This paper analyses the impact of Contributory Pension Scheme on employee savings and investment
in Nigeria using Anambra State public workers as a case study. The paper uses cross – sectional primary data
sourced through a structured questionnaire administered on 387 respondents (i.e. those that have been in
service for the period of 5 years and on grade level 8. This choice is based on the fact that they will save
money than those in grade levels less than 8. The empirical analysis reveals that majority of the respondents
prefers to save outside any pension scheme implying that they are participating because it is compulsory. Again,
most of the respondents are not aware of their employers’ own contribution to their contributory pension
scheme. The study therefore concludes among others that the Nigerian government should create more
awareness and enlightement campaign on the workers’ contributory pension scheme geared towards
retirements
Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana – Performance Trends and Policy RecommendationsCIRM
India is characterized by modest health indicators, a paucity of medical financing schemes that have reached scale, high per capita out-of-pocket health expenditure, and very low public health spending on low-income citizens. The lack of financing options especially when the population is facing a double burden of disease (frequent communicable and catastrophic lifestyle diseases) leads to poor health outcomes and to poverty traps. Hence, optimal public health financing is important for improving national health outcomes and reducing vulnerability.
Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana – Performance Trends and Policy RecommendationsCIRM
India is characterized by modest health indicators, a paucity of medical financing schemes that have reached scale, high per capita out-of-pocket health expenditure, and very low public health spending on low-income citizens. The lack of financing options especially when the population is facing a double burden of disease (frequent communicable and catastrophic lifestyle diseases) leads to poor health outcomes and to poverty traps. Hence, optimal public health financing is important for improving national health outcomes and reducing vulnerability.
By Venkitasubramanian Akshay
When it comes to healthcare, there are two India's – a country that provides state of the art medical care to middle-class Indians and attracts medical tourists; and another where a majority of its own citizens cannot afford or even get access to basic healthcare.
In response to the many media queries, National Treasury wishes to provide more details on
the approach and planned timelines concerning the proposal to allow for greater preservation
with limited pre-retirement withdrawals from retirement funds.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Mr Anil Swarup Dir General, Ministry of Labour & Development, Govt of India presented on the biggest health insurance scheme (RSBY) run by the government at a seminar hosted by CIRM in Chennai, India
This Blog written by me attempts to discuss the features and Benefits of Employee Provident fund Scheme as a Fixed Savings instrument in terms of Applicability, Contributions, Return, Risks, Lock-in period, Liquidity, Tax Benefits, Voluntary PF and highlights the recent relief measures that the government has announced considering the current COVID-19 Pandemic
International Public Sector Accounting Standards and Financial Reporting in N...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF) discourages theoretical articles that are limited to axiomatics or that discuss minor variations of familiar models. Similarly, IOSR-JEF has little interest in empirical papers that do not explain the model's theoretical foundations or that exhausts themselves in applying a new or established technique (such as cointegration) to another data set without providing very good reasons why this research is important.
By Venkitasubramanian Akshay
When it comes to healthcare, there are two India's – a country that provides state of the art medical care to middle-class Indians and attracts medical tourists; and another where a majority of its own citizens cannot afford or even get access to basic healthcare.
In response to the many media queries, National Treasury wishes to provide more details on
the approach and planned timelines concerning the proposal to allow for greater preservation
with limited pre-retirement withdrawals from retirement funds.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Mr Anil Swarup Dir General, Ministry of Labour & Development, Govt of India presented on the biggest health insurance scheme (RSBY) run by the government at a seminar hosted by CIRM in Chennai, India
This Blog written by me attempts to discuss the features and Benefits of Employee Provident fund Scheme as a Fixed Savings instrument in terms of Applicability, Contributions, Return, Risks, Lock-in period, Liquidity, Tax Benefits, Voluntary PF and highlights the recent relief measures that the government has announced considering the current COVID-19 Pandemic
International Public Sector Accounting Standards and Financial Reporting in N...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF) discourages theoretical articles that are limited to axiomatics or that discuss minor variations of familiar models. Similarly, IOSR-JEF has little interest in empirical papers that do not explain the model's theoretical foundations or that exhausts themselves in applying a new or established technique (such as cointegration) to another data set without providing very good reasons why this research is important.
The Effect of Safety of Fund and the Pension Reforms of 2014 in Nigeriaijtsrd
This study examined the new Pension scheme, the contributory Pension Scheme CPS , introduced in an Act of 2014, in Nigeria into the Public and Private sectors. The aim is to ensure that the challenges of the old schemes are removed to the barest minimum with the adoption of the new scheme. However, the scheme is being attacked from numerous quarters. The issues of safety of the funds contributions seemed to have overshadowed the intended benefits of the scheme. The participants in the scheme are too small to sustain their livelihood. Some have said that the payments fall shorts of their expectations and hence, the need for the scheme to be reviewed, or scrapped. This study shows that safety and adequacy of the fund is important to the sustenance of the scheme. Odogu Laime Isaac | Disu Babatunde Suleman "The Effect of Safety of Fund and the Pension Reforms of 2014 in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50549.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/50549/the-effect-of-safety-of-fund-and-the-pension-reforms-of-2014-in-nigeria/odogu-laime-isaac
Retirement Benefit Management in Nigerian Public Services: A Case Study of Na...iosrjce
The glamour of public service which makes it distinct and more attractive is its pay system which
includes retirement benefits. In recent years however this glamour is gradually fading away due largely to the
uncertainties associated with the retirement benefit management as retirees continue to face hardship in getting
their benefit as and when due. The situation remains perennial and has aroused the curiosity of these
researchers on the subject matter. The study focused on retirement benefit management in Nigeria public
service: challenges and prospects. Objectives of the study were: To assess the extent of contributory pension
scheme in pension services in Nigeria. To find out the challenges facing retirement benefits management in
Nigeria and to suggest measures that would ensure efficient management and effective retirement benefit
management in Nigeria. The study adopted a survey design, using questionnaires as instrument of data
collection. Data collected were represented in frequency, tables and analyzed using percentage. Findings
revealed that the Pension Commission has been able to implement the contributory pension scheme to a high
extent. It was also discovered that the major challenges facing PENCOM was inadequate manpower, while it
was further revealed that more qualified personnel would help the commission perform better. The study
recommended the establishment of a new agency to assist PENCOM in the area of enforcement, more funding to
enable it establish officers in each state and close collaboration with anticorruption agencies to ensure timely
detection and prevention of fraud in the pension industry
The Indian subcontinent is known for its population and at present is one of the
countries having maximum number of youngsters. This also indicates an increase in old
age population. Meeting the needs of the old age has also been a matter of challenge to
the government. Both public sector and private sector, financial and non-financial
organization concentrate on pension planning. In recent days the importance given to
pension planning is increasing. Though there are schemes that promises old age security,
the effectiveness of such schemes is not evident. This paper focuses on study of
effectiveness of pension schemes opted by selected retired employees of private
manufacturing sector. The main objectives of the study is to understand the behavior of
pension fund and possible deviation from the expected behavior. The sample where
selected from retired employees of private manufacturing sectors in Mysore district. The
data was collected through scheduled questionnaire and telephone interview
Facing an aging population, longer lifespans, and a shift to the defined contributions model, India is overhauling its pension system. But the New Pension System (NPS) faces stiff competition from Employees' Provident Fund (EPF) and other options.
A Study on Employee Perceptions on Employee Provident Fund in Amara Raja Infr...ijtsrd
Employees’ provident fund EPF , 1952 is retirement benefit scheme which is maintained by the Employee provident fund organization EPFO , 1951. EPF is serve as long term savings to support an employee retirement. Under this scheme the employee and the employer contribute to the EPF scheme on monthly basis in equal proportions on 12 deducting from the basic salary and dearness allowances whole of the amount is deposited by the employer. Provident fund is also a welfare scheme for the benefits of the employees. The interest earned on their investment is also been credited in PF account of the employees. When the retirement time of employee, accumulated amount is given to the employees, if certain conditions are fulfilled by them. All the members of EPF can access their pf accounts through online and they can perform functions like withdrawal and checking EPF balance. This study aims to create awareness to the employees and assess the perceptions towards the EPF scheme, and their importance in the AMARARAJA INFRA PVT LTD, Tirupati. P. Saibrahmani | Dr. D. Shahanaz "A Study on Employee Perceptions on Employee Provident Fund in Amara Raja Infra Pvt. Ltd., Tirupati" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52017.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-administration/52017/a-study-on-employee-perceptions-on-employee-provident-fund-in-amara-raja-infra-pvt-ltd-tirupati/p-saibrahmani
The Relationship between Integrated Payroll System and Recurrent Expenditure ...ijtsrd
The main aim of this study is to investigate empirically the relationship between integrated payroll system and expenditure in Bayelsa State MDAs, data were collected through primary and secondary sources. The secondary was collected from annual reports of Bayelsa government, Nigeria and survey data were obtained from respondents using questionnaire shown to have a reliability coefficient of 0.90. Descriptive and ordinary least square regression statistical techniques is used in analyzing the data with the aid of special pack for social sciences SPSS version 21. The study findings revealed that there exist a positive and strong relationship between integrated payroll system and personnel cost and overhead cost. We conclude that the exist a significant relationship between Integrated payroll system and recurrent expenditure and recommend that all staff civil servant should be paid through bank and not by cash to prevent double hiring Payroll presentation for all state civil servants should be centralized in the state treasury Individual staff records showed centrally and safely kept with relevant accounting packages. The treasury single account policy should be dully complemented even in the local government system accounting staff should be trained on e commerce and accounting system for intelligent and efficient use of accounting software in the ministries. All overhead cost incurred or to be incurred should pass through serious internal control mechanism in the state ministries. Fiderikumo Peter | Dr. Odogu Laime Isaac "The Relationship between Integrated Payroll System and Recurrent Expenditure in Ministries, Departments and Agencies in Bayelsa State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd56246.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/management/accounting-and-finance/56246/the-relationship-between-integrated-payroll-system-and-recurrent-expenditure-in-ministries-departments-and-agencies-in-bayelsa-state/fiderikumo-peter
The Impact of Integrated Payroll and Personnel Information System IPPIS on Va...ijtsrd
This study empirically examines the impact of integrated payroll and personnel information system on variable and over head costs in Bayelsa State MDAs, data were collected through primary and secondary sources. The secondary was collected from annual reports of Bayelsa government, Nigeria and survey data were obtained from respondents using questionnaire shown to have a reliability coefficient. Descriptive and ordinary least square regression statistical techniques are used in analyzing the data with the aid of special pack for social sciences SPSS version 21. The study revealed that there exist a positive and strong impact of integrated payroll and personnel information system on personnel cost and overhead cost. We recommend that all staff civil servant should be paid through bank and not by cash to prevent double hiring Payroll presentation for all state civil servants should be centralized in the state treasury Individual staff records showed centrally and safely kept with relevant accounting packages. The treasury single account policy should be dully implemented, even in the local government system accounting staff should be trained on e commerce and accounting system for intelligent and efficient use of accounting software in the ministries. All overhead cost incurred or to be incurred should pass through serious internal control mechanism in the state ministries. Dr. Odogu Laime Isaac | Fiderikumo Peter "The Impact of Integrated Payroll and Personnel Information System (IPPIS) on Variable and Over-Head Cost in Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDA) in Bayelsa State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-6 , December 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd61299.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/61299/the-impact-of-integrated-payroll-and-personnel-information-system-ippis-on-variable-and-overhead-cost-in-ministries-departments-and-agencies-mda-in-bayelsa-state/dr-odogu-laime-isaac
09/09/2019 - This booklet presents the main messages from the OECD review of pensions systems in Peru. The review assesses Peru’s pension system in its entirety, looking at both public and private, pay-as-you-go (PAYG) financed and funded pension provisions. http://www.oecd.org/pensions/oecd-review-pension-systems-peru.htm
Problems and Prospects in the Management of Retirement Benefits in Adamawa St...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications
Tax Planning Strategies and Financial Performance of Listed Deposit Money Ban...ijtsrd
The study examined the impact of tax planning strategies on financial performance of listed deposit money in Nigeria. The expost facto research design was adopted and data was gotten from annual report of listed deposit money banks in Nigeria. A total of fifteen 15 listed deposit money banks was sampled from the period of 2017 2022. The hypotheses was tested with the panel least squares. The study found that there is positive and significant relationship between effective tax rate and return on equity of quoted banks in Nigeria. Secondly, the study found that there is positive and significant relationship between thin capitalization and return on equity of quoted banks in Nigeria. Lastly, the study found that there is no significance relationship between capital intensity and return on equity of quoted banks in Nigeria. The study concluded that effective tax rate and thin capitalization strategies have an impact on financial performance of listed deposit money banks in Nigeria while capital intensity strategies have no impact on financial performance of listed deposit money banks in Nigeria. Based on the finding of this study, it was recommended that management of listed deposit money banks in Nigeria should sustain the current effective tax rates policies in order to improve their financial performance in terms of return on equity. Eke Robert Ike | Ojo Godfrey Osayemwenre "Tax Planning Strategies and Financial Performance of Listed Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59931.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/59931/tax-planning-strategies-and-financial-performance-of-listed-deposit-money-banks-in-nigeria/eke-robert-ike
The micro pension scheme in nigeria; the need for more players in this sector...Sadeko Samson Samuel
Regardless of the widely dispersed nature and generally low and irregular incomes of Nigerian, the Pension Industry’s strategic objective of covering 30% of the working population in Nigeria under the CPS by the end of 2024 should be achieved.
Similar to Impact of Contributory Pension Scheme on Workers’ Savings and Investment in Nigeria: Anambra State Case Study (20)
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Emotional Intelligence and Work Performance Relationship: A Study on Sales Pe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer’s Acceptance of Internet Banking in Dubaiiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study of Employee Satisfaction relating to Job Security & Working Hours amo...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumer Perspectives on Brand Preference: A Choice Based Model Approachiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Student`S Approach towards Social Network Sitesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Broadcast Management in Nigeria: The systems approach as an imperativeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study on Retailer’s Perception on Soya Products with Special Reference to T...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study Factors Influence on Organisation Citizenship Behaviour in Corporate ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumers’ Behaviour on Sony Xperia: A Case Study on Bangladeshiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design of a Balanced Scorecard on Nonprofit Organizations (Study on Yayasan P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Public Sector Reforms and Outsourcing Services in Nigeria: An Empirical Evalu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Media Innovations and its Impact on Brand awareness & Considerationiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer experience in supermarkets and hypermarkets – A comparative studyiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Social Media and Small Businesses: A Combinational Strategic Approach under t...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Secretarial Performance and the Gender Question (A Study of Selected Tertiary...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Implementation of Quality Management principles at Zimbabwe Open University (...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Organizational Conflicts Management In Selected Organizaions In Lagos State, ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
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Concluding remarks
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Impact of Contributory Pension Scheme on Workers’ Savings and Investment in Nigeria: Anambra State Case Study
1. IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF)
e-ISSN: 2321-5933, p-ISSN: 2321-5925.Volume 6, Issue 2. Ver. II (Mar.-Apr. 2015), PP 09-20
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/5933-06220920 www.iosrjournals.org 9 | Page
Impact of Contributory Pension Scheme on Workers’ Savings
and Investment in Nigeria: Anambra State Case Study
*Kalu Chris U1*
, Nicholas Attamah(PhD)2
1
Department of Economics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University,Awka PMB 5025
Amanbra State, Nigeria
2
Department of Economics, Enugu State University of Science & Tech,
Enugu
Abstract: This paper analyses the impact of Contributory Pension Scheme on employee savings and investment
in Nigeria using Anambra State public workers as a case study. The paper uses cross – sectional primary data
sourced through a structured questionnaire administered on 387 respondents (i.e. those that have been in
service for the period of 5 years and on grade level 8. This choice is based on the fact that they will save
money than those in grade levels less than 8. The empirical analysis reveals that majority of the respondents
prefers to save outside any pension scheme implying that they are participating because it is compulsory. Again,
most of the respondents are not aware of their employers’ own contribution to their contributory pension
scheme. The study therefore concludes among others that the Nigerian government should create more
awareness and enlightement campaign on the workers’ contributory pension scheme geared towards
retirements.
Keywords: Pension scheme, savings, investment, retirement benefits
I. Introduction
There is no gain saying the fact that individual and collective savings and investments are key to
individual and family development including national development. Contributory pension scheme ensures that a
savings habit when imbibed by workers will lead to investment necessary for economic development. Moreover,
the benefit provided by pension scheme like tax incentive for both employers and employees encourages savings
among the employees (Adetola, 2006). Accordingly, he further posited that since pension scheme saving is long
– term in nature, it is useful as a macro-economic tool for national development through the investment process,
which in turn promotes economic growth. A pension fund is any collective arrangement or scheme which has
the objective of providing retirement benefits for working persons either in the form of regular income during
retirement years or a lump sum at retirement. Pension funds are usually established by the constitution with the
declaration that the funds would be managed in accordance with the rules governing the fund. The reason why
employers offer pension benefit is mainly to attract employees; meanwhile, employees rely on retirement
benefits as a form of financial security during period of retirement.
Nigeria had operated a defined benefit pension scheme which was largely unfounded and non-
contributory before the enactment of the Pension Reform Act of 2004, which establishes a contributory pension
scheme for all employees in Nigeria. However, it must be noted that the earlier pension scheme led to massive
accumulation of pension debts and lack adequate and timely budgetary provisions, as well as increase in
salaries and pensions. The administration of the scheme was very weak, inefficient, less transparent, leading to
bureaucracy and highly liable to corrupt practices. Due to lack of reliable records of pensioners, huge amount of
resources on what became yearly verification exercises were expended which did not result into the timely and
efficient payment of pension benefit.
In the private sector, on one other hand, the employees were not covered by the pension schemes put in
place by their employers and many of these schemes were not funded, where the schemes were funded, the
management of the pension funds was full of malpractices between the fund managers and the trustees of the
pension funds. This bad scenario within the pension administration led the Nigerian government in the year
2004 to introduce a pension system they believed would be sustainable and has the capacity to achieve the
ultimate goal of providing a stable, predictable and adequate source of retirement incomes for each worker in
the country (Eme and Uche, 2014).
The Pension Reform Act of 2004 ushered in a Contributory Pension Scheme (CPS) that is fully funded,
privately managed and based on individual accounts for both the public and private sector employees in Nigeria
(PENCOM, 2005). The Act also established the National Pension Commission (PENCOM) as the sole regulator
and supervisor of all pension matters in the country. Under the new contributory system, the employees
contribute a minimum of 7.5% of their basic salary, housing and transport allowances and 2.5% for the military
while the employers shall contribute 7.5% in the case of the public sector and 12.5% in the case of the military.
2. Impact of Contributory Pension Scheme on Workers’ Savings and Investment in Nigeria: ….
DOI: 10.9790/5933-06220920 www.iosrjournals.org 10 | Page
Employers and employees in the private sector will contribute a minimum of 7.5% each. The advantage of the
new pension scheme (contributory pension scheme) is that participants are allowed to open individual retirement
savings account where contributions are accumulated till retirement. The scheme also permits members to make
voluntary contributions as an additional percentage of their salaries into their individual capitalized account.
Similarly, the mandatory equipment for Pension Fund Administrations (PFA) to provide regular/periodic
statement of accounts to Retirement Savings Account (RSA) holders ensures that close monitoring of the
account which could also guarantee quick report and correction of the errors. Since the introduction of the
contributory pension scheme in Nigeria, one still doubts whether the scheme has been able to address the
problem of scarcity of funds for long term investment in Nigeria. Empirical studies have shown that only about
10% of the working population has signed into the scheme in Nigeria. Again, low coverage of the scheme
suggests that the scheme is still operating far below its capacity. Problems of corruption, poor monitoring,
evaluation and supervision of pension fund still characterizes the contributory pension scheme. The overall
objective of this study is to examine the impact of the contributory pension scheme on workers‟ savings and
investment in Nigeria, Anambra state in particular. The following relevant questions should be addressed.
a. To what extent has the contributory pension scheme impacted on the workers‟ saving and investment in
Anambra State.
b. What institutional factors hinders the effectiveness of Contributory Pension Scheme in Anambra State
c. What are the policy options open to government to ensure efficiency of the Contributory Pension Scheme.
These questions are relevant because their resolutions can go a long way in guiding policy
recommendations in the current pension reforms in Nigeria. Unfortunately, the number of studies that have
assessed the impact of contributory pension scheme has been on workers‟ consumption and income, with few
studies on savings. This study is to add to the existing knowledge on contributory pension scheme on savings
and investment.
Our analysis is structured as follows: section 2 presents the literature review, section 3 discusses the
area and methodology of the study. Analysis and presentation of results are presented in section 4. Lastly,
section 5 focuses on summary of findings, policy recommendations, and conclusions, limitation and suggestions
for future research.
II. Literature Review/Conceptual Framework
A pensionable job can specify a defined benefits pension scheme (DBPS) or a contributory pension
scheme (CPS). A DBPS usually states the entitlements of workers after minimum qualifying years of service
while CPS defines pension entitlements in relation to stated contributions of the employer and the employee
(Diamond, 1995). The CPS is funded in the sense that the contributions and the returns from the investment of
such funds provide the resources for meeting the pension obligations. The DBPS, on the other hand, is unfunded
because the pension obligations are met from the general current revenue, taxation in the case of the government
and this is the reason why it is referred to as a “pay-as-you go” system. Payment of pension obligations in the
unfunded pension scheme thus depends on general productivity and tax revenue growth in the economy as well
as a host of demographic features of the economy. In the funded pension system, payment of pension
obligations would encounter problems if there were earnings problems with pension investments due to
management problems and adverse movements in macroeconomic variables.
Pensioners under both schemes face risks as to what the feature value of their benefits would be, with
pensioners under a publicly managed system facing largely political risks and the privately managed CPS facing
investment risks. While the risks are spread through market mechanism in the CPS, in the DBPS it is through
the legislative mechanism, which modifies the benefits plan in the future. A DBPS is said to have more potential
for low administrative costs (due to the economics of scale that come with a single compulsory system with
choice, limited requirement for reporting to individual accounts regularly by fund managers, low expenditures
on advertisement and sales personnel. A major advantage of CPS with the mandated investments in private
assets is its potentials contribution to the development of capital markets. A CPS is also recommended for its
potential in raising national savings which increases investment and national income (Orszag and Orszag, 2000,
Barr, 1995). The world over, pension schemes are in trouble due to mismanagement of pension funds, adverse
macroeconomic developments, unfavourable demographic trends and fiscal indiscipline among governments
(World Bank, 1994).
The impact of contributory pension scheme has been overemphasized in the literature. Poterba, Venti
and Wise (1996, 1998) examined the effect of tax deferred savings accounts on overall savings rate. They
opined that tax deferred savings mechanism like Individual Retirement Accounts lead to a net increase in
savings, while others (Gale and Scholz 1994, Engen et al, 1996; and Gale, 1998) argues that the balances in
these savings vehicles are offset by reductions in other forms of household wealth (Card and Ransom, 2007).
3. Impact of Contributory Pension Scheme on Workers’ Savings and Investment in Nigeria: ….
DOI: 10.9790/5933-06220920 www.iosrjournals.org 11 | Page
Thaler and Benartzi (2004) assessed the effectiveness of contributory pension scheme at increasing
employee savings rate. From the study, employee who opted into an automatic annual 3% increase in their
contribution rate saw their average contribution rate increase almost 4-folds from 3.5% of pay to 13.5% of pay,
over the course of 4 years. In the opposite direction, employees who did not elect contribution pension scheme
saw their average contribution rate increase by much less over the same time period, from 5.3% - 7.5%.
Interestingly, this latter group started out saving much more than those who opted into contributory pension
scheme but the relative positions were reversed 4 years later. The literature is also of the opinion that people
with a future orientation save more than people who live for the here and now. (Munnell et al, 2000).
Further in the literature, Komolafe (2004) submitted that the Nigerian Pension System in general is
fragmented, lacks an adequate overall policy, a legal and regulatory framework and an empowered coordinating
body to supervise it. Babatunde (2012) on the Nigerian scenario summarized that there is significant relationship
existing between contributory pension scheme and savings. He therefore reiterated on the advice of Adegbayi,
that Nigeria must avoid minor pension reforms that are repeated periodically because of political problem
associated with such adjustment. However, Eme and Uche (2014) has added to the fact that in the 10 year
period, the pension industry in Nigeria has experienced phenomenal growth from a deficit of N2trn in the form
of pension liabilities in 2004 to an accumulation of pension fund assets of up to N4.1trn by the end of 2013, a
firm backing to the economy by the huge pool of funds.
Umar and Tsado (2012) on the contributory pension scheme as a tool of economic growth in Nigeria
reveals that pension fund investments in domestic quoted equities amounted to N240.38 billion (2.36% of total
market capitalization) in 2007, 3.17% in 2008, 4.42% in 2009 and 4.53% in 2010, also the value of total Pension
Fund Assets stood at N2,029 billion as at 2010.
2.1 Conceptual Issues
Robelo (2002) asserted that pension is also a method whereby a person pays into pension scheme a
proportion of his/her earnings during his working life. The contributions provide an income (or pension) on
retirement that is treated as earned income. This is taxed at the investor‟s marginal rate of income tax. On the
other hand, gratuity entails a lump sum of money payable to a retiring officer who has served for a minimum
period of time.
Adams (2005) in his assessment of pension, declared that pension is the amount paid by government or
company to an employee after working for some specified period of time, considered too old or ill to work or
have reached the statutory age of retirement. Similarly Ozor (2006) explained that pension consists of lump sum
payment paid to an employee upon his disengagement from active service. He further stated that pension plans
may be contributory or non-contributory, fixed or variable, group or individual, insured or trustee, private or
public, and single or multi-employer.
According to Adebayo(2006) and Ugwu (2006), there are four main classification of pensions in
Nigeria, namely, retiring pension, compensatory pension, superannuating pension and compassionate allowance.
This was supported by Amujiri, (2009) who defined compassionate allowance as a pension scheme that is not
admissible or allowed on account of a public servants removal from service for misconduct, insolvency or
incompetence or inefficiency. In the same vein, Dhameji and Dhameji (2009) tried to link commitment to
motivation and opined that commitment is also tied to how well an employee is motivated. Motivation here
entails the process of influencing employee‟s behaviour towards the attainment of organizational goals.
Accordingly, Sule and Ezugwu (2009) asserts that a good pension guarantees employee‟s comfort and
commitment to the organization during his/her active years.
A pension is a contract for a fixed sum to be paid regularly to a pensioner, typically following
retirement from service. It is different from, severance pay because the former is paid in regular installments
while the latter is paid in one lump sum (Eme and Uche, 2014). A pension plan created by an employer for the
benefit of employees is commonly referred to as an occupational or employer person. Labour Unions, the
government and other organizations also fund pensions. Many pension plans also contain an additional
insurance aspect, since they often will pay benefits to survivors or disabled beneficiaries.
Ayegba et al (2013) described the term pension as payments a person receives upon retirement, usually
under pre-determined legal and/or contractual terms. The Nigerian new Pension Scheme increased the coverage
of the Defined Contributory Pension Scheme in the private sector entities with three employees and above, in
line with the drive towards informal sectors participation.
2.2 Stylized Facts on Contributory Pension Scheme in Nigeria
The Nigerian Contributory Pension Scheme came through the Pension Reform Act of 2004. The new
pension scheme is called contributory because it is fully funded, on individual accounts that are privately
managed by Pension Fund Administrators (PFAs) with the pension fund assets held by Pension Fund
Custodians. Under the system, the employees contribute a minimum of 7.5% of their Basic Salary, Housing and
4. Impact of Contributory Pension Scheme on Workers’ Savings and Investment in Nigeria: ….
DOI: 10.9790/5933-06220920 www.iosrjournals.org 12 | Page
Transport Allowance while the employers shall contribute 7.5% in the case of the public sector. Employers and
employees in the private sector will contribute a minimum of 7.5% each. An employer may elect to contribute
on behalf of the employees such that the total contribution shall not be less than 15% of the basic salary, housing
and transport allowance of the employees. The recent amendments to the Act exempted military personnel from
contribution. According to PRA (2004), an employer is obliged to deduct and remit contributions to a custodian
within 7 days from the day the employee is paid his salary while the custodian shall notify the PFA within 24
hours of the receipt of contribution. However, the contribution and retirement benefits have tax exemption. The
employee opens an account known as “Retirement Saving Account in his name with a Pension Fund
Administrator of his choice. This individual account belongs to the employee and will remain with him
throughout his life time. He may change employers or pension fund administrators but the account remains the
same. The employee may only withdraw from this account at the age of 50 or upon retirement thereafter.
Meanwhile every employer shall maintain life insurance policy in favour of an employee for a minimum of
three times the annual total emolument of the employee. Based on the guidelines of Pension Commission of
Nigeria (PENCOM) and National Insurance Commission (NAICOM) for group life insurance, employers must
bear all costs related to life insurance for its employees, separate from contributions made under the scheme.
The contributory pension scheme requires pension funds to be kept by pension fund custodians (PECs) and
privately managed by pension fund administrators (PFAs). PFAs are private organizations that have been duly
licensed to open retirement savings accounts for employees, invest and managed the pension funds in fixed
income securities listed and other instruments as the commission may from time to time prescribe, maintain
books of accounts on all transactions relating to the pension funds managed by it, provide regular information
on investment strategy to the employees or beneficiaries and pay retirement benefits to employees in accordance
with the provision of the Act. The Table 1 below highlights the growing importance of pension assets as a
proportion of Nigeria gross domestic products between the years 2007 to 2010.
Table 1: Pension Assets under PFA Management
Asset Types 2007 2008 2009 2010
Local Ordinary Shares 240.38 220.54 220.71 358.03
Foreign Ordinary Shares 3.06 2.23 2.80 24.10
FGN Securities 279.69 350.67 498.88 829.20
State Govt. Securities 0.05 0.16 33.71 69.60
Local Money Market Security 159.92 332.44 542.22 489.25
Foreign Money Market securities 26.09 17.25 17.25 7.36
Open/Close – End Funds 4.46 9.03 5.74 8.61
Real Estate Properties 79.08 125.50 142.96 17.52
Unquoted Securities 4.43 6.86 6.18 8.18
Cash and Other Assets 17.79 19.20 27.53 14.19
Total 815.18 1,099.01 1,529.63 2,029.77
Source: PENCOM Annual Reports 2007-2010
From the Table, it can be ascertained that the value of total pension fund assets stood at N2, 029 billion
as at 2010. The table also highlights the diversification and spread of the assets type. Comparatively, the value
of the assets in 2010 far exceeds the 2007 of N815 billion as against N2, 029 of 2010. The seemingly increase
was mainly accounted for by the additional contributions from members, funds injected by fund sponsors and
investment income.
Table 2: Pension Fund Investment Proportion to Market Capitalization
Year market capitalization (N) Pension fund in quoted equities (N Billion) Percentage of Pension fund in
market capitalization
2007 10,188.35 240.38 2.36
2008 6,960.16 220.54 3.17
2009 4,990.42 220.71 4.42
2010 7,910.08 358.03 4.53
Total 30049.01 1039.66 13.48
Source: PENCOM Annual Reports, 2007 – 2010.
Highlights of the Table reveals that market capitalization was N10, 188.35 billion as at the end of 2007,
out of which Pension Fund Investments accounted for N240.38 billion (2.36%). Moreover, the proportion of the
fund increased to 3.17% in 2008, despite the financial global crisis that affected the Nigerian capital market. In
2009 and 2010, the value in percentages were 4.42% and 4.53% respectively, a further indication that
contributory pension scheme has enhanced mobilization of savings and investment, which translate to economic
growth in Nigeria.
5. Impact of Contributory Pension Scheme on Workers’ Savings and Investment in Nigeria: ….
DOI: 10.9790/5933-06220920 www.iosrjournals.org 13 | Page
Meanwhile, the poor performance of the CPS in Nigeria can be traced directly to the larger question of
how the banking system, stock market and the macro economy interact with the CPS. It must be noted that the
major problem of CPS in Nigeria is still the scarcity of investment avenues, worsened by the ongoing reform in
the Nigerian financial sector. Besides, the Nigerian capital market is still under developed. For instance, the top
twenties companies in the capital market have more than 70% of the total market capitalization, thus making
pool of pension funds chasing few quality investments. Author challenge confronting the CPS is the compliance
rate within the working population. PENCOM has confirmed that only 10 out of the 36 states of the federation
have fully aligned with the pension reform in the country. In the private sector, organizations with at least five
employees are required by the Act to implement the contributory pension scheme. However, compliance by the
private sector has remained a serious challenge due to lack of comprehensive database of employers of labour in
the country, which limits the extent of enforcement by regulators. Employers on their own regard it as additional
cost to their organization, the reason for their unwillingness. Similarly, the integration of informal sector has
made it difficult for the effectiveness of CPS in Nigeria, due to the incoherent structure of the informal sector in
Nigeria.
III. The Study Area, Methodology And Data Sources
Anambra state that was carved out of the Enugu State in 1991, is made up of 21 Local Government
Areas (LGAs) with three senatorial zones. The state is in South-Eastern Nigeria. The capital and the seat of
Government is Awka. Onitsha and Nnewi are the biggest commercial and industrial cities respectively. The
state‟s theme is: Light of the Nation. Boundaries are formed by Delta Sate to the West, Imo state and River State
to the South, Enugu state to the East and Kogi State to the North.
The indigenous ethnic groups in Anambra state are the Ibos (98% of population) and small population
of Igalas (2%) who live in the North Western part of the State. Anambra is the eight most populated states in
Nigeria and the second most densely populated state in Nigeria after Lagos. Anambra state has a total
population of 4, 055, 048 according to National Population Commission (NPC, 2007). The main economic
activity of the rural people is farming (Small scale farming, animal husbandry and food processing). Informal
trading and other micro-entrepreneurship are also playing a crucial role in their economic life.
The research methodology is that of the survey statistics . According to Ogbuoshi (2006) the research
design used in any research is determined substantially by the nature of the problem as well as the objective.
The justification for using the survey method is due to its ability to collect up-to-date primary data on Anambra
State public workers who have been in service for the period of 5 years and on grade level 8. This class of
Anambra public servant was selected based on the fact that they are likely going to save and invest more than
those workers on grade levels less than 8. Moreover, the justification for this sample was because of the fact
that Anambra State public service workers have experienced the PAYG system of pension scheme and now
witnessing the CPS. Again the choice of Anambra State is as a result of proximity to the researcher. The major
tool used for this study is the questionnaire containing twenty-four (24) questions. These questions cover socio-
economic and demographic variables such as sex, age, income and educational level of the responding Grade
Level 8 Anambra State Civil servants. The researcher used the simple random sampling technique to select ten
(10) LGAs out of the twenty one (21) LGAs that make up Anambra State. They include: Anambra East,
Anambra West, Dunukofia, Idemili South, Nnewi North, Nnewi South, Ogbaru, Onitsha South, Orumba North
and Oyi LGAs. From these ten LGAs, 400 public workers‟ were sampled, of which 40 were selected from each
LGA.
Data for the research were gathered from both the secondary and primary sources. The primary data
were through questionnaire while the secondary were through peer reviewed journal articles, textbooks,
conference papers and official documents. Meanwhile, the instrument of data collection was subjected to face
validation by experts in social and management sciences research and to determine the reliability of the
instrument, the researchers used the external consistency method, in other words the researchers conducted a
test using 5% of the sample size which is 20. Therefore, twenty copies of the questionnaire were used for this
test, which was administered to 20 people in Awka South, with an introductory letter acquainting them of the
rationale of the study. Results were collated and a re-test was conducted after two weeks on the sample size. For
the first test, the twenty copies of the questionnaire were all retrieved (100% response rate). The result of the re-
test conducted correlated with the first test, confirming the reliability of the tests. The administration of
questionnaire was carried out between December 2014 and January 2015 through the help of assistants who
were recruited and trained for the purpose. The questionnaires were administered to 400 respondents in the
Anambra state public service, 387 were adequately filled, returned and was used for the analysis. The
questionnaire was analyzed using simple percentages while the hypothesis formulated were tested and analyzed
using the chi-square statistics in order to test the statistical significance of the result.
6. Impact of Contributory Pension Scheme on Workers’ Savings and Investment in Nigeria: ….
DOI: 10.9790/5933-06220920 www.iosrjournals.org 14 | Page
Research Hypotheses
H1: There is significant relationship between the Contributory Pension Scheme and workers‟ saving and
investment in Anambra state public service.
H2: There are policy measures to enhance Anambra state public service workers‟ Contributory Pension Scheme.
IV. Results and Discussion
Table 3: Questionnaire Administration
LGAs Questionnaire
Distributed
Questionnaire returned Questionnaire rejected Questionnaire accepted
Anambra East 40 40 3 37
Anambra West 40 40 - 40
Dunikofia 40 40 2 38
Idemili South 40 40 2 38
Nnewi North 40 40 - 40
Nnewi South 40 40 4 36
Ogbaru 40 40 - 40
Onitsha South 40 40 - 40
Onitsha North 40 40 - 40
Orumba North 40 40 2 38
Total 400 400 13 387
Percentage (100%) (100%) 3.25%) (96.75%)
Source: Own survey, 2015
The first section of the questionnaire analyses the demographic information of the respondents. These analyses
were based on the responses from the questionnaire completed and returned by the respondents.
Table 4. Age of Respondents
Age Frequency Percentage (%)
31 – 40 155 40.05
41 – 50 147 37.98
51 – 60 85 21.96
Total 387 100.%
Source: Own Survey, 2015
From Table 4, out of 387 questionnaires returned, 155 respondents fall within the age bracket of 31 – 40 which
gives 40.05% while 85 respondents fall within the age bracket of 51-60, which gives 21.96%. Majority of the
respondents fall within the age bracket of 31-40, which is ordinarily the active working population
Table 5: Gender of Respondents
Gender Frequency Percentage (%)
Female 182 46.03%
Male 205 52.97%
Total 387 100.%
Source: Own Survey, 2015
From Table 5, out of 387 respondents, 182 are females which give 47.03% while 205 respondents are male
which gives 52.97%. In terms of the year spent in the public service, from Table 6 below, 52 respondents have
only worked for > 5 years but less than 10 years which gives 13.44% while 76 respondents have been in service
for > 10 years but < 20 years which gives 19.64%. 150 respondents have been in service for 20 years which is
38.76% and 109 respondents have been in service for > 20 years which gives 28.17%.
Table 6: Years Spent in Service
Years spent Frequency Percentage (%)
>5 52 13.44%
>10 76 19.64%
20 150 38.76%
>20 109 28.17%
Total 387 100.%
Source: Own Survey, 2015
Table 7: Marital Status
Marital Status Frequency Percentage (%)
Married 250 64.60%
Single 120 31.01%
No response 17 4.39%
Total 387 100.%
Source: Own Survey, 2015
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DOI: 10.9790/5933-06220920 www.iosrjournals.org 15 | Page
From Table 7, 250 respondents, representing 64.60% are married while 120 respondents representing 31.01%
are singles. 17 respondents refused to indicate their marital status i.e. whether they are married or not.
Table8: Income per Annum
Income Frequency Percentage (%)
<N400,000 158 40.83%
<N500,000 135 34.89%
<N600,000 74 19.12%
>N600,000 15 3.88%
No response 5 1.29%
Total 387 100.%
Source: Own Survey, 2015
From the Table, 158 respondents earn <N400, 000 per annum which gives 40.83%, 135 respondents earn
<N500, 000 per annum which 34.89% while 74 respondents earn <N600, 000 per annum which gives 19.12%.
Also from Table 9 shown below, 205 respondents are married which gives 40.83% while 122 respondents
representing 31.52% were singles.
Table 9: Marital Status
Marital Status Frequency Percentage (%)
Married 205 52.97%
Single 122 31.52%
No response 60 15.50%
Total 387 100.%
Source: Own Survey, 2015
Table 10: Family Size
Respondents Frequency Percentage (%)
<4 150 38.76%
<6 172 44.44%
>6 65 17.00%
Total 387 100.%
Source: Own Survey, 2015
On family size, 150 respondents have a family size of <4 which gives 38.76%, 172 respondents have a family
size <6 which gives 44.44% while 65 respondents have a family size of >6 which gives 17.00%.
The preceding analysis is the second segment of the questionnaire as it relates to the research questions.
Table 11: Are You Aware of Any Pension Scheme?
Respondents Frequency Percentage (%)
Yes 324 83.72%
No 63 16.28%
Total 387 100.%
Source: Own Survey, 2015
From Table 11, out of 387 respondents asked on their awareness of pension scheme, 324 representing 83.72%
answered in the affirmative while 63 representing 16.28% said they are not aware. Therefore, majority of the
respondents are aware of pension scheme.
Table 12: Are You Involved in Any Pension Scheme?
Respondent Frequency Percentage (%)
Yes 286 73.90%
No 83 21.44%
No response 18 4.65
Total 387 100.%
Source: Own Survey, 2015
Moreover, 286 respondents representing 73.90% are involved in pension scheme while 83 respondents
representing 21.44% are not in involved. A question was also asked to know if respondent are aware of the
percentage of their income that goes for their pension as shown in the succeeding Table 13.
Table 13: Do You Know the Percentage of Your Income that goes into Pension?
Respondent Frequency Percentage (%)
Yes 210 54.26
No 170 43.93
No response 7 1.81
Total 387 100.%
8. Impact of Contributory Pension Scheme on Workers’ Savings and Investment in Nigeria: ….
DOI: 10.9790/5933-06220920 www.iosrjournals.org 16 | Page
Source: Own Survey, 2015
201 respondents said yes while 170 said no. This shows that some of the respondents are not aware of what
percentage of their income that goes into their pension.
Table 14: Are You Aware of Your Employers’ own Contribution that goes into your Pension?
Respondent Frequency Percentage (%)
Yes 170 54.26
No 200 43.93
No response 27 1.81
Total 387 100.%
Source: Own Survey, 2015
One hundred and seventy (170) respondents answered yes while 200 answered no. Majority of the respondents
are not aware of their employers own part contribution while 27 respondents gave no response to the question.
The reason why majority do not know has been traced to communication gap or break down within public
service structure in the state.
Table 15: Does Your Pension Fund Administrator Report Your RSA Status Regularly?
Respondent Frequency Percentage (%)
Yes 182 47.03%
No 200 51.68%
No response 5 1.29
Total 387 100.%
Source: Own Survey, 2015
On whether the Pension Fund Administrator (PFAs) regularly reports individual saving account, 182
respondents said yes while 200 said no implying that the PFAs seems not to be regularly reporting their clients
saving account status.
Table 16: My Participation in the Scheme is because it is Compulsory
Respondent Frequency Percentage (%)
Strong agreed 60 15.50%
Agreed 210 54.26%
Undecided
Disagreed
Strongly Disagreed
35
48
34
9.04%
12.40%
8.79%
Total 387 100.%
Source: Own Survey, 2015
About 210 respondents representing 54.26% agreed that they are participating because it is compulsory. This
shows that given alternative, they will not participate in the scheme. While 48 respondents representing 12.4%
disagreed. They are participating because they want to participate and because of the gains thereof.
Table 17: Pension Scheme serves as an Incentive to Save.
Respondent Frequency Percentage (%)
Strong agreed 89 23.00%
Agreed
Disagreed
Strongly Disagreed
162
74
62
41.86%
19.12%
16.02%
Total 387 100.%
Source: Own Survey, 2015
On whether the pension scheme serves as an incentive to save, 162 respondents (41,86%) agreed that the
pension scheme is an incentive to save while 74 respondents (19.12%) did not agree that the pension scheme in
an incentive to save, reasons they did not give.
Table 18: Contributory Pension Scheme is Actually an Improvement over the Old
Respondent Frequency Percentage (%)
Strong agreed 120 31.00%
Agreed 186 48.06%
Undecided
Disagreed
Strongly Disagreed
10
40
31
2.58%
10,34
8.01%
Total 387 100.%
Source: Own Survey, 2015
9. Impact of Contributory Pension Scheme on Workers’ Savings and Investment in Nigeria: ….
DOI: 10.9790/5933-06220920 www.iosrjournals.org 17 | Page
In addition, 186 respondents (48.06%) agreed that the contributory pension scheme is an improvement over the
old pension scheme, 40 respondents (16.34%) did not agree while 10(2.58%) are undecided on whether the
scheme is an improvement over the former or not.
Table 19: Prefer to Save Outside Any Pension Scheme
Respondent Frequency Percentage (%)
Strong agreed 58 14.99%
Agreed 212 54.78%
Undecided
Disagreed
Strongly Disagreed
25
58
34
6.46%
14.99%
8.79%
Total 387 100.%
Source: Own Survey, 2015
Furthermore, 212 respondents representing 54.78% preferred to save outside the contributory pension scheme.
This only supports the fact that majority of the respondent are participating in the scheme because it is
compulsory. About 58 respondents representing 14.99% did not prefer to save outside the contributory pension
scheme while 25 respondents of 6.46% are not certain whether they prefer to save outside or not of any pension
scheme.
Table 20: Have You Ever Tried to Calculate How Much You Need to Save for Retirement?
Respondent Frequency Percentage (%)
Yes 68 17.57%
No 200 82.43%%
Total 387 100.%
Source: Own Survey, 2015
About 319 respondents representing 82.43% said that they have not tried calculating how much the need to save
for retirements while 68 respondents of about17.57% said yes. This implies that majority of the respondents are
not thinking of retirement.
Table 21: What Percentage of Your Income Do You Think You Should Be Saving For Retirement?
Respondent Frequency Percentage (%)
>5% 100 25.84%
5-9% 80 20.67%
10-14%
>15%
No response
145
56
6
37.47%
14.47%
1.55%
Total 387 100.%
Source: Own Survey, 2015
On the percentage of the income that respondents think, they should be saving for retirement, 100 respondents
representing 25.84% noted that up to 5% of their income should be saved while 80 respondents of about 20.67%
noted that they should be saving between 5 and 9%. 145 respondents representing37.47% said between 10 and
14% of the income should be saved, 56 respondents of 14.47% said they think they should save > 15%.
Table 22: What is Your Level of Income that is being saved?
Respondent Frequency Percentage (%)
Your are saving too much 52 13.44$
Your are saving the correct amount 176 45.48%
Your are saving too little
Your are not saving enough
No response
122
20
17
31.52%
5.17%
4.39%
Total 387 100.%
Source: Own Survey, 2015
Out of 387 respondents, 52 respondents (13.44%) noted that they are saving too much while 176 respondents
(45.48%) noted that they are saving the correct amount. Also 122 respondents (31.52%) noted that they are
saving too little and 20 respondents, 5.17% noted that they are not saving enough.
Table 23: Contributory Pension Scheme Has Effect on Workers’ Savings and Investment After
Retirement.
Response Frequency Percentage (%)
Very strong effect 208 53.7%
Strong effect 179 46.3%
Minimal
Very minimal effect
0
0
0%
05
Total 387 100.%
10. Impact of Contributory Pension Scheme on Workers’ Savings and Investment in Nigeria: ….
DOI: 10.9790/5933-06220920 www.iosrjournals.org 18 | Page
Source: Own Survey, 2015
From Table 23, 208 respondents representing 53.7% of the total respondents very strongly agreed that the
contributory pension scheme has effect on savings and investment after retirement, 179 respondents (46.3%) is
of the opinion that it has strong effect, while zero respondents did not indicate their opinions.
Table 24: Existing Legal Framework Being Adequate in Addressing Mismanagement of Pension Funds
Respondent Frequency Percentage (%)
Strong agreed 60 16%
Agreed 119 31%
Disagreed
Strongly Disagreed
125
83
32%
21%
Total 387 100.%
Source: Own Survey, 2015
From Table 24, 60 respondents representing 16% of the total respondents strongly agreed that the existing legal
framework is adequate in addressing the mismanagement of pension fund while119 respondents representing
31% of the total respondents agreed. 125 respondents representing 32% of the total respondents disagreed, while
83 respondents representing 21% of the total respondents strongly disagreed.
Question 1: Responses on Existing Legal Framework for Addressing Mismanagement of Pension Funds
Some of the responses on the existing framework are summarized below:
1. Ten – year jail term for anyone who misappropriates pension funds
2. A three time refund of the amount embezzled
3. Attorney General of the Federation instituting criminal proceeding against employers who persistently fail
to deduct and/or remit pension contribution of their employees within the stipulated time.
4. PENCOM taking proactive corrective measures on licensed operators whose situations, actions or inactions
jeopardize the safety of pension assets.
5. In the event of job loss, the waiting period for accessing benefits was reduced to 4 months to identify with
the yearning of contributor and labour.
Testing of Hypothesis
Hypothesis 1:
H1: There is significant relationship between the contributory pensions
scheme and workers‟ saving and investment in Anambra Public Service.
In testing this hypothesis, the data collected and presented in Table 23 on the effect of contributory pension
scheme were used.
Table25: Hypothesis 1 Contingency Table
RESPONSES TOTAL
Very strong Strong effect Minimal effect Very minimal effect
Male 135 (151) 146 (130) 0 (0) 0 (0) 281
Female 73 (57) 33 (49) 0 (0) 0 (0) 106
Total 208 179 0 0 387
Source: Own Survey, 2015
To compute chi-square X2
, we use the formula which is
X2
= ∑ (F0 – Fe)2
Fe
Where: ∑ = sum of operative assumptions
Fo = observed frequency
Fe = expected frequency
Response Fo Fe Fo – Fe (Fo – Fe) 2
(Fo – Fe) 2
Fe
Very strong effect 135 151 -16 256 1.69536
Strong effect 146 130 16 256 1.96923
Minimal effect 0 0 0 0 0
Very minimal effect 0 0 0 0 0
Very strong effect 73 57 16 256 4.49122
Strong effect 33 49 -16 256 5.22448
Minimal effect 0 0 0 0 0
Very minimal effect 0 0 0 0 0
∑13.38029
Source: Author‟s Computation
11. Impact of Contributory Pension Scheme on Workers’ Savings and Investment in Nigeria: ….
DOI: 10.9790/5933-06220920 www.iosrjournals.org 19 | Page
To obtain chi-square (X2
) value from the table (critical value), we first find the degree of freedom, i.e (R-1) (C-
1).
Where: R = Row Total
C = Column total
= (R-1) (C-1)
= (2-1) (4-1)
= (1) (3) = 3
P – Value = 5% = 0.05 (significance level)
X2
tab is critical value of chi-square = X2
for 3df at 0.05 – 7.815.
Decision Rule
The computed chi-square value of (13.38029) is greater than the critical table value of chi-square
(7.815). Therefore, there is a significant relationship between CPS and workers‟ savings and investment in
Anambra state, Nigeria.
Hypothesis 2:
H2: There are policy measures to enhance Anambra State Public Service Workers‟ contributory pension scheme.
In testing this hypothesis, the data collected and presented in Table 24 were used.
Table 26: Hypothesis 2 Contingency Table
Respondent RESPONSES TOTAL
Yes No
Male 270 (255) 11(26) 281
Female 81 (96) 25(10) 106
Total 351 36 387
Source: Own survey, 2015
To compute chi-square (X2
) value
Response Fo Fe Fo – Fe (Fo – Fe) 2
(Fo – Fe) 2
Fe
Yes 270 225 15 225 0.88235
No 11 26 -15 225 8.65384
Yes 81 96 -15 225 2.34375
No 25 10 15 225 22.5
∑34.37994
Source: Author‟s computation
P – value = 5% = 0.05 (significance level)
X2
tabulated of chi-square for 1df at 0.05 = 3,841
Decision Rule
The computed chi-square value of (34.37994) is greater than the critical table value of chi-square of
(3.841). The hypothesis that there are legal/policy measures to enhance workers‟ contributory pension scheme is
accepted.
V. Conclusion and Recommendation
This study aims at evaluating the impact of the contributory pension scheme on employees‟ savings in
Nigeria, using Anambra State as a case study. The method of analysis is the survey approach of questionnaire
containing 24 questions. These questions cover socio-economic and demographic variables such as sex, age,
income, educational level etc. The researchers used the simple random sampling technique to select ten (10)
LGAs out of the twenty – one (21) LGAs that make up the state. The findings among others reveals that
majority of the respondents prefer to save outside any pension scheme while others do not know how to
calculate how much they need to save for retirement. The reasons are simple, workers find it difficult to entrust
their future in the hands of the pension fund administrators in addition to low savings from their salaries. The
study therefore concludes from the findings of the study as follows:
i. Government should create more awareness on CPS to encourage and educate employees on the scheme as
most workers are ignorant of its existence.
ii. Pension Fund Administrator (PFAs) should be transparent and accountable in their dealings with their
clients through regular update of their customers‟ account status.
iii. PENCOM as a regulatory agent should take proactive corrective measures on licensed operators whose
situations, actions or inactions jeopardize the safety of pension assets as lay down by the PENCOM
establishing laws.
12. Impact of Contributory Pension Scheme on Workers’ Savings and Investment in Nigeria: ….
DOI: 10.9790/5933-06220920 www.iosrjournals.org 20 | Page
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