UNESCO has recommendations on the teaches or the teaching professions half a century ago. Still teachers are struggling for the rights on the professional. These slides in Nepali language for the seminar purposes.
eGov initiatives in Nepal (with focus on local governments)Ekendra Lamsal
This document discusses electronic governance (eGov) initiatives in Nepal. It provides an overview of Nepal's eGov policies, including the eGov Master Plan (2010), Government Enterprise Architecture, and Government Interoperability Framework. It describes some current eGov technologies used in Nepal, like web portals, phones, biometrics. It also summarizes some eGov systems used at the national and local levels. Overall, it advocates for increasing ICT capacity, using ICT to improve service delivery, and addressing challenges like isolated systems and lack of interoperability. It also discusses open source software use in the government.
The document discusses the evolution of technology use in government from early stages of just using technology, to electronic government, to electronic governance, and proposes that the next stage is policy-driven electronic governance. It presents a theory to explain this evolution, discussing how global change drivers, disruptive technologies, and other pressures are pushing governments to innovate. Evidence from national strategies supports the idea that diffusion of e-government to different sectors and levels is occurring. The transition to policy-driven electronic governance would mean focusing e-government efforts on specific locations and sectors to improve conditions for citizens and meet policy goals.
नेपाल सरकार, शिक्षा मन्त्रालयद्वारा बनाई लागू गरिएको विद्यालय क्षेत्र विकास कार्यक्रम (२०७३-२०८०) को अन्तिम मस्यौदाको अंग्रेजी भर्सन यहाँ अपलोड गरिएकोछ।
The document outlines a "Support My School Campaign in Nepal" which aims to create healthy and active learning environments in schools by improving facilities for water, sanitation, hygiene, education, and sports. The campaign would launch in 10 schools in the Kathmandu Valley and mobilize local resources, build capacity, and improve facilities while also engaging students, teachers, management, and surrounding communities. Partners such as school administrations, alumni, teachers, students, the government, private sector, and NGOs would support expanding the campaign.
Crc supplementary training manual on annual sip updating and references for d...DPNet
1. This document provides guidelines for updating school improvement plans and building capacity on disaster risk management at the school level.
2. It outlines the process for conducting an annual school workshop to collaboratively update the school improvement plan, including identifying issues, problems and solutions.
3. The workshop brings together teachers, management committee members, experts and other stakeholders to foster cooperation and jointly address challenges through problem identification and resolution.
eGov initiatives in Nepal (with focus on local governments)Ekendra Lamsal
This document discusses electronic governance (eGov) initiatives in Nepal. It provides an overview of Nepal's eGov policies, including the eGov Master Plan (2010), Government Enterprise Architecture, and Government Interoperability Framework. It describes some current eGov technologies used in Nepal, like web portals, phones, biometrics. It also summarizes some eGov systems used at the national and local levels. Overall, it advocates for increasing ICT capacity, using ICT to improve service delivery, and addressing challenges like isolated systems and lack of interoperability. It also discusses open source software use in the government.
The document discusses the evolution of technology use in government from early stages of just using technology, to electronic government, to electronic governance, and proposes that the next stage is policy-driven electronic governance. It presents a theory to explain this evolution, discussing how global change drivers, disruptive technologies, and other pressures are pushing governments to innovate. Evidence from national strategies supports the idea that diffusion of e-government to different sectors and levels is occurring. The transition to policy-driven electronic governance would mean focusing e-government efforts on specific locations and sectors to improve conditions for citizens and meet policy goals.
नेपाल सरकार, शिक्षा मन्त्रालयद्वारा बनाई लागू गरिएको विद्यालय क्षेत्र विकास कार्यक्रम (२०७३-२०८०) को अन्तिम मस्यौदाको अंग्रेजी भर्सन यहाँ अपलोड गरिएकोछ।
The document outlines a "Support My School Campaign in Nepal" which aims to create healthy and active learning environments in schools by improving facilities for water, sanitation, hygiene, education, and sports. The campaign would launch in 10 schools in the Kathmandu Valley and mobilize local resources, build capacity, and improve facilities while also engaging students, teachers, management, and surrounding communities. Partners such as school administrations, alumni, teachers, students, the government, private sector, and NGOs would support expanding the campaign.
Crc supplementary training manual on annual sip updating and references for d...DPNet
1. This document provides guidelines for updating school improvement plans and building capacity on disaster risk management at the school level.
2. It outlines the process for conducting an annual school workshop to collaboratively update the school improvement plan, including identifying issues, problems and solutions.
3. The workshop brings together teachers, management committee members, experts and other stakeholders to foster cooperation and jointly address challenges through problem identification and resolution.
A presentation on decentralised planning in nepal. compiled from TRM, Publish...Ananta Paudyal
This document discusses decentralized planning and school improvement planning in Nepal. It provides guidance on preparing school improvement plans (SIPs), village education plans (VEPs), and district education plans (DEPs) according to a decentralized model. The key points are:
1. SIPs should be prepared by individual schools to improve quality, with input from stakeholders. VEPs are developed by combining SIPs and community plans.
2. DEPs are created by amalgamating SIPs, VEPs, and other factors. They are meant to coordinate planning across different administrative levels while accounting for local needs.
3. Effective decentralized planning requires participation, clarifying responsibilities, resource mapping, and linking plans across levels like SIP
This training guideline is for a school-based disaster risk reduction training organized by a project in partnership with various organizations aimed at mainstreaming disaster risk reduction into school environments and developing disaster-resilient schools. The training aims to build awareness and capacity of teachers, students, and parents on disaster risk reduction and minimize damage to schools from disasters. It will be conducted in schools and utilize existing school disaster management committees and networks of the partner organizations to manage and monitor activities. The training will cover key concepts, risk assessment methods, and development of school-level disaster risk reduction and response plans to support national efforts for safe schools.
School attendence is a prerequite for a student in universial secondary educa...Komakech Robert Agwot
The study explored the effects of students’ absenteeism on student academic and school performance in Uganda. The study also assessed the effectiveness of class attendance monitoring tool; the challenges faced by the school administration in dealing with absentee student(s); and established the relationship between students’ absenteeism and academic performance of students. The relevant literature was reviewed to anchor the methodology and the findings. The study adopted descriptive cross-sectional survey design. A combination of stratified and purposive sampling was applied to accommodate the variety of respondents from Serere, Soroti, Kumi and Ngora districts in Teso sub-region; North Eastern Uganda. The study used questionnaires and interview schedules to collect primary data from 349 respondents who participated in the study out of the expected 384 obtained from a target population of 100,000 giving a response rate of 90.89%. The findings shows that the monitoring tools used for students’ attendance are effective (good) and there is a very positive relationship between student attendance and academic performance. The researcher also found that school attendance affects both the students and the school performance. To the students; it leads to poor academic performance, students drop out, graduating half-baked students, poor curriculum coverage and loss of interest in learning whist to the school; it affects the school image, lower the students’ enrollment, transfer of students by parents, wastage of teachers’ and administrators’ time and affects the university/tertiary enrolment. However, the school administration faces challenges of; interruption of lessons, students being hostile/belligerent to teachers, and parents defending their children whilst dealing with absenteeism students. The study also provides the practical and most effective strategies to improve students’ attendance. These staregies include; promoting Zero Tolerance to Students Absenteeism, parental involvement and participation, developing students’ mentoring programmes, improving “rich” student’s programmes, promoting guidance and counseling, promote good communication, reward students with regular attendance, and need to monitor and supervise school attendance. The researcher concludes that, to support students academically in and out of school; administrators, teachers, and families need to have a shared understanding of their children’s learning and work as partners to meet their academic and social-emotional needs.
Keywords: School Attendance, Academic Performance, Excused and Unexcused Absenteeism, Universal Secondary Education
ORGANIZATION DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Nepal Academy Of Tourism And Hotel Manag...saechine
Organizational development and change (ODC) is important for the hospitality industry to keep up with changes, drive innovation, and address problems. There are two main models of ODC - Lewin's three step model of unfreezing, moving, and refreezing, and Kotter's eight step model which includes increasing urgency, building guiding teams, communicating vision, and making change stick. Effective ODC results in institutional transformation, innovation, efficiency gains, and motivated workers.
Background - It is the movement of highly skilled and qualified people towards a country where they can work in better conditions and earn more money. It is also termed as “human capital flight” because it resembles the case of capital flight.
Objectives – The objective of the study is to analyze the causes and effects of brain drain of Nepalese students.
Methodology – Due to the specific nature of the research objectives, descriptive cum analytical research design has been used.
Findings – Brain drain is a serious problem in Nepal. It creates both a positive effect and a negative effect directly or indirectly in the economic development of the country.
Hi Friends
This is supa bouy
I am a mentor, Friend for all Management Aspirants, Any query related to anything in Management, Do write me @ supabuoy@gmail.com.
I will try to assist the best way I can.
Cheers to lyf…!!!
Supa Bouy
A STUDY ON THE FACTOR OF STUDENT ABSENTEEISM AT FACULTY OF BUSINESS, UNISEL S...Nisha Ambalan
This document provides an introduction and background to a study on student absenteeism at the Faculty of Business in UNISEL Shah Alam. It discusses the problem of increasing absenteeism among students and the need to investigate the factors influencing it. The objectives of the study are to identify the factors affecting absenteeism, determine which gender is most affected, and provide suggestions to improve attendance. A literature review is presented covering definitions of key terms like absenteeism and its impacts on student performance and grades. Various studies linking absenteeism to lower exam scores, class participation, and effects on group work are summarized.
This document provides an overview of a research paper on the causes and costs of employee absenteeism. It includes an abstract, introduction, literature review, hypotheses, research methods, data analysis, findings, and conclusions. The research aims to identify the main causes of absenteeism, such as health problems, lack of benefits, and stressful work environments. A questionnaire will be administered to employees to collect primary data on their perceptions. The data will be analyzed using SPSS to understand what is driving absenteeism rates. Preliminary findings suggest age is not a major factor, as respondents were spread relatively evenly across different age groups. Absenteeism is found to cost companies money in lost wages, temporary replacement workers, and reduced productivity
This document provides an introduction and overview of a proposed student attendance monitoring system with parent portal. It discusses the need for the system due to issues with traditional methods of informing parents about student absenteeism. The proposed system will have two platforms - a window-based system to record attendance and grades, and a web-based parent portal. If a student is absent, an SMS will be sent to parents. The parent portal will allow parents to view their child's attendance and grades. The document outlines the objectives and functionality of both the window and web-based systems. It also discusses the technologies that will be used such as VB.NET, MySQL, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and AJAX.
Due to the 3rd Variant of COVID 19, schools are ordered to be closed, but the alternative learning is asked to be continued. In this village, calendar has proposed to conduct II term examinations. So, a discussion is launched to conduct Open Book Examinations ( OBEx) for the first time. This slide is to promote discussion on the OBEx.
नेपालको शिक्षामा लगानीको अभाव Underfunding in Public Education in Nepal and i...laxman sharma
कमी, शिक्षकको संख्या, तालिम पेशागत सुरक्षा लगायतको स्रोत साधनको क्षेत्रमा अभाव टड्कारो देखिएकोछ। यो बारेमा शिक्षक युनियनहरुको साझा अवधारणा बनाउन यो स्लाइड तयार गरिएको हो।
Public Education is hardly shattered due to underfunding. It is on the Infrastructure, HR, Students Support, Human and Trade Union Right. A Workshop was conducted on the agenda in Kathmandu on 29-30, October 2021. I had an opportunity to lead a discussion on it for NNTA.
नेपालको शिक्षामा निजीकरण र व्यापारिकरणको ढाँचा। laxman sharma
These slides are used to conduct provincial fora on Privatisation and Commercialisation of Education in Nepal. This is the essence of the research work conducted by EI and Member orgs. in Nepal.
Teachers union perspective on Quality Educationlaxman sharma
Quality education is a buzz of this time. This slide is to describe the stands and issues of quality education in Nepal by the teachers unions of Nepal.
ने रा शि सङ्गठनको महिला नीति ( Women Policy in NNTA) laxman sharma
NNTA is the first, largest and most influential teachers' union in Nepal. It was established in the series of Teachers Movements conducted in 1979. It is charter member of the Education International. The Gender Equality in the schools, union and society is one of the missions of NNTA.
NNTA Constitution 1979, नेराशिसङ्गठनको विधान २०३६ को दशौं संशोधन २०७४ laxman sharma
नेपाल राष्ट्रिय शिक्षक सङ्गठनको विधान २०३६ को दशौं संशोधन २०७४ जारी गरी चालू अवस्थामा रहेकोछ। शिक्षण प्रशिक्षणको प्रयोजनको लागि त्यसको सामान्य परिचयलाई यहाँ स्लाइडको रुपमा अपलोड गरिएकोछ।
विद्यालय शिक्षामा गुणस्तर:महासङ्घीय दृष्टिकोणlaxman sharma
गुणस्तरीय शिक्षा, अहिले नेपालका धेरै जसो मान्छेले कुरा गर्ने "बज" वर्ड हो। शिक्षालाई स्थानीयकरण गरिएको वर्तमान सन्दर्भमा सबैलाई गुणस्तरीय शिक्षा दवावको एजेण्डा समेत हो। यो सवालमा नेपाल शिक्षक महासङ्घको दृष्टिकोण बनाउने सम्बन्धमा उठेका मुद्दाहरुलाई छलफलको रुपमा प्रस्तुत गरिएको हो।
२०७३ साल कार्तिक ४ गते अस्थापी शिक्षकको नाममा विद्यालय बन्दको आव्हान र सि लाई नियन्त्रण गर्ने नाममा प्रहरीद्वारा शिक्षकहरुमाथि भैरहेको थुनछेकको विरुध्दमा प्रेस वक्त्व्य।
A presentation on decentralised planning in nepal. compiled from TRM, Publish...Ananta Paudyal
This document discusses decentralized planning and school improvement planning in Nepal. It provides guidance on preparing school improvement plans (SIPs), village education plans (VEPs), and district education plans (DEPs) according to a decentralized model. The key points are:
1. SIPs should be prepared by individual schools to improve quality, with input from stakeholders. VEPs are developed by combining SIPs and community plans.
2. DEPs are created by amalgamating SIPs, VEPs, and other factors. They are meant to coordinate planning across different administrative levels while accounting for local needs.
3. Effective decentralized planning requires participation, clarifying responsibilities, resource mapping, and linking plans across levels like SIP
This training guideline is for a school-based disaster risk reduction training organized by a project in partnership with various organizations aimed at mainstreaming disaster risk reduction into school environments and developing disaster-resilient schools. The training aims to build awareness and capacity of teachers, students, and parents on disaster risk reduction and minimize damage to schools from disasters. It will be conducted in schools and utilize existing school disaster management committees and networks of the partner organizations to manage and monitor activities. The training will cover key concepts, risk assessment methods, and development of school-level disaster risk reduction and response plans to support national efforts for safe schools.
School attendence is a prerequite for a student in universial secondary educa...Komakech Robert Agwot
The study explored the effects of students’ absenteeism on student academic and school performance in Uganda. The study also assessed the effectiveness of class attendance monitoring tool; the challenges faced by the school administration in dealing with absentee student(s); and established the relationship between students’ absenteeism and academic performance of students. The relevant literature was reviewed to anchor the methodology and the findings. The study adopted descriptive cross-sectional survey design. A combination of stratified and purposive sampling was applied to accommodate the variety of respondents from Serere, Soroti, Kumi and Ngora districts in Teso sub-region; North Eastern Uganda. The study used questionnaires and interview schedules to collect primary data from 349 respondents who participated in the study out of the expected 384 obtained from a target population of 100,000 giving a response rate of 90.89%. The findings shows that the monitoring tools used for students’ attendance are effective (good) and there is a very positive relationship between student attendance and academic performance. The researcher also found that school attendance affects both the students and the school performance. To the students; it leads to poor academic performance, students drop out, graduating half-baked students, poor curriculum coverage and loss of interest in learning whist to the school; it affects the school image, lower the students’ enrollment, transfer of students by parents, wastage of teachers’ and administrators’ time and affects the university/tertiary enrolment. However, the school administration faces challenges of; interruption of lessons, students being hostile/belligerent to teachers, and parents defending their children whilst dealing with absenteeism students. The study also provides the practical and most effective strategies to improve students’ attendance. These staregies include; promoting Zero Tolerance to Students Absenteeism, parental involvement and participation, developing students’ mentoring programmes, improving “rich” student’s programmes, promoting guidance and counseling, promote good communication, reward students with regular attendance, and need to monitor and supervise school attendance. The researcher concludes that, to support students academically in and out of school; administrators, teachers, and families need to have a shared understanding of their children’s learning and work as partners to meet their academic and social-emotional needs.
Keywords: School Attendance, Academic Performance, Excused and Unexcused Absenteeism, Universal Secondary Education
ORGANIZATION DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Nepal Academy Of Tourism And Hotel Manag...saechine
Organizational development and change (ODC) is important for the hospitality industry to keep up with changes, drive innovation, and address problems. There are two main models of ODC - Lewin's three step model of unfreezing, moving, and refreezing, and Kotter's eight step model which includes increasing urgency, building guiding teams, communicating vision, and making change stick. Effective ODC results in institutional transformation, innovation, efficiency gains, and motivated workers.
Background - It is the movement of highly skilled and qualified people towards a country where they can work in better conditions and earn more money. It is also termed as “human capital flight” because it resembles the case of capital flight.
Objectives – The objective of the study is to analyze the causes and effects of brain drain of Nepalese students.
Methodology – Due to the specific nature of the research objectives, descriptive cum analytical research design has been used.
Findings – Brain drain is a serious problem in Nepal. It creates both a positive effect and a negative effect directly or indirectly in the economic development of the country.
Hi Friends
This is supa bouy
I am a mentor, Friend for all Management Aspirants, Any query related to anything in Management, Do write me @ supabuoy@gmail.com.
I will try to assist the best way I can.
Cheers to lyf…!!!
Supa Bouy
A STUDY ON THE FACTOR OF STUDENT ABSENTEEISM AT FACULTY OF BUSINESS, UNISEL S...Nisha Ambalan
This document provides an introduction and background to a study on student absenteeism at the Faculty of Business in UNISEL Shah Alam. It discusses the problem of increasing absenteeism among students and the need to investigate the factors influencing it. The objectives of the study are to identify the factors affecting absenteeism, determine which gender is most affected, and provide suggestions to improve attendance. A literature review is presented covering definitions of key terms like absenteeism and its impacts on student performance and grades. Various studies linking absenteeism to lower exam scores, class participation, and effects on group work are summarized.
This document provides an overview of a research paper on the causes and costs of employee absenteeism. It includes an abstract, introduction, literature review, hypotheses, research methods, data analysis, findings, and conclusions. The research aims to identify the main causes of absenteeism, such as health problems, lack of benefits, and stressful work environments. A questionnaire will be administered to employees to collect primary data on their perceptions. The data will be analyzed using SPSS to understand what is driving absenteeism rates. Preliminary findings suggest age is not a major factor, as respondents were spread relatively evenly across different age groups. Absenteeism is found to cost companies money in lost wages, temporary replacement workers, and reduced productivity
This document provides an introduction and overview of a proposed student attendance monitoring system with parent portal. It discusses the need for the system due to issues with traditional methods of informing parents about student absenteeism. The proposed system will have two platforms - a window-based system to record attendance and grades, and a web-based parent portal. If a student is absent, an SMS will be sent to parents. The parent portal will allow parents to view their child's attendance and grades. The document outlines the objectives and functionality of both the window and web-based systems. It also discusses the technologies that will be used such as VB.NET, MySQL, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and AJAX.
Due to the 3rd Variant of COVID 19, schools are ordered to be closed, but the alternative learning is asked to be continued. In this village, calendar has proposed to conduct II term examinations. So, a discussion is launched to conduct Open Book Examinations ( OBEx) for the first time. This slide is to promote discussion on the OBEx.
नेपालको शिक्षामा लगानीको अभाव Underfunding in Public Education in Nepal and i...laxman sharma
कमी, शिक्षकको संख्या, तालिम पेशागत सुरक्षा लगायतको स्रोत साधनको क्षेत्रमा अभाव टड्कारो देखिएकोछ। यो बारेमा शिक्षक युनियनहरुको साझा अवधारणा बनाउन यो स्लाइड तयार गरिएको हो।
Public Education is hardly shattered due to underfunding. It is on the Infrastructure, HR, Students Support, Human and Trade Union Right. A Workshop was conducted on the agenda in Kathmandu on 29-30, October 2021. I had an opportunity to lead a discussion on it for NNTA.
नेपालको शिक्षामा निजीकरण र व्यापारिकरणको ढाँचा। laxman sharma
These slides are used to conduct provincial fora on Privatisation and Commercialisation of Education in Nepal. This is the essence of the research work conducted by EI and Member orgs. in Nepal.
Teachers union perspective on Quality Educationlaxman sharma
Quality education is a buzz of this time. This slide is to describe the stands and issues of quality education in Nepal by the teachers unions of Nepal.
ने रा शि सङ्गठनको महिला नीति ( Women Policy in NNTA) laxman sharma
NNTA is the first, largest and most influential teachers' union in Nepal. It was established in the series of Teachers Movements conducted in 1979. It is charter member of the Education International. The Gender Equality in the schools, union and society is one of the missions of NNTA.
NNTA Constitution 1979, नेराशिसङ्गठनको विधान २०३६ को दशौं संशोधन २०७४ laxman sharma
नेपाल राष्ट्रिय शिक्षक सङ्गठनको विधान २०३६ को दशौं संशोधन २०७४ जारी गरी चालू अवस्थामा रहेकोछ। शिक्षण प्रशिक्षणको प्रयोजनको लागि त्यसको सामान्य परिचयलाई यहाँ स्लाइडको रुपमा अपलोड गरिएकोछ।
विद्यालय शिक्षामा गुणस्तर:महासङ्घीय दृष्टिकोणlaxman sharma
गुणस्तरीय शिक्षा, अहिले नेपालका धेरै जसो मान्छेले कुरा गर्ने "बज" वर्ड हो। शिक्षालाई स्थानीयकरण गरिएको वर्तमान सन्दर्भमा सबैलाई गुणस्तरीय शिक्षा दवावको एजेण्डा समेत हो। यो सवालमा नेपाल शिक्षक महासङ्घको दृष्टिकोण बनाउने सम्बन्धमा उठेका मुद्दाहरुलाई छलफलको रुपमा प्रस्तुत गरिएको हो।
२०७३ साल कार्तिक ४ गते अस्थापी शिक्षकको नाममा विद्यालय बन्दको आव्हान र सि लाई नियन्त्रण गर्ने नाममा प्रहरीद्वारा शिक्षकहरुमाथि भैरहेको थुनछेकको विरुध्दमा प्रेस वक्त्व्य।
NNTA 1979 is the leading teachers' union in Nepal. It has been engaged in the global TU community for last 20 years. This slide represents the major relations of NNTA with the global community.
Education Post earthquake tremors in Nepal laxman sharma
Nepal is hit by a deadly earthquake in the 25th April. Schools are reopened after one month. There are confusions of 3 W in schools. The slides are hoped to insight the teachers and other stakeholders the importance of schooling under the tremors.
This document summarizes the damage caused by a major earthquake in Nepal. It notes that over 7,000 casualties have already been reported, with more than 14,000 injured. Many historical buildings and structures were destroyed, including a nine-story palace. Not only were cities affected, but also rural villages near the epicenter. Aftershocks continue to occur frequently, though with decreasing intensity. Relief efforts are focused on providing emergency shelter, water, and preventing further loss of life.
HR management in Nepalese School Management laxman sharma
This document discusses the history and evolution of human resource practices in the Nepalese education system. It outlines how practices have changed from religious institutions in the pre-1850 era to community-led schooling after 1950 to more contemporary models after 1990 involving privatization, unions, and standardized bureaucracy. It then provides details on specific contemporary HR practices like teacher selection processes, licensing, qualifications, management and development programs, unionization efforts, pay scales, benefits, and references.
The lesson plan and Teaching learning strategies in use serves only the 'mainstreamed' group of learners in the classroom. We must design a session to address the diversified classrooms of this time using the following ideas.
A brief presentation on Gender Equality in Education : Strategies and Achiev...laxman sharma
Nepal has made progress toward achieving gender equality in education through various policies and programs over the past several decades. Key milestones include the Fifth Five Year Plan in 1975 which aimed to involve women in development, the declaration of the International Women's Decade in 1975, and the Ninth Five Year Plan from 1997-2002 which introduced gender mainstreaming strategies. More recent reforms include the School Sector Reform Plan from 2009-2013 which mandated provisions supporting gender parity like female teacher quotas and women's representation on education committees. Teachers unions like the Nepal National Teachers' Association have also advocated for women through initiatives to address issues like sexual harassment, maternity leave, and women's participation in leadership.
This document provides an overview of focus group discussions (FGDs) as a qualitative research method. It defines FGDs as informal group discussions about topics relevant to a research situation. The document discusses how FGDs fit into non-positivistic research design and qualitative data collection strategies. It outlines key features of FGDs such as their structured or unstructured nature, use of a moderator, group size of 6-8 people, and ability to generate in-depth discussion. The document also notes some criticisms of FGDs and provides two examples of FGD experiences in graduate research.