An LGBTIQ History Part 4

1. RECOVERING THE PAST: A “WESTERN” LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, TRANSGENDER, INTERSEX & QUEER HISTORY: PART FOUR Warren J. Blumenfeld warrenblumenfeld@gmail.com

2. •Dr. Warren J. Blumenfeld is available to come to your campus or community organization. •Contact: warrenblumenfeld@gmail.com

3. IDENTITY “…the organization of the individual’s drives, abilities, beliefs, and history into a consistent image of self. It involves deliberate choices and decisions, particularly about work, values, ideology, and commitments to people and ideas.” Anita Woolfolk

4. ASCRIBED IDENTITIES • In large part, identity depends on who the world around us says we are through socialization. • Charles Horton Cooley: Other people are the mirror in which we see ourselves. • What Cooley refers to as the “Looking Glass Self.”

5. ERIC ERIKSON • Psychologist who asserted that there is a genetic, instinctual drive or quest for personal identity. • This propels the personality development of the individual. • Development is contingent on how we handle “identity crises” or “tasks” at various stages of life.

6. SOME SOCIAL IDENTITY CATEGORIES • Race • Ethnicity • Nationality • Tribe • Linguistic Background • Sex Assigned at Birth • Religion • Sexual Identity • Gender Identity & Expression • Socioeconomic Class • Age • Physical and Mental Abilities • Physical Size & Appearance

7. INTERSECTIONALITY OR INTERSECTIONALISM • Kimberlé Crenshaw • Distinguished Professor of Law, UCLA Law School • Definition: the study of intersections between forms or systems of oppression, domination, or discrimination, • And how these impact the lives of people by investigating multiple identities.

8. INTERSECTIONALITY OR INTERSECTIONALISM • Each person is composed of MULTIPLE identities that interconnect with each other. • Depending on time and location, some of these identities may seem more or less important to the individual. • Most of us have some identities accorded more social privilege. • Simultaneously having some identities accorded less social privilege.

9. The “Homophile” Movement

10. “HOMOPHILE” • Self-descriptive term • “Love of same” • Preferred over clinical, sex-focused term “homosexual.”

11. HARRY HAY • Grassroots Labor Union organizer • Member: Wobblies (Industrial Workers of the World) • Member U.S. Community Party, 1934-51 • Homosexuals must join with other minorities to defeat Capitalism • Root of oppression • Need for a Movement based on: • Ideology • Organizational Strategy • Leaders Harry Hay

12. INTERNATIONAL BACHELORS FRATERNAL ORDERS FOR PEACE AND SOCIAL DIGNITY • Harry Hay supported Henry Wallace • Progressive Party Presidential Candidate • Hay founded “International Bachelors Fraternal Order for Peace and Social Dignity” • a.k.a. “Bachelors Anonymous” • To “be respected for our difference, not our sameness to heterosexuals. Our organization would renegotiate the place of our minority into the majority.”

13. INTERNATIONAL BACHELORS FRATERNAL ORDERS FOR PEACE AND SOCIAL DIGNITY The group is described as “a service and welfare organization devoted to the protection and improvement of Society’s Androgynous Minority! The reasons for the group’s formation…: • Encroaching American Fascism…seeks to bend unorganized and unpopular minorities into isolated fragments…The Androgynous Minority was…stampeded into serving as hoodlums, stool pigeons…hangmen, before it was ruthlessly exterminated… Harry Hay

14. • Hay could not find others to join gay political organization • Not even his lover, Will Geer Harry Hay Will Geer, “Grandpa,” The Waltons

15. MATTACHINE SOCIETY • By 1950, Los Angeles, Hay found homosexual men interested in a group • The Mattachine Society • Les Societes Mattachines • 13th- 14th-century France & Spain • Theater group • Unmarried men • Cross dressed • Hay quit Communist Party, 1951, Harry Hay (upper left) (l-r) Konrad Stevens, Dale Jennings, Rudi Gernreich, Stan Witt, Bob Hull, Chuck Rowland, Paul Bernard

16. MISSION & PURPOSE “The Mattachine Society holds it possible and desirable that a highly ethical homosexual culture emerge, as a consequence of its work, paralleling the emerging cultures of our fellow-minorities—the Negro, Mexican, and Jewish Peoples. The Society believes homosexuals can lead well- adjusted, wholesome, and socially productive lives once ignorance and prejudice against them is successfully combated, and once homosexuals feel they have a dignified and useful role to play in society.” from Radically Gay: Gay Liberation in the Words of Its Founder, Harry Hay

18. DALE JENNINGS • A founding Mattachine Society member • 1952, public men’s room Westlake Park • Man walked up to him with hand on his crotch. • Jennings wasn’t interested, and left men’s room. • The man talked to Jennings and followed him home. • Jennings said “good-bye” and went inside, but the man invited himself inside. • The stranger continued to make sexual advances to Jennings in his home, but Jennings refused. “At last he grabbed my hand and tried to force it down the front of his trousers. I jumped up and away. Then there was the badge and he was snapping the handcuffs on with the remark, ‘Maybe you’ll talk better with my partner outside’.”

19. MATTACHINE SOCIETY • Mattachine Society: Subcommittee • Citizens Committee to Outlaw Entrapment • Lawyer, George Shibley took the case • Won: 11 out of 12 voted for acquittal, 1 did not • : Hung Jury George and wife Elenor

20. “OUT OF MANY, ONE” • The publicity over the trial sparked other Mattachine Society Chapters in U.S. • Jan. 1953, One, Inc. separately published first issue of One Magazine devoted to Dale Jennings story.

21. ONE • First U.S. pro-homosexual publication Sold openly on the streets • 1954, U.S. Postal Service declared “obscene” under Comstock Law • 1958, Roth v. United States U.S. Supreme Court • One, Inc. successful • Freedom of Speech

22. MATTACHINE SOCIETY • 1953 leadership struggle at chapter conference • Increasing anti-Communism climate in U.S. • Delegates votes to take more conservative direction • Original Members left the organization • Kenneth Burns took over as new head of Mattachine.

23. KENNETH BURNS • Homosexuals are like heterosexuals except for what they do in bed: • The Mattachine Society “will consist of aiding established and recognized scientists, clinics, research organizations and institutions…studying sex variation problems.”

24. THE MATTACHINE REVIEW

25. DAUGHTERS OF BILITIS • 1950s , San Francisco • Small social club for lesbians • 1955, Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon • Daughters of Bilitis

26. BILITIS “Song of Bilitis” Sappho’s LoverPierre de Louÿs French poet & writer

27. DAUGHTERS OF BILITIS • Purpose: • to educate “the variant” to “understand herself and make her adjustment to society” • Leading public discussions • “advocating a mode of behavior and dress acceptable to society” • hoped to shatter negative myths • Worked to eliminate prejudicial laws

28. THE LADDER • Other chapter formed around country • The Ladder

29. BILLY LEE TIPTON • Born Dorothy Lucille Tipton • American Jazz musician & bandleader • Lived as trans man 40 years

30. DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER • Mattachine, & Daughters of Bilitis membership small • Conservative times • 1953, Executive Order 10450 • Excluding people engaging in “sexual perversion” from obtaining government jobs

31. ALLEN GINSBERG • 1955 • Controversial book Howl • Openly explores homoerotic themes Peter Orlovsky & Allen Ginsberg

32. JAMES BALDWIN • Novelist • Issues of homophobia & racism • Defended homosexuality • Exposed heterosexual hostility

34. LESBIAN “PULP FICTION • New genre • Drug stores & train stations • Steamy stories of lesbian & bisexual love and adventure

35. VIN PARKER, SPRING FIRE “A story once held in whispers, now frankly, honestly written.”

36. ARTEMIS SMITH, THE THIRD SEX “To fool society, they married, for Joan loved women and Marc preferred men.” “Told with unblushing honesty. Here is a penetrating story of society’s greatest curse: homosexuality.”

37. ARTEMIS SMITH, THIS BED WE MADE “She loved her husband. Then her girl friend.”

38. ANN BANNON, ODD GIRL OUT They witnessed “a confession of love — as shocking and as honest — as SPRING FIRE.”

39. LESLEY EVANS, STRANGE ARE THE WAYS OF LOVE “She’d come to New York to find someone to love. When she met Mike, she thought he might be the one. Then she met Laura.”

40. ANN BANNON, BEEBO BRINKER “Lost, lonely, boyishly appealing—this is Beebo Brinker—who never really knew what she wanted – until she came to Greenwich Village and found the love that smoulders in the shadows of the twilight world.”

41. CHRISTINE JORGENSEN • 1952, Coming out from another shadow • MtF gender confirmation procedure • Copenhagen, Denmark • Dr. Joseph Angelo

42. FRANKLIN KAMENY • Political front • 1957, Franklin Kameny fired from Army post • Homosexual • First to appeal • Lost in court • Founded Mattachine, DC

43. STOCKELY CARMICHAEL (KWAME TURE) • Kameny followed African Americans • Stokely Carmichael in 1960s • Motto: “Black is Beautiful” & “Black Power” • Kameny: “Gay is Good” • Urged others to take more militant stance • Pushed for homosexual rights • Radical departure from • Pleas for tolerance

45. JOSÉ SARRIA • 1961, first “out” homosexual • Run for elective public office U.S. • Entertainer Black Cat Club • San Francisco City Supervisor • Did not win • 5600 Votes

46. JOSÉ SARRIA • Sarria nightly performed the opera Carmen • Black Cat Bar • Following, patrons linked arms singing • “God Save Us Nelly Queens” • To tune of “God Save the Queen”

47. SOCIETY FOR INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS • San Francisco, 1964 • SIR, Political Organization • Formed by Tavern Guild, bar owners of LGBT bars to protect against police harassment

48. HOMOPHILE DEMONSTRATION • Coalition organized by One, Inc. with • Daughters of Bilitis • Mattachine Society • White House, April 17, 1965 • Protest federal government policy • “…discrimination and hostility against its homosexual American citizens.” • Men: suits & ties • Women: dresses and heels

49. HOMOPHILE DEMONSTRATION • Coalition • Daughters of Bilitis • Mattachine Society • July 4, 1966 – 1969 • Philadelphia: Independence Hall • “Annual Reminder” • Forerunner: • Annual LGBT Marches & Parades

50. U.S. SUPREME COURT • Griswold v. Connecticut, 7-2 decision, 1965 • Connecticut’s anti-contraception law, passed in 1879 prohibited the use of “any drug, medicinal article or instrument for the purpose of preventing conception.” • The Constitution guarantees right of privacy. • Connecticut’s law unconstitutional.

51. NOW ON LESBIANS • Beginning of NOW • 1969, Lesbian board member Rita Mae Brown purged Rita Mae Brown

52. “THE LAVENDER MANACE” • NOW founder, Betty Friedan referred to lesbians as “the lavender menace” Betty Friedan Lesbians wearing “Lavender Menace” T-shirts

53. RECONCILIATION • 1970 • NOW annual convention • Resolution: • “The oppression of lesbians as a legitimate concern of feminism.” • Today, lesbians & bisexual women integral part of NOW.

54. THE HOMOSEXUALS • March 7, 1967, CBS Reports, 1 hour • Interview: • Gay men • one partially hid by potted palm • Psychiatrists • Legal experts • Cultural critics • Footage of police raid on gay bar • Franklin Kameny picketing Independence Hall • Dr. Charles Socarides, disease model

55. THE HOMOSEXUALS • Professor Albert Goldman: “…homosexuality is just one of a number of...things all tending toward the subversion, toward the final erosion, of our cultural values." • Gay author Gore Vidal: Homosexuality is as natural as heterosexuality” "The United States is living out some mad Protestant 19th century dream of human behavior....I think the so-called breaking of the moral fiber of this country is one of the healthiest things that's begun to happen.”

56. THE HOMOSEXUALS • Host Mike Wallace concluded: • “The dilemma of the homosexual: told by the medical profession he is sick; by the law that he's a criminal; shunned by employers; rejected by heterosexual society. Incapable of a fulfilling a relationship with a woman, or for that matter with a man. At the center of his life he remains anonymous. A displaced person. An outsider.”

57. CHINA “CULTURAL REVOLUTION” (1966-1976) • Period of persecution • Government considered homosexuality a social disgrace and form of mental illness. • Police regularly arrested LGBT people. • Charged with hooliganism or disturbing public order.

58. END OF 1960S • Film • “The Boys in the Band” • Reflects stereotypes, shame, and humor of homosexual (not “gay”) men “The only happy homosexual is a dead homosexual.”

59. Post “Stonewall”

60. TURNING AWAY FROM NON-VIOLENT DEMONSTRATIONS • October 16, 1967 • Anti-war protestors shut down military induction center, Oakland, California

61. Founded Oakland, California by Bobby Seale & Huey Newton, October 15, 1966

62. DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL CONVENTION • August 28, 1968 • Chicago The “Chicago 7”

63. BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA • 1968 • Anti-war Demonstration

64. THE YOUNG LORDS • New York City, 1969

65. GENE COMPTON’S CAFETERIA RIOTS • San Francisco, August 1966 • First collective violent resistance to oppression against LGBT people in U.S. • Police conducted raid, entered Compton’s, began physically harassing the clientele.

66. GENE COMPTON’S CAFETERIA RIOTS • People fought back hurling coffee at the officers, heaving cups, dishes, and trays around the cafeteria. • Police retreated outside as customers smashed windows. Over the course of the next night, people gathered to picket the cafeteria, which refused to allow trans people back inside.

67. THE ADVOCATE • The Advocate • Los Angeles gay newspaper • Begins Publication • September 1967 • Begun by landscape gardener, Steve Ginsberg and PRIDE group.

68. LGBT BOOKSTORES • Craig Rodwell, a key person in the later Stonewall Inn riots • Founded first “Gay Bookstore” • New York City, 1967 • Oscar Wilde Memorial Bookshop

69. THE STONEWALL INN RIOTS • June 28, 1969 • Stonewall Inn, 53 Christopher Street • Greenwich Village, NYC • Transgender people, lesbians, gays, bisexuals, People of Color, street people, students • Police Raid • Trumped-up charge: Selling alcohol without license

70. THE STONEWALL INN RIOTS  Harassed too long  One of first time challenging police  flinging bottles, rocks, bricks, trash cans, parking meters as battering rams  Five nights

71. MATTACHINE PLEA FOR CALM

72. GAY LIBERATION FRONT (GLF)

73. GAY LIBERATION FRONT • Young people • Groups in U.S. & other countries • Living rooms, church basements, storefronts • Explore new ways of living Martha Shelley, GLF Co-Founder

74. GLF COLLECTIVE, DC

75. GAY LIBERATION FRONT • Coalition Building

77. • Snake Pit raid, NYC - March 8, 1970 • Unlicensed bar, dancing and alcohol, a few blocks from Stonewall Inn. • All of the patrons taken to police station. • One patron, Alfred Diego Vinales, 23-years old, Argentinian national, expired visa. • At police station, terrified, threw himself from a window in effort to escape • Impaled on iron spiked fence below in five places on his body. • Fence had to be cut away. • He was taken to hospital. • He survived • Community organized protest march.

78. MAY DAY DEMONSTRATIONS • May 1, 1971, D.C. • Purpose: Shut down government • Protest Vietnam War • GLF Washington, D.C. organized “Gay May Day” • Thousands arrested

79. GAY ACTIVISTS ALLIANCE • Ideological differences • Another Group: GAA • Militant, non-violent • Single Issue • More structured • Logo: Greek Lambda, • Symbol for wavelength in quantum physics, suggesting dynamism

80. GAY ACTIVISTS ALLIANCE • From GAA Preamble, demanded: • Freedom for expression of our dignity and value as human beings through confrontation with and disarmament of all mechanisms which unjustly inhibit us: economic, social and political.

81. GLF & GAA WOMEN • Some women remained in GLF & GAA, • Many women considered their issues different from gay men • Also, they sometimes experienced sexism in GLF & GAA

82. RADICALESBIANS • Separated • Formed groups • Publications • Argued: • fight against sexism required all women to band together to challenge male privilege & heterosexual institutions.

83. LABRYS • Taken as a symbol of female power

84. SYLVIA RIVERA • Latina U.S.-American gay liberationist and transgender rights activist. • Sylvia (Ray) Rivera • Co-Founded STAR — Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries • Shelter , support to young people living on the street • She worked tirelessly for the most vulnerable members of the community: drag queens, homeless youth, LGBT people in prison and jail, and transgender people. • Rivera worked on issues of intersectionality: issues of poverty and discrimination faced by people of color,

85. MARCIA P. JOHNSON • Marcia P. Johnson, a prominent activist in the Stonewall Inn uprising in 1969, a founding member of the Gay Liberation Front, co-founded the radical activist group Street Transvestite Action Rebolutionaries (S.T.A.R.) alongside close friend Sylvia Rivera. • A popular figure in New York City’s art scene, Johnson modeled for Andy Warhol, and a stage performer with the drag performance troupe Hot Peaches. • Johnson was known as the "mayor of Christopher Street, and an AIDS activist from 1987-1992 with the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP).

86. RADICAL FAIRIES • Founder: Harry Hay • Offshoot of men’s GLF • Nationwide, grassroots movement • Alternative ways of living • Spiritual movement • Nurture special gay consciousness that society attempts to kill Harry Hay & John Burnside

87. PRIDE MARCHES • Christopher Street Liberation Day Umbrella Committee • New York City • First March • Sunday, June 28, 1970 • Sixth Avenue • June: • “Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, &Transgender Pride Month”

88. Christopher Street Liberation Day, NYC, 1971, DC Contingent

89. FEMINIST BOOKSTORES • 1970, First Feminist Bookstore • Amazon Bookstore Cooperative • (called later True Colors) • Minneapolis, Minnesota

90. LGBT COMMUNITY CENTERS • Morris Kight, an organizer of GLF Los Angeles • Founded first LGBT Community Center • 1971, Los Angeles

91. NATIONAL GAY STUDENT CENTER • 1971, Washington, DC • National organization • Founded by Warren J. Blumenfeld • Serving student campus organizations • Office of National Student Association • Became office of U.S. Student Association

92. INTERCHANGE

93. FIRST UNIVERSITY CAMPUS GROUPS • 1967, Student Homophile League • Columbia University in 1967 • Followed soon by • MIT, Stanford, Cornell • 1920s, Oberlin Lesbian Society • Oberlin College • Women’s group devoted to writing poetry

94. CAMPUSES DENIED RECOGNITION San Jose State University, Boston College, University of New Hampshire Virginia Commonwealth University, University of Southern California Texas A & M University , Tulane University , University of Maryland Florida State University, Colorado College, University of Tennessee University of Alabama, Sacramento State University , California Polytechnic, William Jewell College, University of Texas at Austin, University of Southern Mississippi, University of South Carolina, University of Washington, Austin Peay State University , Polk Community College , Pennsylvania State University, University of Oklahoma at Norman, University of Missouri at Columbia, Georgetown University , California State University Fullerton, College of the Sequoias, University of Kansas at Lawrence, West Virginia University, Fordham University

95. CALIFORNIA • Consensual Same-Sex Sexuality illegal until 1975

96. 1. …the effect of recognition by the college of the Gay Liberation Front could conceivably be to endorse or promote homosexual behavior, to attract homosexuals to the campus, and to expose minors to homosexual advocacy and practices, and 2. …belief that the proposed Front created too great a risk for students – a risk which might lead students to engage in illegal homosexual behavior. [1970]

97. PRECEDENT SETTING COURT CASE • GLF Students, Sacramento State University, • Sued Chancellor Glen Dunke • Sacramento County Superior Court • Won case on First Amendment rights • Freedom of Speech • Freedom of Association • “…to justify suppression of free speech, there must be reasonable grounds to fear that serious evil will result if free speech is practiced; there must be reasonable ground to believe that the danger apprehended is imminent.”

98. FIRST “OUT” ELECTED UNIVERSITY STUDENT PRESIDENT 1970, Jack Baker, University of Minnesota “PUT YOURSELF---in---JACK BAKER’S SHOES! IF YOU Were ELECTED MSA President Could YOU Forget The People Who Put YOU There?

99. “HOMOPHOBIA” 1972

100. DEADLY HATE CRIME – LGBT CLUB • Arson Fire, Molotov Cocktail, Kills 32 • June 24, 1973 • The UpStairs Lounge, New Orleans, LA

101. HATE CRIME – GAY CLUB • Shooting Outside Club, No Injuries • November 18, 1980 • Ramrod club, New York City, NY Shooter said gay men are agents of the devil, are stalking him and “trying to steal my soul just by looking at me.”

102. HATE CRIME – LESBIAN CLUB • Nail Bomb, 150 Inside, 5 Injured • February 21, 1997 • Other Side Lounge, Atlanta, GA

103. DEADLY HATE CRIME – LGBT CLUB • Bomb, 2 Killed, 81 Injured • April 30, 1999 • Admiral Duncan pub, London, England

104. DEADLY HATE CRIME – LGBT CLUB • Shooter Opened Fire, 1 Killed, 6 Wounded • September 22, 2000 • The Back Street Cafe, Roanoke, VA

105. HATE CRIME – LGBT CLUB • Arson Fire, Gasoline on Carpeted Stairway • No injuries • December 31, 2013 • Neighbours night club, Seattle, WA

106. DEADLY HATE CRIME – LGBT CLUB • Shooter with Semiautomatic Weapon & Hand Gun • 49 Killed, 53 Injured • June 12, 2016 • Pulse club, Latin Night, Orlando, FL

107. NATIONAL GAY & LESBIAN TASK FORCE • 1973, National Gay Task Force, New York City • Changed to National Gay and Lesbian Task Force • Washington, D.C. Founders at 1973 Press Conference

108. HUMAN RIGHTS CAMPAIGN • 1980 "The Human Rights Campaign envisions an America where LGBT people are ensured of their basic equal rights, and can be open, honest and safe at home, at work and in the community.”

109. PFLAG • 1972, parents and friends organizing • Support for themselves & loved ones • Today, international network

110. LGBT POLITICAL CLUBS • 1972, Jim Foster, San Francisco • Developed concept • LGBT political clubs • First, Alice B. Toklas Memorial Democratic Club • Foster, first out person address a national political convention, July 12, 1972, Democratic

111. LGBT POLITICAL CLUBS • Log Cabin Republications • National Office • Local Chapters

112. KATHY KOZACHENKO • First “Out” lesbian • 1974 elected to public office • Ann Arbor, Michigan city council.

113. ELAINE NOBLE • First “out” lesbian • 1974, Elected to statewide office • House of Representatives in Massachusetts

114. FRED KARGER • First “out” candidate of a major political party (Republican) in the U.S., 2012 • Though unsuccessful, he had experience working in several political campaigns, and as a senior consultant to the campaigns of Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan, and George H. W. Bush

115. U.S. CONGRESSIONAL PIONEERS Gerry Studds (D- MA) Barney Frank (D-MA) Tami Baldwin (D-WI)

116. FIRST OUT AMBASSADOR • James Hormel • Ambassador to Luxembourg, 1999 • Bill Clinton, Congressional Recess Appointment

117. LEONARD MATLOVICH • Air Force Technical Sergeant • Vietnam War Veteran • Race Relations Instructor • Purple Heart, Bronze Star • 1975, Came out to oppose Military Policy • Discharged

118. LEONARD MATLOVICH • 1978, won case • Could be reinstated • Cash settlement • Donated to LGBT Organizations • Died 1988 "Never Again, Never Forget – A Gay Vietnam Veteran – When I was in the military they gave me a medal for killing two men and a discharge for loving one."

119. “SAVE OUR CHILDREN” • Anita Bryant • Former Beauty Queen • 1977, Campaign • Overturned • LGBT Rights Ordinance • Dade County, Florida

121. “THE BRIGGS INITIATIVE” • 1978, California Proposition 6 • John Briggs, California State Legislature • Ban Lesbians & Gays & Supporters • Working in California public schools. • Failed • Dampened climate

122. RAINBOW FLAG • 1978 • Designed by S.F. Artist • Gilbert Baker • Symbol LGBT diversity • Originally 8 colors • Pink & Turquoise removed

123. ABC-TV “SOAP” 1977-1991 Billy Chrystal (“Jodie Dallas”)

124. HARVEY MILK • 1977, San Francisco • Harvey Milk, open gay man • Elected City Supervisor

125. MILK & MOSCONE MURDERED • November 27, 1978 • Harvey Milk & pro-gay Mayor George Moscone murdered

126. DAN WHITE • Former police officer • Former San Francisco City Supervisor,

127. VERDICT • White convicted • “Twinkie Defense” • Reduced charge: • Voluntary Manslaughter • 6 year sentence • Released 5 1/2 years • October 21, 1985 • Committed suicide May 21, 1979 “White Night Riots” San Francisco

128. HARVEY MILK HIGH SCHOOL • Founded by Hetrick-Martin Institute • 1985, NYC, small high school • At-risk non-heterosexual & non- gender conforming youth • Fully accredited 2002 • Run by NYC School system

129. FRICKE V. LYNCH, 1980 • Aaron Fricke • Prevented by school officials from taking male date, Paul Guilbert, to Senior Prom • Cumberland, Rhode Island • Successfully sued, U.S. District Court • Fricke and Guilbert attended prom.

130. JAMIE NABOZNY • Subjected to relentless antigay bullying • By other students, High School, Ashland, Wisconsin • Mock rape, urinated on, kicked • Required surgery • School officials: “he should expect it because he is gay” • Attempted suicide several times, • Dropped out • Ran away

131. NABOZNY V. PODLESNY, 1996 • Sued school • Trial court dismissed lawsuit • Lambda Legal took case to federal appeals court • Finding: public school could be held accountable for not stopping antigay abuse. • Back to trial & jury • Verdict: school officials liable for harm they caused • Settlement: about $1 million

132. VANCE V. SPENCER COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOL DISTRICT, 2000 • Parents of 6th grade girl filed suit again Kentucky school under Title IX, Kentucky’s Civil Rights Act for failing to intervene against harassment on basis of sex, sexual orientation, and national (German) origin. • Court found “deliberate indifference” by Spencer County Public School District claiming that “[w]here a school district has actual knowledge that its efforts to remediate are ineffective, and it continues to use those same methods to no avail, such district has failed to act reasonably in light of current circumstances.”

133. MCLAUGHLIN V. PULESKI COUNTY SPECIAL SCHOOL DISTRICT, 2003 • Thomas McLaughlin, an openly gay 14-year-old 9th grade student at Jacksonville Junior High School, Jacksonville, Arkansas. School officials prohibited him from discussing his identity with other students. Thomas McLaughlin

134. MCLAUGHLIN V. PULESKI COUNTY SPECIAL SCHOOL DISTRICT, 2003 • An assistant principal preached his religious beliefs at Thomas. • Forced him to read Bible. • Expelled him for two days for telling peers about this. • McLaughlin family sued in court for violating First Amendment Establishment Clause. • Also, prohibiting him from discussing his identity, a violation of First Amendment freedom of speech, and 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause. • Court ordered school to pay $25,ooo for violation of rights.

135. FLORES V. MORGAN HILL UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT, 2004 • Six students charged Morgan Hill (CA) Unified School District ignoring or minimizing claims of harassment & abuse by others who perceived them as LGBT. Alana Flores with Lawyer, Kate Kendall, 2004

136. FLORES V. MORGAN HILL UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT, 2004 • Students plaintiffs: Alena Flores, Freddie Fuentes, Jeanette Dousharm, and three others. • 9th District Court of Appeals ruled unanimously for the students declaring if a school knows anti-gay harassment is occurring, it must take meaningful steps to end it and protect students. • School ordered to implement comprehensive training program for administrators, staff, and students to combat homophobic harassment.

137. GAY/STRAIGHT ALLIANCES • High Schools & Middle Schools • Support Groups • Raise visibility • Work to reduce harassment & violence

138. GLSEN • Gay, Lesbian, Straight Education Network • 1990, NYC, National Organization “GLSEN seeks to develop school climates where difference is valued for the positive contribution it makes to creating a more vibrant and diverse community. “

139. MELVIN BOOZER • 1980, Lesbian & Gay Caucus • Democratic Presidential Convention • Nominate for Vice-President • Melvin Boozer, Chair GAA – DC • Addressed Convention • Raised LGBT issues • Then declined nomination

140. SHARON KOWALSKI • 1983, car accident • Seriously injured • Partner, Karen Thompson • Battled 10 years • Guardianship • Kowalski’s parents • Denied contact 3 ½ years • Thompson eventually won Kowalski & Thompson

141. SIMON NKOLI Gay South African Anti-Apartheid and AIDS Activist

142. BISEXUAL MOVEMENT • There from the beginning of activism • 1970s organized • Rights of bisexuals

143. FIRST NATIONAL BISEXUAL CONFERENCE

144. BISEXUAL PUBLICATIONS

145. 1970S + PUBLICATIONS

146. TRANSGENDER MOVEMENT • Liberation Movement • Deconstructing Categories • Obliterating Binary Opposites: man/woman heterosexual/non-heterosexual, masculinity/femininity

147. LESLIE FEINBERG Historian, Writer, Activist

148. KATE BORNSTEIN Writer, Activist, Performance Artist

149. RIKI WILCHINS Writer, Founder, GenderPac

150. INTERSEX MOVEMENT • More that two sexes • Approximately 1 in 2000 people • Fighting for the rights of intersex people to make their own choices regarding their bodies and to increase awareness of intersex people.

151. INTERSEX MOVEMENT “‘Intersex’" is the word that describes those of us who, without voluntary medical interventions, possess bodies that doctors can't neatly classify as male or female. This includes people who have chromosomal sex other than XX (female) or XY (male), or primary or secondary sex characteristics that defy the medical definitions of male and female. Somehow, doctors get freaked out when a newborn baby is found to be intersexed, and often mutilate her or his genitals to conform them to the doctors' idea of what a normal baby should look like, even though intersex conditions usually do not threaten the health of the infant. Parents are often not given enough information or support to make an informed decision regarding their babies' care.” Emi Koyama, Intersex Initiative Portland

152. INTERSEX MOVEMENT Cheryl Chase Nthabiseng Mokoena Tony Briffa Morgan Carpenter Natasha Jiménez MataMiquel Missé

An LGBTIQ History Part 4

An LGBTIQ History Part 4

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