The document summarizes a study that examined the impact of developments in telecommunications on poverty reduction in Nigeria. Survey data from 12,000 households across 12 states in Nigeria was analyzed using probit models. The results suggest that access to mobile phones, the internet, and computers has significantly increased household income and reduced poverty levels. Mobile phone access was found to reduce the probability of being poor by 16.3%, while internet access reduced it by 14.9% and computer access by 15%. Developments in telecommunications were also found to have significantly increased the turnover of small businesses and employment opportunities, while improving access to health information and services. The study concludes that developments in Nigeria's telecommunications sector have made a significant positive contribution to poverty
Determinants of Willingness to Pay for Mobile Telecommunications Services in ...Moses Oduh
This document summarizes a study that examined determinants of willingness to pay for mobile telecommunications services in Nigeria. The study used survey data from 5,600 individual consumers to estimate a censored Tobit model of willingness to pay. The results showed that demand for mobile services varies with socioeconomic factors, while access is limited by network coverage, quality of service, interconnectivity, and call tariffs. The study recommends price cap regulation and number portability to improve access and ensure productivity gains are passed to consumers.
Mike Nxele looks at the growth of Zimbabwe's telecommunications sector and provides policy options for future growth.
Presented at 'Moving Forward with Pro-poor Reconstruction in Zimbabwe' International Conference, Harare, Zimbabwe, (25 and 26 August 2009)
Need to Implement ICT-based Business Policies for Sustainable Economic Growth...AnthonyOtuonye
This document discusses the need for Nigeria to implement ICT-based business policies to promote sustainable economic growth. It notes that Nigeria has a large economy in Africa but can benefit from greater ICT integration. The document aims to identify how ICT can contribute to economic growth, determine barriers to ICT adoption across sectors in Nigeria, and assess ICT awareness to inform new business policies. It argues that ICT plays a fundamental role in development and competitive businesses, but ICT awareness remains low in Nigeria. The document concludes that the government should create an enabling environment for businesses through ICT-based policies to alleviate poverty and create jobs.
This report from the International Telecommunication Union provides a global overview of information and communication technology developments and monitors progress towards connectivity goals. Some key findings include:
- The least developed countries are making progress in connectivity but Internet access in households remains low at 6.7% compared to over 80% in developed nations.
- All 167 economies assessed improved their ICT Development Index values between 2010-2015, reflecting continued global progress in the information society.
- The gap is widening between middle-ranked countries and those towards the bottom, and least developed countries are falling behind in the ability to use ICTs for development gains.
- Mobile broadband prices fell significantly worldwide over the past year, making the service more affordable and
This document provides a summary of the 2010 UNCTAD Information Economy Report, which examines the potential role of ICTs in reducing poverty through enterprises. It finds that while ICT diffusion, especially mobile phones, has increased access in poor regions, connectivity and affordability remain issues. The report also explores how the ICT sector, through activities like outsourcing and ICT micro-enterprises, can generate jobs and income relevant to poverty reduction. It analyzes case studies of ICT use in value chains in sectors like agriculture and finds that ICTs can benefit enterprises at different stages. However, the report stresses that realizing ICT's potential for poverty alleviation depends on holistic, demand-driven policymaking that links
The document analyzes the Indian telecommunications sector using PESTEL analysis. It discusses the political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental factors affecting the industry. Politically, telecom reforms since the 1980s have liberalized the industry and led to strong growth. Economically, the industry contributes significantly to India's GDP and revenue is projected to double by 2012. Socially, changing lifestyles and rural connectivity have driven demand. Technologically, the industry focuses on R&D and adoption of standards like GSM and CDMA. The legal framework is provided by acts governing telecom infrastructure and regulations. Environmentally, operators are increasingly considering their impact.
Information and Communications Technologies for Development and Poverty Reduc...MTID
This document discusses the impact of information and communication technologies (ICTs) on development and poverty reduction. It presents evidence that ICT growth, especially mobile phone adoption, has been positively linked to economic growth in developing countries. While weak institutions can block effective ICT use, regulatory reforms and targeted subsidies may help address market inefficiencies and access gaps. Studies show ICTs have been adapted for and have had impacts in low-income countries, including increased prices received by farmers, expanded market reach, and time/cost savings. ICTs also have the potential to enhance delivery of public services and agricultural extension.
Determinants of Willingness to Pay for Mobile Telecommunications Services in ...Moses Oduh
This document summarizes a study that examined determinants of willingness to pay for mobile telecommunications services in Nigeria. The study used survey data from 5,600 individual consumers to estimate a censored Tobit model of willingness to pay. The results showed that demand for mobile services varies with socioeconomic factors, while access is limited by network coverage, quality of service, interconnectivity, and call tariffs. The study recommends price cap regulation and number portability to improve access and ensure productivity gains are passed to consumers.
Mike Nxele looks at the growth of Zimbabwe's telecommunications sector and provides policy options for future growth.
Presented at 'Moving Forward with Pro-poor Reconstruction in Zimbabwe' International Conference, Harare, Zimbabwe, (25 and 26 August 2009)
Need to Implement ICT-based Business Policies for Sustainable Economic Growth...AnthonyOtuonye
This document discusses the need for Nigeria to implement ICT-based business policies to promote sustainable economic growth. It notes that Nigeria has a large economy in Africa but can benefit from greater ICT integration. The document aims to identify how ICT can contribute to economic growth, determine barriers to ICT adoption across sectors in Nigeria, and assess ICT awareness to inform new business policies. It argues that ICT plays a fundamental role in development and competitive businesses, but ICT awareness remains low in Nigeria. The document concludes that the government should create an enabling environment for businesses through ICT-based policies to alleviate poverty and create jobs.
This report from the International Telecommunication Union provides a global overview of information and communication technology developments and monitors progress towards connectivity goals. Some key findings include:
- The least developed countries are making progress in connectivity but Internet access in households remains low at 6.7% compared to over 80% in developed nations.
- All 167 economies assessed improved their ICT Development Index values between 2010-2015, reflecting continued global progress in the information society.
- The gap is widening between middle-ranked countries and those towards the bottom, and least developed countries are falling behind in the ability to use ICTs for development gains.
- Mobile broadband prices fell significantly worldwide over the past year, making the service more affordable and
This document provides a summary of the 2010 UNCTAD Information Economy Report, which examines the potential role of ICTs in reducing poverty through enterprises. It finds that while ICT diffusion, especially mobile phones, has increased access in poor regions, connectivity and affordability remain issues. The report also explores how the ICT sector, through activities like outsourcing and ICT micro-enterprises, can generate jobs and income relevant to poverty reduction. It analyzes case studies of ICT use in value chains in sectors like agriculture and finds that ICTs can benefit enterprises at different stages. However, the report stresses that realizing ICT's potential for poverty alleviation depends on holistic, demand-driven policymaking that links
The document analyzes the Indian telecommunications sector using PESTEL analysis. It discusses the political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental factors affecting the industry. Politically, telecom reforms since the 1980s have liberalized the industry and led to strong growth. Economically, the industry contributes significantly to India's GDP and revenue is projected to double by 2012. Socially, changing lifestyles and rural connectivity have driven demand. Technologically, the industry focuses on R&D and adoption of standards like GSM and CDMA. The legal framework is provided by acts governing telecom infrastructure and regulations. Environmentally, operators are increasingly considering their impact.
Information and Communications Technologies for Development and Poverty Reduc...MTID
This document discusses the impact of information and communication technologies (ICTs) on development and poverty reduction. It presents evidence that ICT growth, especially mobile phone adoption, has been positively linked to economic growth in developing countries. While weak institutions can block effective ICT use, regulatory reforms and targeted subsidies may help address market inefficiencies and access gaps. Studies show ICTs have been adapted for and have had impacts in low-income countries, including increased prices received by farmers, expanded market reach, and time/cost savings. ICTs also have the potential to enhance delivery of public services and agricultural extension.
Feasibility Study Proposal Presentation for Korean National IT Industry Promotion Agency (NIPA) and Korea IT service Industry Association (ITSA) joint workshop on 23rd of Sep, 2013.
The document provides a country report on Mongolia that describes its background, ICT standing, national development strategies, ICT strategies and policies, ICT sector, projects, cooperation activities, market, and recommendations. Mongolia has a developing economy based on agriculture and mining with a GDP of $8.5 billion. It has national strategies to develop ICT with goals of increasing access, education, and integrating ICT into government services and industries. The report also outlines Mongolia's ICT policies, institutions, education initiatives, projects, partnerships, and provides a SWOT analysis and recommendations to further develop the country's ICT.
The promise of connected communities, the Indian storyUpasna Kakroo
Data circa 2007 submitted for the TPRC conference in September 20007 talking about the wireless initiatives taken up by several Indian cities and state governments similar to 'muni-wireless' initiatives in other countries.
Mark Roettgering’s Presentation at eComm 2009eCommConf
The document discusses the changing economics of the wireless communications industry. It notes that traditional industry structures are breaking down as new entrants introduce new business models. It examines sources of value creation across the mobile value system and potential changes on the horizon, including greater convergence between fixed and mobile networks and services.
Building a digital Nigeria is an Economist Intelligence Unit report. The findings are based on desk research, interviews and fieldwork in Nigeria conducted by The Economist Intelligence Unit. The research was sponsored by Accenture.
Indian Telecom Sector – Witnessing a RevolutionIOSR Journals
The document summarizes the growth and revolution of the Indian telecom sector over the past few decades. It notes that the contribution of services to India's GDP has grown from 45% in 2000 to 55% in 2010. The telecom industry in particular has witnessed explosive growth, with mobile subscribers increasing from just 1 million in the early 1990s to over 500 million by 2009. Key factors driving this growth include reforms allowing private operators to enter the market in the early 1990s, lowering of mobile call rates, and the rollout of improved technologies like 3G. The rapid expansion of telecom infrastructure and services has brought about a tremendous revolution in Indian society by connecting more people across economic classes.
Marketing implications of call drops for the patronage of gsm services in nig...Alexander Decker
This study examined the marketing implications of call drops for GSM services in Nigeria. A survey was conducted with 384 respondents from MTN, GLO, and Airtel networks in Imo and Abia States. The study found that call drops negatively impact customer loyalty, satisfaction, and patronage of GSM services. Factors like network quality, pricing, coverage, and call completion rates were found to influence customer choice of networks. Customers reported feeling dissatisfied when calls repeatedly dropped. The researchers recommended that the government and regulators more closely monitor operators' quality of service and pricing, and that network infrastructure be expanded to reduce call dropping, especially in rural areas.
The role of ict in poverty alleviation among rural farmers in abia stateAlexander Decker
The document discusses a study on the role of information and communication technology (ICT) in poverty alleviation among rural farmers in Abia State, Nigeria. Key findings of the study include:
1. Major roles of ICT identified were accessing markets outside local areas, weather forecasting, and connecting with people outside their communities.
2. Common ICT tools used were radio, television, and mobile phones. Internet and email use was not reported.
3. The study recommended that the government create an agricultural website for farmers and provide training to increase ICT skills, while improving power supply to support greater ICT adoption.
This document provides an overview of Mongolia's ICT sector and key initiatives to promote ICT-based growth. The ICT sector is overseen by the Information, Communication and Technology Policy Authority (ICTPA) and regulated by the Communications Regulatory Commission (CRC). Major policies and programs discussed include the E-Mongolia Program, National Broadband Program, Digital Broadcasting Program, and E-Government National Program. The document also outlines ICT services, technologies, projects and initiatives in Mongolia aimed at expanding infrastructure, promoting access, and developing ICT-based sectors like education, health, mining and agriculture.
Integrating ICT in Re-Branding Nigerian Youths for Constructive Empowerment a...IOSR Journals
Today, there is need to reposition our youths mental reasoning and economically empower them in order to certify the demands of the modern world. Rebranding Nigerian is one of the veritable tools to achieve this objective. Unless rebranding directs the power and energy of Nigerian youths towards academic and productive goals, the country keeps on experiencing social vices,moral and academic degradation. Gladly enough, Nigeria has joined the rest of the world in deploying ICT to ensure easy and quick enlightenment and empowerment of its populace. Obviously, ICT has grossly engaged most of the Nigerian teenagers and youths in performing educational, social, economical, governmental or religious activities in different dimensions nowadays. Therefore, this paper highlights the impact and areas where ICT has yielded positive change in rebranding Nigerian youths in achieving better mental capacity building.
The report explores how broadband can be universalized by examining trends like mobile growth, the benefits of broadband for development, progress towards connectivity targets, strategies for the last mile, and generating demand through content. It finds that while progress has been made in policies and connectivity, achieving universal access by 2015 will be difficult, and that partnerships between governments, industry and others are needed to develop innovative solutions tailored to each country's unique challenges. The report also examines how to balance internet freedoms with other societal concerns as connectivity increases.
This document provides an overview and summary of a summer internship project report on analyzing employee satisfaction at Joister Infomedia Pvt. Ltd. The summary is divided into two parts: the first part gives context on the company and objectives of the study. The second part involved collecting primary data through employee surveys to analyze job satisfaction. Key findings were presented using diagrams and charts. The intern gained valuable experience in interacting with people and dealing with different situations.
This document discusses Kenya's Vision 2030 plan to transform the country into a regional ICT hub. It provides an overview of Kenya's progress in developing its ICT sector since the 1990s through policy changes and infrastructure developments. Examples of Kenya's ICT achievements are highlighted, such as M-Pesa, Ushahidi, and growth in the business process outsourcing sector. The feasibility of Kenya achieving its Vision 2030 ICT goals is analyzed based on the contribution of ICT to GDP, innovations, and job growth seen over the past decade.
The document discusses recommendations for a National Broadband Plan in India. It notes that while broadband can help achieve development goals, India lags behind in broadband penetration compared to other countries. It recommends formulating a National Broadband Plan by 2013 to create a robust broadband infrastructure nationwide using optical fiber networks and other supporting measures. The plan aims to accelerate broadband growth and enable its development potential.
Caz Research Paper Latest&Updated Presentationguest48c8eba8
The document summarizes a paper presentation on the market demand for ICT in rural and peri-urban areas of Zambia. It defines key terms, describes the research sites in Zambia, analyzes opportunities and challenges of ICT provision in rural and peri-urban areas, and proposes strategies for developing ICT infrastructure in these areas including using mobile internet vehicles, computer kiosks, and partnerships with educational institutions.
The document discusses the concepts of development and measuring development. It provides an overview of ICT penetration globally and the digital divide between developed and developing countries based on metrics like internet users, broadband access, and mobile phone ownership. It also discusses frameworks for measuring ICT development and progress towards targets set by the UN's World Summit on the Information Society.
This document introduces the concept of our future built on broadband. By 2020, the number of connected devices is expected to outnumber connected people 6 to 1, transforming society. Today, many access the internet via mobile devices, with over 6 billion mobile subscriptions globally by early 2012. The internet economy is large and growing, estimated at $2.3 trillion or 4.1% of global GDP in 2010 for G20 countries alone. Our future networked world will enjoy high-speed connectivity anywhere via any device, building on converged next-generation networks and embracing concepts like machine-to-machine communication and the internet of things.
The telecom network in India is the fifth largest in the world and meets global standards. Currently, the Indian telecom industry contributes nearly 1% to India's GDP. The document provides a history of telecom in India beginning in 1851 and outlines key milestones such as the introduction of private sector involvement in the 1980s. It discusses government policies like the National Telecom Policy of 1999 which aimed to improve connectivity and quality of services. The rapid growth of the telecom sector post liberalization in 1991 is also summarized.
This document provides an overview of digital infrastructure in Nigeria. It finds that while internet and mobile access has improved, a digital divide still exists between urban and rural areas due to challenges in physical infrastructure and regulations. Digital technology is seen as important for diversifying Nigeria's economy beyond oil. The mobile sector is a major contributor to GDP and government revenues. Improving digital access across Nigeria could help drive further economic growth and development.
The growth and development of any nation is highly dependent on the level of infrastructure. Infrastructural decay has taken a big toll on the economic development of most Sub- Saharan African nations. This paper investigated the effect infrastructural decay on the growth of the manufacturing sector in Sub- Saharan Africa with particular reference to the Nigerian situation. The data necessary for this study were obtained from secondary sources. The results of unit root suggest that all the variables in the model are stationary. The ordinary least square regression with a coefficient of 0.92 revealed a strong positive relationship between the variables of interest. A co-integration test was performed on these variables to determine the long-run relationship between the variables. The results of causality tests suggest that electricity supply, transport infrastructure and inflation rate (the explanatory variables) jointly explain changes in the manufacturing sector performance. The result also reveals a one-way causation running from interest rate to manufacturing sector performance. The Johansen cointegration result reveals the existence of a common trend among the variables of interest. Electricity decay was found to have the greatest negative impact on the manufacturing sector’s financial performance and output followed by inflation and transportation. The government is therefore enjoined to continue the reform programmes across the infrastructural segments of the economy.
This project x-rays the contribution of the mobile sector to employment creation in Nigeria. The introduction of GSM in Nigeria created an entirely new industry and avenue for employment. Today the telecommunication sector is one of the highest employer of labour in Nigeria in both the formal and informal sector. The intended audience for this project/presentation is anyone interest in knowing the impact of GSM/Mobile in the youth employment in Nigeria.
Feasibility Study Proposal Presentation for Korean National IT Industry Promotion Agency (NIPA) and Korea IT service Industry Association (ITSA) joint workshop on 23rd of Sep, 2013.
The document provides a country report on Mongolia that describes its background, ICT standing, national development strategies, ICT strategies and policies, ICT sector, projects, cooperation activities, market, and recommendations. Mongolia has a developing economy based on agriculture and mining with a GDP of $8.5 billion. It has national strategies to develop ICT with goals of increasing access, education, and integrating ICT into government services and industries. The report also outlines Mongolia's ICT policies, institutions, education initiatives, projects, partnerships, and provides a SWOT analysis and recommendations to further develop the country's ICT.
The promise of connected communities, the Indian storyUpasna Kakroo
Data circa 2007 submitted for the TPRC conference in September 20007 talking about the wireless initiatives taken up by several Indian cities and state governments similar to 'muni-wireless' initiatives in other countries.
Mark Roettgering’s Presentation at eComm 2009eCommConf
The document discusses the changing economics of the wireless communications industry. It notes that traditional industry structures are breaking down as new entrants introduce new business models. It examines sources of value creation across the mobile value system and potential changes on the horizon, including greater convergence between fixed and mobile networks and services.
Building a digital Nigeria is an Economist Intelligence Unit report. The findings are based on desk research, interviews and fieldwork in Nigeria conducted by The Economist Intelligence Unit. The research was sponsored by Accenture.
Indian Telecom Sector – Witnessing a RevolutionIOSR Journals
The document summarizes the growth and revolution of the Indian telecom sector over the past few decades. It notes that the contribution of services to India's GDP has grown from 45% in 2000 to 55% in 2010. The telecom industry in particular has witnessed explosive growth, with mobile subscribers increasing from just 1 million in the early 1990s to over 500 million by 2009. Key factors driving this growth include reforms allowing private operators to enter the market in the early 1990s, lowering of mobile call rates, and the rollout of improved technologies like 3G. The rapid expansion of telecom infrastructure and services has brought about a tremendous revolution in Indian society by connecting more people across economic classes.
Marketing implications of call drops for the patronage of gsm services in nig...Alexander Decker
This study examined the marketing implications of call drops for GSM services in Nigeria. A survey was conducted with 384 respondents from MTN, GLO, and Airtel networks in Imo and Abia States. The study found that call drops negatively impact customer loyalty, satisfaction, and patronage of GSM services. Factors like network quality, pricing, coverage, and call completion rates were found to influence customer choice of networks. Customers reported feeling dissatisfied when calls repeatedly dropped. The researchers recommended that the government and regulators more closely monitor operators' quality of service and pricing, and that network infrastructure be expanded to reduce call dropping, especially in rural areas.
The role of ict in poverty alleviation among rural farmers in abia stateAlexander Decker
The document discusses a study on the role of information and communication technology (ICT) in poverty alleviation among rural farmers in Abia State, Nigeria. Key findings of the study include:
1. Major roles of ICT identified were accessing markets outside local areas, weather forecasting, and connecting with people outside their communities.
2. Common ICT tools used were radio, television, and mobile phones. Internet and email use was not reported.
3. The study recommended that the government create an agricultural website for farmers and provide training to increase ICT skills, while improving power supply to support greater ICT adoption.
This document provides an overview of Mongolia's ICT sector and key initiatives to promote ICT-based growth. The ICT sector is overseen by the Information, Communication and Technology Policy Authority (ICTPA) and regulated by the Communications Regulatory Commission (CRC). Major policies and programs discussed include the E-Mongolia Program, National Broadband Program, Digital Broadcasting Program, and E-Government National Program. The document also outlines ICT services, technologies, projects and initiatives in Mongolia aimed at expanding infrastructure, promoting access, and developing ICT-based sectors like education, health, mining and agriculture.
Integrating ICT in Re-Branding Nigerian Youths for Constructive Empowerment a...IOSR Journals
Today, there is need to reposition our youths mental reasoning and economically empower them in order to certify the demands of the modern world. Rebranding Nigerian is one of the veritable tools to achieve this objective. Unless rebranding directs the power and energy of Nigerian youths towards academic and productive goals, the country keeps on experiencing social vices,moral and academic degradation. Gladly enough, Nigeria has joined the rest of the world in deploying ICT to ensure easy and quick enlightenment and empowerment of its populace. Obviously, ICT has grossly engaged most of the Nigerian teenagers and youths in performing educational, social, economical, governmental or religious activities in different dimensions nowadays. Therefore, this paper highlights the impact and areas where ICT has yielded positive change in rebranding Nigerian youths in achieving better mental capacity building.
The report explores how broadband can be universalized by examining trends like mobile growth, the benefits of broadband for development, progress towards connectivity targets, strategies for the last mile, and generating demand through content. It finds that while progress has been made in policies and connectivity, achieving universal access by 2015 will be difficult, and that partnerships between governments, industry and others are needed to develop innovative solutions tailored to each country's unique challenges. The report also examines how to balance internet freedoms with other societal concerns as connectivity increases.
This document provides an overview and summary of a summer internship project report on analyzing employee satisfaction at Joister Infomedia Pvt. Ltd. The summary is divided into two parts: the first part gives context on the company and objectives of the study. The second part involved collecting primary data through employee surveys to analyze job satisfaction. Key findings were presented using diagrams and charts. The intern gained valuable experience in interacting with people and dealing with different situations.
This document discusses Kenya's Vision 2030 plan to transform the country into a regional ICT hub. It provides an overview of Kenya's progress in developing its ICT sector since the 1990s through policy changes and infrastructure developments. Examples of Kenya's ICT achievements are highlighted, such as M-Pesa, Ushahidi, and growth in the business process outsourcing sector. The feasibility of Kenya achieving its Vision 2030 ICT goals is analyzed based on the contribution of ICT to GDP, innovations, and job growth seen over the past decade.
The document discusses recommendations for a National Broadband Plan in India. It notes that while broadband can help achieve development goals, India lags behind in broadband penetration compared to other countries. It recommends formulating a National Broadband Plan by 2013 to create a robust broadband infrastructure nationwide using optical fiber networks and other supporting measures. The plan aims to accelerate broadband growth and enable its development potential.
Caz Research Paper Latest&Updated Presentationguest48c8eba8
The document summarizes a paper presentation on the market demand for ICT in rural and peri-urban areas of Zambia. It defines key terms, describes the research sites in Zambia, analyzes opportunities and challenges of ICT provision in rural and peri-urban areas, and proposes strategies for developing ICT infrastructure in these areas including using mobile internet vehicles, computer kiosks, and partnerships with educational institutions.
The document discusses the concepts of development and measuring development. It provides an overview of ICT penetration globally and the digital divide between developed and developing countries based on metrics like internet users, broadband access, and mobile phone ownership. It also discusses frameworks for measuring ICT development and progress towards targets set by the UN's World Summit on the Information Society.
This document introduces the concept of our future built on broadband. By 2020, the number of connected devices is expected to outnumber connected people 6 to 1, transforming society. Today, many access the internet via mobile devices, with over 6 billion mobile subscriptions globally by early 2012. The internet economy is large and growing, estimated at $2.3 trillion or 4.1% of global GDP in 2010 for G20 countries alone. Our future networked world will enjoy high-speed connectivity anywhere via any device, building on converged next-generation networks and embracing concepts like machine-to-machine communication and the internet of things.
The telecom network in India is the fifth largest in the world and meets global standards. Currently, the Indian telecom industry contributes nearly 1% to India's GDP. The document provides a history of telecom in India beginning in 1851 and outlines key milestones such as the introduction of private sector involvement in the 1980s. It discusses government policies like the National Telecom Policy of 1999 which aimed to improve connectivity and quality of services. The rapid growth of the telecom sector post liberalization in 1991 is also summarized.
This document provides an overview of digital infrastructure in Nigeria. It finds that while internet and mobile access has improved, a digital divide still exists between urban and rural areas due to challenges in physical infrastructure and regulations. Digital technology is seen as important for diversifying Nigeria's economy beyond oil. The mobile sector is a major contributor to GDP and government revenues. Improving digital access across Nigeria could help drive further economic growth and development.
The growth and development of any nation is highly dependent on the level of infrastructure. Infrastructural decay has taken a big toll on the economic development of most Sub- Saharan African nations. This paper investigated the effect infrastructural decay on the growth of the manufacturing sector in Sub- Saharan Africa with particular reference to the Nigerian situation. The data necessary for this study were obtained from secondary sources. The results of unit root suggest that all the variables in the model are stationary. The ordinary least square regression with a coefficient of 0.92 revealed a strong positive relationship between the variables of interest. A co-integration test was performed on these variables to determine the long-run relationship between the variables. The results of causality tests suggest that electricity supply, transport infrastructure and inflation rate (the explanatory variables) jointly explain changes in the manufacturing sector performance. The result also reveals a one-way causation running from interest rate to manufacturing sector performance. The Johansen cointegration result reveals the existence of a common trend among the variables of interest. Electricity decay was found to have the greatest negative impact on the manufacturing sector’s financial performance and output followed by inflation and transportation. The government is therefore enjoined to continue the reform programmes across the infrastructural segments of the economy.
This project x-rays the contribution of the mobile sector to employment creation in Nigeria. The introduction of GSM in Nigeria created an entirely new industry and avenue for employment. Today the telecommunication sector is one of the highest employer of labour in Nigeria in both the formal and informal sector. The intended audience for this project/presentation is anyone interest in knowing the impact of GSM/Mobile in the youth employment in Nigeria.
There has been tremendous growth in mobile banking penetration in many countries in the developed and
developing economies and most interestingly in a number of developing countries such as Nigeria. Yet there are numbers of opportunities and threats in the mobile banking systems. However the major threat of mobile banking is its non-adoption by the banking customers. This research focuses on the perceived barriers to mobile banking adoption in Nigeria as a developing economy. The study adopted an exploratory qualitative method and this was conducted among banking customers spread across three regions of North, West and East of Nigeria. The basis of participants’ selection was being active customers of the Nigerian banks. Findings indicate that there is intention to adopt the mobile banking services; unfortunately, the
intentions cannot be translated into action due mainly to lack of trust on issues such as the delivery
channels/technology, communication infrastructures, government policies, etc. Findings further revealed
that majority of respondents do not use internet and mobile banking services, due to several identified
barriers. There is however a preference for the traditional banking approaches as opposed to the mobile
banking services. The study recommends that banks and other financial institutions embark on massive
awareness campaign.
Using ICT Policy Framework as Panacea for Economic Recession and Instability ...AnthonyOtuonye
This document proposes an ICT-based strategic model for Nigeria to address its current economic recession. It begins with background on Nigeria's GDP decline in the first two quarters of 2016, confirming it is in recession. It then reviews literature on causes of recessions and proposed solutions for Nigeria, such as returning to agriculture or government spending cuts. However, the document argues for considering ICT's potential through initiatives like broadband expansion, e-governance, and ICT infrastructure development to create jobs, boost productivity and GDP. It develops a model linking ICT policy, entrepreneurship, broadband policy, and ICT in education to spur economic benefits. The document recommends full implementation of this ICT-driven model for Nigeria to facilitate quick
REGULATION, COMTHE IMPACT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS IN INFLUENCING CUSTOMERS’...ijmpict
This document analyzes productivity changes in the African telecommunications industry from 2000 to 2009. It finds that the industry has improved productivity levels during this period, though most productivity growth resulted from technological advancement rather than gains in technical efficiency. Market competition and increasing subscriptions also positively impacted productivity. The study concludes that African countries can further boost productivity in their telecommunications sectors by improving technical efficiencies, increasing outputs like mobile phone penetration, and allowing more competition through international network operators.
REGULATION, COMPETITION AND PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN THE AFRICAN TELECOMMUNICAT...ijmpict
The telecommunications industry in Africa has exhibited tremendous development since the turn of the century. This study analyzes production efficiency changes in the African telecommunications industry in the period 2000 to 2009. Furthermore, an attempt is made to assess the determinants for such efficiency changes. The results show that the industry has improved its productivity levels. However, most of the productivity growth is resulted from technological advancement and less from technical efficiency. Additionally, market competition and increasing subscriptions have also positively affected the sector’s productivity. Hence, this study implies that African countries can further improve productivity in their telecommunications sector by improving on technical efficiencies, increase outputs especially the penetration of mobile telephony, and allow competition in the market with participation from international network operators
Politics And Reality Of Telephone Subscriber RegistrationConrad Taylor
This document summarizes the politics and realities of telephone subscription growth in emerging markets. It discusses the successes and challenges of expanding mobile access, including rapid subscription growth but also infrastructure barriers. It examines perspectives on the ethical role of governments in improving communications and considers policies around provision of telephony as a public good. It recommends that governments establish broad ICT strategies to deliver telephony as a public service and create an environment conducive to increased subscription.
The impact of consumer confidence and expectation on consumption in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the impact of consumer confidence and expectations on household spending in Nigeria using panel data from 2009-2011. The results show that consumer confidence, current income, income expectations, expected changes in prices of food and durables, and exchange rate are determinants of consumption in Nigeria. Surprisingly, the short-run marginal propensity to consume is substantially larger than the long-run marginal propensity to consume, indicating low savings possibly due to loss of confidence in interest rates among households. The study aims to identify factors that influence private consumption in order to stimulate consumption and redirect economic growth in Nigeria.
The Impact of Consumer Confidence and Expectation on Consumption in Nigeria: ...Moses Oduh
This document analyzes the impact of consumer confidence and expectations on consumption in Nigeria using panel data from 2009-2011. The results show that consumer confidence, current income, income expectations, expected changes in prices of food and durables, and exchange rates are key determinants of consumption in Nigeria. Surprisingly, the short-term marginal propensity to consume is substantially higher than the long-term marginal propensity to consume, indicating low savings that may result from a loss of confidence in interest rates among households. The study aims to underscore the importance of consumer confidence and expectations for household spending in Nigeria.
REVIEW AND ANALYSIS ON TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORKS INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE NORTH...IJCSES Journal
The document discusses telecommunication network infrastructure in Nigeria's Northwest province and proposes solutions to optimize it. It finds the region currently has poor infrastructure compared to other areas, with minimum network connection, inadequate power supply, and high costs. The paper analyzes the current 3G network infrastructure, mobile market, and key network providers. It recommends upgrading to 4G to improve data bandwidth, internet penetration, and quality of service in the region.
REVIEW AND ANALYSIS ON TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORKS INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE NORTH...IJCSES Journal
Telecommunication network infrastructure determines the strength of a country for successful
communication with other parts of the world. Due to the rapid increase of internet usage and mobile
communication in every part of the world, specifically the third world countries, Nigeria is among the
countries that is advancing in the used of telecommunication contraptions. The Nigerian
Telecommunication Industries play a vital role in boosting the social and economic infrastructure of the
country. This paper is aimed at investigating the Telecommunication Network infrastructure in the Northwestern part of Nigerian and propose some technologies that increase data bandwidth and internet
penetration in the region. Problems and future solutions to the existing network infrastructure in the
province were discussed and basic analysis is conducted to justify the importance of the study. Mobile
market analysis, current infrastructure, parameters evaluation and the way forward to the problems are
discussed. Comparative analysis between the existing network infrastructure that is 3G networks and the
proffer solution to the existing standard which is 4G network is also conducted. This paper also conducts
an analysis on the existing Network providers in the region with their draw backs and the quality of
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Impact of developments in telecommunications on poverty in nigeria
1. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.3, No.6, 2012
Impact of Developments in Telecommunications on Poverty in
Nigeria
Nathaniel E. Urama 1* and Moses O. Oduh2
1. Economics Department, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nigeria
2. Debt Management Office, Abuja, Nigeria
*
E-mail of the corresponding author: unataniel@ymail.com
The data used for the analysis was sourced from that of a research financed by the Nigerian communication
commission (NCC)
Abstract
This study tried to ascertain the impact of developments in telecommunications on household Poverty level in
Nigeria through its impact on household per capita income, small business turn over employment and health,
using cross-sectional data from a nationwide survey. Two states were selected from each of the six
geo-political zones in the country and in each state, a sample of 1 000 households were selected, making a total
sample size of 12 000. The estimation was carried out using a probit model. The results of both the regression
and marginal impact analysis generally suggest that developments in telecommunications to a very large extent
have a positive impact on poverty reduction in Nigeria. This lead to the recommendation that the Nigerian
Communications Commission should try and see that there is increase in development of the telecom sector
through liberalization and deregulation.
Keywords: Nigeria, poverty reduction, probit model, marginal impact, liberalization.
1 Introduction
There has been some notable development in Nigeria telecommunication sector which include; liberalization of
the sector in 2001, the establishment of Universal Service Provision Fund (USPF) in 2003, Deregulated
Telecommunications Services, Increase in the Number of Major Players and others. These have made the
sector to witness unprecedented growth since 2001. In 2004, the Nigerian telecom sector received global acclaim
as one of the fastest growing mobile markets in the world and this trend continued to date. From about 0.886
million lines at the end of 2001, the number of connected telephone lines increased to about 98.67 million as at
April 2010. This represents an average annual growth rate of about 115%. The number of active lines increased
from 41.9 million in 2007 to 78.85 million as at April 2010. The installed capacity increased from 84.7
million in 2007 to over 146.6 million as at April 2010 (Pyramids Research Reports, 2009),
(www.ncc.gov.ng/index5_e.htm). Equally, the usage and penetration of internet services witnessed
commensurate growth. Internet users increased from less than half a million in 2002 to about 1.8 million in 2004,
representing increase in penetration rates from 0.3 in 2002 to 1.4 in 2004. Trends in teledensity in Nigeria
increased from 0.72 in 2001 to over 56 in 2010. (http://www.ncc.gov.ng/index5_e.htm).
These also came with huge investments in infrastructure by the providers. Private investment into the
Nigerian telecommunications sector has grown to over US$6 billion, from US$50 million in 2001, with the
sector now the largest generator of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) after the Oil and Gas Industry (Ndukwe,
2008). NCC (2005) also reports that equity investments into the Information and Communications (ICT) sector
constitute about 56% of total investments made by Nigerian banks under the Small and Medium Enterprises
Investment Scheme (SMEIS). A number of international agencies and multilateral institutions have also been
investing in the Nigerian telecommunications industry. These include the International Finance Corporation
(IFC) - the private sector arm of the World Bank Group, which played a significant role in the US$395million
syndicated loan to MTN Nigeria. IFC contributed US$100 million to the financing package, representing about a
quarter of the entire deal package, and one of its largest ever investments in the telecommunications sector. IFC’s
contribution to the deal was also the corporation’s second largest investment in Africa so far. Other international
agencies investing locally include the Export-Import Bank of the US (US Exim Bank), African Export-Import
Bank (AFREXIM), African Development Bank (ADB), Development Bank of South Africa (DBSA), and DMO
Germany (http://www.ncc.gov.ng/index5_e.htm).
Data from CBN statistical bulletin and NCC website indicates that the sectoral growth of the telecommunications
component of the GDP increased from 8% to 30% between 2000 and 2004 and that, the percentage
contribution of telecommunications to GDP increased from 0.55% in 2001 to 2.75% in 2008 (CBN, Various
25
2. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.3, No.6, 2012
years and NCC, 2010). Also, the communications sector’s contribution to GDP increased from 0.11% to 1.14%
while total telecommunications revenue constituted 3.5% in 2004, this was a sharp increase from the 0.8% that
was experienced in 2000, (CBN, Various years and NCC, 2005).
Indeed, GSM (an important part of telecommunications) has emerged as an integral and essential part of the
culture and life of Nigerians. It has also created countless opportunities for small and medium businesses in
franchises, dealerships, retailer-ships and value added services within the GSM market. For instance, over
10,000 people are directly employed by GSM operators alone in 2003 while an estimated 1,000,000 indirect
employment opportunities are created through the operation of GSM (Recharge card hawkers, Resellers, etc,
including the ‘umbrella people’). Also, over 10.5 million Nigerians now have a convenient way of
communication. This development has greatly affected positively business environment in the country.
To buttress the last sentence in the above paragraph, Fong (2009) assesses the impact of ICTs on Gross
National Income (GNI) per capita in developing countries in 2005 and found a significant relationship between
GNI per capita (in PPP international dollar) and adoption of each ICTs (mobile phone, personal computer, and
telephone) but not for Internet technology adoption. Jensen, (2007), Mercer, (2001), Oberski, (2004), Reisman,
Roger, and Edge, (2001), United Nations Development Programme [UNDP], (2001), World Bank, (2003)
Bongo, (2005), Tella, Amaghionyeodiwe and Adesoye, (2007)and UNICT. (2003) confirmed the positive
relationship between ICTs and economic growth. They suggest that ICTs have potential in alleviating poverty in
poor countries. These technologies have also been viewed by governments and international aid agencies as
important tools for national integration because they are capable of enabling greater access to health and
education services and creating economic opportunities for underprivileged population groups. In fact, the 2006
Information and Communications for Developments report published by World Bank (2006) for example,
considered ICTs to be crucial to poverty reduction.
1.1 Problem statement
Despite the above developments in telecommunication and their supposed influence on the production process
and other socio-economics activities in Nigeria, poverty level is still very high and increasing. The Nigerian
Human Development Report 2008/09 (HDR) published by UNDP in December 2009 reports that 54.4% of the
population lives below the national poverty line (UNDP, 2009). Unemployment rate in Nigeria rose from about
12 out of 100 working age people in 1999 to 18 in 2005 with the rate of youth unemployment rising in urban
area than rural area. This makes sceptics to worry that the above positive impacts of telecommunication
especially on the poor may be exaggerated. This may be due to weak methodological approaches; the forced
transition: as information is a luxury good whose demand requires the attainment of higher incomes; the
implications for local social relations and the negative impacts of a “single” global economy; the barrier that cost
of access imposes on the poor and the other trade-offs; the focus on benefits rather than a cost-benefit analysis
etc. See for instance, Sardar (1996), Jayaweera (1986), and Kaye and little (2002), Kenny, C. et al (2000),
Lanvin and Qiang (2003).
Furthermore, subscribers are faced with some constraints which militate against their deriving maximum returns
from the use of telephones. All these could, on the long run, impact negatively on the performance of the sector
and hence have negative impact on the poor. The issue is therefore broader than access.
1.3 Research Questions and Objectives
From what has been described above, there is no doubt that access to telecommunication has improved in
Nigeria through all the new developments in the sector. However, the questions to be answered are: Is access
enough? That is, does mere access translate to improved wellbeing: increased income? The objective of this
study is therefore to examine the extent to which Nigeria’s telecommunications development has influenced
poverty reduction and general well being of the masses.
2 Methodological Design
This study is a microeconomic analysis which used micro econometric model with primary data collected from a
cross sectional survey of 12 states in Nigeria. The States were selected based on Income level, Geographical
Location, Catchments Areas, Institutional, Ethnic and behavioural diversity. The states are Benue and Nassarawa
from North-Central; Bauchi and Yobe from North-East; Kaduna and Kebbi from North-West; Ogun and Ekiti
from South-West; Enugu and Anambra from South-East; and Akwa-Ibom and Edo from South-South. In each
of the states selected, the survey was conducted in urban and rural Local Government Areas. The sample size is
12,000 and this was uniformly distributed across the states being sampled (1000 per State).
26
3. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.3, No.6, 2012
2.1 Model Specification
The impact of ICT on poverty is approached from a multi dimensional stand point through its impact on income
generation (household per capita Income) (Y1), Business turns over (Y2), employment creation (Y3) and
health of the households (Y4). These can each be modelled as a function of vector of household demographic
DF ICT
characteristics X m , vector of household Information and Communication Technology indicators X m and
SE
vector of household socioeconomic characteristics X m .
In addition to model 1, the analysis involves the use of probit model to find out the marginal impact of each of
the variables especially the ICT indicators on poverty.
3. Presentation of Research Findings
3.1 Estimation of the impact of telecommunications on Household per capita income and poverty
The estimated impact of developments in telecommunications on household per capita income and poverty are
shown in table 1 appendix A. Models (1) and (2) are the Ordinary least Square (OLS) estimates and OLS with
robust standard errors respectively.
The regression results as contained in table 1 indicate that access to television has a positive and significant
impact on Income per capita of households. The seventh row shows that having fixed telephone has a positive
but non-significant impact on per capita income of household but helps in poverty reduction. On the other hand,
having mobile telephone, computer at home and access to internet as shown in the eight, ninth and tenth row
respectively of same table 1 have very strong impact on increasing per capita income and reduction of poverty.
The fact that poor households have access to most of telecommunications may imply reverse causality. Having
mobile phone has the largest positive impact on household income and this is followed by having internet access
at home and ownership of a computer. These three devices may increase income earning capacity of households
and thus reduce household poverty.
Table 2 in appendix A contains a summary of the probit estimates of the marginal impact of telecommunications
on poverty. Households that have and use mobile phones have about 16.3 percent lower probability of being poor
compared to households that do not. Having internet at home reduces household’s chances of being poor by
about 14.9 percent and having a computer at home decreases household’s chances of being poor by about 15
percent. Households that have access to fixed telephone lines have 17.6 percent lower probability of being poor
compared to those that do not.
3.2 Impact of developments in telecommunications on the turnover of small businesses
Table 3 in appendix A shows the estimated impact of developments in telecommunications on the turnover of
small businesses. We find that internet usage has positive and significant impact on the monthly turnover of
small businesses and this remained robust after controlling for other factors. The uses of mobile phone and
number of years used mobile phone in business have significant positive effect on monthly turnover. Using the
internet and mobile phone to interact with customers and to get information about the market has significant
positive impact on business turnover. Business owners who are aware of developments in the
telecommunications have significantly higher turnover than those who are not aware of such developments. This
implies that awareness and use of telecommunications have become fundamental for business success in recent
times.
To further show the positive impact of developments in telecom on income of especially the poor and Small
scale business turnover, figure 1 in appendix A shows average annual additions to total profit of the small scale
business due to developments in telecommunications. The figure indicates that the internet and mobile phone
usage increase annual profits substantially. For example, small businesses that have been using the mobile phone
frequently in business for the past eight years have achieved annual average increase in profits of about ₦125
000, while those business that have been using the internet in their operations have achieved annual increase in
profits of about ₦75 000 on the average.
Figure 2 in appendix A shows the perception of small businesses on how developments in telecommunications
have impacted on their business profitability, sustainability and security. The overall evidence indicates that
developments in telecommunications in Nigeria have impacted significantly on these three indicators. For
example, of the businesses surveyed, about 50 percent believed that developments in telecommunications have
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Vol.3, No.6, 2012
increased business profit to a great extent, while about 40 percent believe it has increased business profits. Less
than 10 percent of the respondents believe developments in telecommunications have no effect on business profit
while less than 1 percent believes it has decreased business profits. Similar pictures are shown on the perceptions
of businesses on business security and sustainability. These have important implications for realization of MDGs
in Nigeria. One such implication is that growth in small businesses can be sustained by developments in
telecommunications and this is likely to increase the probability of individuals undertaking self-employment
activities and hence reduce the risk of persistent poverty due to unemployment.
3.3 Impact of developments in telecommunications on employment and health.
Table 4 in Appendix A contains the result of the impact of developments in telecommunications on employment
and health. These results indicate that individuals that live in urban areas are more likely to find employment
or more easily change their jobs compared to individuals that live in rural areas, controlling for other factors.
Consistent with the above, individuals that live in urban areas have better health outcome. Availability of internet
at home increases the chance of getting employment on average and decreases the probability of falling ill.
This may be because the individual is likely to get better health information and how to apply them through the
internet.
Although the micro analysis could not establish a significant relationship between ownership of both fixed and
mobile phone and probability of having ill health, table 4 of appendix A contain the fact that access to telecom
facilities makes it easier for households to contact their medical doctor(s) in times of need and this increases the
speed of getting medical advices thereby, boosting the family health.
4 Conclusion and Policy Recommendations
4.1 Conclusion
This study tried to ascertain the impact of developments in telecommunications on Poverty at the micro
(individual, household, small business) level. The work started by identifying the key developments that has
taken place in the telecommunications sector in Nigeria. The objective of the study is to find out the impact of
these developments indicators in telecommunication and Poverty reduction. In order to achieve this, we used
cross-sectional data generated from a nationwide survey of households and individuals, small businesses and
MDG institutions. Two states were selected from each geo-political zone and each state was divided into urban
and rural areas where questionnaires were administered on households and individual members, small businesses
and MDG-related institutions to capture as much variation in the data as possible.
The regression analysis used a probit method at the individual and household levels as well as on the small firms’
levels in addition to other descriptive statistics. The estimation was conducted on the impact of developments in
telecommunications on household poverty and household per capita income, while at the individual level we
estimated the impact of developments in telecommunications on health and employment. For small businesses
we estimated the impact on the monthly additions to business sales or turnover.
The results generally suggest that developments in telecoms to a very large extent have a positive impact on
poverty reduction in Nigeria
4.2 Recommendations
Nigeria has less than four years to the target year for the attainment of the MDGs in which Poverty reduction is a
major goal and there are considerable challenges still to be overcome. The poverty rate in Nigeria is still very
high. This study reveals that the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC) should be seen as an active
partner in helping to see that poverty is reduced to the barest minimum in Nigeria. So far, it has been a passive
partner. What this study has shown is that more telecommunications is better than less in the pursuit of poverty
reduction goal. The sure way to provide more telecommunication is to ensure real competition which is within
the domain of NCC.
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APPENDIX A: Detailed Regression result of the analysis
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Percapita ~e Percapita ~e poor poor
location of respon~t 2589.3** 2589.3** -0.189* -0.189*
(2.70) (2.59) (-2.51) (-2.49)
Age of household head -127.65* -127.65* 0.089** 0.089**
(-39.6) (-39.04) (0.13) (0.19)
number of househol~s -988.7*** -988.7*** 0.0534*** 0.0534***
(-9.05) (-10.44) (5.28) (4.72)
has electricity -2059.9 -2059.9 -0.0181 -0.0181
(-1.29) (-1.02) (-0.14) (-0.13)
has radio -823.2 -823.2 0.581*** 0.581***
(-0.61) (-0.74) (3.93) (3.92)
has television 2851.3* 2851.3* 0.190 0.190
(1.98) (2.32) (1.71) (1.63)
has fixed telephon~e 1777.2 1777.2 -0.512*** 0.512***
(1.11) (1.06) (-4.96) (-4.93)
has a mobile phone 5136.2** 5136.2*** -0.668*** 0.668***
(3.15) (6.01) (-4.61) (-4.48)
has computer at home 6111.8*** 6111.8*** -0.466*** 0.466***
(4.74) (3.65) (-5.26) (-5.08)
has internet acces~e 7662.5*** 7662.5** -0.487*** 0.487***
(4.90) (3.25) (-4.86) (-4.00)
Constant 11203.1*** 11203.1*** 0.602** 0.602**
(5.33) (7.75) (3.11) (3.18)
Adjusted R-squared 0.133 0.133
Pseudo R-squared 0.123 0.123
AIC 32038.4 32038.4 1701.9 1701.9
BIC 32091.1 32091.1 1756.1 1756.1
t statistics in parentheses
* p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001
Table 1: Estimates of the Impact of Telecommunications on Household Per capita Income and Poverty
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(1) (2)
poor poorrobust
location of respon~) -0.0579* -0.0579*
(-2.52) (-2.51)
number of househol~s 0.0164*** 0.0164***
(5.33) (4.79)
has electricity -0.00555 -0.00555
(-0.14) (-0.13)
has radio 0.178*** 0.178***
(3.94) (3.93)
has television 0.0583 0.0583
(1.71) (1.63)
has fixed telephon~) -0.176*** -0.176***
(-4.58) (-4.53)
has a mobile phone~) -0.163*** -0.163***
(-6.21) (-6.04)
has computer at ho~) -0.154*** -0.154***
(-4.97) (-4.82)
has internet acces~e -0.149*** -0.149***
(-4.84) (-3.98)
Pseudo R-squared 0.123 0.123
AIC 1701.9 1701.9
BIC 1756.1 1756.1
Marginal effects; t statistics in parentheses
(d) for discrete change of dummy variable from 0 to 1
* p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001
Table 2: Marginal Effects of Telecommunication on household Poverty
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(1) (2) (3) (4)
turnover turnover turnover turnover
number of years in~s 0.00122 0.00136 0.00266 0.00220
(0.16) (0.18) (0.35) (0.29)
use internet for b~s 0.988*** 0.853*** 0.748** 0.744**
(3.95) (3.43) (2.97) (2.95)
use television for~s -0.0813 -0.0914 -0.0939 -0.0920
(-0.61) (-0.69) (-0.71) (-0.69)
use mobile phone f~s 3.013* 2.928 2.661 2.656
(1.96) (1.93) (1.76) (1.76)
number of years us~n 0.0652** 0.0570** 0.0534* 0.0541**
(3.14) (2.77) (2.56) (2.59)
use other telecom ~r 1.120 0.941 0.823 0.829
(1.46) (1.24) (1.09) (1.10)
use telecom facili~i 0.975*** 0.833*** 0.830*** 0.825***
(8.88) (7.42) (7.26) (7.20)
used for interacti~m 0.640*** 0.554*** 0.577*** 0.572***
(4.80) (4.17) (4.27) (4.21)
use for purchasing~o 0.562*** 0.523*** 0.521***
(4.76) (4.39) (4.37)
awareness of any d~ 0.433*** 0.434***
(3.62) (3.63)
use for e-banking 0.109
(0.47)
Constant 6.044*** 6.130*** 6.106*** 6.112***
(3.94) (4.05) (4.05) (4.05)
R-squared 0.160 0.183 0.200 0.201
Adjusted R-squared 0.152 0.174 0.190 0.189
AIC 2998.2 2977.6 2879.7 2881.5
BIC 3040.5 3024.6 2931.1 2937.5
t statistics in parentheses
* p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001
Table 3: Impact of Developments in Telecommunications on Business Turnover
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(1) (2)
employed ill health
sex of the respond~t -0.121 -0.0704
(-1.50) (-1.02)
location of respon~t 0.171* -0.181**
(2.09) (-2.63)
education level of~t 0.264*** -0.135**
(4.56) (-3.04)
used radio 0.0937 -0.222**
(0.99) (-2.74)
used television -0.351*** 0.261***
(-3.80) (3.34)
used internet 0.425*** -0.572***
(3.95) (-5.59)
used fixed telephone 0.594* 0.0353
(2.51) (0.15)
used mobile phone 0.125 0.117
(1.04) (1.20)
getting job relate~n 0.282**
(3.16)
used other telecom~s -0.220
(-0.23)
getting informatio~h -0.0169
(-0.19)
ever contacted a d~c 0.342***
(5.71)
Constant -1.713*** 0.449**
(-9.33) (3.05)
Pseudo R-squared 0.069 0.052
AIC 1373.6 2004.0
BIC 1427.0 2068.
t statistics in parentheses
* p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001
Table 4: Probit Model of Impact of Telecommunications on Employment and Health
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Average Annual Addition to Profit due to Telecomm Development by Usage
500
100
000
100
m a o a m th r
en f v n p
5 ,0 0
00 0
television internet fixed telephone mobile phone other facilities
Figure 1: Average Annual Addition to Profit in small Business due to developments in telecoms.
60
50
40
30
20
10
0 Percent
decreased to a great
no effect
increased to a great
decreased to a great
no effect
increased to a great
decreased to a great
no effect
increased to a great
increased
increased
decreased
increased
extent
extent
extent
extent
extent
extent
Profitability business sustainability Business Security
Figure 2: Self Assessment of Impact of Developments in Telecommunications by Small Businesses
34
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