Study area is Pakistan.

1. Impact of Pesticides

2. Impact of Pesticides
● Pesticides can directly hit soil, water, turf, and non-target vegetation.
● Pesticides can be poisonous to a large group of different organic
entities including birds, fish,insects, non-target plant and killing insects
or weeds.
● Phenyl herbicides including 2,4-D, can harm close by trees and
bushes in the event that they float or volatilize onto leaves.

3. Surface Water contamination
● Pesticides can reach at surface water through runoff from treated plants and
soil.
● Twenty three pesticides were detected in waterways, including 17 herbicides.
● Pesticide can degrades the quality of water.

4. Ground Water Contamination
● Pesticides can reach at ground water level applications onto crop fields,
seepage of contaminated surface water, and even through improper disposal.
● According to the USGS, at least 143 different pesticides and 21
transformation products have been found in ground water, including
pesticides from every major chemical class.

5. Soil Contamination
A large number of transformation products (TPs) from a wide range of pesticides
have been recorded in soil.
Pesticides and TPs could be grouped into:
● Hydrophobic, persistent, and bioaccumulable pesticides that are strongly
bound to soil.
● Polar pesticides are represented mainly by herbicides, they can be moved
from soil by runoff and leaching.

6. Effects on Soil Fertility
● Heavy treatment of soil with pesticides can make population of useful soil
microorganisms to decline.
● Common landscape herbicides disrupt this process.
● Triclopyr inhibits soil bacteria that transform ammonia into nitrite,
glyphosate reduces the growth and activity of nitrogen fixing bacteria in soil.

7. Non-target organisms
● Pesticides are found as common contaminants in soil, air, water and on non-
target organisms in our urban landscapes.
● Pesticides can be reduce certain microorganism populations.
● Non-target pesticide toxicity can also disrupt the population of some of the
valuable soil invertebrates like earthworms, predatory mites, centipedes and
carabid beetles.

8. Impacts through foods commodities
● Two groups of pesticides such as benomyl group and dithiocarbamate were
analysed in apples, tomatoes, lettuce, strawberries and grapes.
● In 1997, 13 pesticides were analysed in five commodities (mandarins, pears,
bananas,beans, and potatoes).
● In 1998, 20 pesticides were analysed in four commodities (oranges, peaches,
carrots, spinach).