Though politicians and members of their constituencies argue immigration policy from seemingly infinite perspectives and sides, one point stands clear and definite: decisions as to who can enter the United States and who can eventually gain citizenship status generally depends of issues of “race,” for U.S. immigration systems reflect and serve as the country’s official “racial” policies.
7. Assimilation
Total: The minority culture gradually loses all
of the markers that set it apart as a separate
culture.
Cultural Markers: language, customs & traditions,
food, sense of heritage.
Partial: The minority culture looses most of
its cultural markers while maintaining some, a
type of acculturalization.
8. Acculturalization
When many cultural markers of the minority
culture are maintained for members to
recognize themselves as a distinct culture, this
is acculturation instead of assimilation.
More likely during voluntary migrations or
peaceful coexistence, rather than result of
conquests or forced coexistence that typically
characterize assimilation.
9. Melting Pot
Where different people or different cultures
come together and merge and mix creating
one big culture.
10. Salad Bowl
Different people living together in harmony
while maintaining their distinctive cultural
markers.
11.
12. PATRIARCHY
“What is patriarchy? A
society is patriarchal to
the degree that it
promotes male privilege
by being male
dominated, male
identified, and male
centered. It is also
organized around an
obsession with control
and involves as one of
its aspects the
oppression of women.”
Johnson, Allan G. (1997). The
gender knot: Unraveling our
patriarchal legacy,
Philadelphia: Temple
University Press, p. 5.
13. WHITE
SUPREMACY
Anti-Defamation League
White supremacy is a term
used to characterize various
belief systems (on a
continuum) central to which
are one or more of the
following key tenets:
1) whites
should have
dominance
over people of
other
backgrounds,
especially
where they
may co-exist;
2) whites
should live
by
themselve
s in a
whites-
only
society;
3) white
people
have their
own
"culture"
that is
superior to
other
cultures;
4) white
people are
genetically
superior to
other
people.
14. “Settler colonialism is a
form of colonialism, which
seeks to replace the original
population of the colonized
territory with a new society of
settlers. As with all forms of
colonialism, it is based on
exogenous domination,
typically organized or
supported by an imperial
authority.”
Wikipedia
Settler
Colonialism
15. 1. Counter-Storytelling as
Counter-Narrative, Counter-
Hegemony
2. The permanence of racism;
racism is “normal”
3. Whiteness as property; the
property functions of whiteness
4. Interest Conversion: white
people will support civil rights
when they see what is in it for
them as white people
5. Critique of Liberalism: Whites
are the primary beneficiaries of
civil rights legislation; the
failure of incrementalism; the
elimination of racism requires
large-scale sweeping change
efforts.
Critical Race
Theory (CRT)
Derrick Bell, Patricia
Williams, Richard Delgado,
Kimberlé Williams
Crenshaw, Camara Phyllis
Jones, Mari Matsuda, and
others
16. OLDER
FORMS OF
RACISM
Valerie Batts
Slavery
“Jim Crow” laws
Lynchings
Cross Burnings
• Segregated Educational,
• Employment,
• Business,
• Governmental Institutions,
• and More
De Jure (by law)
17. While some of the
Older Forms of
Racism still exist
today on a De
Facto basis (in fact
while not in law),
Batts lists Newer
Forms of Racism
21. AVOIDANCE
OF CONTACT
Where white people self
segregate in their
personal and
professional lives from
people of color, and
where white people
show little interest in
learning about the
cultures of communities
of color.
22. DENIAL OF
CULTURAL
DIFFERENCES
The notion of “color
blindness,” which
minimizes the cultural
and behavioral
difference among
people, which simply
mask discomfort with
racialized differences.
23. DENIAL OF
POLITICAL
SIGNIFICANCE
OF
DIFFERENCES
Where white people
deny the profound
impact regarding the
social, political, and
economic realities of
the lives of people of
color.
(Meritocracy: You
should be able to
succeed on your own
merit regardless of
your background.)
24. Deculturalization &
Cultural Genocide
Cultural Genocide:
The process of destroying a people’s culture and
replacing it with a new culture. This works through
the process of deculturalization.
Deculturalization:
The attempt to destroy other cultures through
forced acquiescence and assimilation to majority
rules and standards.
Joel Spring
26. To “OTHER”
Other and Othering
“Othering” is something
people do –- an action, a
verb, not an adjective or
noun.
“Otherness”: not static, intrinsic,
immutable characteristics or traits.
“Other: From Noun to Verb,” Nathaniel Mackey,
1992. Representations, 32, pp. 51-70. Nathaniel Mackey
27. To “Minoritize”
An action, a verb, not an adjective or noun.
The process of objectifying, subordinating,
marginalizing, dominating, controlling,
disenfranchising, violating “the Other”
Through the elements of
Defining
Stereotyping
Scapegoating
Tokenizing
28. Cultural Pluralism
Horace Kallen
Jewish immigrant and sociologist
Polish & Latvian heritage
Coined “Cultural Pluralism” to
challenge image of so-called
“melting pot,” which he considered
to be inherently undemocratic
Kallen envisioned U.S. in image of a
great symphony orchestra, not
sounding in unison (the “melting
pot”), but one where all the
disparate cultures play in harmony
& retain their unique & distinctive
tones and timbres Horace Kallen
29.
30.
31. ASSUMPTIONS
“Race” socially constructed.
The concept of “race” arose concurrently with
advent of European exploration as justification for
conquest and domination of the globe beginning in
15th century C.E.
“Race” is historical, “scientific,” & biological myth. It
is an idea.
Geneticists tell us there is often more variability
within a given so-called “race” than between
“races.”
No essential genetic markers linked specifically to
“race.”
32. ASSUMPTIONS
Though biologists and social scientists proven that
“race” socially constructed (produced,
manufactured),
People face very real consequences in societies
that maintain racist policies and practices on:
Individual,
Interpersonal,
Institutional, &
Larger Societal Levels.
35. CARL LINNAEUS
(1707-1778)
Born Carl Linné
Swedish Botanist, Physician,
and Zoologist.
“Father of Modern Taxonomy”
Book: Systema Naturae
“Linnaean Taxonomy”: System of
Scientific Hierarchical
Classification.
Kingdoms; Classes; Orders;
Genera (Genus); Species.
36. CARL LINNAEUS
Also “The Father of Scientific
Racism.”
Five levels of Homo sapiens,
Based initially on place of origin,
Then skin color and bodily fluids:
Europeanus (blood, optimistic)
Asiaticus (black bile, melancholy,
sad)
Americanus (yellow bile, angry)
Monstrosus
Africanus (phlem, sluggish)
37. CARL LINNAEUS
Europeanus: sanguine, pale, muscular, swift,
clever, inventive, governed by laws.
Asiaticus: melancholic, yellow, inflexible,
severe, avaricious, dark-eyed, governed by
opinions.
Americanus (Native Americans): choleric,
copper-colored, straightforward, eager,
combative, governed by customs.
Monstrosus (dwarfs of the Alps, the
Patagonian giant, the monorchid Hottentot):
agile, fainthearted.
Africanus: phlegmatic, black, slow, relaxed,
negligent, governed by impulse.
38. POST-LINNAEUS TAXONOMY
Later European scientists separated Homo
sapiens in six different categories:
1. Caucasoid: Europe, North Africa, Southwest
Asia
2. Mongoloid: East Asia, Siberia, the Americas
3. Polynesians:
4. Native Americans:
5. Australoid: indigenous Australians
6. Negroid: Central and Southern Africa
(Ramon)
39. Late 19th Century
Jews & Homosexuals
Scientific Community
Distinct “Racial” Types
Social Construction of “Race”
43. “Puritans”
Left England to practice
“Purer” form of
Christianity
Divinely chosen to form
“a biblical
commonwealth”
No separation of
“church & state”
(religion & government)
Intolerant of other
religious beliefs
Killed Quakers,
Catholics, others
44. VIRGINIA COLONY: 1705
“Act Concerning Servants & Slaves”
“[N]o negroes, mulattos
or Indians, Jew, Moor,
Mahometan [Muslims], or
other infidel, or such as
are declared slaves by
this act, shall,
notwithstanding, purchase
any christian (sic) white
servant….”
45. SLAVERY
Scriptural justifications used
to support slavery
Many slave ships had on
board a Christian minister to
help oversee and bless the
passage.
Slave ship names included:
“Jesus,” “Grace of God,”
“Angel,” “Liberty,” &
“Justice.”
http://propagandapress.org/2006/09/20/the-first-slave-ship-to-land-in-
america-was-called-jesus/
http://www.pleasecomeflying.com/2007/10/lucille-clifton-slaveship.html
46. Ephesians 6:5-6
Slaves, obey your earthly
masters with fear and
trembling, in singleness of
heart, as you obey Christ; not
only while being watched, and
in order to please them, but as
slaves of Christ, doing the will
of God from the heart.
47. Luke 12:47
That servant who knows his
master's will and does not get
ready or does not do what his
master wants will be beaten
with many blows.
48. Jefferson Davis
“[Slavery] was established by
decree of Almighty God...it is
sanctioned in the Bible, in
both Testaments, from
Genesis to Revelation...it has
existed in all ages, has been
found among the people of
the highest civilization, and in
nations of the highest
proficiency in the arts.”
49. Dred Scott Decision
Supreme Court, Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857),
on U.S. labor and constitutional law. Decided that
"a negro, whose ancestors were imported into
[the U.S.], and sold as slaves,” whether enslaved
or free, could not be an American citizen and
therefore, could not sue in federal court; and the
federal government had no power to regulate
slavery in federal territories acquired after the
creation of the United States.
50. Dred Scott Decision
Dred Scott, an enslaved man of "the negro
African race" had been taken by his slave
masters to free states and territories. He tried to
sue for his freedom. In 7–2 decision written by
Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, the Supreme Court
denied Scott's request, and Scott remained
enslaved.
52. Hitler said he was inspired by the
U.S. Indian reservation system.
53. “MANIFEST DESTINY”
Belief Providence destined U.S. expand Atlantic
to Pacific (“sea to shining sea”) by “Anglo-Saxon
race.”
Justified stealing Indigenous peoples’ territories
Justified war with Mexico
54. “MANIFEST DESTINY”
“The doctrine of ‘manifest destiny’ embraced
a belief in American Anglo-Saxon
superiority…. ‘This continent,’ a
congressman declared, ‘was intended by
Providence as a vast theatre on which to
work out the grand experiment of Republican
government, under the auspices of the
Anglo-Saxon race’.”
Ronald Takaki, 1993, p. 176
55. “RACE,” IMMIGRATION,
& CITIZENSHIP
14th Amendment, U.S. Constitution
Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the
United States, and subject to the jurisdiction
thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the
State wherein they reside. No State shall make or
enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges
or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor
shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or
property, without due process of law; nor deny to
any person within its jurisdiction the equal
protection of the laws.
56. The American Party
Known as the “Know Nothing” Movement
Reaction to immigrants into the United
States in mid-1850s
Movement to “purify” the country by
limiting or ending Irish Catholic
immigrants and others, and ending their
naturalization
A “Nativist” & anti-Irish Catholic
Movement.
Established by general fears that the
U.S. will be dominated by German and
Irish Catholics
Fears the Pope will control the U.S.
Membership in this movement majority
European-heritage Protestant men
“Citizen Know Nothing”
57. EUGENICS MOVEMENT
“Eugenics” movement in science
1883, coined in England,
Sir Francis Galton,
Cousin of Charles Darwin
Greek word: “well born,”
“of good origins, breeding”
“Science” of improving
qualities of a “race” by
controlling human breeding
Sir Francis
Galton
58. “RACE,” IMMIGRATION, & CITIZENSHIP
1790, Naturalization Act
Excluded “nonwhites” from citizenship
Enslaved Africans
Asians
Native Americans (“domestic foreigners”)
○ 1924, Native Americans rights of citizenship
○ Asians continued denied naturalized citizenship
59. Native American Indian Off-Site
Christian Boarding Schools
Between 1879 and 1905, white Christian teachers operated
25 Indian boarding schools for the U.S. government
throughout the U.S. As Pratt related to a Baptist audience
regarding his theory of education: “[We must immerse]
Indians in our civilization, and when we get them under, [hold]
them there until they are thoroughly soaked.” And, “We must
kill the Indian in him to save the man.”
Lieutenant Richard Henry
Pratt, Founder and
Superintendent of Carlisle
Indian School, in Military
Uniform and With Sword
1879.
60. Captain Richard Henry Pratt
on Education of Native Americans, 1862
“It is a great mistake to think that the
Indian is born an inevitable savage….Left
in the surroundings of savagery, he grows
to possess a savage language,
superstition, and life. We, left in the
surroundings of civilization, grow to
possess a civilized language, life, and
purpose….Transfer the savage-born infant
to the surroundings of civilization, and he
will grow to possess a civilized language
and habit….Kill the Indian in him, and save
the man....”
“Father of the
Movement in
Getting Indians
Out From Their
Old Life into
Citizenship”
61. Native American Indian Off-Site
Christian Boarding Schools
Indian children were stripped of their culture: males’ hair was
cut short, they were all forced to wear Western-style clothing,
they had to take a Western name, they were prohibited from
conversing in their native languages and English was
compulsory, all their cultural and spiritual symbols were
destroyed, and Christianity was imposed.
62. Page Law
In 1875
Congress passed the Page Law, which
served to reduce immigration of women
from Asia.
63. “RACE,” IMMIGRATION, & CITIZENSHIP
1882, Chinese Exclusion Act
Also illegal for Chinese to marry
Whites or Blacks
1907, “Gentleman’s
Agreement” Policy
Restrict immigration from Japan
1917, Immigration Act
further prohibited immigration
from Asian countries, “Barred
Zone.”
China, India, Siam, Burma,
Asiatic Russian, Polynesian
Islands, Afghanistan.
64. CHINESE EXCLUSIONIST
SENTIMENTS
Editor of newspaper in
Butte, Montana:
“The Chinaman’s
life is not our life, his
religion is not our
religion….He
belongs not in Butte”
“Pacific Chivalry:
Encouragement to Chinese
Immigration,”
Harper’s Weekly (1869).
65. Immigration Act of 1882
First comprehensive
immigration law to deal
with federal oversight and
categories of exclusion.
The law gave power over
immigration enforcement
to the Secretary of the
Treasury, who was
already responsible for
overseeing customs in
U.S. ports.
66. Immigration Act of 1882
Categories deemed “undesirable,” the act
prohibited the entry of “any convict, lunatic,
idiot, or any person unable to take care of
himself or herself without becoming a public
charge.”
67. Takao Ozawa v United States
Takao Ozawa, Japanese man, filed for citizenship
under Naturalization Act of 1906
Which allowed white persons & persons of African
descent or African nativity to naturalize.
Asians termed “unassimilateable race” & not entitled
to citizenship.
Ozawa attempted to have Japanese classified
"white.“
Claimed his skin is “white.”
1922, Supreme Court
Denied natualized citizenship status.
68. 1896, Plessy v. Ferguson
June 7, 1892, East Louisiana Railroad
Homer Plessy, 1/8 black, 7/8 white
Forced off “Whites Only” RR Car
Onto “Colored” RR Car
Supreme Court
Sustained racial segregation
& “Jim Crow” laws
Precedent: “Separate but Equal”
69. Jim Crow Laws
Any of the laws that enforced racial segregation
in the South between the end of Reconstruction
in 1877 and the beginning of the civil rights
movement in the 1950s.
“Jim Crow”: name of a minstrel routine (actually
Jump Jim Crow) performed beginning in 1828 by
its author, Thomas Dartmouth (“Daddy”) Rice
and then by some imitators.
An epithet for African Americans and a
designation of forced segregation.
73. President Theodore Roosevelt
1907
But this is predicated upon the man's becoming in
very fact an American and nothing but an American.
If he tries to keep segregated with men of his own
origin and separated from the rest of America, then
he isn't doing his part as an American. There can be
no divided allegiance here. . . We have room for but
one language here, and that is the English
language, for we intend to see that the crucible turns
our people out as Americans, of American
nationality, and not as dwellers in a polyglot
boarding-house; and we have room for but one soul
loyalty, and that is loyalty to the American people.
74. Madison Grant
1865-1937
U.S. Lawyer, Eugenicist
Co-founder of Galton Society for
Study of Origin & Evolution of
Man, 1918.
Grant Influential on Immigration
Restrictions & Anti-Miscegenation
Policies.
Book: The Passing of the Great
Race (1916) detailing so-called
“racial” history of Europe -- a work
of “scientific racism.”
75. Madison Grant
1865-1937
“Racialization” of European
“Races”
European “Racial” Hierarchy:
“Nordics” (Northwestern Europe—
superior)
“Alpines” (Central Europe—
somewhat inferior)
“Mediterraneans” (Southern
and Eastern Europe—inferior)
Jews (most inferior)
76. 1924 IMMIGRATION ACT
1924, Johnson-Reed Immigration Act: a.k.a.
“National Origins Quota Act,” or “National
Quota Act”
Restrictive quotas: Eastern & Southern Europe
Viewed as Europe’s lower “races”
Jews (“Hebrew race”), Poles, Italians,
Greeks, Slavs (J-PIGS)
Prohibitions of “aliens ineligible
to citizenship”
(Asians from 1790 Naturalization Act)
Increased numbers
Great Britain, Germany
77. HERBERT HOOVER
President Hoover promised a cut of immigration
by 90%.
What became known as the “Mexican
Repatriation” efforts of late 1920s-1930s.
Wave of illegal and unconstitutional raids and
deportations of as many as 1.8 million
Mexicans
80. UNITED STATES
1939, Congress refused to pass
Wagner-Rogers Bill
Would have permitted 20,000 children, primarily
Jewish, entry from Eastern Europe over existing
quotas.
“20,000 charming children would, all too
soon, grow into 20,000 ugly adults.”
Laura Delano Houghteling, F.D.R. first cousin & wife of U.S.
Commissioner of Immigration
81. ALLIES NOT INTERVENING
Immediately preceding and during the War,
many countries, including Britain and the
United States, often turned their backs on
Jewish refugees who attempted to flee the Nazi
oppressors.
82. ALLIES NOT INTERVENING
In a 1938 research poll one year before the actual
outbreak of war of U.S. college students by the
organization Student Opinion Survey of America,
70% of those polled answered “No” to the question:
“Should Jews from Central Europe be allowed to
come into the United States in great numbers?”
83. THE CASE OF THE ST. LOUIS
May 1939
Some German Jews were able to leave Germany for Cuba
on the ship, “St. Louis.” When the ship arrived in Havana
harbor, the Cuban government refused to honor the
passengers’ landing permits. U.S. authorities, on order of
President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, denied the ship’s
passengers temporary haven in the U.S. The ship’s captain
had no other option than to return to Europe, where many of
the passengers were eventually murdered.
85. JAPANESE AMERICAN INTERNMENT CAMPS
110,000 Japanese Americans
Uprooted from homes
Transported to Internment Camps
Interior U.S.
1988 Civil Liberties Act
$20,000 survivor reparations
86. JAPANESE AMERICAN INTERNMENT CAMPS
Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944),
landmark United States Supreme Court decision ruled
6-3 constitutional, Executive Order 9066 “as a matter
of military urgency,” ordering Japanese Americans into
internment camps during World War II regardless of
citizenship.
Fred Korematsu
87. MAGNUSON ACT
Though the Magnuson Act of 1943 gave
Chinese immigrants a path toward
citizenship and the right to vote, until 1952,
federal policy disqualified immigrants from
most other Asian countries citizenship
status and voting rights.
88. Have we learned anything?
Following 9/11/02 attacks
31% of U.S.-Americans
agreed with statement:
“Muslims in the U.S.
should be incarcerated
like we incarcerated
Japanese Americans
during WWII.”
89. 1940S URBAN RIOTS
Realization that German & Italian
prisoners of war were treated better than
People of Color in U.S.
People of Color fighting in military but
treated poorly
90. AFTER W.W.II
Gender Roles rehardened
Women made to relinquished jobs
Mandated nuclear families
Racial segregation & “Jim Crow”
continued
91. ANTI-MISCEGENATION LAWS
Many states: outlawed
interracial sexual relations
Outlawed interracial marriage
Example: Virginia’s 1924
Act to Preserve Racial
Integrity
Mildred Deloris & Richard
Loving
Married in D.C.
Residents of Virginia
Arrested in Virginia
92. Judge Leon M. Bazile
“Act to Preserve Racial Integrity, 1924,”
Ruling, Virginia, July 1958,
Richard Perry Loving & Mildred Delores Jeeter
“Almighty God created the races
white, black, yellow, Malay and red,
and He placed them on separate
continents. And but for the
interference with His arrangement
there would be no cause for such
marriages. The fact that He
separated the races shows that He
did not intend for the races to mix.”
93. 1967, Loving v. Virginia
Supreme Court Decision
Struck down anti-miscegenation laws in
remaining 16 states
94. 1950s - 1960s
Tumultuous social change
Challenge underlying assumptions
Authority
Power relationships
95. CIVIL RIGHTS
1954, Brown v. Board of Education
(Topeka, Kansas)
Supreme Court
Unconstitutional: “Separate but Equal” in
public education
Linda Brown & mother Linda Brown attending integrated school
96. “OPERATION WETBACK”
Summer 1954
U.S. immigration law enforcement campaign
Mass deportation of Mexican nationals (1.1 million).
Drafted by U.S. Attorney General Herbert Brownell, Jr.,
and approved by Pres. Dwight D. Eisenhower
Eisenhower Brownell
97. CIVIL RIGHTS
1955, refusal to give up seat to white person
Montgomery, Alabama
Municipal bus boycott
Rosa Parks
101. CIVIL RIGHTS
Movement to improve working
conditions, wages
Farm Workers
César Chávez
Founder, National Farm Workers Association
102. FREE SPEECH
& YOUTH MOVEMENT
1964-1965, Student Protest
University of California,
Berkeley
Students insisted university
lift ban of on-campus
political activities
Grant students' right of free speech
& academic freedom
104. SECOND WAVE
OF WOMEN’S MOVEMENT
Feminism
Equality between the
Sexes
Equal Pay for Equal
Work
Eliminate Violence
against Women
End Patriarchy
105. LGBT LIBERATION MOVEMENT
End Oppression
“Coming Out”
Expand Sexual &
Gender Expression
Challenge Capitalist
Inequities
106. ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT
Earth Day
Proposed: U.S. Senator Gaylord Nelson
First, April 22, 1970
Environmental teach-in
108. 1952 MCCARRAN WALTERS ACT
Overturned 1924
Restrictive
Immigration Act
Sen. Pat McCarran (L),
Rep. Francis Walter (R),
authors, Federal
Immigration & Nationality
Act of 1952, passed over
Pres. Truman’s veto.
109. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT 1964
A momentous Civil Rights and Labor Law
outlawing discrimination based on race, color,
religion, sex, national origin, and later sexual
orientation
110. VOTING RIGHTS ACT 1965
Landmark federal legislation in the United
States prohibiting racial discrimination in voting.
Section 2 prohibits any jurisdiction from
implementing a "voting qualification or
prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or
procedure ... in a manner which results in a
denial or abridgement of the right ... to vote on
account of race," color, or language minority
status
111. VOTING RIGHTS ACT 1965
Section 5 and most other special provisions apply to
jurisdictions encompassed by the "coverage formula"
prescribed in Section 4(b). The coverage formula was
originally designed to encompass jurisdictions that engaged
in egregious voting discrimination in 1965, and Congress
updated the formula in 1970 and 1975.
The Supreme Court, in Shelby County v. Holder (2013),
severely weakened the Act by ruling the coverage formula
as unconstitutional writing that it was no longer needed.
The court did not strike down Section 5, but without a
coverage formula, Section 5 is unenforceable
112. IMMIGRATION & NATIONALITY ACT 1965
Framed as amendment to 1952
McCarran-Walter Act.
Abolished National Origins
Formula from
National Origins Act of 1924
Increased immigration from
Asian & Latin American
countries & religious
backgrounds
Allowed 170,000 immigrants
from Eastern Hemisphere,
20,000 per each country
120,000 from Western
Hemisphere
300,000 total visas allowed
Signed into law by
President Lyndon B. Johnson
113. 2010, Arizona: HB 2281
Signed into law by Governor Jan Brewer
Targets public school districts’ ethnic studies
programs
Arizona School Superintendent, Tom Horne,
primary supporter of the bill
The law is necessary because, in particular,
Tucson, Arizona’s Mexican American, African
American, and Native American studies
courses teach students that they are
oppressed, encourages resentment toward
white people, and promotes “ethnic chauvinism”
and “ethnic solidarity” instead of treating people
as individuals
114. 2010, Arizona: SB 1070
Mandates police officers stop and question
people about immigration status if they
suspect they may be in this country illegally,
Criminalizes undocumented workers who do
not possess an “alien registration document,”
Allows U.S. citizens to file suits against
government agencies that do not enforce the
law,
Criminalizes employers who transport or hire
undocumented workers
115. 2010, Arizona: SB 1070
“…law enforcement official or agency…may
not consider race, color or national origin in
implementing the requirements of this
subsection except to the extent permitted by
the United States or Arizona constitution.”
But…how can this NOT be a major
consideration?
116. Janet Murguia
President CEO of civil rights organization,
National Council of La Raza,
“By signing it, this bill, Governor Brewer has
thrown the door wide open for racial profiling.”
117. “RACIAL PROFILING”
“Racial profiling occurs when
race is used by law enforcement
or private security officials, to
any degree, as a basis for
criminal suspicion in non-
suspect specific investigations.”
Racial profiling constitutes a
form of discrimination, based on
race, ethnicity, religion,
nationality, and other identities
“undermines the basic human
rights and freedoms to which
every person is entitled.”
Amnesty International
118. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT & RACIAL PROFILING
1975, U.S. Supreme Court case regarding the
Border Patrol's power to stop vehicles near the
U.S.-Mexico border & question occupants about
citizenship & immigration status
United States v. Brignoni-Ponce: the
"likelihood that any given person of Mexican
ancestry is an alien is high enough to make
Mexican appearance a relevant factor."
1982, Arizona Supreme Court: State v.
Graciano “enforcement of immigration laws
often involves a relevant consideration of ethnic
factors.”
Chin
120. Donald Trump
During Presidential Campaign, 2016: “Donald J.
Trump is calling for a total and complete
shutdown of Muslims entering the United States
until our country's representatives can figure out
what is going on!"
121. Donald Trump
After 2 of Trump’s travel bans from majority Muslim
countries were struck down in the courts, June 26,
2018, Supreme Court approved Trump’s September
2017 travel ban into the U.S. from 5 majority Muslim
countries: Somalia, Iran, Libya, Yemen, & Syria, plus
North Korea and senior government officials from
Venezuela.
122. Chief Justice John Roberts
Trump, President of the United States, et al. v. Hawaii, et al.
By a narrow 5-4 decision, the court ruled that
"The [Trump] Proclamation is squarely within
the scope of Presidential authority," on national
security grounds.
123. Justice Sonia Sotomayor
In a blistering dissent, "The majority here completely
sets aside the President's charged statements about
Muslims as irrelevant. That holding erodes the
foundational principles of religious tolerance that the
court elsewhere has so emphatically protected, and it
tells members of minority religions in our country 'that
they are outsiders, not full members of the political
community.'"
124. President Donald Trump
In an Oval Office meeting, Jan. 11, 2018, Trump became frustrated with
legislators when they proposed restoring protections for immigrants
from Haiti, El Salvador, and African countries as part of a bipartisan
immigration plan.
“Why are we having all these people from
shithole countries come here?”
Trump said, referring to African countries and Haiti. He then suggested
that the United States should instead bring more people from countries
like Norway.
125. Attorney General Jeff Sessions
Attorney General Jefferson Beauregard Sessions, quoted scripture to
justify the Trump administration’s choice to follow a government policy
(not law) – never before enacted – to physically separate thousands of
children of undocumented migrants seeking sanctuary as they flee
oppression in their native countries into detention centers.
“Orderly and lawful processes are good in themselves.
Consistent and fair application of the law is in itself a good
and moral thing, and that protects the weak and protects the
lawful.” Romans 13
127. President Donald Trump
Due to massive public outrage, Trump signed
an Executive Order, June 20, 2018,
overturning his policy of separating children
from their families if found trying to come into
U.S. undocumented.