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The document summarizes HIV antiretroviral drug therapy. It discusses the six classes of antiviral drugs used to treat HIV including nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, fusion inhibitors, and coreceptor antagonists. Examples of drugs from each class are provided, demonstrating the significant advances made in suppressing HIV replication through combination drug regimens.
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Anti retroviral drugs
Antiretroviral drugs are medications for the treatment of infection by retroviruses, primarily HIV.
Different classes of antiretroviral drugs act at different stages of the HIV life cycle.
Combination of several (typically three or four) antiretroviral drugs is known as Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART).
Anti retroviral drugs
Antiretroviral drugs are used to treat retrovirus infections like HIV. They work at different stages of the viral lifecycle. Combination antiretroviral therapy using three or four drugs is known as HAART and suppresses the virus and prevents disease progression and transmission. There are several classes of antiretrovirals that act through different mechanisms such as inhibiting reverse transcriptase, protease, viral entry into cells, integrase, or the CCR5 receptor.
Anti HIV drugs part 2
https://youtu.be/Ro8lrPggUyo
Contents of the video are useful For B.PHARM SEMESTER VI AND PHARM.D 3 YEAR STUDENTS in Medicinal Chemistry
Contents are:-
Drug classification of Anti-HIV drugs
Chemical structure of drugs
Synthesis, Mechanism of action, Medicinal use, adverse effect, and Brand name of Zidovudine, Lamivudine, Didanosine
Chapter 35 HIV Presentation
This document provides an overview of HIV and AIDS related drugs and treatment. It discusses the structure of the immune system, HIV infection pathophysiology, the HIV life cycle, transmission routes, laboratory testing, treatment classifications, goals of antiretroviral therapy (ART), ART indications, classes of antiretroviral agents including their mechanisms and side effects, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), adherence, the nurse's role, opportunistic infections, treatment in pregnancy, and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS).
Adverse drug reactions attributed to genetic differences
Genetic differences between individuals can lead to variability in responses to drugs and adverse drug reactions. Some key points:
- About 30% of adverse drug reactions may be due to genetic polymorphisms affecting drug metabolism. Enzymes like CYP2D6 play an important role.
- Genes can impact how the body processes and breaks down drugs (pharmacokinetics) and how drugs interact with receptors (pharmacodynamics).
- Single nucleotide polymorphisms are variations in DNA sequences that can alter protein structure and drug responses. They have been linked to prolonged muscle relaxation after cholinergic drugs and hemolytic anemia from antimalarial drugs.
Navirapine drug
It is an effective antiretroviral drug which is medically used in various HIV/AIDS therapies, the trade name is Viramune
Anti retroviral drugs-Integrase inhibitors
The document discusses several classes of anti-retroviral drugs used to treat HIV, including fusion inhibitors like enfuvirtide which bind to gp41 and prevent viral fusion, CCR5 receptor inhibitors like maraviroc which block the CCR5 co-receptor used by some HIV strains, and integrase inhibitors like raltegravir and elvitegravir which are given orally and active against HIV-1 and 2 with some cross resistance between the two. Integrase inhibitors can be used as part of initial triple drug regimens or as add-on drugs in optimized regimens for treatment-resistant cases.
Zidovudine
Zidovudine (AZT) was the first drug approved to treat HIV/AIDS. It works by inhibiting the reverse transcriptase enzyme of HIV, preventing it from replicating its DNA within human cells. AZT was approved by the FDA in 1987 and is often used in combination with other antiretrovirals. It is administered orally and can cause side effects like anemia, neutropenia, and lactic acidosis. AZT remains an important component of combination antiretroviral therapy due to its effectiveness against HIV.
Recommended
Anti retroviral drugs
Antiretroviral drugs are medications for the treatment of infection by retroviruses, primarily HIV.
Different classes of antiretroviral drugs act at different stages of the HIV life cycle.
Combination of several (typically three or four) antiretroviral drugs is known as Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART).
Anti retroviral drugs
Antiretroviral drugs are used to treat retrovirus infections like HIV. They work at different stages of the viral lifecycle. Combination antiretroviral therapy using three or four drugs is known as HAART and suppresses the virus and prevents disease progression and transmission. There are several classes of antiretrovirals that act through different mechanisms such as inhibiting reverse transcriptase, protease, viral entry into cells, integrase, or the CCR5 receptor.
Anti HIV drugs part 2
https://youtu.be/Ro8lrPggUyo
Contents of the video are useful For B.PHARM SEMESTER VI AND PHARM.D 3 YEAR STUDENTS in Medicinal Chemistry
Contents are:-
Drug classification of Anti-HIV drugs
Chemical structure of drugs
Synthesis, Mechanism of action, Medicinal use, adverse effect, and Brand name of Zidovudine, Lamivudine, Didanosine
Chapter 35 HIV Presentation
This document provides an overview of HIV and AIDS related drugs and treatment. It discusses the structure of the immune system, HIV infection pathophysiology, the HIV life cycle, transmission routes, laboratory testing, treatment classifications, goals of antiretroviral therapy (ART), ART indications, classes of antiretroviral agents including their mechanisms and side effects, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), adherence, the nurse's role, opportunistic infections, treatment in pregnancy, and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS).
Adverse drug reactions attributed to genetic differences
Genetic differences between individuals can lead to variability in responses to drugs and adverse drug reactions. Some key points:
- About 30% of adverse drug reactions may be due to genetic polymorphisms affecting drug metabolism. Enzymes like CYP2D6 play an important role.
- Genes can impact how the body processes and breaks down drugs (pharmacokinetics) and how drugs interact with receptors (pharmacodynamics).
- Single nucleotide polymorphisms are variations in DNA sequences that can alter protein structure and drug responses. They have been linked to prolonged muscle relaxation after cholinergic drugs and hemolytic anemia from antimalarial drugs.
Navirapine drug
It is an effective antiretroviral drug which is medically used in various HIV/AIDS therapies, the trade name is Viramune
Anti retroviral drugs-Integrase inhibitors
The document discusses several classes of anti-retroviral drugs used to treat HIV, including fusion inhibitors like enfuvirtide which bind to gp41 and prevent viral fusion, CCR5 receptor inhibitors like maraviroc which block the CCR5 co-receptor used by some HIV strains, and integrase inhibitors like raltegravir and elvitegravir which are given orally and active against HIV-1 and 2 with some cross resistance between the two. Integrase inhibitors can be used as part of initial triple drug regimens or as add-on drugs in optimized regimens for treatment-resistant cases.
Zidovudine
Zidovudine (AZT) was the first drug approved to treat HIV/AIDS. It works by inhibiting the reverse transcriptase enzyme of HIV, preventing it from replicating its DNA within human cells. AZT was approved by the FDA in 1987 and is often used in combination with other antiretrovirals. It is administered orally and can cause side effects like anemia, neutropenia, and lactic acidosis. AZT remains an important component of combination antiretroviral therapy due to its effectiveness against HIV.
Adult HIV Antiretroviral drugs
Adult HIV was developed by doctors and nurses with wide experience in the care of adults with HIV, under the auspices of the Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation at the University of Cape Town. It covers: introduction to HIV infection, management of HIV-infected adults at primary-care clinics, preparing patients for antiretroviral (ARV) treatment, ARV drugs, starting and maintaining patients on ARV treatment, opportunistic infections
Antiretroviral drugs
This document discusses antiviral drugs used to treat retrovirus infections such as HIV. It classifies antiretroviral drugs into different categories based on their mechanism of action, including nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, fusion inhibitors, CCR5 receptor inhibitors, and integrase inhibitors. Key drugs from each category are described in terms of their pharmacological properties and clinical applications. The principles of highly active antiretroviral therapy and guidelines for HIV treatment and prevention are also summarized.
TDM of ARV drugs
Most current highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens for HIV-positive patients contain two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) with either a Protease inhibitor (PIs) or a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI). Notwithstanding the regulatory guidelines recommending therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for these drugs, therapeutic failure is a very serious concern implying drug induced toxicity and more importantly viral rebound and viral resistance.
Single dose, steady state and dose ranging studies have all more or less demonstrated that there is a positive correlation between plasma concentrations and therapeutic effects of anti-retrovirals (ARVs). However, one of the main challenges still seems to be the target concentrations for these drugs and their relevant inhibitory quotient. In this talk, we are going to examine these issues along with bioanalytical challenges, drug-effect and drug âtoxicity relationships and finally drug-drug interactions within different HAART regimes.
Antiretroviral
This document discusses anti-HIV drugs, their mechanisms of action, and treatment regimens. It describes established drug targets for anti-HIV drugs like CCR5 coreceptors and reverse transcriptase. It provides details on first line treatment regimens including two NRTIs with an NNRTI or PI/r. It also discusses treatment failure, adverse effects, special populations, and co-infections.
Antiretroviral resistance
ARVs are included in the drugs with narrow therapeutic index. It's important for every doctors and health care workers to understand mechanism of ARV resistance. Video file is available in the following link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TvNOmwRh0I0&feature=player_detailpage
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This document summarizes various anti-viral and anti-fungal agents. It discusses the mechanism of action and clinical uses of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors like zidovudine, didanosine, lamivudine, emtricitabine and others for treating HIV. It also covers anti-herpes drugs like acyclovir, valacyclovir, famciclovir and penciclovir; anti-CMV drugs like ganciclovir and cidofovir; and other agents for treating hepatitis, influenza and fungal infections. The adverse effects, pharmacokinetics and mechanisms of these different classes of drugs are summarized.
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1.POST EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS(P.E.P)
2.TREATMENT/MANAGEMENT OF HIV-AIDS
3.TREATMENT OF ADJOINING CONDITIONS
eg-
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-NEOPLASIAS
-misc.( recurrent apthos ulcers, xerostomia,salivary G. enlargement)
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This document discusses various classes of antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV/AIDS. It describes 5 main classes: nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors which include drugs like zidovudine and lamivudine; non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors like efavirenz and nevirapine; protease inhibitors such as saquinavir and ritonavir; nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors including tenofovir; and entry/fusion inhibitors like enfuvirtide. For each drug class, it provides examples of drugs, their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, and common adverse effects. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HA
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The document discusses different classes of antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV/AIDS. It describes nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) which work by incorporating themselves into viral DNA to stop its replication. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) bind to and inhibit the reverse transcriptase enzyme. Protease inhibitors (PIs) inhibit the HIV protease enzyme responsible for polyprotein cleavage. The document provides examples and mechanisms of specific drugs in each class, including zidovudine, lamivudine, efavirenz, and indinavir. It notes the importance of combination antiretroviral therapy to prevent drug resistance.
Basics of HIV
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. It weakens a person's immune system by damaging CD4 cells. Without treatment, opportunistic infections can occur and be life-threatening. HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be diagnosed by detecting antibodies or viral RNA. Antiretroviral therapy uses a combination of three antiretroviral drugs to suppress the virus and stop disease progression. This preserves the immune system and allows those infected to live long and healthy lives if they stay on treatment consistently.
Anti-Retroviral Therapy.pptx
1) Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) uses a combination of anti-HIV drugs, called Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART), to suppress the virus and stop the progression of HIV.
2) There are 5 classes of anti-retroviral drugs - nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, and entry/fusion inhibitors.
3) The World Health Organization recommends starting ART for all HIV-positive individuals with a CD4 count of 350 or less, or those with clinically advanced disease regardless of CD4 count.
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The document discusses various antiviral drugs, their mechanisms of action, and their uses. It describes nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) like zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitabine, and lamivudine which work by competing for incorporation into viral DNA and terminating the chain. It also discusses protease inhibitors like saquinavir, indinavir, and ritonavir which prevent viral replication by binding to viral proteases and blocking protein cleavage. Finally, it mentions other antivirals like amantadine, rimantadine, acyclovir, and gancyclovir which interfere with viral attachment, uncoating, or nucleic acid replication
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This document summarizes various antiviral agents classified into different categories. It discusses the structure, mechanism of action and uses of individual antiviral drugs like acyclovir, ganciclovir, zidovudine, didanosine, lamivudine, ribavirin, saquinavir, indinavir and ritonavir which are used for treating viral infections like herpes, HIV, influenza, hepatitis etc. The document provides key information about these antiviral drugs in a concise manner.
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This document discusses various challenges in using antiretroviral drugs to treat HIV, including factors related to the virus, the drugs, and the host. It covers existing drug classes like nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and protease inhibitors. It also introduces new drug classes in development, such as entry inhibitors that target chemokine receptors or fusion. While antiretroviral treatment has improved life for many, ongoing research aims to address ongoing challenges like toxicity, resistance, and management of lifelong therapy.
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Adult HIV was developed by doctors and nurses with wide experience in the care of adults with HIV, under the auspices of the Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation at the University of Cape Town. It covers: introduction to HIV infection, management of HIV-infected adults at primary-care clinics, preparing patients for antiretroviral (ARV) treatment, ARV drugs, starting and maintaining patients on ARV treatment, opportunistic infections
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This document discusses antiviral drugs used to treat retrovirus infections such as HIV. It classifies antiretroviral drugs into different categories based on their mechanism of action, including nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, fusion inhibitors, CCR5 receptor inhibitors, and integrase inhibitors. Key drugs from each category are described in terms of their pharmacological properties and clinical applications. The principles of highly active antiretroviral therapy and guidelines for HIV treatment and prevention are also summarized.
TDM of ARV drugs
Most current highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens for HIV-positive patients contain two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) with either a Protease inhibitor (PIs) or a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI). Notwithstanding the regulatory guidelines recommending therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for these drugs, therapeutic failure is a very serious concern implying drug induced toxicity and more importantly viral rebound and viral resistance.
Single dose, steady state and dose ranging studies have all more or less demonstrated that there is a positive correlation between plasma concentrations and therapeutic effects of anti-retrovirals (ARVs). However, one of the main challenges still seems to be the target concentrations for these drugs and their relevant inhibitory quotient. In this talk, we are going to examine these issues along with bioanalytical challenges, drug-effect and drug âtoxicity relationships and finally drug-drug interactions within different HAART regimes.
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Antiretroviral resistance
ARVs are included in the drugs with narrow therapeutic index. It's important for every doctors and health care workers to understand mechanism of ARV resistance. Video file is available in the following link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TvNOmwRh0I0&feature=player_detailpage
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This document summarizes various anti-viral and anti-fungal agents. It discusses the mechanism of action and clinical uses of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors like zidovudine, didanosine, lamivudine, emtricitabine and others for treating HIV. It also covers anti-herpes drugs like acyclovir, valacyclovir, famciclovir and penciclovir; anti-CMV drugs like ganciclovir and cidofovir; and other agents for treating hepatitis, influenza and fungal infections. The adverse effects, pharmacokinetics and mechanisms of these different classes of drugs are summarized.
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Management of HIV(proper)
MANAGEMENT OF HIV FALLS UNDER THREE MAJOR CATEGORIES
1.POST EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS(P.E.P)
2.TREATMENT/MANAGEMENT OF HIV-AIDS
3.TREATMENT OF ADJOINING CONDITIONS
eg-
-Fungal Infections
-Bacterial infections
-Viral infections
-NEOPLASIAS
-misc.( recurrent apthos ulcers, xerostomia,salivary G. enlargement)
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This document discusses various classes of antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV/AIDS. It describes 5 main classes: nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors which include drugs like zidovudine and lamivudine; non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors like efavirenz and nevirapine; protease inhibitors such as saquinavir and ritonavir; nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors including tenofovir; and entry/fusion inhibitors like enfuvirtide. For each drug class, it provides examples of drugs, their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, and common adverse effects. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HA
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The document discusses the history and management of HIV/AIDS. It describes the early treatments for HIV/AIDS and the development of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). It then discusses the symptoms of HIV/AIDS and how the virus destroys CD4+ T cells. It provides details on diagnosing HIV and the replication cycle of the virus. The remainder of the document outlines the different classes of antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV, including entry inhibitors, nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, and protease inhibitors. It also discusses initiating antiretroviral therapy and considerations for special populations such as children,
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This document provides an overview of antiretroviral therapies (ART) used to treat HIV and issues with patient adherence to these treatment regimens. It discusses the history of HIV/AIDS and the development of early treatments like AZT. The major classes of ART are described, including how they work to inhibit different stages of the HIV replication cycle. Challenges to effective adherence are reviewed, such as medication side effects, complex dosing schedules, and social/personal barriers patients may face. High adherence to combination ART is emphasized as critical for suppressing the virus and preventing drug resistance.
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This document discusses antiviral therapies for treating HIV. It describes how antiretroviral therapy works by using combinations of antiretroviral medicines from different classes to suppress the virus. The main classes covered are nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, entry inhibitors, and integrase inhibitors. Examples of drugs from each class are provided. The document also outlines the goals and indications for antiretroviral therapy, as well as recommendations for first-line and second-line treatment regimens.
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The document discusses different classes of antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV/AIDS. It describes nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) which work by incorporating themselves into viral DNA to stop its replication. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) bind to and inhibit the reverse transcriptase enzyme. Protease inhibitors (PIs) inhibit the HIV protease enzyme responsible for polyprotein cleavage. The document provides examples and mechanisms of specific drugs in each class, including zidovudine, lamivudine, efavirenz, and indinavir. It notes the importance of combination antiretroviral therapy to prevent drug resistance.
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HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. It weakens a person's immune system by damaging CD4 cells. Without treatment, opportunistic infections can occur and be life-threatening. HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be diagnosed by detecting antibodies or viral RNA. Antiretroviral therapy uses a combination of three antiretroviral drugs to suppress the virus and stop disease progression. This preserves the immune system and allows those infected to live long and healthy lives if they stay on treatment consistently.
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1) Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) uses a combination of anti-HIV drugs, called Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART), to suppress the virus and stop the progression of HIV.
2) There are 5 classes of anti-retroviral drugs - nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, and entry/fusion inhibitors.
3) The World Health Organization recommends starting ART for all HIV-positive individuals with a CD4 count of 350 or less, or those with clinically advanced disease regardless of CD4 count.
Kuliah Kemoterapi antivirus dan prophylaxis
This document outlines the learning objectives and content for a course on antiviral chemotherapy and prophylaxis. The objectives are to describe the mechanisms of action and resistance of drugs for HSV, VZV, CMV, HBV, and HCV. It also covers identifying the characteristics of anti-influenza drugs and describing the mechanisms of action of different classes of anti-HIV drugs. The document concludes by listing further assignments to describe the mechanisms and indications of specific drug groups for treating viral infections.
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1. HIV is a retrovirus that contains RNA and incorporates its genome into host cells, hijacking their functions to replicate and eventually destroy the cells.
2. HIV targets CD4+ T-cells, weakening the immune system. It was first recognized in 1981.
3. HIV infection progresses through stages from asymptomatic to development of opportunistic infections that define AIDS. Common symptoms include fatigue, weight loss, and recurrent infections.
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The document discusses various antiviral drugs, their mechanisms of action, and their uses. It describes nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) like zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitabine, and lamivudine which work by competing for incorporation into viral DNA and terminating the chain. It also discusses protease inhibitors like saquinavir, indinavir, and ritonavir which prevent viral replication by binding to viral proteases and blocking protein cleavage. Finally, it mentions other antivirals like amantadine, rimantadine, acyclovir, and gancyclovir which interfere with viral attachment, uncoating, or nucleic acid replication
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This document discusses various challenges in using antiretroviral drugs to treat HIV, including factors related to the virus, the drugs, and the host. It covers existing drug classes like nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and protease inhibitors. It also introduces new drug classes in development, such as entry inhibitors that target chemokine receptors or fusion. While antiretroviral treatment has improved life for many, ongoing research aims to address ongoing challenges like toxicity, resistance, and management of lifelong therapy.
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Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
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acne vulgaris -Mpharm (2nd semester) Cosmetics and cosmeceuticals
cosmetics and cosmeceuticals
Muskan
mpharm
2nd semester
Guru Gobind Singh college of pharmacy, yamunanagar, haryana
Patellar Instability: Diagnosis Management
Pictorial and detailed description of patellar instability with sign and symptoms and how to diagnose , what investigations you should go with and how to approach with treatment options . I have presented this slide in my 2nd year junior residency in orthopedics at LLRM medical college Meerut and got good reviews for it
After getting it read you will definitely understand the topic.
Storyboard on Acne-Innovative Learning-M. pharm. (2nd sem.) Cosmetics
Acne is a common skin condition that occurs when hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells. It typically manifests as pimples, blackheads, or whiteheads, often on the face, chest, shoulders, or back. Acne can range from mild to severe and may cause emotional distress and scarring in some cases.
**Causes:**
1. **Excess Oil Production:** Hormonal changes during adolescence or certain times in adulthood can increase sebum (oil) production, leading to clogged pores.
2. **Clogged Pores:** When dead skin cells and oil block hair follicles, bacteria (usually Propionibacterium acnes) can thrive, causing inflammation and acne lesions.
3. **Hormonal Factors:** Fluctuations in hormone levels, such as during puberty, menstrual cycles, pregnancy, or certain medical conditions, can contribute to acne.
4. **Genetics:** A family history of acne can increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
**Types of Acne:**
- **Whiteheads:** Closed plugged pores.
- **Blackheads:** Open plugged pores with a dark surface.
- **Papules:** Small red, tender bumps.
- **Pustules:** Pimples with pus at their tips.
- **Nodules:** Large, solid, painful lumps beneath the surface.
- **Cysts:** Painful, pus-filled lumps beneath the surface that can cause scarring.
**Treatment:**
Treatment depends on the severity and type of acne but may include:
- **Topical Treatments:** Such as benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, or retinoids to reduce bacteria and unclog pores.
- **Oral Medications:** Antibiotics or oral contraceptives for hormonal acne.
- **Procedures:** Such as chemical peels, extraction of comedones, or light therapy for more severe cases.
**Prevention and Management:**
- **Cleanse:** Regularly wash skin with a gentle cleanser.
- **Moisturize:** Use non-comedogenic moisturizers to keep skin hydrated without clogging pores.
- **Avoid Irritants:** Such as harsh cosmetics or excessive scrubbing.
- **Sun Protection:** Use sunscreen to prevent exacerbation of acne scars and inflammation.
Acne treatment can take time, and consistency in skincare routines and treatments is crucial. Consulting a dermatologist can help tailor a treatment plan that suits individual needs and reduces the risk of scarring or long-term skin damage.
Brain specific drug delivery.pptx -Mpharm
BBB and BCF
control the entry of compounds into the brain and
regulate brain homeostasis.
restricts access to brain cells of bloodâborne compounds and
facilitates nutrients essential for normal metabolism to reach brain cells
ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION in community setting
âEnvironmental sanitation means the art and science of applying sanitary, biological and physical science principles and knowledge to improve and control the environment therein for the protection of the health and welfare of the publicâ.The overall importance of sanitation are to provide a healthy living environment for everyone, to protect the natural resources (such as surface water, groundwater, soil ), and to provide safety, security and dignity for people when they defecate or urinate .Sanitation refers to public health conditions such as drinking clean water, sewage treatment, etc. All the effective tools and actions that help in keeping the environment clean come under sanitation. Sanitation refers to public health conditions such as drinking clean water, sewage treatment. All the effective tools and actions that help in keeping the environment clean and promotes public health is the necessary in todays life.
Storyboard on Skin- Innovative Learning (M-pharm) 2nd sem. (Cosmetics)
Skin is the largest organ of the human body, serving crucial functions that include protection, sensation, regulation, and synthesis. Structurally, it consists of three main layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutaneous layer).
1. **Epidermis**: The outermost layer primarily composed of epithelial cells called keratinocytes. It provides a protective barrier against environmental factors, pathogens, and UV radiation.
2. **Dermis**: Located beneath the epidermis, the dermis contains connective tissue, blood vessels, hair follicles, and sweat glands. It plays a vital role in supporting and nourishing the epidermis, regulating body temperature, and housing sensory receptors for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
3. **Hypodermis**: Also known as the subcutaneous layer, it consists of fat and connective tissue that anchors the skin to underlying structures like muscles and bones. It provides insulation, cushioning, and energy storage.
Skin performs essential functions such as regulating body temperature through sweat production and blood flow control, synthesizing vitamin D when exposed to sunlight, and serving as a sensory interface with the external environment.
Maintaining skin health is crucial for overall well-being, involving proper hygiene, hydration, protection from sun exposure, and avoiding harmful substances. Skin conditions and diseases range from minor irritations to chronic disorders, emphasizing the importance of regular care and medical attention when needed.
Cervical Disc Arthroplasty ORSI 2024.pptx
Indication and installation of a mobile cervical disc prosthesis. Benefits of the PRODISC C VIVO mobile disc prosthesis (Centinel Spine)
All about shoulder Joint ..
All about shoulder joint , Anatomy ,Examination, Special tests and radiology.
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14...
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
Public Health Lecture 4 Social Sciences and Public Health
Sociology, Anthropology and Psychology as applied to Public Health
Mechanical injuries(ICS) due to sharp force.ppt
Injuries, definition , classification and mechanical injuries due to sharp force injury including defense, self inflicted and fabricated injuries.
Microbiology & Parasitology Exercises Parts of the Microscope
Exercise 1 of Microbiology and Parasitology which is the parts of the microscope and their uses
Allopurinol (Anti-gout drug).pptx
Allopurinol, a uric acid synthesis inhibitor acts by inhibiting Xanthine oxidase competitively as well as non- competitively, Whereas Oxypurinol is a non-competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
Pharmacology of Drugs for Congestive Heart Failure
Congestive Heart failure is caused by low cardiac output and high sympathetic discharge. Diuretics reduce preload, ACE inhibitors lower afterload, beta blockers reduce sympathetic activity, and digitalis has inotropic effects. Newer medications target vasodilation and myosin activation to improve heart efficiency while lowering energy requirements. Combination therapy, following an assessment of cardiac function and volume status, is the most effective strategy to heart failure care.
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Immunology.hiv drugs
- 1. HIV Antiretroviral Drug Therapy Immunology Hamid afkhami
- 2. âș The most significant advance in the medical management of HIV infection has been the treatment of patients with antiviral drugs, which can suppress HIV replication to undetectable levels. âș The drugs are distributed into six distinct classes based on their molecular mechanism and resistance profiles. ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY
- 3. Classes of antiviral drugs 1. nucleoside-analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) 2. nonânucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) 3. integrase inhibitors 4. protease inhibitors (PIs) 5. fusion inhibitors * 6. coreceptor antagonists** ENTRY INHIBITORS
- 4. Nucleoside/Nucleotide -analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) âș Emtricitabine (2013) âș tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (2001) âș didanosine (2000) âș zidovudine (1987) Ph
- 6. nonânucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) âș Rilpivirine (2011) âș Etravirine (2011)
- 7. âș Elvitegravir (2014) âș dolutegravir (2013) Integrase inhibitors co
- 8. âș Darunavir (2006) âș Tipranavir (2005) âș Atazanavir (2003) Protease inhibitors (PIs) 160
- 9. âș Fusion inhibitors block HIV from entering the CD4 cells of the immune system by attaching to gp41. âș Enfuvirtide (2003) Fusion inhibitors
- 10. âș Maraviroc works by attaching to a protein on the surface of the immune cells. The protein is called the CCR5 co-receptor. âș Maraviroc (2007) Coreceptor antagonists
- 11. âș Pharmacokinetic enhancers are used in HIV treatment to increase the effectiveness of an HIV medicine included in an HIV regimen.(EX atazanavir or darunavir ) âș When used with atazanavir or darunavir, cobicistat interferes with the breakdown of the drugs in the body. In this way, cobicistat increases the blood levels of atazanavir or darunavir, making them more effective. âș cobicistat Pharmacokinetic Enhancers
- 12. âș Highly Active AntiRetroviral Therapy âș emtricitabine, rilpivirine, and tenofovir alafenamide âș emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide Combination HIV Medicines
- 13. âș antibody 3BNC117 âș enzyme discoveries
- 14. âș www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov âș www.medscape.com âș www.aidsinfo.nih.gov âș www.Wikipedia.com âș Cellular & molecular Immunology eight edition (Abul k.Abass) âș Google image Source
- 15. Have a nice day