Conversion, Expulsion, Extermination: A History of Anti-Jewish Oppression – Part 2

CONVERSION, EXPULSION,
EXTERMINATION: PART 2
A History of Anti-Jewish Oppression
Dr. Warren J. Blumenfeld
warrenblumenfeld@gmail.com

“Anti-Semitism”
5639 / 1879 c.e.
■ Wilhelm Marr, a Hamburg, Germany
anarchist and writer, coined the term
“anti-Semitism” in his 5639 / 1879
pamphlet, “The Victory of Judaism
over Germanism.”
■ He hated Jews, and he warned of the
immanent final Jewish victory to
conquer and enslave the Western
world.

Jews as Powerful Dominators
■ Though Jews were allowed very
little control over the conditions
surrounding their lives in many
European countries, the
stereotype of Jews as powerful
with an interest in world
domination persisted into the
current era.
■ The Rothschild family, depicted
here in a 5658 / 1898 French
caricature, was the symbol of the
Jewish passion for world
domination.

Jews as Powerful Dominators
This caricature from the anti-Jewish
Viennese magazine Kikeriki, portrays
Jews as world conquerors circa 5660
/ 1900 c.e. through the illegal grain
trade.

Protocols of Learned Elders of Zion
5655 / 1895 c.e.
■ Originally appearing under the reign of
Czar Nicholas II in Russia around 5655 /
1895,
■ An anonymous author who worked for the
Russian secret police in Paris wrote this
booklet to influence the policies of the
Czar regarding Jews.
■ It contained the alleged minutes of a
supposed conference organized by rabbis
to plot how Jews would overtake and
dominate the world.

5655 / 1895 c.e.
■ During the Russian Revolution in 5677 / 1917
c.e., Czarist forces widely distributed the
Protocols to incite the populous to turn against
the so-called “Jewish Revolution,” and to
convince those who favored revolution that
Jews were plotting to impose a Jewish
government.
■ The New York Times exposed it as a forgery,
5681 / 1921, August 16-18.
■ The Protocols was translated into many
languages and circulated throughout the
world.

■ Henry Ford, the U.S. automotive
pioneer argued that Jews controlled
world finance.
■ He had the Protocols translated into
English in 5687 / 1927 and published
in his newspaper, The Dearborn
(Michigan) Independent, thereby
introducing it to a large U.S. audience.

The “Jewish Menace”
■ Beginning in 5696 / 1920, Spring, Ford
chronicled what he considered the
"Jewish menace” in his paper.
■ Every week for the next 91 issues, Ford
exposed in the paper some kind of
Jewish evil in the news.

The International Jew: The World’s
Foremost Problem
The most popular and virulent
of his articles he then chose to
reprint into four volumes called
The International Jew: The
World’s Foremost Problem.

Ford & Hitler
5698 / 1938
Adolph Hitler bestowed on Henry Ford the highest award given
to a non-German. Here we see Ford receiving the Grand Cross
of the German Eagle in 5698 / 1938 c.e. from, on the left, the
German consul from Detroit, and, on the right, the German
consul from Cleveland.

Shirach & Hitler
Following WWII at the Nuremberg Trials,
Baldur von Shirach, Hitler’s leader of
Hitler Youth, stated that Hitler had
become “Jew-wise” by reading Henry
Ford’s own writings about the Jews.

Jewish Emigration from Europe
5640-5680 / 1880-1920 c.e.
Back in Europe, with the continued and escalating violence
directed against Jewish populations throughout Eastern Europe,
large numbers of Eastern European Jews immigrated: some to
Palestine, some to the United States, and some to other
countries.

Jewish Immigration to U.S.
5640-5680 / 1880-1920 c.e.
■ Many people living in the United States, including Jews who
came earlier from Western Europe, considered the new
immigrants as the “scum of Europe,” dirty, atheists, and
communists.
■ One-third of Eastern European Jews (over 2 million) settled
in the Lower East Side of New York City where they lived in
abject poverty.

Jewish Impact on Labor Union
Organizing
■ Though Jews were despised by many in the United States,
they were also regarded as sources of much needed cheap
labor.
■ Jews were and continue to be instrumental in the labor
union movements to improve the conditions of workers.

The Politics of Anti-Judaism
In Europe, with the decline of religion, by the middle of the 57th /
close of the 19th century c.e., anti-Judaism became more
political with the beginnings of Communism and Zionism.

Frederick Nietzsche
5647 / 1887 c.e.
■ Frederick Nietzsche, a leading European philosopher,
published his The Genealogy of Morals, in which he wrote:
“It was the Jew who, with frightening consistency, dared to invert
the aristocratic value equations
good/noble/powerful/beautiful/happy/favored-of-the-gods and
maintained that only the poor, the powerless, are good; only the
suffering, sick, and ugly, truly blessed.
■ Jews, to Nietzsche, were a disease corrupting the nations.

“The Dreyfus Affair”
5654 / 1894 c.e.
■ A political scandal had massive ramification for European
Jews.
■ Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a young Jewish French artillery officer,
was charged with passing military secrets to the Germans.
■ This stemmed from an alleged unsigned note a woman
cleaning the German Embassy in Paris found in a wastebasket.

5654 / 1894 c.e.
Though it was not Dreyfus’s handwriting, he was arrested, charged,
convicted of treason, and sentenced to life imprisonment in a penal
colony on Devil’s Island in French Guiana.

5654 / 1894 c.e.
Editorials and cartoons vilifying Dreyfus dotted the media.

5659 / 1899 c.e.
■ The case was reopened. Forgery was proven, and Dreyfus’s
punishment was reduced to 10 years even though he was declared
innocent.
■ He was not released, though, until 5666 / 1906 c.e. after serving a
prison sentence of 12 years for a crime he did not commit.
Last known picture of Alfred Dreyfus, 5690s / 1930s c.e.

Theodore Herzl
& “The Dreyfus Affair”
■ Theodore (Binyamin Ze’ev) Herzl (5620-5664 / 1860-1904
c.e.), writer, playwright, journalist, and a Jew, at the time of
the Dreyfus Affair he was working as the Paris
correspondent for the liberal Vienna newspaper, Neue Freie
Presse.
■ Herzl witnessed angry mobs running through the streets of
Paris shouting “Death to the Jews.”

Theodore Herzl
& “The Dreyfus Affair”
■ As a student of history and well-versed in Enlightenment
thought, he had been evolving to the conclusion that anti-
Jewish oppression was a constant and unwavering feature
in human societies, which assimilation did not and could
not resolve.
■ Though residing in many nations, Jews still retained the
tenuous status of permanent alien.
■ The Dreyfus case in France had further confirmed his
growing believe that the only chance for the future of the
Jewish people rested on the establishment of a sovereign
Jewish homeland.

Theodore Herzl
5656 / 1896 c.e.
■ In his published pamphlet, Der Judenstaat (The Jewish State),
he argued that “The Jewish Problem” was not individual, but
rather, political and national.
■ Since no nation in recorded history protected the religious
freedom and human rights of the Jewish people within their
borders, Jews needed to establish a Jewish state in Palestine
or somewhere else in the world so that Jews could finally live
freely without fear of persecution.

Theodore Herzl
5657 / 1897 c.e.
■ Herzl saw Jews are one people whose future could be assured
through creation of a Jewish state with the consent of the great
powers.
■ Herzl helped organize the First Zionist Congress in Basel,
Switzerland to further the idea, and to promote immigration to
Palestine.
■ Delegates constructed a policy statement affirming that
Zionism’s aim was to establish “a secure haven, under public
law, for the Jewish people in the Land of Israel.”

Major General Ulysses S. Grant
5622 / 1862 c.e.
Earlier, in the United States during its Civil War, Major General
Ulysses S. Grant unfairly accused Jews of plotting to illegally
engage in the cotton trade, and ordered all Jews expelled from
the states of Tennessee, Mississippi, and Kentucky, then
under the control of the Union Army forces -- an action
reminiscent of European forced expulsions of Jews.
Under Order No. 11, Jewish residents of the Tennessee District
were prohibited from obtaining trade licenses and risked
imprisonment if they did not leave the district boundaries
within one day.

President Abraham Lincoln
5622 / 1862 c.e.
President Abraham Lincoln reversed Grant’s baseless and
unwarranted order.

U.S. Civil War
5620-5625 / 1860-1865 c.e.
The United States came apart over issues of “race” and the
institution of slavery.

Jefferson Davis
President, Confederate States of America
“[Slavery] was established by
decree of Almighty God...it is
sanctioned in the Bible, in both
Testaments, from Genesis to
Revelation...it has existed in all
ages, has been found among the
people of the highest civilization,
and in nations of the highest
proficiency in the arts.”

Adolph Hitler
Mein Kampf, 5685 / 1925 c.e.
“Today I believe that I am acting
in accordance with the will of the
Almighty Creator: by defending
myself against the Jew, I am
fighting for the work of the Lord.”

Social Construction of “Race”
■ But the very notion of “race” is discursively or socially and
not biologically constructed.
■ The concept of “race” arose concurrently with the advent
of European exploration as a justification and rationale for
conquest and domination of the globe beginning in the
53rd / 15th century c.e.
■ “Race” is an historical, “scientific,” and biological myth. It
is an idea.
■ Geneticists tell us that there is often more variability within
a given so-called “race” than between “races,” and that
there are no essential genetic markers linked specifically
to “race.”

Social Construction of “Race”
However, by the 57th / mid-19th century c.e., members of the
scientific community had constructed Jews as comprising a
distinct, immutable “race,” even though we exist in every
constructed so-called “race” worldwide.

Carl Linnaeus
5467-5538 / 1707-1778 c.e.
■ Born Carl Linné
■ Swedish Botanist, Physician, and
Zoologist.
■ “Father of Modern Taxonomy”
■ Book: Systema Naturae
■ “Linnaean Taxonomy”: System of
Scientific Hierarchical Classification.
■ Kingdoms; Classes; Orders; Genera
(Genus); Species.

Carl Linnaeus
■ Also “The Father of Scientific Racism.”
■ He declared the existence of 5 levels of Homo
sapiens,
■ Based initially on place of origin,
■ Then skin color and bodily fluids:
– Europeanus (blood, optimistic)
– Asiaticus (black bile, melancholy, sad)
– Americanus (yellow bile, angry)
– Monstrosus
– Africanus (phlem, sluggish)

Carl Linnaeus
■ Europeanus: sanguine, pale, muscular, swift, clever,
inventive, governed by laws.
■ Asiaticus: melancholic, yellow, inflexible, severe, avaricious,
dark-eyed, governed by opinions.
■ Americanus (Native Americans): choleric, copper-colored,
straightforward, eager, combative, governed by customs.
■ Monstrosus (dwarfs of the Alps, the Patagonian giant, the
monorchid Khoikhoi [Hottentot]): agile, fainthearted.
■ Africanus: phlegmatic, black, slow, relaxed, negligent,
governed by impulse.

Post-Linnaeus Taxonomy
Later European scientists separated Homo sapiens into six
different categories:
1. Caucasoid: Europe, North Africa, Southwest Asia
2. Mongoloid: East Asia, Siberia, the Americas
3. Polynesians:
4. Native Americans:
5. Australoid: indigenous Australians
6. Negroid: Central and Southern Africa

Colonel Jean Baptiste Bory
De Saint-Vincent
5538-5606 / 1778-1846 c.e.
■ Chief of the Scientific Commission in Algeria.
■ Book: L’Homme (Homo: Essai Zoologique sur
le Genre Humain), 5585 / 1825
■ Polygenist (many original couples)
■ He recognized 15 human groups each of
which he regarded as a proper “species.”
■ He mentioned the “certainty” that “each
Adam” had to have had his own particular
locale or “cradle.”

Louis-Antoine Desmoulins
5556-5588 / 1796-1828 c.e.
■ French physiologist
■ Book: Histoire Naturelle des Races Humaines
■ 16 “species” of humans & 25 human “races”
■ He rejected the possibility that environmental circumstances
or climate could produce any changes in the observed
spectrum of human biological differences.
■ Human “species” & “races” preserve all the traits that they
“indubitably had since the beginning” wherever they have
remained “pure and without mixture.”
(in Brace, 2005)

Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
5512-5600 / 1752-1840 c.e.
■ German, Professor of Medicine
■ He coined the term “Caucasian” to refer to
people of European origin.
■ From Sir John Chardin (5403-5473 / 1643-
1713)
– French Protestant traveler
– He proclaimed that inhabitants of the
Republic of Georgia, situated in the
Caucasus Mountains, were the most
beautiful people in the world.

5512-5600 / 1752-1840 c.e.
■ The nisus formativus, or vital force, caused by
differences in climate, nutrition, or mode of
life over many generation had led to changes
in form from that present in the beginning,
represented by Caucasians.
■ Caucasians represented the closest
approximation of God’s intent for the human
form.

5512-5600 / 1752-1840 c.e.
■ Changes from the assumed original Caucasians
he labeled “degenerations.”
■ Other human populations were “degenerate” to
the extent that they departed from that original.
■ Degeneris: Latin – “removed from one’s origin.”

Jewish European & Black
African “Racial” Connections
In European society, Jews were socially
constructed as the “white Negroes” by the
prevailing dominant culture (Gilman, 1999).
“In the eyes of the non-Jew who defined them
in Western [European] society, the Jews
became the blacks” (Gilman, 1999).
“[T]he male Jew and the male African were
conceived of as equivalent threats to the white
race” (Thandeka, 1999).

Joseph-Arthur de Gobineau
5613 / 1853 c.e.
■ French diplomat & essayist.
■ In his Essays on the Inequality of the
Human Races, he argued for the
existence of a supposed “Aryan” race:
an “original tribe” that resided in the
Himalayas, the “cradle of the
Caucasian race.”
■ He asserted that Jews were not a part
of that tribe.

Joseph-Arthur de Gobineau
5613 / 1853 c.e.
“[T]he…French, German, and Polish
Jews—they all look alike. I have had the
opportunity of examining closely one of
the last kind. His features and profile
clearly betrayed his origin. His eyes
especially were unforgettable.”
(in Gilman, 1991, p. 69)

Ernest Renan
5583-5952 / 1823-1892 c.e.
■ French historian and writer
who posited that the Jewish
or “Semitic” mind is
superficial, while the “Aryan”
mind is natural and wise.
■ He wrote that the Jewish
Semitic mind is limited by
dogmatism and lacked a
cosmopolitan conception of
civilization.
■ Jewish Semites, to Renan,
was "an incomplete race.”

Charles Darwin
5619 / 1859 c.e.
■ In his book, The Origin of Species, Darwin posited an
evolutionary theory of plant and animal development. He
argued for “Biological Determinism”: an essentialist or
biological bases for human behavior.
■ Darwin argued that Jews have a “uniform appearance”
independent of their geographic locations.

“Social Darwinists”
■ Some of Darwin’s successors extended his theories:
– Jews are not simply separate religious, ethnic, or
political groups,
– Jews, black Africans, homosexuals = lower / earlier
forms of human species
– They are distinct lower “racial” types
– With immutable biological characteristics
– Jews constitute a separate “race”: a “mixed” or
“bastard race”
– Jews crossed “racial” barriers by interbreeding with
black Africans during the Jewish Diaspora

■ The evolutionary life-forms model that Darwin theorized was
applied socially in a 5664 / 1904 German magazine,
■ It depicted how the underdeveloped immature Hanukkah
menorah, symbolizing Judaism,
■ Evolved into the highly developed mature Christmas tree,
symbolizing Christianity,
■ (Even though Christians borrowed the symbol of the tree from
Paganism).

Francis Galton
5582-5671 / 1822-1911 c.e.
■ Charles Darwin’s cousin.
■ British psychologist.
■ A founder of the “Eugenics
Movement.”
■ He coined the term “eugenics”
in 5643 / 1883 from the
Greek, “well born” or “good
origins or breeding.”
■ The science of improving
qualities of a “race” by
controlling human breeding

Francis Galton
5582-5671 / 1822-1911 c.e.
“The Jews are specialized for a
parasitical existence upon other
nations.” (In Gilman, 1991, p. 486)
Jews are easily identifiable by their
“Jewish physiognomy.”

Francis Galton
5582-5671 / 1822-1911 c.e.
“Who has not heard people
characterize such and such a man or
woman they see in the streets as
Jewish without in the least knowing
anything about them? The street
Arab who calls out ‘Jew’ as some
child hurries on to school is
unconsciously giving the best and
most disinterested proof that there is
a reality in the Jewish expression.”
(in Gilman, 1991, p. 68)

Stereotypes of “Jewish Physiognomy”
(physical appearance)
■ Eyes (large, bulbous)
■ Gaze (pathological, searing, cunning, cold, piercing)
■ Nose (hooked, large, curling nasal folds)
■ Lips (prominent, thick)
■ Forehead (receding)
■ Chin (receding)
■ Ears (large)
■ Hair (curly, black)
■ Skin (dark, “swarthy”)
■ Shoulders (stooping)
■ Feet (weak, flat)
■ Rump (deflated)

Jewish “Racial” Speech
Some viewed the supposed way Jews spoke as
proof of their “racial” otherness.
■ Richard Andree, German geographer and
cartographer
“The so-called Jewish accent (mauscheln) is
a Jewish race trait, as ineradicable in them
as the Jewish type itself….This is very
decidedly a race trait, since it is found
among the Jews of all countries.”
(Andree, 1881)

■ The German composer, Richard Wagner, was
an early exponent of the theory of Jewish
racialization.
■ He published his essay, Das Judentum in der
Musik (The Jews in Music), in 5610 / 1850.
■ He attacked the Jewish influence on German
culture in general, and on music in particular.

In this pamphlet cover,
Richard Wagner defends
“Germanic” art and music
against attacks by three
horseflies signifying Jewish
composers Meyerbeer,
Mendelssohn, and
Offenbach
Leipzig, 1869.

“Of decisive importance is the nature of the
influence of the Jew’s pronunciation upon us;
particularly, this is the essential point of
departure in a study of the Jewish influence
on music. Particularly repulsive to us is the
purely sensual manifestation of the Jewish
language…in the matter of the Semitic mode
of pronunciation…”

“Our ear feels the absolutely foreign and
unpleasant sound of a certain hissing, strident,
lisping, and choking pronunciation in the
Jewish speech; a distortion and peculiar
rearrangement of the words and of phrase
constructions [which] imparts to this
pronunciation the character of a confused
babbling…[and a] repulsive manner of the
Jewish speech….”
Wagner, 1850

Phrenology
■ Phrenology is a stream
within the Eugenics
Movement.
■ The study of the shape &
size of the human skull.
■ Based on the belief that the
size and shape of the skull
indicates human mental
facilities and moral
character.

Phrenology
■ Some advocates of
Phrenology assert that a
section of the “Jewish skull
and brain” are “abnormally
developed” indicating that
Jews are highly concerned
with money and finances.
■ This, they assert, has
developed as an evolutionary
process over time.

Phrenology
As late as 5774 / 2014 c.e.,
Nicholas Wade, in his book, A
Troublesome Inheritance,
argued that Jews possess an
evolutionary genetic
“adaptation to capitalism,” as,
for example, Tibetans who live
at high altitudes possess an
evolutionary genetic
“adaptation to extreme
environments.”

Phrenology
Likewise, Wade asserts that black Africans and Middle East
peoples are genetically incapable of maintaining Western-style
economies:
“If running a productive, Western-style economy were simply a
matter of culture, it should be possible for African and Middle
Eastern countries to import Western institutions and business
methods, just as East Asian countries have done. Though it was
justifiable at first to blame the evils of colonialism, two
generations or more have passed since most foreign powers
withdrew from Africa and the Middle East, and the strength of this
explanation has to some extent faded.”

Madison Grant
5676 / 1916 c.e.
■ The supposed “racialization” of Jews was
codified in Madison Grant’s book, The passing
of the Great Race, in which he asserted that
Europeans comprise 4 distinct “races”:
1. Nordics
2. Alpines
3. Mediterraneans
4. Jews

Madison Grant
5676 / 1916 c.e.
■ Nordics: highest, natural rulers & administrators, which
accounted for England’s “extraordinary ability to govern justly
& firmly the lower races” (p. 207).
■ Alpines: “…always and everywhere a race of peasants” with a
tendency toward “democracy” although submissive to authority.
(p. 227).
■ Mediterraneans: inferior to both Nordics & Alpines in “bodily
stamina,” but superior in “the field of art.” Also, superior to the
Alpines in “intellectual attainments,” but far behind Nordics “in
literature and in scientific research and discovery” (p. 229).
■ Jews: at the bottom, most inferior of the European races

Madison Grant
5676 / 1916 c.e.
Of Polish Jews: “…the Polish Jew, whose dwarf stature, peculiar
mentality and ruthless concentration on self-interest….(p. 16),
present themselves in “swarms” (p. 63).
“The result of the mixture of two races, in the long run, gives us a
race reverting to the more ancient generalization and lower type.
The cross between a white man and an Indian is an Indian, the
cross between a white man and a Negro is a Negro, the cross
between a white man and a Hindu is a Hindu, and the cross
between any of the three European races and a Jew is a Jew” (p.
18).

President Teddy Roosevelt
■ President Teddy Roosevelt said of Grant’s book: “the work of
an American scholar and gentleman; and all Americans should
be sincerely grateful to you for writing it” (Roosevelt, 5693 /
1933, in Brace, p. 177).
■ Grant’s book was translated into German, and it provided
added justification to Adolph Hitler in the writing of his Mein
Kampf.
■ Hitler wrote to Grant, and referred to Grant’s book as his
“Bible.”
■ Grant’s book impacted U.S. immigration legislation of 5684 /
1924.

White Supremacist Groups
57th / mid-19th century
In the U.S. South and Midwest, there was a rise
in activity by the ultra-racist / anti-Jewish Ku
Klux Klan and by other white supremacist
groups bent on preserving the so-called “white
race” from what they considered the non-
Nordic/non-Aryan “race polluters.”

The Case of Leo Frank
5673 / 1913 c.e.
■ Within this backdrop, Leo Frank, a
Jewish factory superintendent in Atlanta,
Georgia was wrongly accused of killing
13-year-old Mary Phagan who worked at
the factory on April 26, 1913 c.e.
(5673).
■ Though it was widely known that Frank
did not kill Phagan, he became the
scapegoat for residents’ fears that
people like Leo Frank (Jews) were after
their young girls and women.

The Case of Leo Frank
5675 / 1915 c.e.
Though the actual killer eventually confessed, a mob calling itself
“The Knights of Mary Phagan” entered Frank’s prison cell, dragged
him to an oak tree, and lynched him, Aug, 17, 1915 (5675).

Contradictory Stereotypes
■ Since around the 5660s / the
early 20th century c.e., Jews
have been portrayed both as a
privileged class of rich super
Capitalists who manipulate
banking systems,
&
■ As radical Communists and
Socialists attempting to
overthrow Capitalism.

Russian Communist Revolution
5677 / 1917 c.e.
The Russian people revolted in revolution against Czarist oppression,
led by Vladimir Lenin of the Bolshevik movement. Many Jews joined the
Revolution in hops of gaining freedom, equality, and justice.

Russian Communist Revolution
5677 / 1917 c.e.
■ In the early years of the Revolution, the government produced
literature trying to reduce the level of anti-Jewish resentment. Leon
Trotsky, himself a Jew, was placed at the head of the Red Army.
■ Lenin wrote: “No other nationality in Russia is so oppressed and
persecuted as the Jews.”
Leon Trotsky

The Balfour Declaration
5677 / 1917 c.e.
■ The British, under the leadership of Prime Minister Lord Alfred Balfour,
issued a Declaration (which has come to be known as “The Balfour
Declaration”).
■ It endorsed the establishment of a national Jewish homeland in
Palestine.
Lord Balfour

A Jewish Homeland
5708 / 1948 c.e.
■ However, it would take another 31 years for the dream of a Jewish
homeland to become a reality.
■ Between 5680 and 5700 / 1920-1940 c.e., the British government
intentionally and deliberately restricted Jewish immigration to
Palestine.

Pogroms in Palestine
5680s / 1920s c.e.
Violent pogroms targeting Jews erupt in Palestine during the 5680s /
1920s c.e.

U.S. Immigration Act
5684 / 1924 c.e.
 Fearing a continued influx of people from Eastern & Southern Europe,
legislators in the U.S. Congress enacted an Immigration Law, the
Johnson-Reed Immigration Act (a.k.a. “National Origins Quota Act,” or
“National Quota Act”)
 Restricted people viewed as Europe’s lower “races”:
 Jews (“Hebrew race”), Poles, Italians, Greeks, Slaves (“Jew-PIGS”)
(influenced by Madison Grant’s The Passing of the Great Race
 Continued prohibitions of “aliens ineligible
to citizenship”
(Asians from 5550 / 1790 Naturalization Act)
 Increased numbers of immigrants from
 Great Britain, Germany

Sander Gilman
Jewish Historian
“Jews were called Asiatic and Mongoloid, as well as
primitive, tribal, Oriental.’ Immigration laws were
changed in 1924 in response to the influx of these
undesirable ‘Asiatic elements’”
(Gilman, 1991).

U.S. Immigration Act
5684 / 1924 c.e.
■ The National Origins Act established quota percentages
based on the census population in 5650 / 1890. The
number of immigrants to be admitted annually was limited
to 2% of the foreign-born individuals of each nationality
living in the U.S. in 5650 / 1890.
– The Act protected immigration rights almost exclusively
to northwestern Europeans to “protect our values …
[as] a Western Christian civilization” (Feagin 1997,
p.35).
– It functioned to prevent Catholics, Jews, and other non-
Protestant groups from immigrating to the United
States.

Father Charles Coughlin
5690s / 1930s c.e.
■ Father Charles E. Coughlin, Irish-Catholic priest, anti-Jewish,
and anti-Communist, used his radio broadcasts in the U.S. to
warn that the Jews were out to destroy the U.S. economy
■ He defended Hitler’s treatment of the Jews as warranted in
the fight against Communism.

Adolph Hitler’s National Socialists
5693 / 1933 c.e.
Germany had been defeated in WWI.
Under the terms of the Treaty of
Versailles following the war, Germany
had to pay heavy penalties.
In Germany, many Germans were out
of work. The country was ripe for an
extremist.

Germany, Weimar Republic
■ Following WWII, Germany underwent terrible economic times, and
suffered hyperinflation.
■ This caused increasing internal political, social, and economic
instability.
■ The country was thus ripe for an extremist.
■ This 50 million Mark note, issued in Germany in 5693 / 1923 c.e. was
highly circulated, and worth very little relative to years before the
outbreak of WWI.

Germany, Weimar Republic
The back of many German currency denominations were left blank. On
the back of this particular bill, someone had placed an ink-stamp
blaming Jews.
Translation of the rhymed lines:
"Like the fungus
and the lichens
on the oak's trunk
The Jew thrives
on mankind's trunk
Where Jews live in comfort
The majority remains
in poverty’s grip"

5693 / 1933 c.e.
(the Nazis) won a plurality in the
German Reichstag (Parliament).
Hitler managed to pull together
diverse groups, using anti-Judaism
as his organizing tool.

Hitler and the Christian Bible
5688 / 1928 c.e.

5693 / 1933 c.e.
Hitler asserted that he had been influenced by the theology of
Paul in the Christian Bible, and by the works of Martin Luther, as
well as many Christian theologians of his time regarding the
evilness and inferiority of the Jews.

5698 / 1938 c.e.
Hans Frank, Hitler’s friend and a lawyer for the Nazi Party, wrote
that Hitler told him in 5698 / 1938:
“In the gospels, the Jews cried out to Pilate, when he refused to
have Jesus crucified ‘His blood be on us and on our children.’
Maybe I have to fulfill this curse.”
Hans Frank Adolph Hitler

Nazism and the Catholic Church
5698 / 1938 c.e.
The Catholic Church hierarchy did virtually nothing to stand up
on behalf of the Jews during WWII, though some individual
Catholic priests and petitioners sometime risked their lives in
support of justice.

Nazism and the Catholic Church
5698 / 1938 c.e.
Pope Pius XII maintained a position of neutrality, and he never
publicly challenged Adolph Hitler’s brutal treatment and murder
of the Jews and others.

Adolph Hitler
■ Foreseeing the claim that Judaism is
only a religion,
■ Hitler condemned “this first and
greatest lie, that the Jews are not a
race but a religion. The Jew has
always been a people with a definite
racial characteristic and never a
religion.”
(Hitler, 1925, pp. 306-307).

Nazi “Racial” Philosophy
■ In addition to their so-called
“religious justifications” for the
persecution of Jews, Hitler and
the Nazi party hierarchy used
“racial arguments” as a
cornerstone of their philosophy
for the persecution of Jews (as
well as most people of color and
people with disabilities).
■ They considered Jews and others
as descendants from inferior
“racial” beings.

■ Nazis propagandized that Germany lost WWI because of
its internal enemies: the Jews.
■ The Nazi campaign of “moral, racial, and sexual purity”
led to an intense and violent campaign against Jews
and other minoritized groups.

■ The Nazis asserted that
Jews polluted the “Aryan
race.”
■ They forced Jews to wear
the yellow Star of David
patches, a sign of “race
pollution.”

“Nuremberg Laws”
■ Soon after taking power, the Nazi-controlled Reichstag passed its
so-called “Nuremberg Laws for the Protection of German Blood
and Honor.”
■ This anti-Jewish legislation forbade Jews from marrying or courting
German Gentiles, and excluded them from all significant economic
and cultural positions (reminiscent of the Theodosian Codes and
the Justinian Cods of the Roman Empire 1600 years earlier).

“Nuremberg Laws”
Jews were not even allowed to fly the German national flag. All
infractions carried punishment in solitary confinement in labor
camps.
This sign announces that the local population
does not want to have contact with Jews.

The Pure “Aryan”
Hitler’s goal was to purify the so-called “Aryan” race, thereby, he believed,
propel Germany to the preeminent power in the world.

The diagram depicts the pseudo-scientific human “racial
divisions.” The Nazi hierarchy only considered people with four
German grandparents (four white circles on the far left) to be
“full-blooded” Germans.

“Aryan” males and females learned that it was their responsibility to fulfill
their proper roles for the “New Germany.”

Nazi Propaganda
“The elegance and discipline of these young German
girls indicate that they are destined to become mothers
of many healthy children.”

Nazi Propaganda
Propaganda poster against
decadent Black- and Jewish-
inspired jazz (swing) music.
Jews and Blacks are
responsible for the corruption
of civilization.

Nazi Propaganda
5700 / 1940 c.e.
■ Nazi propaganda film, “The Eternal Jew,”
depicting Jews as race polluters, vermin,
and destroyers of Germany.
■ The film falsely charges:
– 47% of robberies conducted by Jews
– 98% of prostitutes are Jewish
“The Jews are only 1 percent of the
population, but they know how to terrorize a
great, tolerant nation by controlling finance,
the arts, education, and the media.”

Nazi Propaganda
Poster in Nazi occupied Poland:
"JEWS SUCKING LOUSE: TYPHUS"

Public Humiliation
Stemming from the “Nuremberg Laws,” Nazis publicly
humiliated mixed German Gentile and Jewish couples.
“I am fit for the greatest swine
and only get involved with Jews.”
“As a Jew, I only take
German girls to my room.”

Public Humiliation
German students were instructed how to recognize a Jew from
a “German.”

Jewish Identity Cards
By 5698 / July 1938, Nazi officials required Jews to carry identity cards.
The big letter “J” was stamped on the cards signifying that the holder is a
Jew.

Kristallnackt
5698 / 1938, July c.e.
The campaign of terror intensified. In the infamous Kristallnacht (“Night of Broken
Glass”), German soldiers and citizens broke into, looted, and torched Jewish
businesses, residential areas, and holy sites.

Grand Mufti Haj Amin el Husseini
5701 / 1941, October
The Islamic Leader in Palestine, Grand Mufti Haj Amin el Husseini,
sought Hitler’s support in chasing the Jews out of the area. Later, in 5716
/ 1956, the Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion were published in
Arabic and distributed throughout Arab countries.

Jews Rounded Up
Eventually, Nazis rounded up literally millions of Jews and forced them
from their homes…

Ghettos
…sometimes first segregated into walled ghettos.

Concentration Camps
…and eventually transported to concentration camps throughout the Nazi domain.

Death Camps
…ultimately the Nazis transported most Jews to the concentration death
camps if they had not killed them previously.

Nazi Coding System
The Nazis devised an elaborate
coding system for concentration
camp prisoners. They classified
inmates by patches of different
colors corresponding to their
alleged “crimes.”

Nazi Coding System
■ Jews were forced to wear a yellow Star of David;
■ gay men a pink triangle placed point down on both the left shirt
sleeve and right pant leg:
■ political prisoners (liberals, socialists, Communists) a red triangle;
■ hard-core criminals a green triangle;
■ Jehovah’s Witnesses a purple triangle;
■ Roma a brown triangle;
■ “Stateless” people a blue triangle;
■ “Anti-socials (people living on the streets, drunk people) a black
triangle.
■ Since the German law forbidding homosexuality did not extend to
females, a number of lesbians were sent to the camps under the
black triangle accused of vagrancy or a red triangle of political
prisoners.

Nazi Coding System
Gay & Jewish

Concentration Camps
Prisoners suffered extreme horrors.

Estimated Murdered
Approximately 6 million Jews perished at the hands of the Nazis
and by non-military citizens of the occupied countries, whipping
out 2/3 of European Jewry, and 1/3 of the entire worldwide
Jewish population.

Jewish Resistance Fighters
Many Jews actively resisted the Nazi horrors and joined the partisan
movement in Germany and throughout German-occupied territories.

Others joined in uprisings in the Jewish ghettos constructed by the Nazis.

“Pomnik Bohaterów Getta w Warszawie”
(“Monument to the Ghetto Heroes”) Warsaw, Poland

Lilian & Armand Mahler-Bushel
■ My cousins who lived in
Antwerp, Belgium
■ They along with their parents,
my cousins, the Nazis sent
into the Antwerp ghetto during
the Nazi occupation.
■ They were all forced to wear
yellow Stars of David on their
outer clothing
■ We later learned that they
were all shipped to Auschwitz-
Birkenau Concentration Camp
in Poland, where the Nazis
murdered them.

Mahlers of Krosno, Poland
■ My Great-grandfather Wolf &
most of his 14 children the
Nazis murdered.
■ My Grandfather Szymon
immigrated to the U.S. in
5672 / 1912.
■ My Great-grandmother
Bascha died in 5694 / 1934
before the Nazi invasion of
Poland.
Wolf, Shimon, Bascha Mahler
Krosno, Poland: 5692 / 1932

Nazi Propaganda
And throughout the
War, Hitler’s
propaganda
machine portrayed
Jews as
responsible for the
war and the
policies of Allied
leaders.
Churchill Roosevelt Stalin

Allies Not Intervening
And both immediately preceding and during the War, many countries,
including Britain and the United States, often turned their backs on Jewish
refugees who attempted to flee their Nazi oppressors.
The British continued to restrict Jewish immigration to Palestine…

Allies Not Intervening
In a 5698 / 1938 research poll one year before the actual
outbreak of war of U.S. college students by the organization
Student Opinion Survey of America, 70% of those polled
answered “No” to the question: “Should Jews from Central
Europe be allowed to come into the United States in great
numbers?”

The Case of the St. Louis
5699 /1939, May
Some German Jews were able to leave Germany for Cuba on the
ship, “St. Louis.” When the ship arrived in Havana harbor, the
Cuban government refused to honor the passengers’ landing
permits. U.S. authorities, on order of President Franklin Delano
Roosevelt, denied the ship’s passengers temporary haven in the
U.S. The ship’s captain had no other option than to return to
Europe, where many of the passengers were eventually murdered.

Wagner-Rogers Bill
5699 / 1939 c.e.
■ The U.S. Congress proposed the Wagner-Rogers Bill
■ It would have permitted entry into the U.S. 20,000 refugee children,
primarily Jewish, from Eastern Europe over existing quotas to escape
Nazism.
■ Opponents immediately challenged the bill, and it soon died in
Committee.
■ Over 100 “Patriotic” groups opposed the bill claiming Europe was trying
to dump all of its Jews on the U.S.
“20,000 charming children would, all too soon, grow into 20,000 ugly
adults.”
Laura Delano Houghteling, Cousin of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt & Wife of U.S.
Commissioner of Immigration, James Lawrence Houghteling

Wagner-Rogers Bill
5699 / 1939 c.e.
(it was
actually
20,000)

Edmund Burke
5489-5457 / 1729-1797 c.e.
“All that is necessary for the triumph of evil is that good men do nothing.”

Nazi German American Bund
5699 / 1939 c.e.
■ 25,000 members of the Nazi-inspired German American Bund formed in
U.S.
■ It established groups, bookstores, and other businesses.
■ Members scapegoated Jews for the ills of U.S. society
■ Fritz Julius Kuhn led the Bund before the outbreak of WWII. He became a
naturalized U.S. citizen in 1934.
■ The U.S. cancelled his citizenship in 5694 / 1934, and deported him back to
Germany in 5705 / 1945 following the War.

Restricted Access
Throughout the history of the world, Jews and other
minoritized groups suffered from institutional restrictions. A
large number of colleges, clubs, hotels, and boardinghouses
restricted Jewish entry.

Charles Lindbergh
5699 / 1939
“We are disturbed about the effect of the Jewish influence in our
press, radio and motion pictures. It may become very serious.
[Fulton] Lewis told us of one instance where the Jewish
advertising firms threatened to remove all their advertising from
the Mutual system if a certain feature were permitted to go on
the air. The threat was powerful enough to have the feature
removed.”

Japanese American
Internment (Concentration) Camps
During WWII, the U.S. government uprooted
from their homes, transported, and interned
120,000 Japanese Americans to internment
(concentration) camps within the interior
United States with little or no evidence of
espionage.

Japanese American
Internment (Concentration) Camps
■ The Civil Liberties Act of 5748 / 1988 finally granted reparations and
a formal apology to Japanese Americans from the U.S. government
for interning them during WWII.
■ The act was sponsored by California Democratic Representative,
Norman Yoshio Mineta, who was interned as a young child.
■ Other sponsors included Wyoming Republican Senator Alan
Simpson, who first met Mineta back when he visited the camp, and
California Senator, Pete Wilson.
■ The majority of Congressional Democrats voted in favor of the Act,
while a majority of Republicans voted against it.
■ Each surviving internee received $20,000 compensation.
■ President Ronald Reagan signed the bill into law in 5748 / 1988 c.e.

Norman Maneta
Norman Yoshio Maneta, age 10
Heart Mountain Internment Camp
Near Cody, Wyoming
Norman Yoshio Maneta
U.S. Representative (D-
CA), Washington, DC

Nuremberg Trials
5705 / 1945
■ Following Germany’s defeat, the Allied nations indicted a
number of Nazi leaders and tried them before the
International Tribunal for Nazi War Criminals in Nuremberg,
Germany.
■ The majority of defendants were charged with atrocities
against Jews.
– 177 Nazis were convicted
– 12 sentenced to death
– 25 sentenced to life in prison
– remainder long prison terms

Stalin’s Soviet Union
5700s-5710s / 1940s-1950s c.e.
In the Soviet Union, authorities under Joseph Stalin restricted the rights
and activities of Jews. Jewish organizations were abolished, and Zionists
were persecuted. By 5718 / 1948 c.e., Stalin shut down Jewish
institutions of culture. In 5712 / 1952 c.e., he ordered the execution of
all leading Jewish Yiddish writers on the charge of “disloyalty.”

5700s-5710s / 1940s-1950s c.e.
Stalin had many Jews rounded up, transported, and isolated in Soviet
Siberia.

5700s-5710s / 1940s-1950s c.e.
Stalin was delusional in accusing Jewish physicians of plotting
to poison the entire Soviet leadership on orders from Western
and Zionist intelligence agencies.
This cartoon represents the so-called “Doctors Trial” subtitled
“Proof of the Crime: The Jew is Unmasked,”
(from the Russian magazine Krokokil)

Soviet Union
A Soviet birth certificate from 1972 in which the nationality is
listed “Jewish.”

Birth of Modern Israel
5 Iyar, 5708 / May 14, 1948
■ The United Nations voted to partition Palestine into two states: one
for Jews, and one for Palestinian Arab, with Jerusalem as an
international city.
■ The British withdrew, but rather than implementing the U.N. partition
plan, surrounding Arab states joined with local Palestinians to
prevent the emergence of the Jewish state.
The first Jewish homeland in almost 3000 years.

Arab-Israel Wars
5708 / 1948
Soon after the pull out of the British, 6 Arab armies invaded the
new state resulting in wide scale destruction and death. War
between Israel and its neighbors also broke out in 5716, 5727,
5733, and 5742 / 1956, 1967, 1973, and 1982.

The “Cold War”
Following World War II, former allies engaged in a new “Cold War”
between the Soviet Union and Western countries.

Universal Declaration on Human Rights
5708 / 1948, December 10
■ Because of the tireless and dedicated work of Eleanor Roosevelt,
former First Woman of the United States, and people from every
region on Earth, the United Nations adopted its Universal Declaration
on Human Rights.
■ Resolution 217 A included 30 Articles protecting universal
human rights.

Universal Declaration on Human Rights
5708 / 1948, December 10
From “Preamble”:
THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY proclaims THIS UNIVERSAL
DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of
achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that
every individual and every organ of society, keeping this
Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and
education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and
by progressive measures, national and international, to secure
their universal and effective recognition and observance, both
among the peoples of Member States themselves and among
the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction.

World Council of Churches
5708 / 1948 c.e.
■ At its founding assembly in Amsterdam, The World Council
of Churches released a document declaring, in part:
“We call upon all the churches we represent to denounce anti-
Semitism, no matter what its origin, as absolutely
irreconcilable with the profession and practice of the Christian
faith. Anti-Semitism is a sin against God and man.”
■ To this the Council’s third assembly (New Delhi, 1961)
added:
“In Christian teaching, the historic events which led to the
Crucifixion should not be so presented as to impose upon the
Jewish people of today responsibilities which must fall on all
humanity, not on one race or community.”

The “Cold War”
■ In the United States, a young and brash Senator from
Wisconsin, Joseph McCarthy, led a charge against
supposed Communists whom he asserted infiltrated the
government and military.
■ Seizing his chance to gain political power, he charged that
“subversives” (Communists & homosexuals) were working
within the U.S. government and selling classified secrets to
the Soviets. These “subversives” were current and former
members of the Communist party in the U.S.
■ Though not directly named as such, many Jews came under
suspicion.

The Rosenbergs
5711-5713 / 1951-1953
■ Julius and Ethel Rosenberg became the first U.S. citizens to be
convicted and executed for conspiracy to commit espionage during
peacetime. Their case remains controversial to this day.
■ Julius Rosenberg served as an engineer for the U.S. Army Signal
Corps. He was born in New York City in 1918. Ethel was born in New
York City in 1915.

Anti-Jewish Graffiti
5710s / 1950s-present

Atlanta Synagogue Bombed
5718 / 1958 c.e.
“The bombing was in retaliation for the
outspoken activism of The Temple’s senior
rabbi Jacob Rothschild,” according to The
Temple’s website. Rothschild was an advocate
for racial equality and desegregation. The
white supremacist group, The Confederate
Underground, claimed responsibility.

Nostra e tate
5725 / 1965 c.e.
The Second Vatican Council of the Catholic Church under Pope John XXIII
issued a document titled “Nostra e tate” (“In Our Age”) declaring that
Jews did not kill Jesus.

Nostra e tate
5725 / 1965 c.e.
■ The document stated, in part:
“The crucifixion of Jesus cannot be blamed on the Jews then
living or on the Jews of today.”
■ A number of bishops, especially from the Near East,
strongly opposed the resolution. Therefore, the resolution
was modified from its original and stronger form.
■ It did not mention the Holocaust or Christianity’s long and
brutal legacy of anti-Jewish oppression. It reasserted,
instead, that Catholics are “the new people of God,” and
that Jews in large numbers have rejected the Christian
gospels, and many have opposed its spread.

Munich Olympics Massacre
5732 / 1972 c.e.
■ Palestinian terrorist group, Black September, took hostage
and eventually killed 11 Israeli athletes & one German
police officer at the Munich, West Germany summer
Olympic games.
■ Police killed 5 and arrested remaining 3 of the killers.

United Nations on Zionism
5735 / 1975, November 10
■ The General Assembly of the United Nation in its Resolution
3379 “determine[d] that Zionism is a form of racism and racial
discrimination.”
■ The vote was 72 to 35 (with 32 abstentions).
■ The resolution had the support of the Soviet-bloc and Arab and
Islamic majority countries, plus some unaligned nations.
■ 16 years later in 5751 / 1991 with Resolution 46/86, The
General Assembly revoked its former Resolution 3379
determination of Zionism as racism. The vote was 111 to 25
(35 abstaining)

United Nations on Anti-Semitism
5758 / 1998 c.e.
The General Assembly of the United Nations passed a Resolution
that Anti-Semitism is a form of racism by including it on a list of
“contemporary forms of racism and racial discrimination.”

Jews & African Americans
Jews are members of every so-called “race,” and Jews and
African Americans have had a long and bittersweet history
alternating, at times, between cooperation and conflict.

■ For example…Jewish Americans have played
significant roles in founding and funding
many civil rights organizations including:
– National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People
(NAACP)
– Leadership Conference on Civil and
Human Rights
– Southern Christian Leadership
Conference (SCLC)
– Student Nonviolent Coordinating
Committee (SNCC)
Kivie Kaplan (top), a
vice-chair of the Union
for Reform Judaism,
served as the national
president of the
NAACP from 5726-
5735 / 1966-1975.

5744 / 1984 c.e.
Tensions flared between African Americans and Jewish Americans during
Jesse Jackson’s bid for the Democratic Party’s Presidential nomination.
In an offhanded remark overheard by a journalist, Jackson referred to
Jews as “hymies” and New York City as “Hymietown.” Jackson later
apologized.

Minister Louis Farrakhan of the Nation of Islam has raised the ire of Jews
and non-Jews alike when he characterized Judaism as a “gutter religion”
and severely inflated past Jewish involvement in the black slave trade.

Connections between racism in the United States and the treatment of
Palestinians by the Israeli government.

Neo-Nazi Movement
The world has seen an increase in the number and activities of
white supremacist neo-Nazi nationalist groups targeting Jews,
Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs, people of color, immigrants,
homosexuals, transgender people, Roma, people with disabilities.

Holocaust Denial
In the face of overwhelming documentation of factual evidence and
personal testimony, some individuals and groups (historical
“revisionists”) claim that the Holocaust never occurred, that it is nothing
more than a Jewish fabrication to force nations around the world to give
them their own state of Israel.

Kurt Waldheim
5746 / 1986 c.e.
Among the former world leaders who undoubtedly knew the
Holocaust occurred was Kurt Waldheim, a former Secretary
General of the United Nations who became a candidate for the
presidency of Austria in 5746 / 1986. The World Jewish Congress
disclosed that during WWII, Waldheim served as a German
military officer active in the Balkans when tens of thousands of
Jews from Salonica were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau
Concentration camp in Poland.

“JAP” Jokes
5740s-5740s / 1980s-19902

“JAP” Jokes
5740s-5750s / 1980s-1990s
■ The “JAP” or “Jewish American Princess” joke appeared
within youth culture throughout the United States.
■ Though some regarded these as innocuous or funny, these
so-called “jokes” represented young Jewish women as
immature, spoiled, greedy, selfish, sexually frigid, and
dependent, usually upon their doting fathers.
■ In actuality, they were thinly vailed modern stereotypical
representations of Jews and the Jewish religion as rich, self-
absorbed, clannish, bloodsucking, and immature and/or
lacking religious consciousness.

Vatican “Act of Repentance”
5758 / 1998 c.e.
■ Pope John Paul II and the Vatican issued an “Act of
Repentance,” a 14-page statement writing in part:
“We forgive and We ask Forgiveness”: We ask forgiveness for the
divisions among Christians, for the use of violence that some
Christians used in the service of the truth and for the behavior of
diffidence and hostility sometimes used toward followers of other
religions.”
■ The document did not, however, apologize for the Vatican’s
silence toward and complicity with the Nazi regime.

Anti-Jewish / Racist Acts
5750s / 1990s c.e.
■ People perpetrated a number of violent anti-Jewish acts in
the United States:
■ In 5759 / 1999 c.e., July, a white supremacist went on a
shooting spree in the Midwest of the U.S. targeting Jews who
were walking from a synagogue, and Asians, and blacks,
killing a black man, Ricky Byrdsong (43), and a Korean-
American man, Won-Joon Yoon (21).
■ In 5759 / 1999 c.e., August, white supremacists sprayed
bullets into a Los Angeles Jewish Community Day Care Center
wounding children.

Anti-Jewish / Racist Acts
5750s / 1990s c.e.
Ricky Byrdsong
Won-Joon Yoon Los Angeles Jewish Community
Day Care Center

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
5769 / 2009, June 10 c.e.
■ At the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, in
Washington, D.C. a suspect, James Wenneker von Brunn fired
shots in the front lobby of the building shooting and killing
Museum Special Police Officer Stephen Tyrone Johns. Von
Brunn was charged in federal court on charges of first-degree
murder and firearms violations.
■ While awaiting trial, von Brunn died, January 6, 2010 (5769).
Stephen Tyrone Johns

Southern Baptists
5756 / 1996, June
Considering Judaism as an inadequate, incomplete, and
immature religion, delegates at the annual Southern Baptist
Convention in New Orleans passed its “Resolution on Jewish
Evangelism” committing to put more energy and resources into
converting Jews to Christianity.

Southern Baptists
5756 / 1996, June
Resolution on Jewish Evangelism on the 151st Anniversary of The
Southern Baptist Convention (in part):
■ WHEREAS, Jesus commanded that "repentance and remission of sins
should be preached in his name among all nations, beginning at
Jerusalem" (Lk. 24:47); and
■ WHEREAS, Our evangelistic efforts have largely neglected the Jewish
people, both at home and abroad; and…
■ BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, That we recommit ourselves to prayer,
especially for the salvation of the Jewish people as well as for the
salvation of "every kindred and tongue and people and nation" (Rev. 5:9);
and
■ BE IT FINALLY RESOLVED, That we direct our energies and resources
toward the proclamation of the gospel to the Jewish people.

Southern Baptists
5755 / 1995, June
■ These are the same Southern Baptists who just one year earlier finally felt
compelled formally to apologize to African Americans.
■ The issue of slavery became a lightening rod in the 5600s / 1840s among
members of the Baptist General Convention, and in 5605 / 1845, May 10,
310 delegates from the Southern states convened in Augusta, Georgia to
organize a separate Southern Baptist Convention (SBC) on a pro-slavery
plank. They asserted that to be a “good Christian,” one had to support the
institution of slavery, and could not join the ranks of the abolitionists.
■ Well, either by divine “inspiration” or due to political pressure, 150 years
later in 5755 / 1995, June, the SBC reversed its position and officially
apologized to African Americans for its support and collusion with the
institution of slavery (regarding it now as an “original sin”), and also
apologizing for its support of “Jim Crow” laws and its rejection of civil rights
initiatives of the 5710s and 5720s / 1950s and 1960s c.e.

Southern Baptists
Resolution on Reconciliation on the 150th Anniversary of the Southern Baptist
Convention, 5755 / 1995, June
■ …WHEREAS, Our relationship to African-Americans has been hindered from the
beginning by the role that slavery played in the formation of the Southern Baptist
Convention; and
■ WHEREAS, Many of our Southern Baptist forbears defended the right to own slaves,
and either participated in, supported, or acquiesced in the particularly inhumane
nature of American slavery; and
■ WHEREAS, In later years Southern Baptists failed, in many cases, to support, and in
some cases opposed, legitimate initiatives to secure the civil rights of African-
Americans; and…
■ WHEREAS, Many of our congregations have intentionally and/or unintentionally
excluded African-Americans from worship, membership, and leadership; and…
■ Be it further RESOLVED, That we apologize to all African-Americans for condoning
and/or perpetuating individual and systemic racism in our lifetime….

Missouri Synod of Lutheran Church
In its 5755 / 1995 booklet, How To Respond to Judaism, it
characterized the Jewish faith as “inadequate because it does
not have Jesus, the Messiah, as the object of faith.”
Kolb, 1995

Messiah Today
I received a brochure at my home in 5757 / 1997, October from
a group called “Messiah Today” from Waverly Hall, Georgia,
insisting that I must “see the truth,” in their terms. The brochure
read in part:
“If you reject Jesus, you do so not because the facts are lacking,
but out of a choice not to believe the valid evidence. It is not so
much that you cannot believe, but that you will not believe.
Whether you will admit it or not, Jesus is the Messiah on whom
your eternal destiny rests.”

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
(LDS)
5750s / 1990s c.e.
■ LDS leadership secretly and without
authorization, posthumously baptized Jews,
many of whom the Nazis ruthlessly tortured
and killed during World War II.
■ The LDS Church often performs these
baptisms by proxy for the supposed purpose
of “saving” Mormon ancestors and members
of other faith communities who did not
receive baptism while alive. The Church does
so without the authority of the deceased’s
family members.

“Jews for Jesus”
■ Another Christian conversion
program is the so-called “Jews
for Jesus” – an oxymoron –
(also known as “Messianic
Jews,” or “Completed Jews”).
■ It’s purpose is to convince Jews
that their Messiah has come as
Jesus Christ.
■ They are Evangelical Christians.

Mel Gibson
5766 / 2006 c.e.
■ Actor Mel Gibson, when
police arrested him for
drunk driving, ranted:
■ “F*****g Jews….The Jews
are responsible for all the
wars in the world.”
■ Gibson then asked the
arresting officer, “Are you a
Jew?”

Ann Coulter
5767 / 2007 c.e.
Interviewed on the CNBC TV
show “The Big Idea,” Columnist
and author said that everyone
on earth should be Christian
and that Jews needed to be
“perfected….It is better if we
were all Christians.”
Coulter asserted this to the
show’s Jewish host: Donny
Deutsch.

Alabama Governor Robert Bentley
5771 / 2011, January
On the day of his inauguration as
Governor of Alabama in 5771 / 2011,
January, talking at the Dexter Avenue
King Memorial Baptist Church — where
the Dr. Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.
once preached, Bentley proclaimed:
"So anybody here today who has not
accepted Jesus Christ as their savior,
I'm telling you, you're not my brother
and you're not my sister, and I want to
be your brother."

Adomwaffen (Atomicweapon) Neo-Nazis
United State
founded 5773 / 2013+
■ Rise of powerful underground white supremacist neo-Nazi group in the United States
■ Adomwaffen (Atomicweapon), founded in 2013, Southern Florida.
■ Guerilla group advocating the overthrow of the U.S. government and a return to a
“white America”
■ “Jews are the number 1 enemy. Jews are the virus. The people of color and the
homosexuals are the symptoms.”

Donald Trump
5776 / 2016 c.e., July
Donald Trump, during his campaign for the U. S. Presidency, tweeted
a picture of Hillary Clinton with $100. bills and a six pointed star,
which many perceived as a Star of David, evoking the age-old
stereotype of Jews as money-grubbing cheats. The meme was also
on a neo-Nazi website. Trump did not apologize, and he ultimately
took the tweet down from his site.

Donald Trump
5776 / 2016 c.e., October 14
“The Washington establishment and the financial and media
corporations that fund it exist for only one reason: to protect and
enrich itself….For those who control the levers of power in
Washington, and for the global special interests…[i]t’s a global
power structure that is responsible for the economic decisions that
have robbed our working class, stripped our country of its wealth
and put that money into the pockets of a handful of large
corporations and political entities….This is a conspiracy against
you, the American people, and we cannot let this happen or
continue. This is our moment of reckoning as a society and as a
civilization itself.”
Donald Trump, Rally Speech, West Palm Beach, Florida

Neo-Nazi Commentator, Lawrence Murray
5776 / 2016 c.e., October 14
“[S]omehow Trump manages to channel Goebbels and ‘Detroit
Republicanism’ all at the same time.”
Lawrence Murray on Donald Trump’s Florida Rally Speech,
The Right Stuff website
Joseph Goebbels, Nazi minister for Propaganda and
Public Education, wrote and spoke continually of an
alleged “Jewish conspiracy” to undermine German
culture and civilization itself. Speaking at the
September 1935 Nazi Party Congress in Nuremberg,
for example, Goebbels connected Bolshevism with
international Jewry. He warned Nazi party members
of a supposed international Jewish conspiracy to
snuff out western civilization.

Neo-Nazi Commentator, Lawrence Murray
5776 / 2016 c.e., October 14
Murray continued: Trump’s speech was “almost
unprecedented in its militancy and vitriol for the
luegenpresse [Nazi term meaning “lying press”] and the
brahmins.” Murray also designated the speech as “88%
woke.” [White supremacists use 88 as an abbreviation of
“Heil Hitler” since “H” is the eighth letter of the
alphabet.] He added: “Can you picture the shvitzing
[“extreme sweating” in Yiddish] that must be going on in
some circles right now? I can, and it’s glorious.”

David Duke
5776 / 2016 c.e., October 14
Former Ku Klux Klan leader and current racist radio host, David Duke, added his
praise of Donald Trump’s “incredible speech” on his radio show:
“Donald Trump had an incredible speech last night in West Palm Beach,
maybe the strongest, most all out speech concerning the war that is being
waged against us and the war that is being waged by the oligarchs who
control the international banks and the globalists….These Jewish
supremacists and these Jewish radicals who have been dominating
international banking, the financing of politics and leaders, bribing them in
effect, the people who have controlled the media, the people who have
controlled the political apparatus in so many countries, who have controlled
much of the academia, much of the discourse, they’re crazy….They’re willing
to risk World War III for their political objectives in the Middle East, in Israel,
and elsewhere.”

Jewish Cemeteries Vandalized
5777 / 2017
Within the first month of the Trump presidency, three Jewish cemeteries were
vandalized: St. Louis, Philadelphia, Rochester, NY.

99th annual Independence Day March
Warsaw, Poland, 5778 / 11/11/2017
■ Polish residents with upwards of 60,000 people shouting chants and carrying Nazi
and white supremacist paraphernalia, where some marchers called for a “white
Europe” and an “Islamic Holocaust.”

Unite The Right rally
5777 / 2017
■ The Unite the Right rally, Charlottesville, Virginia, August 11 – 12, 2017, brought
together white supremacists, members of the alt-right, neo-Confederates, neo-
fascists, white nationalists, neo-Nazis, and far-right militias.
■ They killed a counter-protester by plowing a car into the crowd.
“Jews will NOT replace us!”

Unite The Right rally
5777 / 2017
“I think there is blame on both sides,” said Trump about the Charlottesville, Virginia Unite the Right rally.
“You had a group on one side that was bad. You had a group on the other side that was also very violent.
Nobody wants to say that. I’ll say it right now.”
He criticized “alt-left” groups that he claimed were “very, very violent.”
“Many of those people were there to protest the taking down of the statue of Robert E. Lee. So this week, it
is Robert E. Lee. I noticed that Stonewall Jackson is coming down. I wonder, is it George Washington next
week? And is it Thomas Jefferson the week after? You know, you really do have to ask yourself, where
does it stop?”
Trump accused people he called the alt-left of “swinging clubs” as they “came charging at, as you say, at
the alt-right.”

Austria’s “Freedom Party”
5777 / 2017
■ The so-called “Freedom Party” of Austria – founded by
neo-Nazis with close ties to Russia -- pushes a similar
platform. Freedom Party leader, Heinz-Christian Strache
was chosen as Vice Chancellor in 2017 in a coalition
government.
■ Strache of this far-right populist anti-immigrationist Party
was forced to resign May 2019 following release of a
video sting in which he was shown promising state
contracts for cash to a woman pretending she was a
Russian oligarch’s niece and plotting to takeover
Austria’s largest newspaper.
■ Despise his illegal and immoral actions, one week
following his resignation in 2019, Austrians elected
Strache to a seat in the European Parliament.
Heinz-Christian Strache

Polish Law
5778 / 2/2018
■ It states, in part, that "whoever accuses, publicly and against the facts, the
Polish nation, or the Polish state, of being responsible or complicit in the
Nazi crimes committed by the Third German Reich … shall be subject to a
fine or a penalty of imprisonment of up to three years," with the exception
that a person "is not committing a crime if he or she commits such an act as
part of artistic or scientific activities."

Mark Zuckerberg
5778 / 2018
■ Facebook co-founder and CEO, Mark Zuckerberg, controversial response when asked
about Facebook’s response to “Fake News,” he offered an example in his commitment
to permitting a wide range of views and perspectives:
"I'm Jewish and there's a set of people who deny that the Holocaust happened. I find it
deeply offensive. But at the end of the day, I don't believe that our platform should take
that down because I think there are things that different people get wrong. I don't think that
they're intentionally getting it wrong.”

Tree of Life Synagogue Massacre
5779 / 2018
■ Shooter murdered 11 congregants and injured another 6, including 3 law
enforcement officers.
■ Tree of Life Synagogue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
■ Shooter had ties to neo-Nazis white supremacist websites.
■ During the rampage, he yelled “I just want to kill Jews.”

Representative Ilhan Omar, (D-MN)
5779 / 2018
■ Controversy swirled in March 2019 around first-term
Representative Ilhan Omar, D-Minnesota on what many believed
as antisemitic stereotypes of Jews being concerned with money
and holding dual loyalties:
■ In 2012 she tweeted: “Israel has hypnotized the world. May Allah
awaken the people and help them see the evil doings of Israel.”
■ February 2019, she wrote that U.S. support for Israel was “all
about the Benjamins baby,” signifying Benjamin Franklin who
appears on the $100-dollar bill.
■ A few weeks later, she told an audience in D.C. that “I want to talk
about the political influence in this country that says it is O.K. to
push for allegiance to a foreign country.” And later: “I should not
be expected to have allegiance/pledge support to a foreign
country in order to serve my country in Congress or serve on
committees.”

■ New York Times apologizes for printing an antisemitic cartoon on its editorial page,
international edition, 5779 / April 25, 2019 depicting Benjamin Netanyahu as a
guide dog of a blind Donald Trump

Chabad Poway Synagogue Massacre
5779 / 2019
■ Shooter murdered 1 and injured 3 congregants including Rabbi Yisroel Goldstein.
■ Chabad Poway Synagogue, Poway, California, April 27, 2019 last day of Passover.
■ Shooter had ties to neo-Nazis white supremacist websites.
Rabbi Yisroel Goldstein with
Lori Gilbert-Kaye who was
murdered during the attack

Vienna Holocaust Exhibition
5779 / 5/26/2019
Luigi Toscano’s Vienna outdoor exhibition of Holocaust survivors cut up and defiled with
a knife in the third attack in one month.

Culture Clash
While many Christians view proselytizing as offering the gift of Jesus to the “unbelievers,”
many if not most individuals of other faiths and many non-believers consider this as not
merely an imposition or as manipulation, but, in fact, consider this as a form of
oppression. Christian proselytizing rests on a foundation of Christian privilege and a deep
sense of entitlement in a western context.

Rise in European Right-Wing Nationalism
5778-5779 / 2017-2018

Increase in U.S. Antisemitism
5780-5781 / 2020-2021

Right-Wing Capitol Insurrection
5781 / January 6, 2021
Antisemitic imagery and tropes helped fuel and ignite the paramilitary forces of the Oath
Keepers and Proud Boys with some people wearing a black “Camp Auschwitz” T-shirt
emblazoned with a skull and crossbones, and beneath it the words “work brings freedom” –
an English translation of the Auschwitz concentration camp motto: “Arbeit macht frei.”

Celebrity Antisemitism
5782 / 2022
Hate filled antisemitic speech came from Doug Mastriano, Republican candidate for
Pennsylvania governor against his Jewish rival, Josh Shapiro. Rapper Ye (Kanye West)
has doubled and tripled down on his scathing antisemitic rhetoric, and Kyrie Irving, star
NBA player for the Brooklyn Nets, posted a link to a film containing offensive antisemitic
material.

Donald Trump’s Dinner
Guests at Mar-a-Lago
5782 / November 22, 2022
■ Donald Trump
■ Nick Fuentes (white
supremacist antisemitic
Holocaust denier)
■ Ye (Kanye West, rapper)

BREAKING THE CYCLE
OF OPPRESSION

Cycle of Oppression
■ As we have witnessed over the ages, demagogues whip up
negative sentiments against groups they have
constructed/defined as “other” in order to divert
resentment from the leader(s) to those they have
“othered.”
■ They do this through the processes of defining (minoritizing,
othering), stereotyping, scapegoating, and tokenizing.

Cycle of Oppression
■ For example, Jews were invited into a region by leaders to
fill gaps in the economy, such as money lending and tax
collecting.
■ Jews were then seen by the larger citizenry as the face of
evil, as economic exploiters.
■ In actuality, they served as “buffers” between the citizenry
and the leader, thereby diverting resentment from the
leaders onto the Jews (“divide and conquer”).

Cycle of Oppression
■ Jews were scapegoated for the problems in countries in
order for the leaders to maintain and expand their means
of domination, power and control.
■ This often resulted in Jews being forced to give up their
religious heritage, expelled from countries, or massacred.

Cycle of Oppression
■ History teaches us some of the foundational elements
required for genocides to occur:
1. Strong leader or leaders
2. Who whip up sentiments by employing dehumanizing
stereotyping and scapegoating of entire groups,
3. While other citizens or entire nations look on, often
refusing to intervene for numerous reasons.

Interrupting the Cycle of Oppression
Oppression in its many forms is transmitted along a spectrum:
Microaggressions Genocides
And each day we are all called on to make small and larger
choices, and to take actions along a wide continuum:
Passive Bystanders Active Upstanders
Everyone, therefore, and not only the direct perpetrators of
oppression, plays a vital role in the oppression.

PLURALISM
 Horace Kallen, sociologist and Jewish immigrant
to the United States of Polish and Latvian
heritage.
 He coined the term “cultural pluralism” to
challenge the image of the so-called
“melting pot,” which he considered inherently
undemocratic .
 Kallen envisioned a society in the image of a
great symphony orchestra, not sounding in unison
(the “melting pot”), but rather, one in which all
the disparate cultures play in harmony and retain
their unique and distinctive tones and timbres.

Tikkun Olam
■ Tikkun Olam is a concept in Judaism that represents working
for the transformation, healing, and repairing the world so that
it becomes a more just, peaceful, nurturing, and perfect place.
■ I ask us all to join together and travel through our lives and
work for Tikkun Olam.
Let Us End the Cycle of the Multiple Forms of Oppression!
LET US PERFECT THE WORLD

References & Further Readings
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■ Biale, D., Galchinsky, M., and Heschel, S. (1998). Insider/Outsider: American Jews and
multiculturalism. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
■ Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.
■ Andree, R. (1881). Zur Volkskunde der Juden. Leipzig: Velhagen und Klasing.
■ Anti-Defamation League. ADL report on anti-Semitism and prejudice in America. New York: Anti-
Defamation League.
■ Arendt, H. (1968). Anti-Semitism: Part one of the origins of totalitarianism. New York: Harcourt
Brace Jovanovich.
■ Batts, V. A. (1989). Modern racism: New melody for the same old tunes. Rocky Mount, NC: Visions
Publication.
■ Bell, L. A. (1997). Theoretical foundations for social justice education. In M. Adams, L. A. Bell, and
P. Griffin. (Eds.), Teaching for diversity and social justice. New York: Routledge.
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Press.

■ Blumenfeld, W. J. (2015). Inside and outside: How being an Ashkenazi Jew illuminates and
complicates the binary of racial privilege. In Everyday white people confront racial & social
injustice: 15 stories, E. Moore Jr., M. W. Penick-Parks, & A. Michael, Sterling (Eds.), VA: Stylus
Publishing, pp. 129-139.
■ Blumenfeld, W. J. (2012). On the discursive construction of Jewish “racialization” and “race
passing”: Jews as “u-boats” with a mysterious “queer light.” Journal of Critical Thought & Praxis,
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