Impact of the Liberal Social Reforms - the workers
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Working conditions in the early 1900s were poor, with long hours and many health and safety risks. Several acts were passed between 1908 and 1912 to improve conditions. The 1908 Coal Mines Act limited miners to an 8 hour day. The 1911 Shops Act limited other workers to 60 hours per week with half a day off. However, many workers were not covered. Minimum wages were also introduced through acts like the 1909 Trade Boards Act and 1912 Coal Mines Act, but were often low and slow to implement. The 1906 Trade Disputes Act allowed unions to strike without legal repercussions, increasing their bargaining power for higher wages and better conditions. However, many workers still lacked representation. The 1906 Workmen's Compensation Act
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Impact of the Liberal Social reforms - The unemployed
Unemployment in the early 1900s meant extreme poverty and hardship as people had no money for food or rent when they lost their jobs. The National Insurance Act of 1911 introduced unemployment benefits that allowed unemployed workers to receive 7 shillings per week for up to 15 weeks, helping them afford necessities while seeking new work. However, many workers were not eligible for these benefits and the program faced criticism for only providing temporary coverage and not aiding those in long-term unemployment. Labour exchanges opened in 1909 to better connect unemployed workers with available jobs locally and help address high unemployment in some areas.
Making of Modern Britain 1880-1951 - labour reforms (overall impact)
The Labour reforms aimed to tackle social problems like poverty, poor housing, health issues, education and unemployment. While the reforms helped many, their impact is debated. The establishment of programs like the NHS and national insurance provided support, but they also faced issues like high costs and not covering all people. Other reforms such as new housing and schools construction provided benefits but often did not meet ambitious targets and timelines. The impact of the Labour reforms was mixed as they successfully helped many people but also had limitations and unintended consequences.
Making of Modern Britain 1880-1951 labour reforms (poverty)
Labour introduced several reforms after World War 2 to tackle poverty in Britain, including the National Insurance Act of 1946 which provided unemployment, sickness, maternity and old age benefits funded by weekly contributions from workers. However, these reforms were criticised for not covering all groups like married women and the self-employed. In 1948, National Assistance was introduced to provide support to the very poorest, including weekly payments and clothing grants, but this was means-tested and seen by some as undermining universal welfare ideals. While Labour's reforms helped many escape poverty, issues remained with low benefit levels and stigma around certain programs.
Making of Modern Britain 1880-1951 - labour reforms (employment)
Labour Reforms - Employment
The document discusses Labour reforms in Britain after World War 2 to tackle unemployment. Key reforms included nationalizing key industries like electricity, coal, railways to use tax money to keep unprofitable businesses open and reduce unemployment. However, nationalization was very expensive and did not necessarily create new jobs. Labour also created jobs through school, hospital and housing construction projects and the Dock Labour Scheme. While unemployment stayed low under Labour at 3%, some argue private companies created more jobs than Labour reforms.
Impact of the Liberal Reforms - Elderly
The document discusses the introduction of Old Age Pensions in the UK in 1908. Prior to this, many elderly people lived in poverty as they could not save enough for retirement. The Old Age Pensions Act established a weekly pension for those over 70, aimed at addressing this issue. However, the pension amount was low and did not lift all recipients out of poverty. There was also criticism that not all elderly people were eligible to claim the new pension benefit.
Liberal Social Reforms - background information
In the early 1900s in Britain, poverty was widespread with overcrowded homes and high rents. Employment options were limited to low-skilled, low-paying jobs that offered little security. Children especially struggled, facing hunger, illness, and high infant mortality rates. The last resort for those with nowhere else to go was the harsh workhouse, where families were separated and conditions were poor. Beginning in 1906, the Liberal government introduced reforms to help address poverty through programs like free school meals, pensions, and unemployment benefits.
Liberal social reforms
The document summarizes social reforms introduced by the 1906-1914 Liberal government in the UK to help vulnerable groups. It overviews reforms that established old age pensions to help the elderly, introduced free school meals and medical inspections to aid young people's health and education, created national insurance that provided sick pay and unemployment benefits to assist the sick and unemployed, and implemented various acts to improve workers' conditions through limits on working hours, minimum wages, and compensation for injuries. However, many of these reforms had limitations and criticisms in fully addressing the problems facing these groups.
Welfare
The document discusses five key factors that contributed to the creation of the UK welfare state: 1) The Beveridge Report of 1942 outlined a comprehensive social insurance plan that greatly influenced the Labour government. 2) World War 2 exposed widespread poverty and led the government to provide more social services uniformly. 3) The Labour government built upon previous reforms by other parties. 4) Prior governments had failed to adequately address unemployment, healthcare access, and other social issues. 5) The Labour Party had long advocated for greater social welfare and saw creating a welfare state as fulfilling their political beliefs.
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Impact of the Liberal Social reforms - The unemployed
Unemployment in the early 1900s meant extreme poverty and hardship as people had no money for food or rent when they lost their jobs. The National Insurance Act of 1911 introduced unemployment benefits that allowed unemployed workers to receive 7 shillings per week for up to 15 weeks, helping them afford necessities while seeking new work. However, many workers were not eligible for these benefits and the program faced criticism for only providing temporary coverage and not aiding those in long-term unemployment. Labour exchanges opened in 1909 to better connect unemployed workers with available jobs locally and help address high unemployment in some areas.
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The Labour reforms aimed to tackle social problems like poverty, poor housing, health issues, education and unemployment. While the reforms helped many, their impact is debated. The establishment of programs like the NHS and national insurance provided support, but they also faced issues like high costs and not covering all people. Other reforms such as new housing and schools construction provided benefits but often did not meet ambitious targets and timelines. The impact of the Labour reforms was mixed as they successfully helped many people but also had limitations and unintended consequences.
Making of Modern Britain 1880-1951 labour reforms (poverty)
Labour introduced several reforms after World War 2 to tackle poverty in Britain, including the National Insurance Act of 1946 which provided unemployment, sickness, maternity and old age benefits funded by weekly contributions from workers. However, these reforms were criticised for not covering all groups like married women and the self-employed. In 1948, National Assistance was introduced to provide support to the very poorest, including weekly payments and clothing grants, but this was means-tested and seen by some as undermining universal welfare ideals. While Labour's reforms helped many escape poverty, issues remained with low benefit levels and stigma around certain programs.
Making of Modern Britain 1880-1951 - labour reforms (employment)
Labour Reforms - Employment
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Impact of the Liberal Reforms - Elderly
The document discusses the introduction of Old Age Pensions in the UK in 1908. Prior to this, many elderly people lived in poverty as they could not save enough for retirement. The Old Age Pensions Act established a weekly pension for those over 70, aimed at addressing this issue. However, the pension amount was low and did not lift all recipients out of poverty. There was also criticism that not all elderly people were eligible to claim the new pension benefit.
Liberal Social Reforms - background information
In the early 1900s in Britain, poverty was widespread with overcrowded homes and high rents. Employment options were limited to low-skilled, low-paying jobs that offered little security. Children especially struggled, facing hunger, illness, and high infant mortality rates. The last resort for those with nowhere else to go was the harsh workhouse, where families were separated and conditions were poor. Beginning in 1906, the Liberal government introduced reforms to help address poverty through programs like free school meals, pensions, and unemployment benefits.
Liberal social reforms
The document summarizes social reforms introduced by the 1906-1914 Liberal government in the UK to help vulnerable groups. It overviews reforms that established old age pensions to help the elderly, introduced free school meals and medical inspections to aid young people's health and education, created national insurance that provided sick pay and unemployment benefits to assist the sick and unemployed, and implemented various acts to improve workers' conditions through limits on working hours, minimum wages, and compensation for injuries. However, many of these reforms had limitations and criticisms in fully addressing the problems facing these groups.
Welfare
The document discusses five key factors that contributed to the creation of the UK welfare state: 1) The Beveridge Report of 1942 outlined a comprehensive social insurance plan that greatly influenced the Labour government. 2) World War 2 exposed widespread poverty and led the government to provide more social services uniformly. 3) The Labour government built upon previous reforms by other parties. 4) Prior governments had failed to adequately address unemployment, healthcare access, and other social issues. 5) The Labour Party had long advocated for greater social welfare and saw creating a welfare state as fulfilling their political beliefs.
Employment Legislation MBA - HRM Notes
HR Policies & Employment Legislation
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Employment standards are the minimum standards of employment for workplaces required by law. Employment standards cover many aspects of employment including, but not limited to, the following topic areas:
Minimum wage
Minimum daily pay
Meal breaks
Payment of earnings (paydays)
Hours of work
Overtime
Statutory holidays
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Keeping records
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Probationary periods
Parental leave
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Any HR policies that you develop around the above topics, and any others covered by employment standards, must not provide less than what is offered in the legislation and/ or regulations. The employment standards legislation offers minimum standards; employers are free to develop policies or practices that enhance (provide better standards) than what is allowed for in the law.
HR Policies & Employment Legislation
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Recruitment ads
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As organizations strive to create a better world through their missions, it is important that they also work at creating inclusive workplaces that are respectful and welcoming of diversity. Most of the sites below have excellent resources and tools that your organization can use in creating policies, in the hiring process, and in building a more diverse and respectful workforce. We encourage you to explore several of the websites below as they offer a wealth of information that can often be applied across provincial/territorial lines. Particular attention should be paid to the employer’s duty to accommodate an employee in the workplace.
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Industrial safety in India began to develop in the late 19th century as legislation was passed in response to dangerous working conditions. The first Factories Act was passed in 1881, establishing basic protections. Subsequent acts in 1892, 1911, and 1948 expanded coverage and protections. Early trade unions and social activists also advocated for improvements. Over time, factors like employer liability, public pressure, and international standards drove greater enforcement of safety laws and the modernization of hazardous industries and workplaces in India.
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2) The development period from 1919-1947 saw more laws as unions grew, including the Trade Disputes Act regulating strikes and collective bargaining.
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This document summarizes Indian labour legislation. It discusses how the Industrial Revolution led to the exploitation of workers, necessitating labour laws. The objectives of labour legislation are to establish justice and protect workers while maintaining industrial peace. Labour laws are classified into regulatory, protective, wage-related, social security, and welfare laws. Regulatory laws govern employer-employee relations and unions. Protective laws establish minimum labour standards. Wage laws govern payment and minimum wages. Social security laws provide benefits. Welfare laws improve living conditions. The overall goals of labour laws are to preserve worker health/safety and maintain employer-employee relations.
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Under previous compulsory arbitration systems, wages and conditions were set by tribunals rather than through bargaining. Reforms since the 1990s have shifted wage setting to enterprise bargaining between employers and unions/employees. While this has increased flexibility, the Fair Work Act has reversed some changes made by earlier reforms that liberalized the labour market.
Industrial action has declined significantly since the early 1990s due to reforms restricting strikes. However, unions can now strike over a wider range of issues under the Fair Work Act. The bargaining
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The 1920s Economy
The 1920s US economy saw high tariffs that boosted domestic industry but hurt farmers and trade, while tax cuts primarily benefited the wealthy. Regulations were reduced and businesses fixed prices. New technologies like the automobile and mass production grew industries and employment. However, easy credit, real estate speculation, and rampant stock market speculation built instability and left many in debt.
Why unions.wdp.2012
Here are the key points from the discussion:
- Historically, people made their living through hunting and gathering, then agriculture starting around 10,000 years ago. More recently, the economic system changed to capitalism alongside the Industrial Revolution starting in the late 1700s.
- Early factory work during the Industrial Revolution was characterized by long hours, low pay, dangerous conditions and lack of benefits or protections for workers. This led workers to organize unions to fight for better treatment and conditions.
- Unions have achieved many improvements for all workers through collective bargaining and political action, such as the weekend, paid time off, minimum wage laws, health and safety standards, and more.
- Globalization has presented new challenges for workers
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Employment Legislation MBA - HRM Notes
HR Policies & Employment Legislation
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Employment standards are the minimum standards of employment for workplaces required by law. Employment standards cover many aspects of employment including, but not limited to, the following topic areas:
Minimum wage
Minimum daily pay
Meal breaks
Payment of earnings (paydays)
Hours of work
Overtime
Statutory holidays
Annual vacation
Vacation pay
Employment of people under 18
Leave from work
Resolving disputes
Termination
Maternity leave
Weekly day of rest
Deductions
Keeping records
Sexual harassment
Probationary periods
Parental leave
Definition of "employee"
Any HR policies that you develop around the above topics, and any others covered by employment standards, must not provide less than what is offered in the legislation and/ or regulations. The employment standards legislation offers minimum standards; employers are free to develop policies or practices that enhance (provide better standards) than what is allowed for in the law.
HR Policies & Employment Legislation
Human Rights Legislation
Human rights legislation is put in place to protect people from discrimination. It seeks to guarantee people equal treatment regardless of certain identified characteristics (called “prohibited grounds of discrimination”) that have attracted historical stereotyping or bias in relation to employment.
Employers, including nonprofit organizations, need to be aware of human rights legislation as it applies to all practices of employment, including:
Recruitment ads
Application forms
Interviews
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As organizations strive to create a better world through their missions, it is important that they also work at creating inclusive workplaces that are respectful and welcoming of diversity. Most of the sites below have excellent resources and tools that your organization can use in creating policies, in the hiring process, and in building a more diverse and respectful workforce. We encourage you to explore several of the websites below as they offer a wealth of information that can often be applied across provincial/territorial lines. Particular attention should be paid to the employer’s duty to accommodate an employee in the workplace.
Labor unions
A pro to labor unions is increased wages as unions can negotiate higher pay. However, a con is that unions could cause workers to lose their jobs if businesses look elsewhere for workers or replace them in response to union demands. Workers have to decide if the potential for higher pay through a union is worth the risk of possibly losing their job.
1. history of industrial safety converted
Industrial safety in India began to develop in the late 19th century as legislation was passed in response to dangerous working conditions. The first Factories Act was passed in 1881, establishing basic protections. Subsequent acts in 1892, 1911, and 1948 expanded coverage and protections. Early trade unions and social activists also advocated for improvements. Over time, factors like employer liability, public pressure, and international standards drove greater enforcement of safety laws and the modernization of hazardous industries and workplaces in India.
trade unionism
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History of development of industrial legislation in india
The document summarizes the history of industrial legislation in India in three stages:
1) The preliminary stage from 1857-1918 saw the first laws addressing working conditions like the Factories Act limiting women and children's hours. Laws also protected employers' interests.
2) The development period from 1919-1947 saw more laws as unions grew, including the Trade Disputes Act regulating strikes and collective bargaining.
3) After independence, the Constitution enshrined principles of social and economic justice. New laws like the Minimum Wages and Employees' State Insurance Acts aimed to improve conditions.
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Mahindra and Mahindra is an Indian automotive manufacturer that is looking to expand into the South African market. Some options being considered are signing an agreement with a local partner, using a local vendor for vehicle assembly, investing in their own manufacturing facility, or taking a wait-and-see approach. Investing in their own plant would demonstrate their long-term commitment to the local market and allow them to better service customers, but it also comes with production pressures. The watch-and-wait approach has advantages like reducing costs in the short term, but would mean continuing to pay higher import duties than local companies.
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This seminar presentation summarizes key Indian labor and industrial legislation. It introduces important acts like the Trade Union Act of 1926, Industrial Disputes Act of 1947, Minimum Wages Act of 1948, and Factories Act of 1948. The objectives of these acts are to protect workers' rights, promote harmonious employer-employee relations, and ensure workplace health, safety and welfare standards. The presentation also discusses the evolution of labor laws in India and classifications like regulatory, wage-related, protective and welfare laws. Mechanisms for settling industrial disputes like collective bargaining, conciliation and adjudication are outlined.
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INTRO.pptx
This document summarizes Indian labour legislation. It discusses how the Industrial Revolution led to the exploitation of workers, necessitating labour laws. The objectives of labour legislation are to establish justice and protect workers while maintaining industrial peace. Labour laws are classified into regulatory, protective, wage-related, social security, and welfare laws. Regulatory laws govern employer-employee relations and unions. Protective laws establish minimum labour standards. Wage laws govern payment and minimum wages. Social security laws provide benefits. Welfare laws improve living conditions. The overall goals of labour laws are to preserve worker health/safety and maintain employer-employee relations.
Elizabeth Ricketts Marcus, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, “Profits, Prom...
Elizabeth Ricketts Marcus, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, “Profits, Prom...Michael Hewitt, GISP
Increased demand for coal during World War I brought industrial expansion and robust profits for coal operators, while miners were asked to make patriotic wage sacrifices in return for promises of post-war economic prosperity. Soaring inflation exacerbated by a sharply contracting demand for coal in the immediate post-war period culminated in an explosive clash between labor and capital in 1919 over wages, unionism, and the definition of Americanism.Notable Events in American Labor History
How our compensation system has developed over time, under the influence of government regulations, unions, and private interests.
Labor legislation
The document discusses labor legislation in India. It provides definitions and explains that labor legislation refers to laws enacted by the government to provide social and economic security to workers. The key types of labor legislation discussed are protective legislation, which focuses on minimum labor standards and working conditions; regulatory legislation, which regulates relations between employers and employees; and social security legislation, which provides benefits to workers during difficult times. The document also examines the impact of the International Labour Organization (ILO) on the development of India's labor laws.
1662972632_Introduction to LO.pptx
The document discusses labour laws and the International Labour Organization (ILO). It notes that labour laws regulate the relationship between employers, employees, and unions, dealing with issues like wages, hours, and discrimination protections. The ILO is a UN agency that works to establish international labour standards and protections. It has 187 member states and seeks to promote decent work and social justice. The ILO was established after WWI to help maintain peace by addressing issues that cause social unrest like poor working conditions.
pm133
This document provides an overview of industrial relations reform in Australia over the past two decades. It discusses four key areas impacted by reform: wage setting, industrial action, bargaining, and unfair dismissal laws.
Under previous compulsory arbitration systems, wages and conditions were set by tribunals rather than through bargaining. Reforms since the 1990s have shifted wage setting to enterprise bargaining between employers and unions/employees. While this has increased flexibility, the Fair Work Act has reversed some changes made by earlier reforms that liberalized the labour market.
Industrial action has declined significantly since the early 1990s due to reforms restricting strikes. However, unions can now strike over a wider range of issues under the Fair Work Act. The bargaining
Introduction to Labour Laws
The document discusses labour laws and the International Labour Organization (ILO). It notes that labour laws regulate the relationship between employers, employees, and unions, dealing with issues like wages, hours, and conditions. The ILO is a UN agency that sets international labour standards and works to promote decent work and social justice. It has 187 member states and aims to reduce class conflict and unrest by facilitating cooperation on working standards. The ILO was established after WWI to reflect the belief that lasting peace requires social justice and humane labour conditions.
The 1920s Economy
The 1920s US economy saw high tariffs that boosted domestic industry but hurt farmers and trade, while tax cuts primarily benefited the wealthy. Regulations were reduced and businesses fixed prices. New technologies like the automobile and mass production grew industries and employment. However, easy credit, real estate speculation, and rampant stock market speculation built instability and left many in debt.
Why unions.wdp.2012
Here are the key points from the discussion:
- Historically, people made their living through hunting and gathering, then agriculture starting around 10,000 years ago. More recently, the economic system changed to capitalism alongside the Industrial Revolution starting in the late 1700s.
- Early factory work during the Industrial Revolution was characterized by long hours, low pay, dangerous conditions and lack of benefits or protections for workers. This led workers to organize unions to fight for better treatment and conditions.
- Unions have achieved many improvements for all workers through collective bargaining and political action, such as the weekend, paid time off, minimum wage laws, health and safety standards, and more.
- Globalization has presented new challenges for workers
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This document provides marking instructions for the 2023 Advanced Higher History exam in Scotland. It outlines general marking principles, such as using positive marking and awarding marks for relevant points made by candidates regardless of errors. It also provides specific guidance for marking different types of questions, including essays, source analysis questions, and questions comparing two sources. The marking criteria focus on assessing candidates' knowledge, analysis, evaluation of sources, and understanding of historiography.
SQA Higher History exam (paper 1) - 2023 (marking instructions)
The document provides marking instructions for the 2023 Higher History exam on British, European and World History. It outlines general marking principles and principles for specific question types, including essays. For essays, it describes how marks should be awarded for historical context, conclusions, use of knowledge, analysis, and evaluation. The marking instructions provide guidance to examiners on assessing responses consistently according to SQA standards.
SQA Higher History exam (paper 1) - 2023
This document contains instructions and questions for a History exam on British, European and World History from 2023. It is divided into two sections, with Section 1 focusing on British history and Section 2 on European and World history. Each section contains multiple parts on different time periods and topics. Students must choose one part from Section 1 and one from Section 2, and answer one question from each of the two parts they chose. The questions range from short answers to longer essay questions assessing students' understanding of key historical developments, causes, consequences and interpretations.
Higher History exam (paper 2) - 2023 (marking instructions)
The document provides marking instructions for the 2023 Scottish Higher History exam on Scottish History. It outlines general marking principles, marking principles for different question types, and detailed marking instructions for specific questions. For question 1, candidates can earn marks for interpreting the viewpoints in two given sources about the Guardians ruling Scotland after King Alexander III's death, and for providing relevant outside knowledge. Overall, the document provides a framework for examiners to consistently mark student responses for this exam.
SQA Higher History exam (paper 2) - 2023
Sources A and B provide differing interpretations of the early growth of Protestantism in Scotland in the 1550s-1560s. Source A emphasizes that many Scots were dissatisfied with the Catholic Church and open to Protestant ideas due to works criticizing the Catholic Church. Source B stresses the impact of Protestant preachers like John Knox and the support of powerful lords and the passing of laws against Protestant literature.
Source C outlines the Second Book of Discipline's vision of an independent Kirk governed by presbyteries and assemblies rather than bishops or the Crown. It notes James VI's opposition to these plans in 1581, with Presbyterians believing the King should submit to the Kirk, while the King and nobility disagreed
Higher Migration and Empire - reasons for emigrant scots' success
The document discusses reasons for the success of many emigrant Scots in building new lives in other parts of the British Empire from 1830-1939. It states that Scots often succeeded due to factors like their nationality, English language abilities, education levels, reputation for hard work, skills in demanded fields, establishment of businesses and communities, and support from the British government and other Scots abroad. However, not all emigrant Scots found success, as some faced problems like poverty, unemployment, and loneliness in their new homes.
Labour social reforms 1945-51 - Education
The 1944 Education Act aimed to improve education access and outcomes in Britain. It raised the compulsory school leaving age to 15, providing all children a minimum of secondary education. At age 11, children took an exam that determined if they attended an academic-focused senior secondary school or trades-focused junior secondary school. However, the exam system was criticized for penalizing poorer students and determining children's futures too early. Labour also introduced new school buildings to replace those damaged in war and accommodate growing student populations, though secondary schools remained outdated in many areas.
Labour social reforms 1945-51 - Health
The NHS was established in 1948 by the 1945-51 British government to provide universal healthcare access, treating all medical problems freely at the point of use based on need rather than ability to pay. It aimed to eliminate disease by offering healthcare to all British citizens, over half of whom previously lacked medical coverage. While popular, the NHS also proved very expensive to run and faced initial shortages of hospital facilities and medical staff that limited treatment effectiveness and access.
Labour social reforms 1945-51 - Housing
The New Towns Act of 1946 aimed to tackle overcrowding and improve housing conditions in Britain by building new towns with homes. 14 new towns were established by 1951, moving people from city slums to new communities built in the countryside. However, these new towns initially lacked jobs and local facilities, requiring long commutes. Additionally, while the government set targets to build over 1 million new homes by 1951, housing shortages remained an issue as only around 800,000 new houses were completed. Prefabricated housing provided a temporary solution to the shortage but was meant to last only 10 years though many prefab homes stood for decades.
Labour social reforms 1945-51 - Poverty
The Family Allowances Act of 1946 provided weekly payments to mothers with two or more children to help families struggling financially, especially those where fathers had died in war. However, it did not help families with only one child and payments stopped at age 18. The National Insurance Act of 1946 built on previous acts to provide benefits like sickness, unemployment, old age pensions and other benefits by requiring weekly contributions from working-age people. However, the poorest still struggled to pay and the National Assistance Act of 1948 provided additional financial help for these individuals. Studies in York in 1936 and 1950 showed poverty levels falling from 36% to only 2% due to these welfare programs but benefits did not always keep up with inflation.
Labour social reforms 1945-51 - Unemployment
The Labour government nationalized several key industries like coal mining, steel production, electricity, and railways between 1946-1948. This was done to ensure these important industries were controlled by the country rather than private companies. Owners were compensated for the nationalized industries. Nationalization allowed the government to use tax money to fund unprofitable businesses and increase apprenticeships to reduce unemployment. However, nationalization was very costly and this high cost reduced funds available for other issues. Labour also introduced policies aimed at improving working conditions for workers through measures like paid holidays and secure jobs at docks. While some workers saw higher wages and better conditions, it may have discouraged companies from hiring more employees as it increased costs. Labour's home
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Impact of the Liberal Social Reforms - the workers
- 2. Problems facing workers Working conditions in the early-1900s were very poor. Workers were expected to labour for long hours and there were numerous health and safety problems in different jobs.
- 3. Working hours In 1908 a maximum working day of eight hours was introduced for miners. In 1911 the Shops Act limited working hours (60 maximum) for assistants and also guaranteed them a half day off each week.
- 4. Working hours Working fewer hours reduced accidents in mines as miners were not as tired as they had previously been. The Shops Act helped as it was in workplaces that had ignored previous voluntary measures to limit hours.
- 5. Working hours Most workers were not covered by these laws, so did not benefit from any reduction in their hours. Miners also saw their wages cut with shorter hours, so many of them now faced additional financial problems.
- 6. Low wages The ‘sweated trades’ such as tailoring and lace making were very difficult. Workers faced low wages and harsh working conditions. The 1909 Trade Boards Act tried to set minimum wages these jobs. 200,000 workers were covered by this.
- 7. Low wages In 1912 the government passed the Coal Mines (Minimum Wage) Act. This meant local trade boards would negotiate a minimum wage (with miners and employers) which all miners must be paid.
- 8. Low wages With the introduction of trade boards, this gave workers the opportunity to negotiate with their employer for a pay rise. This and changes to miners’ wages gave some low paid workers saw a boost in their weekly incomes, meaning more money for food or rent.
- 9. Low wages As with working hours, most workers were not covered by these laws, so did not benefit from any minimum income. Even those in the sweated trades saw little benefit. It took up to nine months to implement minimum wages, and they were often low.
- 10. Trade unions In 1901, a railway trade union went on strike due to the poor treatment of one of their members. The Taff Vale railway company sued them and the trade union was fined £23,000 by the court.
- 11. Trade unions Unions could not afford to go on strike and this reduced their ability to negotiate on behalf of their members. The 1906 Trade Disputes Act said that trade unions could not be sued for loss of earnings during a strike.
- 12. Trade unions By allowing trade unions to strike, this gave unions more power when negotiating with employers. This made it easier for them to secure higher wages or better working conditions for their workers.
- 13. Trade unions Trade unions tended to focus on large workplaces – meaning workers in jobs such as domestic service were not covered (especially women). Other employers stopped workers from joining a trade union.
- 14. Workplace safety People faced unsafe working conditions and got little help if they were injured at work. The 1906 Workmen’s Compensation Act let 6 million more workers claim for a variety of workplace injuries and diseases.
- 15. Workplace safety An injured employee could now get compensation, which might prevent them from falling into extreme poverty when they were out of work. In addition, employers improved safety for all workers to avoid having to pay compensation.
- 16. Workplace safety Although workers were eligible for compensation, many could not afford to go to court to get this money, limiting its impact. Members of trade unions could get help but not all workers were members, or indeed allowed to be.