in this PPT government budget and its classification of budget is explained. menaing of budget, different type of budget deficits are also explained in it. you can also find on what basis revenue and capital receipt and expenditure are classified.
different type of budget deficits and their implications are also explained.
objectives of fiscal policy
,
to accelerate the rate of economic growth:
,
optimum allocation of resources
,
generally following are the objectives of a fiscal
,
equitable distribution of income and wealth:
,
full employment
,
to encourage investment
,
economic stability:
in this PPT government budget and its classification of budget is explained. menaing of budget, different type of budget deficits are also explained in it. you can also find on what basis revenue and capital receipt and expenditure are classified.
different type of budget deficits and their implications are also explained.
objectives of fiscal policy
,
to accelerate the rate of economic growth:
,
optimum allocation of resources
,
generally following are the objectives of a fiscal
,
equitable distribution of income and wealth:
,
full employment
,
to encourage investment
,
economic stability:
This presentation discusses about the following subtopics:
What is a government deficit?
Types of deficit
What is a revenue deficit?
What is a fiscal deficit?
What is a primary deficit?
Difference between Fiscal Deficit and Revenue Deficit
Difference between Primary Deficit and Revenue Deficit
This presentation discusses about the following subtopics:
What is a government deficit?
Types of deficit
What is a revenue deficit?
What is a fiscal deficit?
What is a primary deficit?
Difference between Fiscal Deficit and Revenue Deficit
Difference between Primary Deficit and Revenue Deficit
I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
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A study on Budget deficit AND Its impact on the economy of BangladeshMd Showeb
Government budget deficit is the difference between government revenues and expenditures. Government has different sources of revenues. Major portion of government revenues comes from direct and indirect taxes. Direct taxes come from income and profits of individuals and institutions and indirect taxes come from import duty, supplementary duty and value added tax. It can be put in different way. Direct taxes are the part of economic revenues and incomes of individuals and institutions and indirect taxes are the part of economic transactions in the form of buy, sale, export and import transactions. If government wants accelerate its revenues to meet the growing public expenditures and to reduce the budget deficit without reducing the expenditures of different influential sectors, much efforts should be made to increase economic revenues and income as well as the economic transactions so that the government revenues can meet the growing demand of the economy with the increase in revenues from income tax, import duty, supplementary duty and value added tax. In this regard the concentration of the report is on the management of deficit budget to minimize bad effects and maximize the utilization of funds. Having budget deficit is not a problem at all. The problems lie with the government inefficiency in the management of budget deficit. The evaluation of different reasons behind deficit budget and the evaluation of different bad effects of deficit budget are two crucial parts of our discussion. The impact of budget deficit on the different sectors of the economy is addressed here with relevant information. It is further concentration point of the report to find ways to improve the management performance of the government to achieve different macroeconomic goals with the help of expansion of economic revenues and transactions. The government revenues increase with the increase in economic revenues and economic transactions. The key point of our discussion is government should not decrease the public expenditures as the population is growing. The expenditures on different public sectors have to be increased as the population is growing. But budget deficit should not grow to meet the expenditures as budget deficit has some associated problems with it. For this reason government has to concentrate on accelerating the revenue collection rapidly with the expansion of economic revenues and economic transactions. For this reason government should try to integrate different policies to achieve key macroeconomic goals.
Key Highlights of Union Budget 2012 India presented by Finance Minister Pranab Mukharjee Prepared by vgyan.com, Shiv Kumar Agrawal.
https://www.facebook.com/vgyanuniversity
https://twitter.com/#!/vgroupsIndia
https://plus.google.com/b/108259517886515557552/
http://www.vgyan.com/
Long on aspirations and short on action - A monograph on the Union Budget 201...D Murali ☆
Long on aspirations and short on action - A monograph on the Union Budget 2015-16 - B. Yerram Raju - Article published in Business Advisor, Budget 2015 special issue http://www.magzter.com/IN/Shrinikethan/Business-Advisor/Business/
Bangladesh’s National Budget Analysis of of FY 2022-2023.076TalathUnNabiAnik
Introduction to Bangladesh's National Budget Analysis of FY 2022-2023
The National Budget Analysis of Bangladesh for the fiscal year 2022-2023 provides valuable insights into the country's financial plans and priorities. This comprehensive analysis aims to examine various aspects of the budget, including revenue collection, expenditure allocation, inflationary pressures, sector-specific measures, and the overall impact on businesses and the economy. By delving into the key highlights and policy measures outlined in the budget, we gain a deeper understanding of the government's strategies to address economic challenges, promote growth, and ensure sustainable development. Through this analysis, we aim to shed light on the significant elements of the budget and their implications for various stakeholders, ultimately contributing to a better understanding of Bangladesh's economic landscape and future prospects.
Budget is an estimate of income and expenditure for a set period of time.
From the perspective of Bangladesh the most important issues that are going to impact middle and poor class people need to be discussed
Similar to Imbalance between development and non development expenditure (20)
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
Resume
• Real GDP growth slowed down due to problems with access to electricity caused by the destruction of manoeuvrable electricity generation by Russian drones and missiles.
• Exports and imports continued growing due to better logistics through the Ukrainian sea corridor and road. Polish farmers and drivers stopped blocking borders at the end of April.
• In April, both the Tax and Customs Services over-executed the revenue plan. Moreover, the NBU transferred twice the planned profit to the budget.
• The European side approved the Ukraine Plan, which the government adopted to determine indicators for the Ukraine Facility. That approval will allow Ukraine to receive a EUR 1.9 bn loan from the EU in May. At the same time, the EU provided Ukraine with a EUR 1.5 bn loan in April, as the government fulfilled five indicators under the Ukraine Plan.
• The USA has finally approved an aid package for Ukraine, which includes USD 7.8 bn of budget support; however, the conditions and timing of the assistance are still unknown.
• As in March, annual consumer inflation amounted to 3.2% yoy in April.
• At the April monetary policy meeting, the NBU again reduced the key policy rate from 14.5% to 13.5% per annum.
• Over the past four weeks, the hryvnia exchange rate has stabilized in the UAH 39-40 per USD range.
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
Latino Buying Power - May 2024 Presentation for Latino CaucusDanay Escanaverino
Unlock the potential of Latino Buying Power with this in-depth SlideShare presentation. Explore how the Latino consumer market is transforming the American economy, driven by their significant buying power, entrepreneurial contributions, and growing influence across various sectors.
**Key Sections Covered:**
1. **Economic Impact:** Understand the profound economic impact of Latino consumers on the U.S. economy. Discover how their increasing purchasing power is fueling growth in key industries and contributing to national economic prosperity.
2. **Buying Power:** Dive into detailed analyses of Latino buying power, including its growth trends, key drivers, and projections for the future. Learn how this influential group’s spending habits are shaping market dynamics and creating opportunities for businesses.
3. **Entrepreneurial Contributions:** Explore the entrepreneurial spirit within the Latino community. Examine how Latino-owned businesses are thriving and contributing to job creation, innovation, and economic diversification.
4. **Workforce Statistics:** Gain insights into the role of Latino workers in the American labor market. Review statistics on employment rates, occupational distribution, and the economic contributions of Latino professionals across various industries.
5. **Media Consumption:** Understand the media consumption habits of Latino audiences. Discover their preferences for digital platforms, television, radio, and social media. Learn how these consumption patterns are influencing advertising strategies and media content.
6. **Education:** Examine the educational achievements and challenges within the Latino community. Review statistics on enrollment, graduation rates, and fields of study. Understand the implications of education on economic mobility and workforce readiness.
7. **Home Ownership:** Explore trends in Latino home ownership. Understand the factors driving home buying decisions, the challenges faced by Latino homeowners, and the impact of home ownership on community stability and economic growth.
This SlideShare provides valuable insights for marketers, business owners, policymakers, and anyone interested in the economic influence of the Latino community. By understanding the various facets of Latino buying power, you can effectively engage with this dynamic and growing market segment.
Equip yourself with the knowledge to leverage Latino buying power, tap into their entrepreneurial spirit, and connect with their unique cultural and consumer preferences. Drive your business success by embracing the economic potential of Latino consumers.
**Keywords:** Latino buying power, economic impact, entrepreneurial contributions, workforce statistics, media consumption, education, home ownership, Latino market, Hispanic buying power, Latino purchasing power.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
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what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
2. Current expenditure
Current expenditures are those expenditures which a government uses to
currently fulfill the needs and demands of the public.
Current expenditure is a purchase from national account by government
to meet the need of masses collectively for the time being.
Current expenditures include
Defense
interest payments
expenditure on law and order
public administration etc.
the current expenditures do not create any productive assets which can
bring income or returns to the government are non-development
expenditure.
The increase in current expenditures is considered as the biggest problem of
the country after inflation.
3. • Pakistan’s economy has GDP growth of 4.2
percent in FY2014/15 as in FY2013-14 it was 4.0
percent.
• .
• This limitation relies only on 1.3 percent of GDP
decline in current spending while development
spending is expected to increase by 0.3 percent
of GDP.
• In terms of GDP, federal development
expenditures are budgeted to increase from 2.0
percent of GDP in FY2014/15 to 2.3 percent. As
more than 80 percent has been allocated under
the budget 2015/16 Public Sector Development
Programme (PSDP).
4. Interest Payments
• Interest payments include interest payments on government debt
including long term bonds, long term loans and other debt instruments to
domestic and foreign people.
• In Pakistan for the fiscal year of 2009‐10 about 31 percent of total
revenues were consumed for the payment of the national and
international debt.
• On June 30th, 2014 it was estimated that Pakistan’s public debt stood at
63 percent of GDP.
• The domestic debt of Pakistan is higher because of three main reasons:
1. because of its security and economic problems, Pakistan does not have
an easy access to relatively inexpensive financing from international
financial markets.
• (ii) Budget support from international donors remained hanging for a long
time period because of the unfavorable fiscal situation
• (iii) For the government, the fiscal cost of borrowing from the central
bank has large interest rate which imposes a huge cost on the economy.
5. • On the average, more than 53 percent of federal
government’s expenditure is on interest
payments on debt, defense spending and salaries
and compensation.
• According to the World Bank Pakistan Interest
payments are 34.12 which were measured in
2013.
• In the fiscal year 2015 Pakistan is overloaded
with permanent and floating debts.
• The extreme cut in interest rates in the second
half of the fiscal year 2015 had an impact on the
coupon rates reduced in the Pakistan Investment
Bonds.
6. Grants
• The federal government transfers some
amount to the provinces in the form of grants.
In the fiscal year of 2009-10 the federal
government transferred Rs. 82 billion to
provinces.
• The federal government picks a bulk of losses
by giving grants from the budget to State
Owned Enterprises (SOEs) which were
declining. E.g. PIA Pakistan steel miles
7. Subsidies
• Subsidies are the benefits which are given by the government to
groups or individuals usually in the form of a cash payment or tax
reduction. The subsidy is usually given to remove some type of
burden and is often considered to be in the interest of the public.
Subsidies, grants, and other social benefits include all unreturned, no
repayable transfers on current account to private and public
enterprises.
• According to the World Bank in Pakistan the last measured of
subsides was 16.66% in 2013.
• In the fiscal year of 2008 when internationally the prices of oil
increased sharply the government then increased subsidies on oil
and electricity.
• The Federal government’s expenditure about 29 percent is on
subsidies and grants mostly including subsidies on electricity and oil
has greater than before as from 1 percent of GDP in FY 2002 to more
than 2.5 percent in FY 2014.
8. • In Pakistan during the FY of 2009‐10 the government
subsidized the power sector by a large amount. Out of a
total subsidy of 83.8 percent were granted to WAPDA and
KESC.
• Some of the recent examples of subsidizes from the
government are: the government of PML N has started the
direct subsidy that will be given to the poorest families of
the province through Punjab Khidmat Card Programme. As
the Punjab Khidmat Card is a public welfare and
revolutionary programme of the government under which
Khidmat Cards are issued to the poorest families for their
financial assistance while education and health facilities
are also provided through these cards under a phased
programme.
• The Ramadan the government gave subsidies for the
general public of Rs 6 billion through the Utility Stores
Corporation. In the fiscal year of 2007‐08 24.7 percent of
revenues were used up in providing subsidies in Pakistan.
9. Defense
• The geographical, political and strategic position of any
country on the map plays an important role in the allocation
of defense expenditure .
• As Pakistan is enclosed with threats and the government
cannot ignore defense expenditure no matter whether they
are developed or not.
• Due to the disputed territory of Kashmir Pakistan faced three
wars with India. As a result Pakistan has to spend a larger
share of GDP on defense.
• The defense expenditure of fiscal year 2008 as a percentage
of GDP was 18.1% and in the fiscal year of 2015-16 is being
increased to 780 billion (US $7.8 billion).
• The defense expenditure is necessary because of the
National Security of the country.
• The defense expenditure was being increased in view of the
security situation and requirements of the armed forces
10. OVERVIEW
• In case of Pakistan it seems that non-development expenditure is out
of government’s control. Tax collecting agencies are the main hurdles
in tax returns submission, adding that tax collection could increase by
Rs1, 500 billion by creating clarity in taxation system and eradicating
corruption. Reduction in expenditures and increase in income
directly benefited the public.
In Pakistan income is being spent on subsidy, defense and interests on
debt payments while the government needed loans to run other
affairs.
• The disparity between income and expenditures is upsetting
development. Government has to play a vital role by making policies
for reduction in non-development expenses and foreign loans besides
eradication of corruption for which effective taxation system is
required.
• Pakistan has to spend a larger share of GDP on defense. One of the
biggest challenges is to reallocate the resources from defense
expenditure to social development in order to reduce poverty, hunger
and preventable diseases.
•
11. DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURE
• expenditures that promote economic growth and
development.
• expenditure on infrastructure development.
• In the fiscal budget 2014-15 Infrastructure has
the biggest priority in the development budget.
• Infrastructure has to receive the highest 55 %.
• highways together with power projects are
projected to make up 70 percent of the total
infrastructure allocation
12. • create balance between revenue and
expenditures to help the governments to avoid
high deficits.
• of unplanned expenditures
floods,
security related issues,
high interest payment,
untargeted subsidies
expected tax collection
13. • Infrastructure spending is considered
government investment .
• save money in the long run,
• and thereby reduce the net present value of
government liabilities.
• government spending on social infrastructure,
such as preventative health care, can save
several hundreds of billions of dollars per year
in Pakistan
14. • For the FY2015/ 16 total PKR 43 billion has
been allocated for development projects in
special areas of Azad Jammu and Kashmir
(AJK),
• Gilgit Baltistan (GB),
• Northern Areas
• and Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA)
• those are otherwise not included in the
resource distribution framework of the
federation
15. • An interesting question arises how a developing
country like Pakistan where masses are subject to
absolute poverty can afford such a heavy
expenditure on defense?
• What impact the military expenditure exert on
poverty?
• Is the military expenditure pro poverty or anti
poverty.
• It is hypothesized that military expenditure is
positively associated with poverty. Two thoughts
are central in the literature. Some believe that the
military expenditure has very strong positive
relationship with the growth of the economy.
Others disagree that military expenditure is
negatively related to the growth of the economy.
16. • To provide aids to the poor public the development
expenditure can play very important role. The government is
borrowing heavy amount for non-development expenditures
like army operations and debt servicing that should be
directed to development expenditures like investment in
energy.
• The government needs to reduce subsidies and cut its non-
development expenditures. The government must bring
down inflation and creates fiscal space to overcome major
economic problems. Due to the government debts and
borrowing from external sources the fiscal deficit is pushed
up. As presently the government is heavily spending on army
operations and debt servicing which are all non-development
expenditures. Until the government start spending on
development expenditures the country cannot achieve her
manufacturing growth and investment will automatically
come into the country which will result in reduction of
inflation.
17. • If the government increases the development
expenditures it will be helpful in the economic
growth of a country. It will generate
employment opportunities, rotate capital in
the economy and will create development
activities etc. the most important initiative the
government must take is the establishment of
basic infra structures of the country that acts
as a catalyst for the domestic and foreign
investments.
19. Conclusion
• The government needs to reduce subsidies and
cut its non-development expenditures.
• Due to the government debts and borrowing
from external sources the fiscal deficit is
pushed up.
• Until the government start spending on
development expenditures the country cannot
achieve her manufacturing growth.
• The government must increase the tax to GDP
ratio in the long run and increase its capacity to
spend on development projects.
20. • If the government increases the development
expenditures it will be helpful in .
economic growth of a country.
It will generate employment opportunities,
rotate capital in the economy
and will create development activities etc.
• Pakistan’s long term productivity is declining.
• Our study concludes that discrete spending
will stay insignificant in Pakistan until its
current expenditures are too high as
compared to development expenditures.
Editor's Notes
·When a government spends more than it collects in taxes, it borrows from the private
sector to finance the budget deficit