Impact assessment of IDEI's treadle pump project in Assam

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S T R A T E G Y + E X E C U T I O N
Impact Assessment of Treadle Pumps
April 28, 2014
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The materials contained in this document are intended to supplement a discussion between IDEI, Universal Consulting and TNS.
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CONFIDENTIAL
IDEI – Income Impact Assessment of KB Treadle Pumps in Assam 3
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across different consumer and
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CONFIDENTIAL
Contents
1
Research objectives and approach 03
2
Impact of treadle pump on income 07
3
Impact of treadle pumps on crop
productivity
12
4
Incremental income post treadle pump
purchase
16
5
Change in farmer lifestyle post treadle
pump usage
20
6
Income sources besides farming 26
7
Treadle pump usage 31
8
Practices among non users of treadle
pump
35
9
General agricultural practices and lifestyle 38
10
Executive Summary 44
8

1
Research objectives and approach

CONFIDENTIAL
Background of IDEI
IDEI, is a not-for-profit organisation registered u/s 25 of the Indian Companies Act, 1956.
IDEI Vision-IDEI is a social enterprise committed to providing long term solutions to poverty, hunger and
deprivation.
The company employs a market-development model that envisages the integration of small and marginal
farmers with markets, both as buyers of inputs and as vendors of high-value agricultural produce.
In order to deliver the technologies to smallholders, IDEI has adopted an innovative “Profit for Progress”
methodology, creating and nurturing private sector supply chains engaged in the manufacture and
distribution of the technologies, at fair prices which incorporate a profit margin for the manufacturers and
distributors.
By adopting this approach IDEI has promoted its technologies with over 1.3 Million households (7 million
people) in India. The user farmers have generated over US$ 1 Billion as net additional income.
IDEI promoted irrigation devices are environmentally friendly and have contributed to saving 672 Million
litres of diesel and 2.5 Million tCO2 eq carbon emission reduction and 6.5 Billion cubic meters water and
872 million kWh electricity savings.
Employment of over 647 million person days on farm and 2.32 Million person days in supply chain have
been generated.

CONFIDENTIAL
Research background and objective
Background on treadle pumps
- Treadle Pumps are driven by human energy with a combination of lifting and pumping device.
– Used in regions with high water table
– Reliable, low maintenance
– Replacing diesel pumps, thereby saving fuel & reducing carbon emission; each pump offsets 0.477 tonne of
CO2 emissions per year
– 3,500-4,000 litre/ hour discharge depending on body weight.
– Irrigates up to 1 acre of vegetable farm
Treadle pumps were sold to marginal farmers in Assam under a social initiative by IDEI and Voxtra
Through this initiative of selling of treadle pumps at marginal price IDEI aims to improve the livelihood
of these farmers.
The objective of the study is to find out whether the use of a treadle pumps
- Has increased the agricultural income of the farmer
- Has increased the crop production from the same amount of land
- Has yielded the marginal farmers a better livelihood
11

CONFIDENTIAL
Research approach
Approach: Face to face interviews after purposive identification of the farmers in four districts of
Assam. Both users and non users of treadle pumps were approached for the study.
Target group:
A total sample of 203 farmers was achieved in Assam
Both treadle pump users and non users above 18 years were interviewed
12
Districts/ Field offices
Number of treadle pump
users
Number of treadle pump
non users
Barpeta 31 31
Golaghat 31 31
Nagaon 19 20
Sonitpur 21 19
Total 102 101

CONFIDENTIAL
Demographics
62
62
39
40
Users
Barapeta Golaghat
Nagaon Sonitpur
Districts
Base: 203 (all)
13
All figures are in nos
9
76
64
44
10
Users
18-25 26-35
36-45 46-55
More than 55
Age break up
Base: 203 (all)

2
Impact of treadle pump on income

CONFIDENTIAL15
Unit of Currency/
PPP
Overall Treadle pump users Treadle pump non users
INR 19,902 29,296 10,414
USD 318 469 162
PPP 49,755 73,240 26,035
Exchange rate for USD = 62.5
Treadle pump users earn ~200% i.e. ~Rs. 20,000 more than the non users through agriculture

CONFIDENTIAL
Treadle pump users in Sonitpur and Naogon earn Rs. 20,000+ more than the non users, while
Barpeta and Golaghat users earn Rs. 15,000+ more than the non users
16
Agricultural Income – treadle pump usage and user/non user in districts
Average agricultural income Overall
Districts/ Field Offices Users Non users
Net incremental income
in Rs
Barpeta 31246 13342 17904
Golaghat 24467 7625 16842
Nagaon 31817 11307 20510
Sonitpur 31264 9249 22015

CONFIDENTIAL
26
24
25
16
6
2
1
0
1
26
29
31
20
38
18
16
10
15
Less than 5,000 rupees
5001 - 10,000 rupees
10,001 - 15,000 rupees
15,001 - 20,000 rupees
20,001 - 25,000 rupees
25,001 - 30,000 rupees
30,001 - 35,000 rupees
35,001 - 40,000 rupees
More than 40,000 rupees
0
5
6
4
32
16
15
10
14
A significantly higher proportion of treadle pump owners falling in the higher income category
clearly indicates the contribution of treadle pumps in increasing the agricultural income.
17
Agricultural Income
Overall User Non-User
n=203 n=102 n=101
Average earning Rs 19902 29296 10414
Significantly higher
All figures are i nosn

CONFIDENTIAL
Among those treadle pump users who earn less than Rs. 15,000, 6 farmers grew only 1-2 crops in
the last year with all of them growing rice for self consumption and one additional crop leading to
low income; 5 of them have also been using the treadle pump for less than 2 years.
18
* Low base: results directional in nature
• 11 farmers earning less than Rs 15,000 through agriculture are dependent on other work for income and see an
increase in income through non agricultural means post treadle pump purchase.
• According to these farmers they were able to save time due to use of treadle pump and use it for their other income
generating activities and thus their non-agricultural income increased because of the treadle pump.
Time since using treadle pump for
irrigation
Time since using
treadle pumps for
irrigation
Users with
agricultural
income of
less than
15K
Base 11*
Last 1 year 0
More than 1- 2 years 5
More than 2- 3 years 4
More than 3 years 2
No of crops planted
Crops planted in the
last year
Users with
agricultural
income of
less than
15K
Base 11*
1 1
2 5
3 2
More than 3 3
Ways in which treadle pump helped
in increasing productivity
3
8
Gives sufficient
water when
required
Saves time
n=11*

CONFIDENTIAL
Higher agricultural income is a direct result of using treadle pumps as treadle pump users are able
to cultivate a larger variety of crops as compared to the non users; a significantly higher proportion
of users also grow multiple crops at the same time.
25
1
24
52
13
39
55
26
29
71
62
9
Overall (n=203)
Users (n=102)
Non-users (n=101)
1 Crop 2 Crops 3 Crops 4 Crops
No of crops grown in the last year
19
25
1
24
178
101
77
Overall (n=203)
Users (n=102)
Non-users (n=101)
We grow a single crop at a time
We grow multiple crops at the same time
Single/multiple crop grown
Avg no of
crops
3
3
2

3
Impact of treadle pumps on crop productivity

CONFIDENTIAL
n=203 n=102 n=101
125
15
15
7
96
80
50
30
28
25
22
22
17
17
16
13
9
8
6
11
Rice
Wheat
Mustard
Peas
Egg plant
Chilli
Potato
Tomato
Ridge gourd
Cucumber
Cauliflower
Onion
Pumpkin
Okra
Cabbage
Garlic
Bottle Gourd
Radish
Watermelon
Others
61
4
12
1
42
29
21
7
8
4
9
9
5
1
2
4
0
0
1
4
64
11
3
6
54
51
29
23
20
21
13
13
12
16
14
9
9
8
5
7
Users grow more cash crops when compared with non-users; this demonstrates that the use of
treadle pump is associated with adoption of more cash crops thereby contributing to their higher
agricultural income.
21
Types of crops cultivated
Others include
til, carrot,
pulses, dhaniya,
jute, corn All figures are in nos
Users of treadle pump
show a higher
cultivation of cash
crops including fruits
and vegetables

CONFIDENTIAL
4
27
7
3
6
12
30
2
2
10
39
37
5
2
Upto 500 kgs
501-1000 kgs
1001 - 1500 kgs
1501-2000 kgs
More than 2000 kgs
34 (~65%) treadle pump users harvest more than 1000 kg of egg plant whereas only 10 (~25%) non
users harvest more than 1000 kg
22
Average harvest of Egg plant
from up to 1/3 acre land
n=93
Average harvest 1058 kgs 1084 kgs 1024 kgs
n=52 n=41

CONFIDENTIAL
10
21
21
18
7
Upto 200 kgs
201 -300 kgs
301 -400 kgs
401 -500 kgs
More than 500 kgs
4
17
5
0
3
6
4
16
18
4
38 (~80%) treadle pump users harvest more than 300 kg of chilli whereas only 8 (~28%) non users
harvest more than 300 kg
23
Average harvest of chilli from
upto 1/3 acre land
n=77
Average harvest 385 kgs 420 kgs 326 kgs
n=48 n=29*

4
Incremental income post treadle pump purchase

CONFIDENTIAL
Almost all treadle pump users find it useful for their irrigation requirements with a need to improve
crop productivity being the prime reason behind the purchase of the treadle pump
42
29
26
21
6
4
4
3
2
2
Reasons for buying treadle pump
25
Irrigation requirement satisfied
through treadle pump
96
6
Yes No
n=102 (users)
n=102 (users)
To improve productivity
Inadequacy of rain water
Cost effectiveness of treadle pump
Desire to grow multiple crops in a year
Awareness about the benefits of treadle
pumps
Need for hiring diesel pumps for irrigation
Benefits of treadle pumps seen at
neighbourhood farms
Saving of time
To avoid pulling water manually from the
well
Need to bring more land under cultivation
Only 6 farmers get extra water through other
machines or canals. Their reason for the need of
extra irrigation is to irrigate a larger size of land

CONFIDENTIAL
98 farmers feel that treadle pump has increased the productivity of their farm whereas 63 believe
that the increase in income is due to savings in time or freeing up of time
Increase in farm productivity
through treadle pump usage
26
Ways in which treadle pump helped in
increasing productivity
n=102 (users)
98
4
Yes Not sure
n=98 (users)
31
31
15
13
11
Gives sufficient water
when required
Saves time
Requires less labour
Low investment and
running cost
Different crops can be
cultivated
Reasons for increase in income
post treadle pump usage
33
30
8
2
Saves time
I get time for other work
Water can be given in the field
any time
Anyone can run it
n=65 (users)

5
Change in farmer lifestyle post treadle pump usage

CONFIDENTIAL
Although there is a similar frequency of illness between the users and non users, treadle pump owners are
able to spend more on doctors as compared to non users, indicating an improvement in lifestyle and
therefore a higher spending on healthcare
139
71
68
64
31
33
Overall (n=203)
Users (n=102)
Non-users (n=101)
No Yes
Illness in the house
28
Spend on the doctor Average Spend in Rs
Overall (n=55) 2512
User (n=27*) 3104
Non – user (n=25) 1941
District wise spend on the doctor Average Spend in Rs.
Barpeta (n=15*) 2353
Golaghat (n=17*) 932
Nagaon (n=11*) 6045
Sonitpur (n=12*) 1708

CONFIDENTIAL
56
11
9
41
17
15
Treadle pump users spend ~Rs.1200 on school fees for their children, ~35% more than non users; the
average agricultural income of users who spend more than Rs.1000 on school fees is ~Rs. 30,000
54
29
25
149
73
76
Overall (n=203)
Users (n=102)
Non-users (n=101)
No Yes
School going children
29
Spend on the school fees
Overall User
Non-User
n=149
Average spend 1026 1199 861
n=73 n=76
95
28
26
Upto 1000
1000 -1500
More than 1500
Users spending more than INR 1000 on school fees Average agricultural income
Barpeta (n=12*) INR 34,907
Golaghat (n=7*) INR 24, 650
Nagaon (n=5*) INR 20,474
Sonitpur (n=8*) INR 30, 004

CONFIDENTIAL
37
47
7
16
62
16
The users also spend ~Rs. 1300 on vegetables fruit and milk as compared to non users who spend
~Rs. 1100 on it; the average agricultural income of users who spend more than Rs. 1000 on
vegetables, fruits & milk is ~Rs. 30,200
30
Spend on vegetables, fruits and milk
53
110
22
Upto 1000
1000 -1500
More than 1500
n=185
n=95 n=92
Users spending more than INR 1000 on vegetables,
fruits & milk
Average agricultural income
Barpeta (n=24*) INR 32,017
Golaghat (n=23*) INR 25,463
Nagaon (n=11*) INR 33,845
Sonitpur (n=20*) INR 31,785

CONFIDENTIAL
101
8
2
9
4
6
4
3
1
1
102
13
17
6
8
6
2
3
3
1
203
21
19
15
12
12
6
6
4
2
Putting money in the farm
Repaying of loans
Buying new farming equipment
Renovating/constructing your house
Buying of livestock
Saving money for the future
Buying durables for the house
Entertainment
Buying of gold
Buying of vehicle
Users invest have been able to invest in productive assets of the future than non users who spent
most of their money in entertainment of items of immediate consumptions
31
Money spent on different
activities in the past one year
n=203 n=102 n=101

CONFIDENTIAL
83
16
1
1
37
49
10
6
120
65
11
7
Less tha 5,000 rupees
5,001 - 10,000 rupees
10,001 - 15,000 rupees
More than 15,000 rupees
While 49 (~48%) treadle pump users are able to spend between Rs. 5,000 – Rs 10,000 on their
farms only, 16 (~16%) non treadle pump users are able to invest the same amounts in their farm
32
Average amount spent on the
farm in the past year
n=203
n=102 n=101

6
Income source besides farming

CONFIDENTIAL
Due to higher farm incomes, a significantly higher number of treadle pump users do not need to
engage in alternative livelihoods in addition to agriculture
44
33
11
159
69
90
Overall (n=203)
Users (n=102)
Non-users (n=101)
We sell some/all that we grow on the farm and only depend on farming for our income
What we grow on the farm is not enough for the family and we also earn money from other
work besides farming
Dependence on farming
34

CONFIDENTIAL
A comparatively higher proportion of treadle pump non users migrate to nearby towns during non
farming season for extra income.
24
7
17
179
95
84
Overall (n=203)
Users (n=102)
Non-users (n=101)
Yes No
Migration to nearby towns during non
farming season
35

CONFIDENTIAL
79% (80) of treadle pump users have been using the treadle pump for more than 2 years; majority of
them use it for each crop cycle and are able to irrigate up to 0.6 acre of land.
2
20
59
21
Last 1 year
More than 1- 2 years
More than 2- 3 years
More than 3 years
Note: Time since treadle pump usage is in harvest years
Time since treadle pump usage
37
Regularity of treadle pump
usage
n=102 (users)
100
2
I have used it for each crop cycle
I have used it sometimes
n=102 (users)
40
55
5
2
0.3 acre
0.6 acre
1 acre
Did not answer
Area irrigated through treadle pumps
n=102 (users)

CONFIDENTIAL
All the users are satisfied with the treadle pumps with low investment and running cost being the key
reasons for satisfaction
Level of satisfaction with the
treadle pump
38
Reasons for satisfaction
n=102 (users)
37
65
Extremely satisfied Very satisfied
n=102 (users)
40
38
20
19
5
5
4
Low investment
Low running cost
Ease of use
Gives sufficient water
when required
Increases productivity
Saves time
Makes me fit

CONFIDENTIAL
98% (100) farmers do not find any problem with the treadle pump and 96% (98) plan to use it in the
future too.
39
Performance of treadle pump basis
expectation
n=102 (users)
100
2
Very well, there have been no problems
Not too well, it requires frequent repairs
Plan to use of treadle pump in
future
98
4
Yes Not sure
Children dropping out of school
post treadle pump purchase
101
1
No No response
n=102 (users)
n=102 (users)

8
Practices among non users of treadle pump

CONFIDENTIAL
98% (99) farmers not using treadle pumps face problems in irrigating the field; non availability of
means of irrigation is the main problem faced by them.
Any problem faced while irrigating
the field?
41
Types of problems faced
n=101 (non users)
99
2
Yes No
n=99 (non users)
55
17
14
13
13
3
2
Non availability of means of
irrigation
Unable to cultivate
vegetables/other crops
Lack of water at the right
time
Completely dependent on
rain
It is expensive to get water
from the canals
Depend on other machines
for irrigation
Irrigation needs lots of hard
labourAll figures are in nos

CONFIDENTIAL
Although 98 (97%) farmers not using treadle pumps are aware of it, lack of information and money
as the key inhibitors to its purchase.
Awareness of treadle pump
42
Reasons for not buying treadle pumps
n=101 (non users)
98
3
Yes No
n=98 (non users)
Purchase of any technology other than
treadle pumps
n=101 (non users)
54
28
8
7
5
Clear information on the
benefits of treadle pumps on
the productivity
Lack of money to buy it
Needs labour
No one has recommend it to
me
Lack of people to use it
2
99
Yes No

9
General agricultural practices and lifestyle

CONFIDENTIAL
1
0
1
Overall
User
Non-user
Ownership of the land farming
is done on
Majority of the farmers own the land that they farm on, with some farmers farming on land owned by
their family
174
86
88
26
15
11
Overall (n=200)
Users (n=101)
Non-users (n=99)
Owned by me
Owned by my family
Actual owner of the land
2
1
1
200
101
99
Work on own land
and also part time on
other people’s land
I have taken the
land on lease
for farming
I own the land
that I farm on
Overall (n)=203
User (n)=102
Non-user (n)=101
44

CONFIDENTIAL
Land is together
Land is broken into 2 plots
Land is broken into 3 plots
Land is broken into more than 3 plots
Most of the farmers have an agricultural land up to 0.3 acre and 74% (150) of the farmers have a
single plot of land. 52% (53) of non treadle pump non users have farm area that is not irrigated
45
61
22
39
82
37
45
28
17
117
6
1
10
6
415
14
1
Overall User Non-user
0.3 acre
0.6 acre
1 acre
Size of the agricultural landholding Fragmentation of land
67 38
29
64
47
17
16
14
2
3
3
0
53
0
53
0.3 acre 0.6 acre
1 acre More than 1 acre
Not irrigated
Farm area that is irrigated
Overall (n)=203
User (n)=102
Non-user (n)=101
150 71
79
44
23
21
7 6
12 2 0

CONFIDENTIAL
Almost all the farmers own a house and have a kitchen; however, 38% (39) of treadle pump users
have more than 3 rooms in their house as compared to 21% (21) of non users.
201
101
100
2
1
1
Overall (n=203)
Users (n=102)
Non-users (n=101)
Yes No
Ownership of the house
46
1
1
43
15
28
99
48
51
54
34
20
6
5
1
Overall (n=203)
Users (n=102)
Non-users (n=101)
1 2 3 4 5
No of rooms in the house

CONFIDENTIAL
Most farmers use service latrine that is owned by the household, however users have a higher
proportion of owned laterine i.e. ~92% as compared to non-users i.e. ~86%.
Type of latrine facility used
47
181
22
94
8
87
14
Owned by household Shared latrine
Overall (n=203)
Users (n=102)
Non-users (n=101)
192
3 8
94
2 6
98
1 2
Service latrine Flush system latrine Septic tank latrine
Overall (n=203)
Users (n=102)
Non-users (n=101)
Ownership of latrine used

CONFIDENTIAL
Executive Summary
On an average treadle pump users earn an agricultural income of Rs. 20,000 or ~200% more
than the non users through agriculture clearly indicating the impact of treadle pump on their
livelihood.
This difference in the income is a result of the higher productivity enabled by treadle pumps.
Treadle pump users are able to cultivate a larger variety of vegetables and crops as compared to
the non users. For those who also do other work besides farming treadle pump helps them to
save time on irrigation that is utilised to earn money through other occupations.
Treadle pump users have a higher standard of living as compared to non users; they are able to
spend more on healthcare, education and quality of food. They are able to invest more in their
land and productive assets and therefore have the opportunity to get higher returns sustainably.
Treadle pump users cultivate cash crops and are also able to participate in the market thus
generating higher income for themselves.
Migration to nearby towns is low among treadle pump users as compared to the non users.
Most treadle pump non users cultivate only what they consume, this subsistence farming along
with general labour work leads to an inferior quality of life.
49

Impact assessment of IDEI's treadle pump project in Assam

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