This document contains information about stream monitoring and assessment in the Middle Eel River watershed in Indiana. It includes maps showing the locations of impaired streams and watershed management plans. Tables present biological monitoring data for sites, including the Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) and Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index (QHEI) scores. Metrics used to calculate these indices are also listed. Photos show biological sampling and stream habitat assessment.
Wet land ecosystem: Introduction, Welfare, Classification, Wildlife, Food web...St Xaviers
The document discusses wetlands, including their characteristics, types, importance, and threats. Wetlands are distinct ecosystems that are flooded by water and support many plant and animal species. They provide important functions like improving water quality and flood protection. However, human activities like development, drainage and pollution threaten wetlands. It is important to conserve wetlands to protect biodiversity and ecosystem services that benefit both wildlife and humans.
The proposed project is the application of sustainable land use planning technique in conserving and protecting Wakarusa Wetlands.
This place is essential for saving the natural environment for over 50 different species of fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. Wakarusa also hosts over 250 different species of birds, some of them just migrating through and some stay permanently.
This document summarizes a presentation on modeling the transport of effluent from fish farms. It discusses using computational fluid dynamics to understand how tides, currents, stratification, bathymetry and other physical processes influence where waste from aquaculture pens will transport and concentrate. The presentation shows example simulations of how excluding certain processes, like Earth's rotation, can impact results. It emphasizes the need to account for all relevant physics to accurately predict pollutant distribution and concentrations over time. The implications are that effluent can transport far from sources and see high intermittency and variability, challenging regulatory efforts.
Beaver were once abundant throughout North America but were trapped extensively from the 1810s to 1830s. This reduced their population from an estimated 60-400 million to only 6-12 million today. Beaver create ponds that store water, reduce erosion, raise water tables, increase vegetation and habitat for other species. Reintroducing beaver could help increase water retention and meet water quality targets in some areas if done with consideration for habitat needs, potential impacts and long-term management. Modeling suggests beaver ponds could substantially reduce sediment levels in watersheds over time.
Pacific Spirit Park Society (PSPS) Environmental Health and Safety SurveyLOWaterkeeper
Water quality at this beach jointly monitored by Metro Vancouver and the Pacific Spirit Park Society (PSPS). Sampling is conducted by Metro Vancouver from May to October and by the Pacific Spirit Park Society from October to March.
Environmental Health and Safety Survey Vanier Park 2019LOWaterkeeper
This document summarizes an environmental health and safety survey of Vanier Park in Vancouver, BC. It identifies the park and swimming area, describes surrounding land uses and potential sources of contamination. Microbiological testing over 2019 found the water passed guidelines 90% of the time. Sources of contamination include nearby boats, stormwater runoff and wildlife. Physical hazards include strong currents, rocks and seaweed. The document assesses risks and considers mitigation barriers.
This document summarizes a study comparing the abundance, diversity, and stable isotope signatures of benthic fauna between mangrove, seagrass, and sand flat habitats in Gazi Bay, Kenya. Replicate cores were taken from each habitat and analyzed. Mangrove and seagrass meadows had higher densities of benthic fauna than sand flats, and seagrass showed the highest species diversity. Stable isotope signatures ranged widely but showed no direct evidence that macrobenthic species consumed mangrove or seagrass tissues. Most species appeared to feed non-selectively on microalgae and seagrass detritus. Polychaete density and diversity varied between sampling stations,
This document contains information about stream monitoring and assessment in the Middle Eel River watershed in Indiana. It includes maps showing the locations of impaired streams and watershed management plans. Tables present biological monitoring data for sites, including the Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) and Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index (QHEI) scores. Metrics used to calculate these indices are also listed. Photos show biological sampling and stream habitat assessment.
Wet land ecosystem: Introduction, Welfare, Classification, Wildlife, Food web...St Xaviers
The document discusses wetlands, including their characteristics, types, importance, and threats. Wetlands are distinct ecosystems that are flooded by water and support many plant and animal species. They provide important functions like improving water quality and flood protection. However, human activities like development, drainage and pollution threaten wetlands. It is important to conserve wetlands to protect biodiversity and ecosystem services that benefit both wildlife and humans.
The proposed project is the application of sustainable land use planning technique in conserving and protecting Wakarusa Wetlands.
This place is essential for saving the natural environment for over 50 different species of fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. Wakarusa also hosts over 250 different species of birds, some of them just migrating through and some stay permanently.
This document summarizes a presentation on modeling the transport of effluent from fish farms. It discusses using computational fluid dynamics to understand how tides, currents, stratification, bathymetry and other physical processes influence where waste from aquaculture pens will transport and concentrate. The presentation shows example simulations of how excluding certain processes, like Earth's rotation, can impact results. It emphasizes the need to account for all relevant physics to accurately predict pollutant distribution and concentrations over time. The implications are that effluent can transport far from sources and see high intermittency and variability, challenging regulatory efforts.
Beaver were once abundant throughout North America but were trapped extensively from the 1810s to 1830s. This reduced their population from an estimated 60-400 million to only 6-12 million today. Beaver create ponds that store water, reduce erosion, raise water tables, increase vegetation and habitat for other species. Reintroducing beaver could help increase water retention and meet water quality targets in some areas if done with consideration for habitat needs, potential impacts and long-term management. Modeling suggests beaver ponds could substantially reduce sediment levels in watersheds over time.
Pacific Spirit Park Society (PSPS) Environmental Health and Safety SurveyLOWaterkeeper
Water quality at this beach jointly monitored by Metro Vancouver and the Pacific Spirit Park Society (PSPS). Sampling is conducted by Metro Vancouver from May to October and by the Pacific Spirit Park Society from October to March.
Environmental Health and Safety Survey Vanier Park 2019LOWaterkeeper
This document summarizes an environmental health and safety survey of Vanier Park in Vancouver, BC. It identifies the park and swimming area, describes surrounding land uses and potential sources of contamination. Microbiological testing over 2019 found the water passed guidelines 90% of the time. Sources of contamination include nearby boats, stormwater runoff and wildlife. Physical hazards include strong currents, rocks and seaweed. The document assesses risks and considers mitigation barriers.
This document summarizes a study comparing the abundance, diversity, and stable isotope signatures of benthic fauna between mangrove, seagrass, and sand flat habitats in Gazi Bay, Kenya. Replicate cores were taken from each habitat and analyzed. Mangrove and seagrass meadows had higher densities of benthic fauna than sand flats, and seagrass showed the highest species diversity. Stable isotope signatures ranged widely but showed no direct evidence that macrobenthic species consumed mangrove or seagrass tissues. Most species appeared to feed non-selectively on microalgae and seagrass detritus. Polychaete density and diversity varied between sampling stations,
Environmental Health and Safety Survey - Brokers' Bay 2019LOWaterkeeper
Environmental Health and Safety Survey for Brokers' Bay recreational water quality monitoring program, Vancouver 2019. Swim Drink Fish recreational water quality monitoring hub.
A marsh is a flooded grassland found near bodies of water like ponds or lakes. There are two main types - saltwater marshes near the ocean and freshwater marshes along ponds and rivers. Marshes are important habitats that support many plant and animal species. However, marshes are threatened by pollution and development. Proposed solutions include clean-up programs where volunteers remove trash from marshes to help restore these important ecosystems.
The document discusses the issue of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch and its impacts on marine life and ecosystems. Through research, it has been found that large amounts of plastic pollution in the oceans are killing and injuring marine animals like turtles who often ingest plastic bags mistaking them for jellyfish. There is also evidence that the garbage accumulating on ocean floors is limiting food sources for smaller sea creatures and creating an imbalanced ecosystem. Further research is still needed to fully understand all of the impacts of deep sea garbage sitting on the ocean bottom.
This document discusses a project by The Nature Conservancy to study the ecosystem services provided by oyster aquaculture in Chesapeake Bay. The goals are to scientifically measure the water quality benefits of oyster aquaculture through partnerships with research institutions and aquaculture operations. Methods include using sensors and sediment cores to analyze changes in water quality parameters, biodiversity, and habitat around aquaculture sites. Results will be shared through reports, videos, and outreach to support further expansion of the oyster aquaculture industry as a large-scale restoration strategy.
Nitrogen Pollution and The Future of Long Island By Prof. Christopher GoblerSave The Great South Bay
How does excessive nitrogen loading effect the health and resiliency of Long Island’s coastal ecosystems?
Loss of critical habitats: Eelgrass, salt marshes
Low dissolved oxygen levels, hypoxia
Acidification, low pH
Macroalgal blooms: Sea lettuce, Ulva
Toxic algal blooms: Red, rust, brown tides
Loss or depletion of shellfisheries and finfisheries
The health of the coral reef system around the US Virgin Islands is in poor shape due to various factors including sedimentation from rain runoff, overtourism, and coral bleaching. A researcher from the UVI Center for Environmental Studies observed that the reefs around St. Croix currently look "terrible" with dead, white coral covered in algae. Fish and Wildlife officials attribute part of the coral bleaching at Buck Island to "over-loving" the reefs through excessive tourism.
For Episode One of Water Matters, Prof. Gobler presents on overview of nitrogen pollution in Long Island's waters, how it feeds algal blooms and destroys habitat and endangers drinking water. Prof. Gobler also offers some potential solutions to these challenges
Dr Peter Miller, Plymouth Marine Laboratory - ShellEye: Satellite-based monit...IES / IAQM
This document discusses using satellite monitoring to help aquaculture farms. It describes how satellites can detect harmful algal blooms and monitor water quality, which provides early warnings for fish farms. Specific projects are monitoring salmon farms in Scotland and shellfish farms. Higher resolution sensors allow detecting blooms at smaller scales. Combining satellite data with models may improve bloom forecasting and monitoring water pollution from river plumes.
The document discusses issues with sewage treatment in Youngstown, Ohio that have led to environmental problems. It provides background on the history of sewage systems being built through local parks in 1919. Recent heavy rains in 2015 caused over 100,000 gallons of raw sewage to overflow into lakes, causing high E. coli levels and fish kills. Studies from 1999-2002 found the water quality in local rivers and lakes violated EPA standards due to overflows from sewage treatment plants. The city was under a federal consent decree from 2002 to address the problems, but was unable to afford the estimated $310 million in upgrades required. A new policy, the Clean Water Affordability Act, aims to make the upgrades more affordable for the city
This plain English fact sheet outlines the work done by the EPA in monitoring phytoplankton in Ireland's marine environment.
The EPA and the Marine Institute sample phytoplankton in estuaries and coastal waters around Ireland. They carry out sampling three times during the summer and once during winter. At each location, they take water samples just below the surface and above the seabed. They use the samples to assess how much phytoplankton is in the water and what species are present.
Phytoplankton are tiny, free-floating plants found suspended in the world’s oceans. Their name comes from Greek and means ‘plant drifter’. They are carried along by ocean currents and are usually found floating near the surface of the water. Like all plants they need sunlight to grow.
The main sources of nutrients around Ireland’s coast are discharges from wastewater treatment plants and run off from agricultural land. Phytoplankton in the estuaries and coastal waters around Ireland are monitored by the EnvironmentalProtection Agency (EPA) and the Marine Institute. They monitor phytoplankton to assess the quality (status) of our marine environment. They must do this as part of the requirements of the European Water Framework Directive.
This document discusses the key components of streams and rivers, including stream banks, main channels, floodplains, and riparian buffers. It describes pools and riffles as two types of ecosystems in rivers and streams, noting that riffles usually have more organisms living in them due to higher oxygen levels. The document defines macroinvertebrates as small organisms without backbones that can be seen without a microscope, and explains how they are used to measure the health of streams.
This document contains a biology exam question from 2015 about ecosystems and human impacts. It includes questions about grouping organisms in a coral reef ecosystem as biotic and abiotic components, constructing a food web, discussing consequences of no coral reefs and effects of human activities. The passage notes that human activities like coral mining, pollution and overfishing threaten coral reef ecosystems and have accelerated species extinction rates globally. If human impacts continue developing, it predicts living organisms in the ecosystem will die off, become extinct and disrupt the ecosystem balance.
Estuaries are bodies of water where freshwater from rivers meets and mixes with saltwater from the ocean. They provide important habitat for many fish and shellfish, with 2/3 of fish and shellfish species spending time in estuaries. Estuaries support complex food webs and nutrient cycles. However, they face threats from activities like dam construction, pollution from agriculture, and climate change, which can disrupt ecosystems. Conservation efforts aim to protect estuaries by restricting dams, reducing pollution, and regulating water use.
This document summarizes research on using oysters as a best management practice (BMP) to improve water quality in Chesapeake Bay. It discusses how modeling and sampling of oyster aquaculture sites have helped develop nutrient removal estimates for oysters. The Chesapeake Bay Partnership's Oyster BMP Expert Panel now recommends nutrient removal credits for harvested oyster tissue from private aquaculture. This allows aquaculture harvest to be counted as a BMP in water quality plans. Models can also estimate ecosystem services from expanded aquaculture or restored oyster reefs to help set restoration goals.
The document discusses various sources of river pollution including fertilizers from farming, warmer water and lower oxygen levels from power stations, and untreated domestic sewage. It also outlines how rivers are used for leisure, transport, industry, farming, and generating electricity. The Environmental Agency monitors water quality, promotes wildlife conservation, controls fishing, and manages water treatment to help regulate water management.
The document summarizes upcoming courses being offered by the Freshwater Biological Association (FBA), including a two-day course on identifying chironomid midge pupae to assess water quality. It also provides brief summaries of recent research articles covering topics like female sticklebacks preparing offspring for climate change, lawsuits to protect endangered freshwater fish species, and the potential of swamps to store large amounts of carbon. The bulletin aims to keep readers informed of current freshwater issues and research involving the FBA.
Large livestock farms produce waste equivalent to a small city which pollutes the environment. From 1995 to 1998, over 1,000 pollution incidents at livestock farms killed 13 million fish. Manure from dairy cows was thought to have contaminated a city's drinking water in 1993, killing over 100 people and making 400,000 sick. Large fish farms also discharge excrements and excess food into water, fertilizing biomass production and potentially affecting fish ability to adapt.
An estuary is the area where a river meets the ocean, creating a mixture of saltwater and freshwater. Estuaries are home to thousands of plant and animal species that have adapted to the daily changes in salinity from the tides. They provide vital habitat and are a major source of the world's commercial fish and shellfish. Estuaries also act as safe havens from ocean storms and waves, and play an important economic role for many coastal cities and communities.
Our project will study the effects of stream restoration practices, J hook and cross vane, on polluted rivers and streams in the Great Lakes Basin area of Wisconsin. Specifically, we will implement these practices on the Oconto, Peshtigo, and Menominee rivers and study their impact on fish populations like trout. The methodology involves initial studies of water pollution and fish, applying the restoration structures, further evaluation, and a final report. The goal is to better understand how these techniques affect habitats and wildlife in order to inform future conservation efforts.
This plain English fact sheet outlines the work done by the EPA in monitoring Ireland’s marine environment.
Ecologically healthy marine waters are a valuable natural resource. They support a rich and diverse range of ecosystems, habitats and species, and they are also a source of food – from wild fisheries and aquaculture. They are also important for recreational activities and tourism.
Transitional and coastal waters are assessed under the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). Having coordinated frameworks for water quality for all the water bodies in Ireland, and across Europe, allows us to compare our results with other countries. It allows us to see what works to help us make sure all our water bodies achieve at least ‘good’ status, and no deterioration occurs.
The Hunna's debut album "The 100" consists of 16 alternative rock songs. The monochrome album cover features a marble effect and gold elements for contrast. While most albums list information on the spine, the album spine is kept simple with only the band and album name. The album includes a booklet with song lyrics and credits, as well as a message thanking fans. As a new band, The Hunna used social media extensively to build their fanbase and promote the release of their first album.
The documentary film Catfish follows Nev Schulman's online relationship with a woman named Meghan who he later discovers is not who she claimed to be. The film blurs the lines between reality and hyper-reality by using the real names of the filmmakers and subjects. It also does not have a definitive conclusion to Nev's story. These postmodern elements, along with its combination of genres and focus on truth, make Catfish a postmodern film according to the document.
Environmental Health and Safety Survey - Brokers' Bay 2019LOWaterkeeper
Environmental Health and Safety Survey for Brokers' Bay recreational water quality monitoring program, Vancouver 2019. Swim Drink Fish recreational water quality monitoring hub.
A marsh is a flooded grassland found near bodies of water like ponds or lakes. There are two main types - saltwater marshes near the ocean and freshwater marshes along ponds and rivers. Marshes are important habitats that support many plant and animal species. However, marshes are threatened by pollution and development. Proposed solutions include clean-up programs where volunteers remove trash from marshes to help restore these important ecosystems.
The document discusses the issue of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch and its impacts on marine life and ecosystems. Through research, it has been found that large amounts of plastic pollution in the oceans are killing and injuring marine animals like turtles who often ingest plastic bags mistaking them for jellyfish. There is also evidence that the garbage accumulating on ocean floors is limiting food sources for smaller sea creatures and creating an imbalanced ecosystem. Further research is still needed to fully understand all of the impacts of deep sea garbage sitting on the ocean bottom.
This document discusses a project by The Nature Conservancy to study the ecosystem services provided by oyster aquaculture in Chesapeake Bay. The goals are to scientifically measure the water quality benefits of oyster aquaculture through partnerships with research institutions and aquaculture operations. Methods include using sensors and sediment cores to analyze changes in water quality parameters, biodiversity, and habitat around aquaculture sites. Results will be shared through reports, videos, and outreach to support further expansion of the oyster aquaculture industry as a large-scale restoration strategy.
Nitrogen Pollution and The Future of Long Island By Prof. Christopher GoblerSave The Great South Bay
How does excessive nitrogen loading effect the health and resiliency of Long Island’s coastal ecosystems?
Loss of critical habitats: Eelgrass, salt marshes
Low dissolved oxygen levels, hypoxia
Acidification, low pH
Macroalgal blooms: Sea lettuce, Ulva
Toxic algal blooms: Red, rust, brown tides
Loss or depletion of shellfisheries and finfisheries
The health of the coral reef system around the US Virgin Islands is in poor shape due to various factors including sedimentation from rain runoff, overtourism, and coral bleaching. A researcher from the UVI Center for Environmental Studies observed that the reefs around St. Croix currently look "terrible" with dead, white coral covered in algae. Fish and Wildlife officials attribute part of the coral bleaching at Buck Island to "over-loving" the reefs through excessive tourism.
For Episode One of Water Matters, Prof. Gobler presents on overview of nitrogen pollution in Long Island's waters, how it feeds algal blooms and destroys habitat and endangers drinking water. Prof. Gobler also offers some potential solutions to these challenges
Dr Peter Miller, Plymouth Marine Laboratory - ShellEye: Satellite-based monit...IES / IAQM
This document discusses using satellite monitoring to help aquaculture farms. It describes how satellites can detect harmful algal blooms and monitor water quality, which provides early warnings for fish farms. Specific projects are monitoring salmon farms in Scotland and shellfish farms. Higher resolution sensors allow detecting blooms at smaller scales. Combining satellite data with models may improve bloom forecasting and monitoring water pollution from river plumes.
The document discusses issues with sewage treatment in Youngstown, Ohio that have led to environmental problems. It provides background on the history of sewage systems being built through local parks in 1919. Recent heavy rains in 2015 caused over 100,000 gallons of raw sewage to overflow into lakes, causing high E. coli levels and fish kills. Studies from 1999-2002 found the water quality in local rivers and lakes violated EPA standards due to overflows from sewage treatment plants. The city was under a federal consent decree from 2002 to address the problems, but was unable to afford the estimated $310 million in upgrades required. A new policy, the Clean Water Affordability Act, aims to make the upgrades more affordable for the city
This plain English fact sheet outlines the work done by the EPA in monitoring phytoplankton in Ireland's marine environment.
The EPA and the Marine Institute sample phytoplankton in estuaries and coastal waters around Ireland. They carry out sampling three times during the summer and once during winter. At each location, they take water samples just below the surface and above the seabed. They use the samples to assess how much phytoplankton is in the water and what species are present.
Phytoplankton are tiny, free-floating plants found suspended in the world’s oceans. Their name comes from Greek and means ‘plant drifter’. They are carried along by ocean currents and are usually found floating near the surface of the water. Like all plants they need sunlight to grow.
The main sources of nutrients around Ireland’s coast are discharges from wastewater treatment plants and run off from agricultural land. Phytoplankton in the estuaries and coastal waters around Ireland are monitored by the EnvironmentalProtection Agency (EPA) and the Marine Institute. They monitor phytoplankton to assess the quality (status) of our marine environment. They must do this as part of the requirements of the European Water Framework Directive.
This document discusses the key components of streams and rivers, including stream banks, main channels, floodplains, and riparian buffers. It describes pools and riffles as two types of ecosystems in rivers and streams, noting that riffles usually have more organisms living in them due to higher oxygen levels. The document defines macroinvertebrates as small organisms without backbones that can be seen without a microscope, and explains how they are used to measure the health of streams.
This document contains a biology exam question from 2015 about ecosystems and human impacts. It includes questions about grouping organisms in a coral reef ecosystem as biotic and abiotic components, constructing a food web, discussing consequences of no coral reefs and effects of human activities. The passage notes that human activities like coral mining, pollution and overfishing threaten coral reef ecosystems and have accelerated species extinction rates globally. If human impacts continue developing, it predicts living organisms in the ecosystem will die off, become extinct and disrupt the ecosystem balance.
Estuaries are bodies of water where freshwater from rivers meets and mixes with saltwater from the ocean. They provide important habitat for many fish and shellfish, with 2/3 of fish and shellfish species spending time in estuaries. Estuaries support complex food webs and nutrient cycles. However, they face threats from activities like dam construction, pollution from agriculture, and climate change, which can disrupt ecosystems. Conservation efforts aim to protect estuaries by restricting dams, reducing pollution, and regulating water use.
This document summarizes research on using oysters as a best management practice (BMP) to improve water quality in Chesapeake Bay. It discusses how modeling and sampling of oyster aquaculture sites have helped develop nutrient removal estimates for oysters. The Chesapeake Bay Partnership's Oyster BMP Expert Panel now recommends nutrient removal credits for harvested oyster tissue from private aquaculture. This allows aquaculture harvest to be counted as a BMP in water quality plans. Models can also estimate ecosystem services from expanded aquaculture or restored oyster reefs to help set restoration goals.
The document discusses various sources of river pollution including fertilizers from farming, warmer water and lower oxygen levels from power stations, and untreated domestic sewage. It also outlines how rivers are used for leisure, transport, industry, farming, and generating electricity. The Environmental Agency monitors water quality, promotes wildlife conservation, controls fishing, and manages water treatment to help regulate water management.
The document summarizes upcoming courses being offered by the Freshwater Biological Association (FBA), including a two-day course on identifying chironomid midge pupae to assess water quality. It also provides brief summaries of recent research articles covering topics like female sticklebacks preparing offspring for climate change, lawsuits to protect endangered freshwater fish species, and the potential of swamps to store large amounts of carbon. The bulletin aims to keep readers informed of current freshwater issues and research involving the FBA.
Large livestock farms produce waste equivalent to a small city which pollutes the environment. From 1995 to 1998, over 1,000 pollution incidents at livestock farms killed 13 million fish. Manure from dairy cows was thought to have contaminated a city's drinking water in 1993, killing over 100 people and making 400,000 sick. Large fish farms also discharge excrements and excess food into water, fertilizing biomass production and potentially affecting fish ability to adapt.
An estuary is the area where a river meets the ocean, creating a mixture of saltwater and freshwater. Estuaries are home to thousands of plant and animal species that have adapted to the daily changes in salinity from the tides. They provide vital habitat and are a major source of the world's commercial fish and shellfish. Estuaries also act as safe havens from ocean storms and waves, and play an important economic role for many coastal cities and communities.
Our project will study the effects of stream restoration practices, J hook and cross vane, on polluted rivers and streams in the Great Lakes Basin area of Wisconsin. Specifically, we will implement these practices on the Oconto, Peshtigo, and Menominee rivers and study their impact on fish populations like trout. The methodology involves initial studies of water pollution and fish, applying the restoration structures, further evaluation, and a final report. The goal is to better understand how these techniques affect habitats and wildlife in order to inform future conservation efforts.
This plain English fact sheet outlines the work done by the EPA in monitoring Ireland’s marine environment.
Ecologically healthy marine waters are a valuable natural resource. They support a rich and diverse range of ecosystems, habitats and species, and they are also a source of food – from wild fisheries and aquaculture. They are also important for recreational activities and tourism.
Transitional and coastal waters are assessed under the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). Having coordinated frameworks for water quality for all the water bodies in Ireland, and across Europe, allows us to compare our results with other countries. It allows us to see what works to help us make sure all our water bodies achieve at least ‘good’ status, and no deterioration occurs.
The Hunna's debut album "The 100" consists of 16 alternative rock songs. The monochrome album cover features a marble effect and gold elements for contrast. While most albums list information on the spine, the album spine is kept simple with only the band and album name. The album includes a booklet with song lyrics and credits, as well as a message thanking fans. As a new band, The Hunna used social media extensively to build their fanbase and promote the release of their first album.
The documentary film Catfish follows Nev Schulman's online relationship with a woman named Meghan who he later discovers is not who she claimed to be. The film blurs the lines between reality and hyper-reality by using the real names of the filmmakers and subjects. It also does not have a definitive conclusion to Nev's story. These postmodern elements, along with its combination of genres and focus on truth, make Catfish a postmodern film according to the document.
This documentary uses a mixed format with interviews, observation, and narration. It explores themes of love, art, photography, and online dating. The narrative structure is closed as everything gets resolved, linear as it follows a chronological order, and multi-stranded as it shows multiple storylines. Camera techniques include close-ups, handheld shots, and zooms to capture detail and create drama. Sound and editing techniques like flashbacks and cuts further immerse the viewer in the story.
The document provides information about the film "Catfish" and discusses some of its postmodern elements:
1) The film tells the story of a man who begins an online relationship that turns out to be falsified by the person he believes he is communicating with.
2) It incorporates social media and blurs the lines between reality and fiction, challenging the audience's understanding of truth.
3) Key postmodern concepts in the film include the mediation of relationships through technology, hyperreality, and questioning what is real versus constructed online.
The ideal family consists of a pious, smart, hard-working, responsible husband who can cook and is sweet and calm. The ideal home is sunny with a rooftop park, pool, wide yard, cozy interior, and Ford trucks. The ideal occupation is diplomat, entrepreneur, designer, or architect. The family aims to have children.
The integration of fish and ducks farmingfrancis mlay
The document discusses the integration of fish and duck farming. Ducks are raised on the surface of fish ponds. Their droppings fertilize the pond and help release nutrients. Ducks also control weeds, aerate the water, and consume food waste. This integrated system has advantages like increased fish production and yields. Optimal stocking densities are 200-300 ducks and 20,000 fish per hectare of pond area. The system can produce 450-500 kg of fish, 3000-3300 duck eggs, and 30-35 kg of duck meat annually from one hectare.
A practical guide to nutrition,feeds and feeding of catfishkaybestolas
This document provides a guide to catfish nutrition, feeds, and feeding. It covers topics such as digestion, energy and nutrient requirements, feed ingredients, formulation and manufacture, and feeding practices. The guide is intended to provide practical information to support the farming of catfish, recognizing that feeding remains both an art and a science. It acknowledges contributions from researchers and reviews by experts. The second revision updates the guide with new studies conducted in the past 5 years.
This document provides information on the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). It discusses the biology of C. gariepinus and the closely related species C. anguillaris. It also describes the natural breeding and artificial propagation of C. gariepinus, including hormone treatment of broodfish, incubation and hatching of eggs, nursing of fry, and feeding regimes for early fry and advanced fry in hatcheries. Semi-intensive polyculture of catfish and tilapia in earthen ponds is also summarized.
This document summarizes information about fish farming in India, including different species of fish that are farmed. It discusses indigenous fish species like various carps, as well as exotic species imported from other countries. For each type of fish, it provides details on physical characteristics, habitat, breeding, and use in aquaculture. The document categorizes fish into groups like indigenous carps, exotic carps, air-breathing fishes, and ornamental fishes. It provides information on commercially important species like various carps, catfish, climbing perch, and tilapia.
The document provides an overview of catfish farming in the United States. It discusses that the channel catfish is the primary species farmed, with top producing states being Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama and Louisiana. Catfish farming developed commercially in the 1960s in the southern US. Catfish are raised in ponds and fed prepared feeds containing protein, vitamins and minerals. Farming involves breeding stock, hatching eggs, and raising fry in ponds until harvesting at 1-1.5 pounds. Water quality, disease prevention and intermittent harvesting are important aspects of management and health.
The document discusses aquaculture-fisheries interactions and how the ecosystem approach to aquaculture (EAA) can address them. Aquaculture and fisheries often interact through shared ecosystems and resources. Interactions include the use of fisheries products for aquaculture feeds and the potential negative impacts of aquaculture on fisheries habitats and ecosystems. The EAA framework considers these interactions and aims to minimize negative impacts while optimizing positive interactions like culture-based fisheries. Implementing EAA and an ecosystem approach to fisheries requires understanding these interactions and taking an integrated, multisectoral approach to management across scales.
The document discusses shrimp farming in Vietnam, including its current status and impacts. It outlines the adverse environmental, economic and social impacts of shrimp farming, including deforestation, water pollution, debt, and land conflicts. It argues for more sustainable practices and cites three case studies as examples, including a large intensive farm using water recycling and a small community-based extensive farm. The document recommends policies to balance development, social welfare, and environmental protection.
Bioversity International scientist Fabrice DeClerck presents on WLE's work in the Volta, Nile and Mekong basins, with a focus on ecosystem services and resilience. Found out more about WLE and Resilience: http://bit.ly/Q0hOtu
This document presents information on a credit seminar about climate smart aquaculture and advisory services. It contains an introduction stating the objective is to assess the impact of climate change on fisheries and aquaculture and implement better farming technologies. It then discusses topics like food security, climate change causes and impacts, the role of aquaculture in climate change, climate smart aquaculture practices and technologies, supporting institutions, advisory services, and conclusions.
A Positive Impact on Coastal and Marine Environment By Implementation of Biofloc System by Amarnath Dogiparti* in Examines in Marine Biology and Oceanography
Freshwater and coastal aquaculture development can benefit from internal and external experience for preventing environmental damage and for avoiding harmful effects of degradation on aquaculture resources. Strategies to compensate for the loss of aquatic fauna (e.g. due to physical obstructions) are directly linked to important environmental issues, such as the transfer of exotic species, the spread of diseases and loss of genetic diversity, eutrophication, impairment of aesthetic qualities and the disruption of indigenous fish stocks.
There presently, conceptual frameworks for aquatic environment management backed by legal and administrative tools to create or enforce ration systems for water management, land use or fisheries and aquaculture development strengthened by adaptive institutionalization.
Fish Farming: Methods, Benefits, Challenges, Future Directions and Innovation...GQ Research
In this article, we dive into the world of fish farming, exploring its history, methods, benefits, challenges, and the role it plays in feeding a growing population.
This document provides information on marine science and marine biodiversity. It discusses the four main branches of marine science - physical, chemical, geological and biological oceanography. It also outlines threats to marine biodiversity such as pollution, overfishing, and climate change. The document emphasizes the importance of conserving marine ecosystems and biodiversity through policies, sustainable practices, and developing marine biotechnology and natural products from marine sources.
Aquaculture is an important sector for Bangladesh's economy and food production, accounting for 5% of GDP and 6% of exports. However, many existing aquaculture practices are unsustainable, as they have led to environmental degradation like destruction of mangroves and wetlands for pond construction, soil acidification, and salinization of land and water. They have also negatively impacted livelihoods by reducing access to resources for local communities. Truly sustainable aquaculture requires practices that do not significantly disrupt ecosystems, are economically viable, and contribute to social well-being. Improving feed sources, closed containment systems, native species selection, and community inclusion can help make aquaculture more environmentally friendly and equitable.
World Water Week: Fish friendly irrigation: Enhancing production, livelihoods...WorldFish
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On World Environment Day (June 5, 2014), the World Resources Institute (WRI), WorldFish, the World Bank, INRA, and Kasetsart University released the newest installment of the 2013-14 World Resources Report: Creating a Sustainable Food Future, "Improving Productivity and Environmental Performance of Aquaculture."
This working paper examines the implications of doubling aquaculture production between now and 2050, and offers recommendations to ensure that aquaculture growth contributes to a sustainable food future.
Find out more at http://ow.ly/xHnJ2
This presentation help you to get the information about the integrated multi trophic aquaculture system. IMTA is best technology for environment sustainability, economic sustainability and social sustainability.
Presentation by Charles Tyler on 'Sustainable Aquaculture Future (SAF) Aquaculture Projects in Bangladesh: Focus on the Environment' at the One Health Approach workshop on Tuesday, 23 March 2021.
The document discusses biofloc technology (BFT), which uses bacteria to control water quality in aquaculture. BFT balances carbon and nitrogen to form protein-rich flocs that fish and shrimp can eat. BFT allows high stocking densities in a sustainable way by recycling nutrients. It has benefits for nursery, grow-out, and breeding phases of aquaculture and may provide an alternative protein source. BFT also shows potential for controlling disease through quorum sensing disruption and immune stimulation.
AQUATIC GENETIC RESOURCES AND CLIMATE CHANGE_CleanPatrick White
This document provides an overview of the importance of aquatic genetic resources in the context of climate change. It discusses how aquatic ecosystems and the organisms they support play a key role in global carbon and nutrient cycles. Aquatic genetic resources underpin global aquaculture and fisheries, which together provide about half of the world's food fish and are important for food security, nutrition, and livelihoods. Climate change poses challenges for these resources and the sectors that depend on them through impacts like warming, acidification, and changes to freshwater availability. The roles of aquatic genetic resources in adapting to and mitigating climate change impacts are discussed.
IRJET- Expermental Investigation/ on Fertigation in Open Field AgricultureIRJET Journal
The document discusses experimental investigations into fertigation, which is the combination of irrigation and fertilization, in open field agriculture. It summarizes different aquaponics systems that combine aquaculture and hydroponic cultivation to provide nutrients to plants from fish waste in a closed water recirculation system. The nitrogen cycle in aquaponics is described, where ammonia from fish waste is converted by bacteria into nitrates that plants can use. Different aquaponics system designs are discussed, including floating raft systems and nutrient film technique. Water quality, fish feeding, plant nutrient requirements, suitable crop selection, and stocking densities are also covered.
Protect Environment In Aquaculture Production2 BaoRidzaludin
The document discusses environmental issues caused by aquaculture development in Vietnam and measures to address them. Rapid expansion of aquaculture has led to forest destruction, water quality changes, and decreased biodiversity. This negatively impacts both the environment and aquaculture production. Proposed measures include mangrove reforestation, proper zoning of aquaculture, wastewater treatment, limiting chemical and antibiotic use, water quality monitoring, and raising awareness of farmers.
Standard water quality requirements and management strategies for fish farmin...eSAT Journals
A study on standard water quality requirements and management strategies suitable for fish farming is presented. The water quality criteria studied based on physical, chemical and biological properties of water include temperature, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solid (TDS), nitrate- nitrogen, pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total hardness. Water samples from Otamiri River in Imo state, Nigeria, were analyzed based on the afore-mentioned criteria to assess its suitability as a source of water for fish farming. The results of the analysis compared with international standards revealed that the river temperature of 26.90C, nitrate-nitrogen value of 0.015 mg/l and total suspended solids of 18.60 mg/l fall within the acceptable range for fish farming. However, the pH of 5.82, total hardness of 5.8 mg/l, total dissolved solids of 13.60 mg/l and biochemical oxygen demand of 0.6 mg/l all differed slightly from the standard recommended values. This study will aid fish farmers on the necessary treatment needed to effectively use water from this source for fish farming.
Keywords: Water quality criteria, Otamiri River, biochemical oxygen demand, total suspended and total dissolved solids.
standard of waste water discharged in india.rongkup
The document discusses wastewater treatment and regulation in India. It defines wastewater and its sources, and explains the harmful effects of discharging untreated wastewater. It then outlines the key treatment processes used, including physical, chemical and biological methods. The Environment Protection Act of 1986 and Central Pollution Control Board establish standards for wastewater discharge. Specific guidelines exist for discharge from shrimp farms and fish processing plants. Proper wastewater treatment, monitoring and enforcement of standards are emphasized to regulate discharge quality.
Similar to Impact of Irrigation on Livelihoods of Fishing Communities (20)
Trans-disciplinary science to impact tropical forest landscapes - Jeff Sayer, University of British Columbia. Measuring the Impact of Integrated Systems Research (September 27, 2021 – September 30, 2021). Three-day virtual workshop co hosted by the CGIAR Research Programs on Water Land and Ecosystems (WLE); Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA); Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM); and SPIA, the Standing Panel on Impact Assessment of the CGIAR. The workshop took stock of existing and new methodological developments of monitoring, evaluation and impact assessment work, and discussed which are suitable to evaluate and assess complex, integrated systems research.
Theory-Based Approaches for Assessing the Impact of Integrated Systems Research - Brian Belcher, Royal Roads University. Measuring the Impact of Integrated Systems Research (September 27, 2021 – September 30, 2021). Three-day virtual workshop co hosted by the CGIAR Research Programs on Water Land and Ecosystems (WLE); Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA); Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM); and SPIA, the Standing Panel on Impact Assessment of the CGIAR. The workshop took stock of existing and new methodological developments of monitoring, evaluation and impact assessment work, and discussed which are suitable to evaluate and assess complex, integrated systems research.
Challenges and opportunities for using remote sensing data - Kathy Baylis, University of California, Santa Barbara. Measuring the Impact of Integrated Systems Research (September 27, 2021 – September 30, 2021). Three-day virtual workshop co hosted by the CGIAR Research Programs on Water Land and Ecosystems (WLE); Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA); Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM); and SPIA, the Standing Panel on Impact Assessment of the CGIAR. The workshop took stock of existing and new methodological developments of monitoring, evaluation and impact assessment work, and discussed which are suitable to evaluate and assess complex, integrated systems research.
Reviewing the evidence on implementation and long-term impact of integrated landscape approaches - James Reed, CIFOR. Measuring the Impact of Integrated Systems Research (September 27, 2021 – September 30, 2021). Three-day virtual workshop co hosted by the CGIAR Research Programs on Water Land and Ecosystems (WLE); Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA); Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM); and SPIA, the Standing Panel on Impact Assessment of the CGIAR. The workshop took stock of existing and new methodological developments of monitoring, evaluation and impact assessment work, and discussed which are suitable to evaluate and assess complex, integrated systems research.
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Use of Qualitative Approaches for Impact Assessments of Integrated Systems Research: Our Experience - Monica Biradavolu, SPIA. Measuring the Impact of Integrated Systems Research (September 27, 2021 – September 30, 2021). Three-day virtual workshop co hosted by the CGIAR Research Programs on Water Land and Ecosystems (WLE); Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA); Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM); and SPIA, the Standing Panel on Impact Assessment of the CGIAR. The workshop took stock of existing and new methodological developments of monitoring, evaluation and impact assessment work, and discussed which are suitable to evaluate and assess complex, integrated systems research.
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Measuring the impact of integrated systems research
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This document summarizes a presentation on unpacking systemic gender inequality across institutional landscapes in watershed research. The presentation discusses how gender norms and values of institutional stakeholders remain a "black box" in gender research. It notes that while gender is a cross-cutting theme in CGIAR research, organizations and institutional actors who shape policies are less researched. The presentation describes a study that used interviews to understand the perspectives of watershed scientists and development practitioners regarding gender competencies and inclusion in watershed programs and research. It found evidence of "hydropatriarchies" in watershed institutions and a need to better represent local knowledge and marginalized voices.
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The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
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Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
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s
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Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
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With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
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Impact of Irrigation on Livelihoods of Fishing Communities
1. THE IMPACT OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM ON THE LIVELIHOODS
OF FISHING COMMUNITIES OF THE TWO SUB-AREAS OF
IRRIGATION PROJECTS IN CA MAU PENINSULA, VIET NAM
Mai Viet Van, Tran Dac Dinh, Ngo Thuy Diem Trang, Huynh Van Hien
Dang Thi Phuong, Nguyen Thanh Toan, Nguyen Thi Kim Quyen
19-23/10/2015
Phnom Penh
Cambodia
Can Tho University, Vietnam (mvvan@ctu.edu.vn)
2. IMPACT OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM ON THE LIVELIHOODS OF FISHING COMMUNITIES
FISHERIES RESOURCES BETTER MANAGEMENT & LIVELIHOODS IMPROVEMENT
6. Impacts
of
irriga'on
system
on
fish
and
shrimp
community
composi'ons
§ A decrease of 3 economic fish species in the
FE (as compared to Sinh, 2007)
§ A decrease of 25 economic fish species in
the BW (as compared to Vo Thanh Toan,
2007)
Threatened species
Morulius chrysophekadionToxotes chatareus
Notopterus notopterus
Arius maculatus
Channa lucius
Clarias batrachus
Clarias macrocephalus
0
20
40
60
80
Inside Outside Inside Outside
Freshwater ecosystem Brackishwater ecosystem
No.ofspecies
Fish Shrimp
0
5
10
15
20
25
Inside Outside Inside Outside
Freshwater ecosystem Brackishwater ecosystem
No.ofeconomicspecies
Fish Shrimp
7. Impact
of
irriga'on
system
on
wildfish
produc'on
and
fishing
gears
Long trap net
Simple trap
net
Electricity traw net Electricity shock
Inshore stake trap netLong fence trap net
Destructive fishing gears
An increase of 6
fishing gears (as
compared to Sinh et al.,
2007)
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
Inside
Outside
FE
Inside
Outside
BE
Fresh water
ecosystem
Brackishwater
ecosystem
No.offishinggear
0.0
200.0
400.0
600.0
800.0
1000.0
1200.0
1400.0
2010 2014 2010 2014 2010 2014 2010 2014 2010 2014 2010 2014
Inside Outside FE Inside Outside BE
Freshwater ecosystem Brackishwater ecosystem
Wildfishproduction
(kg/year/household)
8. Impacts of irrigation system on society
Descriptions
Positive impacts
Houses are not submerged in flooding season
Easily transporting
Facilitating trading, improving living
Negative impacts
Reducing income from wildfish capture
Increasing food cost (due to natural resources
decline)
Health risks due to polluted water
Conflicts of interest between shrimp-rice
Recommendations of community
Appropriate operating sluice gates for water
transportation
Addressing properly the conflict between rice &
shrimp culture
9. Descriptions
Positive impacts
Preventing flooding
Increasing number of crop, cultivation areas and yield
Reducing input costs (pumping and draining water)
Rice-fish co-culture (1 rice + 2 shrimp)
Preventing salt water intrusion (for rice cultivation in BE areas)
Negative impacts
Resulting in infield surface water pollution
Increasing pesticides/fertilizers accumulation
Reducing sediment causing soil infertile
Inappropriate operation of sluice gates causing salinization
Recommendations of community
Irrigation systems need to be constructed for production
Zoning areas for rice shrimp farming
Selecting salt-tolerant rice varieties
Having a suitable operation schedule of irrigation system for
rice and shrimp production
Impacts
of
irriga'on
system
on
rice
cul'va'on
10. Impacts
of
irriga'on
system
on
aquaculture
Descriptions
Positive impacts
Managing aquaculture ponds in flooding season
Supplying freshwater for aquaculture in brackish water
ecosystem areas
Easily controlling disease, preventing spreading to outside
irrigation systems
Negative impacts
Water pollution due to less circulating water
Lack of water in the dry season
Slow growth of fish, shrimp
Spreading disease between ponds
Increasing pumping cost
Less saline water for aquaculture in the rainy season
Recommendations of community
Operating sluice gates often to supply freshwater for
aquaculture
11. SOLUTIONS FOR BETTER MANAGEMENT OF FISHERIES RESOURCES &
IMPROVEMENT OF LIVELIHOODS FOR FISHER COMMUNITIES
Studied areas Solutions
Freshwater
ecosystems
1. Increasing communities awareness in protection of fisheries
resources
2. Diversifying careers/jobs to attract workers in local
unemployed
3. Reducing capture pressure by increasing aquaculture; and/or
compensating natural resources
4. Appropriate operating irrigation systems for rice, aquaculture
Brackishwater
ecosystems
1. Increasing communities awareness in protection of native
species, threatened species and endangered species
2. Vocational training for local unemployed to cope fisheries
resources decline
3. Zoning areas for rice shrimp farming (particularly in Ninh Quoi
– Bac Lieu need to have anti-salt dike for stable rice
production area).
4. Selecting salt-tolerant rice varieties to rotate with shrimp in
saline-soil.
5. Enhancing the role of the communities in planning, operating/
maintaining irrigation systems for production
12. Impact of irrigation system on wildfish capture production
Causes Freshwater ecosystem Brackishwater ecosystem
Inside Outside FE (aver.) Inside Outside BE (aver.)
Sample size n=57 n=54 n=111 n=49 n=51 n=100
Creating barrier to fish migration (IS) 56.1 28.8 51.0 25.0
Using of destructive fishing gears 29.8 40.7 35.1 63.3 64.7 64.0
Intensive rice crops negatively affected in
spawning grounds 35.1 25.9 30.6
Pesticides residues 36.8 14.8 26.1
Increasing number of fisherman 5.3 22.2 13.5 18.4 64.7 42.0
Capture fry and broodstock in the breeding
season 29.8 27.8 28.8 42.9 56.9 50.0
Capture of non-econ. fish species for
aquaculture feeding 68.5 33.3
0.0
200.0
400.0
600.0
800.0
1000.0
1200.0
1400.0
2010 2014 2010 2014 2010 2014 2010 2014 2010 2014 2010 2014
Inside Outside FE Inside Outside BE
Freshwater ecosystem Brackishwater ecosystem
Wildfishproduction
(kg/year/household)
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
Inside Outside FE Inside Outside BE
Freshwater ecosystem Brackishwater ecosystem
Ratioofwildfishproduction
decline(%)
Unit: %
13. Livelihood assets in the freshwater ecosystem
Livelihood assets in the brackishwater ecosystem
Livelihoods capital analysis of fisher households