid antagonist, which shows effects on delta, mu and kappa receptors. Its therapeutic use is designed for drug addicts’ treatment, reducing withdrawal side effects. However, several researchers have used low-dose Naltrexone (LDN) for therapeutic purposes in diseases associated to immune system deficiency and inflammatory and tumor processes. Consequently, enhance evidences that LDN use hypothesis promotes, through a compensation mechanism, an increase of endorphins and enkephalins, in addition to opioid receptors up-regulation mechanism, in Central Nervous System (CNS), becoming it a potentially effective clinical practice in these pathologies. Thus, we present a review about LDN use in different pathologies, all they published in literature, and its therapeutic effects, enabling us to conclude that 3.0-4.5mg/day dose use in humans is effective for idiopathic diseases with alterations in immune system, as well as those ones with inflammatory and tumor characteristics.
Strict APA format 1 page and no references before 2015. Peer-reviewe.docxcpatriciarpatricia
Strict APA format 1 page and no references before 2015. Peer-reviewed only
NO PLAGIARISM (APA format)
Part 1
Chapter 12 – From the chapter reading, we learned that e-mail is a major area of focus for information governance (IG) efforts, and has become the most common business software application and the backbone of business communications today. In addition, the authors provided details to support their position by providing 2013 survey results from 2,400 corporate e-mail users from a global perspective. The results indicated that two-thirds of the respondents stated that e-mail was their favorite form of business communication which surpassed not only social media but also telephone and in-person contact.
Q1: With this detail in mind, briefly state why the e-Mail has become a critical component for IG implementation?
Part 2
2. Write on two topics 50 words discussing the above question (50 words x 2)
Note: Create a new page other than paper in the same document for two topics
.
Stress and Healthcare Workers Productivity at Lexington Medical .docxcpatriciarpatricia
Stress and Healthcare Workers Productivity at Lexington Medical Center
ABSTRACT
The research proposal aim at assessing the effect of workplace stress on workers productivity at Lexington Medical Center. The objective of the research is to assess worker productivity, the stress level among health workers, and the extent to which their productivity and performance is related to stress levels. The research survey will be a cross section and it will involve 120 participants (about 20% of the total population) and it will be conducted through convenience sampling techniques and stratified sampling. The data will be collected using questionnaire and descriptive statistical regression analysis will be used for data analysis. Before the actual data collection, there will be pilot study to determine reliability of the
research process. At this stage, the research will include expert opinion to enhance validity of the research.
This abstract did not give a background and summary of your study, and your expected outcome
Keywords:Employee productivity/ job performance, work place stress/occupational stress, doctors, nurses, medical attendant Lexington Medical Center.
Table of Contents
Why do you have a background and Statement of the Problem? The background can be covered in the statement and description of the problem.
1CHAPTER ONE
11.0INTRODUCTION
11.1 Background to the Research Problem
31.2 Statement of the Research Problem
31.3 Objectives of the Study
31.3.1General Objective
41.3.2 Specific Objectives
41.4. Research Questions
Why do you have a General and a Specific Objectives and Research Question. Please read the textbook or my powertpoint and understand it. Also my dissertation..
41.4.1 General Research Question
41.4.2 Specific Research Questions
41.5 Relevance of the Research
51.6 Organization of the Dissertation (Why disseration? Disseration is totally different from a Research Proposal
51.7. Limitations
6CHAPTER TWO
62.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
62.1 Overview
62.2 Conceptual Definitions
72.2.1 Work Place Stress
72.2.2 Employee Performance
82.3. Theoretical Literature Review
82.3.1 Employees Performance Management
82.3.2 Stress at Workplace
10Work Stress and Employees Performance
10Theories of Work Stress
10The Job Demands-Control Theory (JD-C)
11The Role Theory
11Empirical Literature Review
12Assessing Employee Performance
132.5.3 Relationship between work Stresses and Employee Performance
13Research Gap Identified
142.9 Statement of Hypotheses
15CHAPTER THREE
153.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
153.1 Overview
153.2 Research Design
153.3 Study Population
153.4 Area of the Research
163.5.1 Sample Size
173.5.2 Sampling Procedure
183.6. Variables and Measurements
193.7 Methods and Instrument Used for Data Collection
193.8. Data Processing and Analysis
21CHAPTER FOUR
214.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
214.1 Summary
22References
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION (Omit the numbers. LOOK AT MY DISSERATION)
1.1 Background You do not need to put backgr.
Stress and Chronic Illness- Choose and describe chronic illness su.docxcpatriciarpatricia
Stress and Chronic Illness- Choose and describe chronic illness such as hypertension, diabetes, HIV, etc. Discuss the role of psychological stress in the development and progression of that illness.Develop two research questions that would evaluated the relationship between psychological stress and the illness you have chosen. Additionally, briefly propose a research method that could be used to test the research questions and describe why this method would be appropriate.
In APA format NO mare than 2 pages in single space.
.
Strengths
Weaknesses
Opportunities
Threats
Skills
Knowledge
Experience
Preparation
(Additional attribute)
(Additional attribute)
READING LIST TO CHOOSE TOPIC FROM:
1) Writing and Citing - Rothman, J. (2014, Feb. 20). Why is Academic Writing so Academic. New Yorker. Available at: https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/why-is-academic-writing-so-academic.
2) Origins of American Politics and Polices - Wood, J. (2010, May 10). Tocqueville in America. New Yorker. Available at: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/inside-story-americas-19th-century-opiate-addiction180967673/.
3) Constitutional Provisions for Limited Government - Dunham, R. G., & Mauss, A. L. (1976). Waves from Watergate: evidence concerning the impact of the Watergate scandal upon political legitimacy and social control. Pacific Sociological Review, 19(4), 469-490. Available at: https://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=sociology.
4) Voting and Representative Government
John Jay College of Criminal Justice
- McKinley, J. & Mays, J. (2019, Oct. 24). Early Voting Stirs Anxiety in N.Y. The New York Times. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/24/nyregion/early-voting-nyelection.html.
5) Division of Power: Federal v. State Authority - Hammer, D., Phillips, B., & Schmidt, T. L. (2010). The intended—and unintended— consequences of healthcare reform. Healthcare Financial Management, 64(10), 50-55. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Terry_Schmidt5/publication/47348397_The_intendedand_unintended-consequences_of_healthcare_reform/links/5512cda50cf270fd7e33781b/Theintended-and-unintended-consequences-of-healthcare-reform.pdf.
6) America’s Civil Liberties - Nelson, T. E., Clawson, R. A., & Oxley, Z. M. (1997). Media framing of a civil liberties conflict and its effect on tolerance. American Political Science Review, 91(3), 567-583. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Thomas_Nelson6/publication/209409737_Media_Framing_ of_A_Civil_Liberties_Conflict_and_Its_Effect_on_Tolerance/links/02e7e5323276f31251000000 .pdf.
February 20th – 14th Amendment and Civil Rights - Epps, G. (2015, Dec. 10). Is Affirmative Action Finished?. The Atlantic. Available at: https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/12/when-can-race-be-a-college-admissionsfactor/419808/.
7) Legislative Branch and the People - O’Keefe, E. (2014, Feb. 4). Farm bill passes after three years of talks. The Washington Post. Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2014/02/04/farm-billpasses-after-three-years-of-talks/.
February 27th – Legislative Branch and Political Parties - Everett, B., Sherman, J. & Bresnahan, J. (2013, Oct. 1). Shutdown: Congress sputters on CR. Politico. Available at: https://www.politico.com/story/2013/09/house-senate-governmentshutdown-097557.
8) Executive Branch and Domestic Policies - Guetzkow, J. (2010). Beyond deservingness: congressional d.
Strengths-based nursing (SBN) is an approach to care in which eigh.docxcpatriciarpatricia
Strengths-based nursing (SBN) is an approach to care in which eight core values which guide nursing action, thereby promoting empowerment, hope and self-efficacy. In caring for patients and families, the nurse focuses on their inner and outer strengths-that is, on what patients and families do that best helps them deal with problems and minimize deficits. SBN creating environments and experiences that better enable patients and their families to take control over their lives and health care decisions.
SBN respects a person's self-knowledge and values choice and self-determination, even though there are always limits to the choices available and a person's ability to act in her or his own interest is affected by circumstances, knowledge, and predisposition. it is as important to consider patients' deficits as it is to consider their strengths; both are essential aspects of the whole person. The current health care system is changing into a new system that focuses more on community-based and primary care with the hospitals forming the pillar of the health care system although they are not the primary service (Lind and Smith, 2008). This change has brought about a strength based nursing care which is aimed at developing an individual’s strength to encourage and help in healing. From the perspective of SBN, the nurse's role is to help patients achieve their goals in the healthiest possible way.
SBN sees the nurse's role not as deciding for others but rather as listening attentively and deeply in order to clarify, elaborate, explain, provide information, make suggestions, connect people with resources, and advocate for patients and their families so they may hear their own voices and make their voices heard. Strengths-Based Care (SBC) requires that the nurse use a process to uncover the person’s concerns, get to know the patient and members of the family as individuals, and discover their strengths in order to plan and carry out nursing care.
Nurses require strong nursing leadership to enable them practice strength-based nursing care. Strength based nursing care has a prospective of becoming a game changer in nursing and also revolutionize healthcare. In this approach the focus is redirected from shortages and crisis to use of strength of resources to deal with problems and overcome any shortcomings (Gottlieb, 2012). The medical model need not be a deficit model. The two are not mutually exclusive. Physicians can diagnose and treat problems and also have a strengths perspective and practice whole-person care.
HOLMES INSTITUTE
FACULTY OF
HIGHER EDUCATION
HS1031 Introduction to Programming – Assignment I
Assessment Details and Submission Guidelines
Trimester T1 2019
Unit Code HS1031
Unit Title Introduction to Programming
Assessment Type Individual Assignment
Assessment Title Assignment I
Purpose of the
assessment (with ULO
Mapping)
Assess student’s ability to develop algorithmic solutions to programming problems.
Strengths-to-Strategies, Curriculum Vitae, and Action PlanDue.docxcpatriciarpatricia
Strengths-to-Strategies, Curriculum Vitae, and Action Plan
Due
Mar 12 by 11:59pm
Points
150
Purpose
The purpose of this assignment is to develop (a) a leadership strength-to-strategy plan, (b) a professional curriculum vitae (CV), and (c) an action plan for leadership formation. The strengths-to-strategy plan (developed from the Week 1 interactive) formulates a plan to guide leadership development. The CV provides a record of professional and academic accomplishments. The action plan addresses gaps or developmental opportunities in the CV while applying strategies from the strength-to-strategy plan. The strengths-to-strategy plan, professional CV, and developmental action plan contribute to the student's professional development of skills and competencies relevant to the DNP-prepared nurse.
NR703 Professional CV Template (Links to an external site.)
Course Outcomes
This assignment enables the student to meet the following course outcomes:
CO3: Differentiate attributes of effective leaders and followers in influencing healthcare (PO6)
CO5: Formulate selected strategies for leadership and influence across healthcare systems (PO8)
PREPARING THE ASSIGNMENT
Follow these guidelines when completing each component of this assignment. Contact your course faculty if you have questions.
The assignment will include the following components:
Uses APA 7th edition formatting and style guide
Page numbers are required
There is no running head used
One title page
Suggested title: Strengths-to-Strategy, Curriculum Vitae, and Action Plan
Format the title page as shown in the APA Paper Template in the "Resources" tab of Canvas home page menu and as demonstrated below:
Strengths-to-Strategy, Curriculum Vitae, and Action Plan
Name
University
NR703: Applied Organizational & Leadership Concepts
March Session 2021
Turn on Grammarly.com to correct grammar and punctuation
Include an introduction and a conclusion paragraph
Use the following required level 1 headings:
Strengths-to-Strategy Plan
Professional Curriculum Vitae *(I will do this part, I will insert a Curriculum Vitae as an
appendix A
)
Action Plan for Leadership Formation
Conclusion
Introduction (10 points)
Note: Do not use “Introduction” as a heading. Place the paper’s title on the first line to match the title on the title page
Present a clear purpose statement
Introduce the sections of the paper in a mini-outline in sentence format. The mini-outline should reflect the paper's three primary sections as represented by the level 1 headings (excluding the conclusion, which is a component of all papers)
Establish the significance of the paper to you as a future DNP-prepared nurse.
Strength-to-Strategy Plan (40 points)
: Complete the Week 1 Strength-to-Strategy Plan interactive exercise located in the Explore section of Week 1 after taking the Zenger-Folkman Extraordinary Leader Assessment
Use the Strength-to-Strategy Plan interactive .
Street Sense Media uses a range of creative platforms to spotl.docxcpatriciarpatricia
Street Sense Media uses a range of creative platforms to spotlight solutions to homelessness and empower people in need.
Download the AppDonateEventsArticles ⌵NewsOpinionArtObituariesPrint ArchivesMedia Channels ⌵Film >>FIlmmakers Co-opHomelessly in LoveInterview SeriesRequest a ScreeningCommunity ForumsIllustrationPhotographyPodcast SeriesStudent SeminarsTheatre >>Staging HopeDevising HopeWriters’ GroupServices ⌵Vendor ProgramDigital Professional ProgramService Provider GuideGet Involved ⌵DonateConnectVolunteerInternSubscribeAdvertiseAbout ⌵Mission & HistoryOur Team >>VendorsArtists-in-ResidenceStaffInternsVolunteersBoard of DirectorsFinancesStreet Sense in the NewsOur Excellence in Journalism AwardsContact Us
Street Sense Media uses a range of creative platforms to spotlight solutions to homelessness and empower people in need.
Download the AppDonateEventsArticles ⌵NewsOpinionArtObituariesPrint ArchivesMedia Channels ⌵Film >>FIlmmakers Co-opHomelessly in LoveInterview SeriesRequest a ScreeningCommunity ForumsIllustrationPhotographyPodcast SeriesStudent SeminarsTheatre >>Staging HopeDevising HopeWriters’ GroupServices ⌵Vendor ProgramDigital Professional ProgramService Provider GuideGet Involved ⌵DonateConnectVolunteerInternSubscribeAdvertiseAbout ⌵Mission & HistoryOur Team >>VendorsArtists-in-ResidenceStaffInternsVolunteersBoard of DirectorsFinancesStreet Sense in the NewsOur Excellence in Journalism AwardsContact Us
Street Sense Media uses a range of creative platforms to spotlight solutions to homelessness and empower people in need.
Download the AppDonate
How an unlikely friendship led a homeless man to housing
by Jeff Gray // November 28, 2018
Reed and Anthony met by chance in 2010. Two years later, they embarked on a journey to get Anthony off the street.
Bathroom bill moving forward to full D.C. Council vote
Empower change: Join our 15th anniversary campaign News
This local librarian is serving his community by serving up food and literature
by Zachary Headings // November 29, 2018
Christopher Stewart has been reaching out to his community by standing on a street corner with free breakfast food and novels.
The first three D.C. General replacement shelters open
by Reginald Black // November 29, 2018
There is a possible revolution in the way homelessness is addressed in the nation's capital.
D.C. Superior Court ruling fights back against housing discrimination
by Samantha Caruso // November 29, 2018
Two housing groups in Washington, D.C., were penalized for refusing to accept government subsidies as payment for security deposits and monthly rent, said the Equal Rights Center, the plaintiff in this case.
A woman died from exposure near Union Station during the first hypothermia alert of the year
by Rachel Cain // November 29, 2018
Every year about 40 to 50 people die in D.C. due to exposure to cold weather.
Bathroom bill moving forward to full D.C. Council vote
by Katie Bemb // Novem.
Strengths Paper Write a 2-page paper that identifies your top 5 str.docxcpatriciarpatricia
Strengths Paper: Write a 2-page paper that identifies your top 5 strengths and how you can apply them to your current or future leadership context.
i. What are your strengths/advantages?
ii. What are your weaknesses/pitfalls?
iii. How would you address these weaknesses?
iv. How would you use your strengths in leadership?
.
Stratification and Prejudice in Current EventsThe purpose of t.docxcpatriciarpatricia
Stratification and Prejudice in Current Events
The purpose of this assignment is to explore stratification and prejudice in current events. Despite great advances towards equality between the races and genders, racial and gender discrimination, as well as class stratification remain serious social problems. To conclude this course, you will use the news media to discover current social issues with regards to race and gender.
To complete this assignment, perform the following tasks:
Using newspapers, news websites, or news magazines, select three current events (within the last six months) that reflect our studies on stratification. One event should represent racial issues, one gender issues, and one class issues. All three should demonstrate discrimination and/or stratification in American society.
Using your research, describe the current events and how they are reflective of your studies on racial, gender, and class discrimination and/or stratification.
Analyze the events and apply the lecture and text to the news articles. What theories of stratification apply? Are the current events representative of the historical trends of racial, gender, and class discrimination and or/stratification? What solutions, if any, should be applied to these current events?
In your discussion, apply your personal experiences and observations to the current events.
How do you feel that the media perpetuates discrimination and/or stratification based on race, gender, and class? Support your ideas with concepts from the text and/or appropriate outside resources.
Provide a minimum of three references and apply the correct APA standards in the format of text, citations, and references. Your paper should include a title page and reference. Your paper should be at least five pages in length, not including the title and reference pages.
Assignment 1 Grading Criteria
Selected and used research to describe three current events, one each that addresses racial, gender, and class discrimination and/or stratification.
Analyzed each current event, incorporating theories and concepts from the text, lecture, and appropriate outside resources.
Compared the current events to historical trends of racial, gender, and class discrimination and or/stratification.
Suggested possible solutions for each current event.
Applied personal experiences and observations to the current events.
Analyzed the media’s role in perpetuating discrimination and/or stratification
.
Street CodeConsider this quote from Robert Sampson and William J.docxcpatriciarpatricia
Street Code
Consider this quote from Robert Sampson and William Julius Wilson in
Toward a Theory of Race, Crime, and Urban Inequality:
Shaw and McKay (1942) argued that three structural factors -- low economic status, ethnic heterogeneity, and residential mobility -- led to the disruption of local community social organization, which in turn accounted for variations in crime and delinquency rates... Arguably the most significant aspect of Shaw and McKay's research, however, was their demonstration that high rates of delinquency persisted in certain areas over many years, regardless of population turnover. More than any other, this finding led them to reject individualistic explanations of delinquency and focus instead on the processes by which delinquent and criminal patterns of behavior were transmitted across generations in areas of social disorganization and weak social controls (1942, 1969).
This is the "macrosocial" view that Sampson and Wilson discuss, that crime cannot be attributed solely to individual-level (microsocial) factors. Thinking back over the theories we've studied this term, what society-level factors do you think affect crime? And why would such factors impact different races/ethnicities differently? Is it differences in social disorganization (Shaw & McKay)? Is it the "code of the street" (Anderson)? Limited access to legitimate coping mechanisms when faced with strain (Merton, Agnew)? Get creative!
.
Strengths and Barriers to Program Implementation As you de.docxcpatriciarpatricia
Strengths and Barriers to Program Implementation
As you design your program, it is important to anticipate potential issues related to program implementation. Careful forethought can help you to minimize unnecessary stumbling blocks during implementation.
There are strengths and barriers associated with every program. What do you see as the key factors to be aware of for your program? Brainstorm key terms such as
community, culture, environment, organization, client, bias,
and
ethics
. Give consideration to the factors you come up with
(along with those in the Learning Resources)
as you proceed with this Discussion.
To prepare:
Review the information presented in the Learning Resources. What are some of the factors (e.g., community, organization, environmental, ethical) that you consider strengths or facilitators for your program (breast cancer in African American women in the USA)?
Which ones do you think may pose a challenge for your program(breast cancer in African American women in the USA)?
How do these barriers need to be addressed in your program design?
How might the strengths be leveraged to help overcome the barriers?
By tomorrow Wednesday 01/02/19 2 pm post a minimum of 550 words essay in APA format with a minimum of 3 scholarly references from the list of required readings below.
(Also see attached file on the previous paper regarding the program on the issue of breast cancer in African American women in the USA).
Include the level one header as numbered below:
Post
a cohesive scholarly response that addresses the following:
1) Analyze two or more community, client, organization, and/or environmental forces that may facilitate your program and two or more that may pose a challenge for your program (breast cancer in African American women in the USA).
2) Propose a strategy for addressing one of the barriers as a part of your program design (breast cancer in African American women in the USA)?
3) Ask questions of your colleagues regarding how you might address the other challenge.
Required Readings
Hodges, B. C., & Videto, D. M. (2011).
Assessment and planning in health programs (2nd ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
• Chapter 4, “Program Planning: The Big Picture”
• Chapter 5, “Social Marketing, Program Planning, and Implementation”
• Chapter 8, “Identifying Strategies and Activities”
• Chapter 9, “Program Implementation"
Chapter 4
outlines the program planning steps and emphasizes the importance of including your target population and additional stakeholders in the design process.
Chapter 5
reemphasizes this focus on the target audience as the authors discuss the use of marketing principles in relation to program development and implementation.
Chapter 8
discusses the importance of utilizing strategies that are aligned with the theoretical foundations of a program and presents recommendations for developing suitable activities. I.
Strengths 1. Large Enrollment 2. Flexible class schedules1. The.docxcpatriciarpatricia
Strengths: 1. Large Enrollment 2. Flexible class schedules
1. The Apollo Group is the largest provider of higher education for adults seeking an associates’, bachelors’, or masters’ degree. The University of Phoenix has over 400,000 students enrolled in one of their many degree programs. The revenues of the Apollo Group have increased by $4.9 billion and its profits increased to $553 million since 1996. 2. The Apollo Group offers classes that are catered around the schedules of working adults. Classes are offered year round with minimal breaks between semesters. Most students take one class twice a week for five to six weeks in the evenings. Classes are also offered online for students who do not wish to participate in the traditional classroom learning environment.
Weaknesses: 1. Accreditation 2. Lack of Qualified Instructors
1. The University of Phoenix (UOP) is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission. This accreditation is sufficient in most states, but some states require other accreditations from that particular state. The Bachelors’ and Masters’ programs in business offered by UOP are not accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB). The AACSB is the most highly recognized accreditation in the industry. By not receiving this accreditation, students who receive degrees from UOP may not be considered for positions in the business industry. 2. UOP utilizes facilitators to facilitate or lead seminar style classrooms. Most classes are comprised of 10-15 students and those students are broken up into groups of 5. Most assignments are group assignments. The class facilitator leads the discussions and guides the class through the curriculum. The facilitators are the instructors for the class. UOP does not hire or employ professors with Doctoral Degrees in order to keep their labor cost down. When a college does not employ doctoral level instructors the quality of education is impaired.
Opportunities: 1. Perceived as a low quality diploma mill. 2. Lack of doctoral staff
These two opportunities for the University of Phoenix are intertwined. The degree programs at UOP are viewed as low quality diploma mills because they do not employ a large number of doctoral level instructors on their campuses. The class room curriculum is developed by the class facilitators. Those facilitators are not considered qualified in the education arena to develop such curriculums for bachelor and master level degree programs. Therefore, UOP is viewed as a for profit educational college that enrolls students in a degree program that does not equip them to handle the challenges they will face in the real world. It is a weakness, because in some states the graduates will not considered for a position in their field of study because UOP is not accredited.
Threats: 1. Competition. 2. Regulatory Issues
1. UOP faces more competition now as more public and private sector universities are now offering adult degree programs and online.
Street artist Shepard Fairey, who was graduated from the Rhode I.docxcpatriciarpatricia
Street artist Shepard Fairey, who was graduated from the Rhode Island School of Design, and the nation’s largest news wire service, The Associated Press (A.P.), sued each other over who owns the right to use and sell a well-recognized photograph image of President Obama. The A.P. claims that Fairey is profiting from a photo taken by a freelance photographer, Mannie Garcia, at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. Fairey used the photograph as inspiration for his familiar “HOPE” poster, which became an unofficial symbol of the Obama presidential campaign.
Fairey claims that he simply used the A.P. photo “as a visual reference” and that his poster transforms the image in Garcia’s picture into a brand-new work of art with its own copyright protection.
The U.S. Copyright Code gives the creator of a photograph (or any kind of creative work, including movies, books, articles and songs) – the legal right to limit how other people can use the photo.
Background
A photograph, like any piece of creative work, becomes protected by copyright as soon as it is “fixed.” That means, as soon as the image is recorded in the photographer’s camera. The photo does not have to be registered with the U.S. Copyright Office or marked with the (c) copyright symbol to be legally protected.
When a photo is copyrighted, that means that the owner has the right to decide how other people use it. A wire service like The Associated Press makes its money by charging newspapers, magazines, broadcasters, and websites a fee to use its photographs. So, the A.P. is very protective about making sure that people are not duplicating or reselling its photos without a license and paying.
Photos are protected by copyright even when they are placed on the Web in a way that makes it very easy to duplicate them. An owner does not give up his copyright just by displaying the photo on a website.
If a person is accused of violating copyright law (“copyright infringement”), he can defend himself by proving that he made a “
fair use
.” The federal copyright law recognizes a “fair use” defense to allow people to make limited use of other people’s creative work, as long as they add some new creative value or meaning. Common examples of fair use are sampling a phrase from a popular song recording as part of a new song, or showing a brief clip from a movie to go along with a movie review.
To decide whether someone’s use of another person’s creative work is or isn’t a fair use, there are four points to consider:
Section 107 of the Copyright Act
defines fair use as follows:
[T]he fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factor.
Stream Morphology
Investigation
Manual
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Made ADA compliant by
NetCentric Technologies using
the CommonLook® software
STREAM MORPHOLOGY
Overview
Students will construct a physical scale model of a stream system
to help understand how streams and rivers shape the solid earth
(i.e., the landscape). Students will perform several experiments
to determine streamflow properties under different conditions.
They will apply the scientific method, testing their own scenarios
regarding human impacts to river systems.
Outcomes
• Design a stream table model to analyze the different
characteristics of streamflow.
• Explain the effects of watersheds on the surrounding
environment in terms of the biology, water quality, and economic
importance of streams.
• Identify different stream features based on their geological
formation due to erosion and deposition.
• Develop an experiment to test how human actions can modify
stream morphology in ways that may, in turn, impact riparian
ecosystems.
Time Requirements
Preparation ...................................................................... 5 minutes,
then let sit overnight
Activity 1: Creating a Stream Table ................................ 60 minutes
Activity 2: Scientific Method: Modeling Human Impacts
on Stream Ecosystems .................................. 45 minutes
2 Carolina Distance Learning
Key
Personal protective
equipment
(PPE)
goggles gloves apron
follow
link to
video
photograph
results and
submit
stopwatch
required
warning corrosion flammable toxic environment health hazard
Key
Personal protective
equipment
(PPE)
goggles gloves apron
follow
link to
video
photograph
results and
submit
stopwatch
required
warning corrosion flammable toxic environment health hazard
Table of Contents
2 Overview
2 Outcomes
2 Time Requirements
3 Background
9 Materials
10 Safety
10 Preparation
10 Activity 1
12 Activity 2
13 Submission
13 Disposal and Cleanup
14 Lab Worksheet
18 Lab Questions
Background
A watershed is an area of land that drains
any form of precipitation into the earth’s water
bodies (see Figure 1). The entire land area that
forms this connection of atmospheric water to
the water on Earth, whether it is rain flowing into
a lake or snow soaking into the groundwater, is
considered a watershed.
Water covers approximately 70% of the earth’s
surface. However, about two-thirds of all water
is impaired to some degree, with less than
1% being accessible, consumable freshwater.
Keeping watersheds pristine is the leading
method for providing clean drinking water to
communities, and it is a high priority worldwide.
However, with increased development and
people flocking toward waterfront regions to live,
downstream communities are becoming increas-
ingly polluted every day.
From small streams to large rivers (hereafter .
STRATEGYLeadershipLighting a fire under theniWhy urgen.docxcpatriciarpatricia
STRATEGY
Leadership
Lighting a fire under theni
Why urgency—not panic—is the key
to getting ahead in a recession
John Kotter got an enviable—if
unintentional—endorsement when
then-candidiitc liarack Obama began
inserting the phrase it sense ofurgeney
into his comments about the economy.
A Sense ofUrgeney (Harvard Business
Press, 2008) is the title of Kotter s
latest book on fostering change in
organizations—a subject the Harvard
Business School professor has owned
since publishing the seminal Leading
Change, in 1996.
Kotter believes there arc two kinds
of urgency—and, like cholesterol, one
is good and one is bad. The good kind
is characterized by constant scrutiny of
external promise and peril. It involves
relentless focus on doing only those
things that move the business forward in
the marketplace and on doing them right
now, if not sooner. 'I'he bad kind—to
which many companies have recently
succumbed^—is panic driven and charac-
terized by breathless activity that winds
up prodticing nothing demonstrably new,
Kotter advises leaders to stamp out
the bad urgency, which demoralizes and
drains people, and use the^—tiare we say
it?—opportunity of the economic crisis
to remake their organizations with a lean
and hungry look. And he encourages
them to sustain that newfound urgency
even when flush times return. Editor-at-
large I.eigh Fiuchanan spoke with Kotter
about his urgent call to urgency.
Samue! Johnson said nothing focuses
the mind like a hanging. Has that
happened with the recession? Has
it focused the minds of company
leaders and created the sense of
urgency you advocate?
1
Relentless Leadership guru John Kotter, author of 4 Sense oí Urgency,
says you should be doing something right now, today this very moment,
to move your company forward.
I wish that it had. Many companies
probably think they're responding with
urgency, and there are certainly a lot ot
people running aroujid tr)ing to come up
with solutions. But most ofthat activity is
going to be ineffectual, because it is driven
by a fear of losing. It's not that gut-level
determination to win and to make abso-
lutely sure that they do something every
single day to keep pushing that goal
forward. That's true urgency.
How can you distinguish good urgency
fronn bad urgency?
There are lots of signs of false urgency.
Frenetic activity. Everyone is exhausted,
working 14-hour days. One red flag is
how difficult it is to schedule a meeting.
With true urgency, people leave lots of
white space on their calendars, because
they recognize that the important
stuft^—the stuff they need to deal with
immediately—is going to happen. If
8 6 . I N C SEPTEMBER 2009 PHOTOGRAPH BY ADAM AMENGUAL
STRATEGY
you're overbooked, you can't manage
pressing problems or even recognize
they're pressing until tot) late.
People think that in urgent situations,
they're expected to take on Enore and
more. They're worried about keeping
their jobs, so they try to demonstrate
their value hy being incredihh' b.
STRATEGIESWhat can I do with this majorAREAS EMPLOYER.docxcpatriciarpatricia
STRATEGIES
What can I do with this major?
AREAS EMPLOYERS
CRIMINAL JUSTICE
SOCIAL SERVICES
Corrections
Counseling
Juvenile Justice
Casework
Administration
Probations & Parole
Victim Advocacy
State and federal correction facilities
County jails
Precinct station houses
Prison camps
Youth correction facilities
Medium-security correction facilities
Voluntary correction facilities
Halfway houses and pre-release programs
Reintegration programs
Alternative schools
Juvenile detention centers
Juvenile group homes
Women’s and family shelters
Domestic violence agencies
Immigration and naturalization services
Other nonprofit organizations
Seek courses or training in topics such as
victimology, social problems, diversity issues, or
grieving.
Supplement curriculum with courses in psychology,
sociology, or social work.
Gain experience working with a juvenile population in
any capacity (i.e., sports teams, summer camp
counselor, parks and recreation programs, and
community/religious youth groups).
Gain related experience in employment interviewing,
social casework, substance abuse, and
rehabilitation.
Learn to work well with people of diverse backgrounds.
Consider learning a second language.
Maintain a blemish-free driving and criminal record.
Gain firearms and self-defense training.
Earn a master’s degree in social work or counseling
for therapy positions.
Obtain a masters degree in criminal justice or
business for upper-level positions in facilities
management or administration.
JUDICIARY AND LAW
Court Reporting
Legal Assistance
Legal Research
Administration
Local, state, and federal courts
Law firms
Corporate legal departments
Public interest law organizations
Consider a double major or minor in the social
sciences such as psychology, anthropology,
sociology, or political science.
Attend a postsecondary vocational or technical college
that offers court reporting or paralegal certification
programs.
Obtain a law degree from a law school accredited by
the American Bar Association (ABA).
Learn to use software packages such as CD-ROM
research databases.
Develop strong research, computer, and writing skills.
Maintain a high grade point average to gain admittance
to law school.
Participate in mock trial groups.
STRATEGIESEMPLOYERSAREAS
(Criminal Justice, Page 2)
LAW ENFORCEMENT
Patrolling
Investigating
Forensics
Probation
Security
City/County Government Organizations including:
Police departments
Correction facilities
County sheriff departments
Liquor Control Commission
State Government Organizations including:
State troopers
Crime labs
Penitentiaries
Federal Government Organizations including:
U.S. Customs and Border Protection
Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI)
Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Department of Homeland Security
Postal Service
Federal Marshals
Wildlife, Fisheries, and Parks
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
National Parks Service
Crime lab.
Strategies for ChangeWeek 7 The Hard Side of Change Management.docxcpatriciarpatricia
Strategies for Change
Week 7: "The Hard Side of Change Management"
Change is a challenge. This isn’t news. We focus on all the elements that may stand in our way such as human resistance, poor leadership, or lack of motivation. But sometimes we get so wrapped up in these soft elements of change that we overlook the nuts and bolts, the hard elements that are important to making change successful.
Initial Post Instructions
After reading “The Hard Side of Change Management” this week, it will be fruitful to explore additional theories of change management. To prepare for the discussion forum this week, conduct some research on other theories: complexity theory; Kurt Lewin's Force Field Analysis (Unfreeze, Change, Freezing); Morgan's
Images of Organization
or related articles.
Compare and contrast these models with Kotter's
8 Steps to Change
. At this point, refrain from personal opinion - focus on an objective analysis of the theories themselves.
Follow Up Posts, 75-150 words minimum
After your initial post, read over the items posted by your peers and your instructor. Select at least two different posts, and address the following items in your responses:
i. Did your peer’s assessment of the different theories offer new insights to you?
ii. What questions remain in your mind after reading their analyses of these change model? Invite further conversation about these theories.
Patricia McCarthy
Kurt Lewin’s Force Field Analysis involved three steps, unfreezing, moving and refreezing. Lewin’s three concepts considered the ideas of shaping and incorporating a way to deal with the investigating, comprehension and achieving change at the organizational and societal level. The unfreezing stage was based on that the balance should be destabilized (unfrozen) before old conduct can be disposed of (unlearned) and new conduct effectively embraced. Under the moving stage one should try to consider every one of the powers at work and distinguish and assess, on a testing premise, all the accessible alternatives. In the final stage refreezing new conduct must be, somewhat, compatible with the remainder of the conduct, character and condition of the person or it will just prompt another round of disconfirmation.
Morgan’s tactic was based on the principle that organization concepts depended on the understanding of images of the organization. Metaphors can be viewed as ideas which can support the understanding of an organization. Morgan’s ideas “metaphors” are a machine, an organism, an information processor (brain), a culture, a political system, a psychic prison, a flux and transformation, an instrument of domination. Morgan’s metaphors have filled in as methods for translating hierarchical issues, as beginning stages for research, and as edges for characterizing writing in the field. The metaphors also include various theories and means of making sense of organizations while some scholars see them as a tool to analyze and.
Strategic Planning
Unrestricted
“the managerial process of creating and
maintaining a fit between the organization’s
objectives and resources and the evolving
market opportunities”
What is strategic planning?
• Goal:
• Long-term growth and profitability
• Addresses two questions:
• What is the organization’s main activity
(currently)?
• How will it reach its goals?
Strategic planning
• A subgroup of a single business or a collection of
related businesses within the larger organization
Strategic business units
• Each SBU has:
• A unique target market
• Control over its resources
• Its own unique competitors
• A unique strategic plan
• May have its own accounting, R&D,
manufacturing, marketing
Strategic business units
Strategic alternatives - tools
Ansoff’s strategic opportunity matrix
The innovation matrix
• Yellow:
• Core Innovation
• Uses existing assets
• Ex: Tide Pods
• Orange:
• Adjacent Innovation
• Uses existing abilities in new ways
• Ex: Crest Whitestrips
• Red:
• Transformational Innovation
• New markets, new products, new businesses
• Ex: Uber/Lyft
The innovation matrix
Core Innovation
Next year’s car
Adjacent Innovation
Electric car
Transformational
Innovation
App-based taxi service
The innovation matrix
• Portfolios: SBUs will have a range of performance
in terms of growth and profitability
• This matrix organizes each SBU by their present or
future growth and market share
• Relative market share:
• The ratio between the company’s market share and the
share of the largest competitor
Boston Consulting Group’s Portfolio Matrix
Boston Consulting Group’s Portfolio Matrix
Boston Consulting Group’s Portfolio Matrix
Build Build or Harvest
Hold or Harvest Divest
Boston Consulting Group’s Portfolio Matrix
The General Electric Model
• Ansoff’s Matrix:
• Helps you choose between current options (the
present market and what you can currently offer)
and new options (a new market and/or new
products)
• Innovation Matrix:
• Illustrates how opportunities change as you move
away from core capabilities
• Boston Consulting Matrix:
• Helps you analyze the performance of a portfolio of
SBUs
• General Electric:
• Adds more nuance to the Boston Consulting matrix
When to use what?
• Based on the company or SBU’s strategy,
managers can now create a marketing plan
• Process of anticipating future events and determining
strategies to achieve organizational objectives in the
future
Planning
• Designing activities relating to marketing objectives and
the changing marketing environment
Marketing planning
• Written document that acts as a guidebook of
marketing activities for the marketing manager
Marketing plan
The Marketing Plan
• To provide clearly stated activities that help
employees and managers understand and work
toward common goals
• To allow the examination of the marketing
environment in conjunction with the inner
workings of the businesses
• To help marketing ma.
StrategicCompetitive PositionApple Inc. is known for its state-of.docxcpatriciarpatricia
Strategic/Competitive Position
Apple Inc. is known for its state-of-the-art designs for products such as the iPhone, but most are unaware that Apple has used technology to streamline its supply chain management and operational systems to provide competitive pricing. This use of technology has allowed the company to under price its competitors and yet maintain a 25 percent margin on their products. The use of IT has provided Apple with a strategic and competitive position which most of their competitors find difficult to match or exceed.
Using your company or a real-world example from your research, analyze how information systems affect the firm’s strategic and competitive position.
Using the assigned readings and the Argosy University online library resources, explain how information technology:
Impacts competitive rivalry, such as pricing, promotion, and distribution
Enables or dissuades new entrants
Enables customers to achieve greater bargaining power
Enables suppliers to gain more bargaining power
Gives rise to substitute products or services that threaten the existing market
Give reasons and examples from your research to support your responses.
Write your initial response in approximately 300 words. Apply APA standards to citation of sources.
By
Saturday, July 26, 2014
, post your response to the appropriate
Discussion Area
. Through
Wednesday, July 30, 2014
, review and comment on at least two peers’ responses. Consider the following:
Respond to at least two points they have made regarding competitive strategies.
Assignment 1 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Initial response:
Was insightful, original, accurate, and timely.
Was substantive and demonstrated advanced understanding of concepts.
Compiled/synthesized theories and concepts drawn from a variety of sources to support statements and conclusions.
16
Discussion response and participation:
Responded to a minimum of two peers in a timely manner.
Included research in the response.
Asked challenging questions that promoted the discussion.
Drew relationships between one or more points in the discussion.
16
Writing:
Wrote in a clear, concise, formal, and organized manner.
Responses were error free.
Information from sources, where applicable, was paraphrased appropriately and accurately cited.
8
Total:
40
.
Strategies for Negotiation & Conflict Resolution Dr. Janice Ba.docxcpatriciarpatricia
Strategies for Negotiation & Conflict Resolution
Dr. Janice Barrett
Notes onCrisis Management and Conflict Resolution
Defining a crisis: An event that brings, or has the potential for bringing, an organization and its leaders into disrepute and imperil the organization’s future profitability, reputation, growth and possibly its very survival.
Financial measures of a crisis: bankruptcy, drop in sales, boycotts, loss of valuable employees etc.
Tarnished reputation results: the erosion of a company’s reputation in the eyes of its many stakeholders and the general public --- the worth of an entire organization can be endangered as a consequence.
Characteristics of a crisis:
Suddenness
Uncertainty
Time compression
The seven types of crises:
1. nature (natural disasters such as earthquakes, hurricanes, floods)
2. technology (oil spills, nuclear reactor accidents)
3. confrontation (equal rights, strikes)
4. malevolence (terrorists, disinformation)
5. skewed values (fraud, cheating, embezzlement)
6. deception (withholding information, lying, deceptive products)
7. misconduct (illegal or criminal acts).
Essentials of a contingency plan: Contingency planning involves formulating responses to crises before they occur. The essentials of a contingency plan include: anticipating what might happen, searching for preventative and preparatory measures, and drafting appropriate responses to those situations most likely to occur or whose impact is greatest.
Other, more specific elements are: Identify all potential contingencies and areas of vulnerability, examine specific vulnerabilities, review general vulnerabilities based on the organization’s “public nature”, establish crisis thresholds and assign crisis alert responsibilities, organize and train a crisis management team and establish a crisis communications center, Obtain advanced approvals for contingency plan measures, list and prioritize publics that must be informed, prepare a crisis media list and background press materials, and designate and train spokespersons.
The most important tasks are: Identifying risks, ranking those risks in a matrix based on relative impact as compared to probability of occurrence, and finally creating plans to eliminate or mitigate the impact of the most impactful and highest probable incidents. Every crisis cannot be planned for; there are simply not enough resources to do so. However, high impact, and high probability risks can be eliminated, or at least mitigated by proper planning and management.
The essentials of a contingency plan include: anticipating what might happen, searching for preventative and preparatory measures, and drafting appropriate responses to those situations most likely to occur or whose impact is greatest. Other, more specific elements are: Identify all potential contingencies and areas of vulnerability, examine specific vulnerabilities, review general vulnerabilities based on the organization’s “public nature”, establ.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Stress, Food, and Inflammation Psychoneuroimmunology and Nutr.docx
1. Stress, Food, and Inflammation: Psychoneuroimmunology and
Nutrition at
the Cutting Edge
JANICE K. KIECOLT-GLASER, PHD
Abstract: Inflammation is the common link among the leading
causes of death. Mechanistic studies have shown how various
dietary components can modulate key pathways to
inflammation, including sympathetic activity, oxidative stress,
transcription
factor nuclear factor-�B activation, and proinflammatory
cytokine production. Behavioral studies have demonstrated that
stressful
events and depression can also influence inflammation through
these same processes. If the joint contributions of diet and
behavior
to inflammation were simply additive, they would be important.
However, several far more intriguing interactive possibilities
are
discussed: stress influences food choices; stress can enhance
maladaptive metabolic responses to unhealthy meals; and diet
can
affect mood as well as proinflammatory responses to stressors.
Furthermore, because the vagus nerve innervates tissues
involved
in the digestion, absorption, and metabolism of nutrients, vagal
activation can directly and profoundly influence metabolic
responses to food, as well as inflammation; in turn, both
depression and stress have well-documented negative effects on
vagal
activation, contributing to the lively interplay between the brain
and the gut. As one example, omega-3 fatty acid intake can
2. boost
mood and vagal tone, dampen nuclear factor-�B activation and
responses to endotoxin, and modulate the magnitude of
inflammatory responses to stressors. A better understanding of
how stressors, negative emotions, and unhealthy meals work
together to enhance inflammation will benefit behavioral and
nutritional research, as well as the broader biomedical
community.
Key words: interleukin-6; C-reactive protein; proinflammatory
cytokines; depression; omega-3; polyunsaturated fatty acid.
CRP � C-reactive protein; EPA � eicosapentaenoic acid; IL �
interleukin; TNF � tumor necrosis factor; LPS �
lipopolysaccha-
ride; n-3 � omega-3; n-6 � omega-6; NF � nuclear factor;
PUFA � polyunsaturated fatty acid.
INTRODUCTION
Together, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes ac-count
for almost 70% of all deaths in the United States;
these diseases share inflammation as a common link (1,2).
Dietary strategies clearly influence inflammation, as docu-
mented through both prospective observational studies as well
as randomized, controlled, feeding trials in which participants
agree to eat only the food provided to them (1,3). Mechanistic
studies have shown how various dietary components can mod-
ulate sympathetic activity, oxidative stress, transcription fac-
tor nuclear factor (NF)-�B activation, and proinflammatory
cytokine production, thus modifying health risks (4).
Behavioral studies have convincingly demonstrated that
stress and depression can also influence inflammation through
these same pathways. Stressors—and the negative emotions
they generate— can enhance sympathetic hyperactivity, pro-
mote oxidative stress, augment NF-�B activation, and boost
3. proinflammatory cytokine production (5–7).
If the joint contributions of diet and behavior to inflamma-
tion were simply additive, they would certainly be important.
However, after briefly reviewing the independent contribu-
tions of diet and behavior to inflammation, several far more
intriguing interactive possibilities will be discussed: stress
influences food choices; stress enhances maladaptive meta-
bolic responses to unhealthy foods; diet can affect mood as
well as proinflammatory responses to stress—and more, as
illustrated in Figure 1. The evidence that vulnerabilities are
not merely additive provides a window for considering new
multidisciplinary prospects.
Diet and Inflammation
Diets that promote inflammation are high in refined
starches, sugar, saturated and transfats, and low in omega-3
(n-3) fatty acids, natural antioxidants, and fiber from fruits,
vegetables, and whole grains (1). For example, women in the
Nurses’ Health Study who ate a “Westernized” diet (high in
red and processed meats, sweets, desserts, French fries, and
refined grains) had higher C-reactive protein (CRP), interleu-
kin (IL)-6, E-selectin, soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1,
and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 than those with
the “prudent” pattern, characterized by higher intakes of fruit,
vegetables, legumes, fish, poultry, and whole grains (8).
Further work from the Nurses’ Health Study clearly linked
transfatty acid consumption with higher inflammation; for
exam-
ple, CRP was 73% higher in women in the highest quintile of
consumption compared with those in the lowest quintile, and
IL-6 levels were 17% higher in the highest quintile of con-
sumption compared with the lowest quintile (9). The associ-
4. ation between transfat consumption and inflammation is a
reliable finding across a number of controlled trials and ob-
servational studies (3).
The antioxidant properties of vegetables and fruits are thought
to be one of the fundamental mechanisms underlying their anti-
inflammatory dietary contributions (1). Oxidants, such as super-
oxide radicals or hydrogen peroxide, that are produced during
the metabolism of food can activate the NF-�B pathway,
promoting inflammation (4). Higher fruit and vegetable in-
takes are associated with lower oxidative stress and inflam-
mation (1,4). In fact, some evidence (1,10) suggests that the
addition of antioxidants or vegetables may limit or even
From the Department of Psychiatry, The Ohio State Institute for
Behavioral
Medicine Research, The Ohio State University College of
Medicine, Colum-
bus, Ohio.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Janice K.
Kiecolt-
Glaser, PhD, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The
Ohio
State University College of Medicine, IBMR Building, 460
Medical
Center Drive, Room 130C, Columbus, OH 43210-1228. E-mail:
Janice.
[email protected]
Received for publication October 8, 2009; revision received
February 1,
2010.
This study was supported, in part, by Grants AG029562,
CA126857,
CA131029, and AT003912 from the National Institutes of
6. Depression, Stress, and Inflammation
Psychosocial stress and depression contribute to a greater
risk for infection, prolonged infectious episodes, and delayed
wound healing—all processes that can fuel proinflammatory
cytokine production (16). However, stress and depression can
also directly provoke proinflammatory cytokine production in
the absence of infection or injury (17,18). Additionally, both
clinical depression and subsyndromal depressive symptoms may
sensitize or prime the inflammatory response, thus effectively
promoting larger cytokine increases in response to stressors as
well as antigen challenge (19,20). Furthermore, depression
and stress alter inflammation-relevant health behaviors; for
example, disturbed sleep, a common response to negative
emotions and emotional stress responses, promotes IL-6 pro-
duction (21). Accordingly, depression and stress can effec-
tively modulate secretion of proinflammatory cytokines both
directly and indirectly. Through these pathways, depression
and stressful experiences contribute to both acute and chronic
proinflammatory cytokine production (22,23).
NF-�B seems to be a prime bridge for stress-induced in-
creases in proinflammatory cytokines and the genes that control
their expression (5). For example, NF-�B activity rose 341%
within 10 minutes after a laboratory stressor (5). These stress-
related changes in NF-�B activity are consistent with other evi-
dence that stress can boost proinflammatory gene expression in
peripheral blood mononuclear cells (24,25). Stress-related in-
creases in norepinephrine provoke NF-�B activation, one direct
route from the endocrine system to inflammation (5).
Chronic stressors can directly provoke long-term changes
in proinflammatory cytokine production, as well as indirectly,
by promoting oxidative stress that activates the NF-�B path-
way. For example, a 6-year longitudinal study (23) showed
that the average annual rate of increase in serum IL-6 was
7. about four times as large in men and women who were
chronically stressed by caregiving for a spouse with dementia
compared with similar individuals with no caregiving respon-
sibilities. In a sample of mothers who were caregiving for a
chronically ill child as well as mothers of healthy children,
higher reports of stress were associated with higher oxidative
stress activity as measured by levels of F2-isoprostanes (6).
Thus, stress and depression can enhance sympathetic hyper-
activity, promote oxidative stress, augment NF-�B activation,
and boost proinflammatory cytokine production (5–7). Poly-
unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) also act on these same path-
ways to influence inflammation.
Dietary Influences on Mood and Proinflammatory
Stress Responses: Omega-3 and Omega-6
Arachidonic acid-derived (omega-6 [n-6]) eicosanoids (pri-
marily from refined vegetable oils, such as corn, sunflower,
and safflower) increase the production of proinflammatory
cytokines IL-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-�, and IL-6,
operating as precursors of the proinflammatory eicosanoids of
the prostaglandin2 series (26,27). In contrast, the n-3 PUFAs,
found in fish, fish oil, walnuts, wheat germ, and some dietary
supplements, such as flax seed products, can curb the produc-
tion of arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids (26,27). The n-6
and n-3 PUFAs compete for the same metabolic pathways;
thus, their balance is important (28). Accordingly, it is not
surprising that both higher levels of n-3 PUFAs as well as
lower n-6/n-3 ratios are associated with lower proinflamma-
tory cytokine production (29).
Based on the links between depression and inflammation
(13,14), it is reasonable to expect that dietary n-3 and n-6
intake could be associated with depression. Epidemiological
studies (30) have demonstrated significant inverse relation-
ships between annual fish consumption and major depres-
8. sion—the more fish eaten, the lower the prevalence of serious
clinical depression. A number of researchers (31) have shown
that depressed patients have, on average, lower plasma levels
of n-3 than nondepressed individuals; furthermore, they have
found evidence that greater severity of depression is linked to
lower levels of n-3. A number of well-controlled depression
treatment studies (31) have found therapeutic benefits post n-3
Figure 1. Notable bidirectional relationships among
psychological, dietary,
and biological pathways to inflammation. NF � nuclear factor.
C U T T I N G–E D G E R E V I E W
J. K. KIECOLT-GLASER
366 Psychosomatic Medicine 72:365–369 (2010)
supplementation, although there are also exceptions. Thus,
these dietary pathways have implications for both behavior
and inflammation.
Two key n-3 PUFAs, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and
docosahexanoic acid, can substantially decrease lipopolysac-
charide (LPS)-induced TNF-� expression by blocking NF-�B
activation (32,33). Moreover, EPA can also decrease LPS-
induced TNF-� messenger ribonucleic acid in vitro, with the
modulation of TNF-� expression occurring at the transcrip-
tional level (32). Furthermore, oxidants and oxidized cell
components can activate the NF-�B pathway, promoting in-
flammation (4); the n-3 PUFAs also decrease oxidative stress
(34,35). Thus, n-3 PUFA’s inhibition of NF-�B transcriptional
activity could influence expression of proinflammatory genes.
9. High-fat meals can stimulate low-grade endotoxemia,
i.e., a rise in bacterial endotoxins, inflammatory antigens
that are typically found circulating at low concentrations in
blood (36). High-fat meals can also induce NF-�B activa-
tion in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (37). Impor-
tantly, data from endotoxin challenges show that the n-3
PUFAs can diminish these responses, simultaneously mod-
ulating changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and
sympathetic-adrenal-medullary axes.
Bacterial endotoxin (LPS) administration heightens NF-�B
activation and produces acute behavioral, neuroendocrine, and
inflammatory changes; the characteristic rise in negative
mood symptoms after an endotoxin challenge has been used as
a behavioral model of depression (38). Fish oil (which con-
tains EPA and docosahexanoic acid) alters these responses
(39,40). For example, rises in plasma adrenocorticotropic hor-
mone, norepinephrine, and TNF-� were, respectively, four-
fold, seven-fold, and two-fold lower, after an intravenous fish
oil fat emulsion before LPS administration compared with
those randomized to no treatment; fish oil also blunted the rise
in body temperature compared with controls (40). Subjects
who received n-3 supplements for 3 weeks to 4 weeks before
an endotoxin challenge had lower norepinephrine, adrenocor-
ticotropic hormone, plasma cortisol, and body temperature
responses compared with the same subjects’ responses post
placebo treatment; differences in TNF-� and IL-6 were not
significant in this small sample of 15 subjects (39). Although
mood was not assessed in either of these studies, dietary n-3
fatty acids attenuated LPS-induced depression-like behaviors
in mice (41).
Paralleling and extending the endotoxin data, other evi-
dence (26) suggested that the n-3 PUFAs may influence
immune responses to psychological stressors. For example,
medical students who /had lower serum n-3 or higher n-6/n-3
10. ratios before examinations demonstrated greater TNF-� and
interferon-� production by LPS-stimulated peripheral blood
leukocytes during examinations than those with higher n-3 or
lower ratios.
Furthermore, another study (28) with older adults sug-
gested that depressive symptoms and n-6/n-3 ratios worked
together to enhance inflammation beyond the contribution
provided by either variable alone. Although predicted cyto-
kine levels were fairly consistent across n-6/n-3 ratios with
low depressive symptoms, higher n-6/n-3 ratios were associ-
ated with progressively elevated TNF-� and IL-6 levels as
depressive symptoms increased. Accordingly, these studies
(26,28) suggested that diet can influence the magnitude of
inflammatory responses to stress and depression as well as
mood.
Stress Influences Food Choices
Both laboratory and epidemiological studies (42,43) sug-
gested that depression and stressful events motivate less
healthy food choices, although there may be greater risk
related to being female, overweight, and scoring high on
dietary restraint. For example, stress and depression were
associated with less fresh fruit consumption as well as greater
snack food intake among Chinese college students (44). Fe-
male college students (but not males) in Germany, Poland, and
Bulgaria who reported more perceived stress ate more sweets
and fast foods and fewer fruits and vegetables than those who
were less stressed (45). Longitudinal data (46) from the Health
Professionals Study showed that men decreased their vegeta-
ble intake after divorce or bereavement, and they increased
consumption after remarriage. Thus, in general, stress and
depression promote less healthy food choices that can boost
inflammation. Stress compounds the problem by promoting
11. adverse metabolic responses to unhealthy meals.
Stress Influences Metabolic Responses to Food
Within an hour of eating a meal high in saturated fat,
circulating triglycerides rise and can remain elevated for 5
hours to 8 hours (47). Postprandial lipemia (abnormally high
lipids after a meal) is associated with Type II diabetes, met-
abolic syndrome, obesity, and enhanced cardiovascular risk
(47). Furthermore, when high-fat meals flood the body with
glucose and triglycerides, they provoke spikes in IL-6 and
CRP, at the same time enhancing oxidative stress and sympa-
thetic hyperactivity; termed postprandial dysmetabolism, this
cascade promotes endothelial dysfunction and, thus, athero-
genesis (48). Postprandial lipemia can represent either higher
postmeal peaks or delays in clearance, either of which can
promote the accumulation of atherogenic-triglyceride-rich
remnant lipoproteins (49). Importantly, stress both enhances
post-meal peaks and delays clearance.
For example, one study showed that hourly mental stress
substantially augmented postprandial lipemia; the total trig-
lycerol and very low-density-lipoprotein-triglycerol areas un-
der the curve were �50% higher during stress than under
control conditions (50). In an elegant study from Stoney and
colleagues (51), acute stress also slowed triglyceride clearance
after an intravenously administered fat emulsion. Compared
with the nonstress session, clearance of an exogenous fat load
took 14% longer on average after a laboratory stressor.
Stress alters gastroduodenal motility, slows gastric empty-
ing, and perturbs intestinal transit and colonic motility (52).
C U T T I N G–E D G E R E V I E W
STRESS, FOOD, INFLAMMATION
12. 367Psychosomatic Medicine 72:365–369 (2010)
Because the vagus nerve innervates tissues involved in the
digestion, absorption, and metabolism of nutrients, including
the stomach, pancreas, and liver, vagal activation directly and
profoundly influences metabolic responses to food (53). For
example, vagal activation is important in the regulation of
early and peak insulin responses that help to govern postpran-
dial glucose levels (53); in turn, the glucose response to meals
helps to determine postprandial inflammation (48). Both de-
pression and stress have well-documented negative effects on
vagal activation as indexed by heart rate variability (52,54),
providing another pathway through which negative emotions
may influence postprandial inflammation. In short, the brain
and the gut have a vigorous, ongoing dialogue.
Multidisciplinary Opportunities
Behavioral data are a relative rarity in the nutritional liter-
ature, paralleling the infrequent use of dietary measures in
behavioral studies; cross talk would benefit both sides. For
example, chronic inflammation is one of the primary meta-
bolic changes linked to excessive caloric intake and adiposity,
and caloric restriction (consuming �20% to 30% fewer cal-
ories at the same time maximizing micronutrient-dense foods
and minimizing energy-dense foods) can have powerful anti-
inflammatory effects over periods of months to years (55).
However, short-term alterations in meal frequency or timing
can also alter inflammation. For example, observant Muslims
do not eat or drink during daylight hours during Ramadan,
effectively producing a month of prolonged intermittent fast-
ing (56). Comparisons of IL-6 and CRP 1 week before Ra-
madan, during the last week of Ramadan, and 20 days after
13. Ramadan showed that fasting during the day decreased IL-6
and CRP levels by about 50% compared with pre-Ramadan
values, a dramatic reduction in the absence of weight change;
a nonfasting group assessed at the same times showed no IL-6
or CRP changes (56).
These provocative data suggest that prolonged intermittent
fasting substantially decreases inflammation. Are there concom-
itant changes in mood? Does prolonged intermittent fasting
induce changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal or sympathet-
ic-adrenal-medullary responses? And, conversely, does mood
influence the degree of change?
Fasting also influences the impact of chemotherapy. For
example, several strains of mice injected with an aggressive
neuroblastoma cell line were starved for 48 hours to 60 hours
before receiving extremely high-dose chemotherapy (57).
Among mice that ate normally, �40% died from the chemo-
therapy; in contrast, all of the fasting mice survived, and none
showed any visible signs of toxicity. Chemotherapy damages
deoxyribonucleic acid in dividing cells, particularly blood
cells; in normal cells, fasting slows the cell cycle and, thus, is
protective. However, tumor cells do not respond to starvation
by slowing cell division, and their continued high replicative
rate makes them more vulnerable to chemotherapy (57). In the
clinical trials now underway in humans (58), it would be
interesting to learn how fasting affects inflammatory re-
sponses to chemotherapy and the concomitant increases in
depressive symptoms and fatigue, as well as whether fasting
alters chemotherapy-induced cognitive changes (59).
A broader and deeper interface between the behavioral and
nutritional camps is essential to building our knowledge
within each of the separate worlds. Stronger bridges between
the fields will also shed light on the forces promoting obesity-
14. related diseases. At a minimum, assessing diet more rigor-
ously in behavioral studies and assessing behavior more
routinely in dietary studies would provide important informa-
tion on what might otherwise be seen as error variance. In
short, a better understanding of how stressors, negative emo-
tions, and unhealthy meals work together to enhance inflam-
mation will benefit behavioral and nutritional research, as well
as the broader biomedical community.
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