IGCSE Resources - Chemistry Flashcards - Chapter 1 (The States of Matter).pdf

r/IGCSE Resources
Flashcards for IGCSE™
Chemistry (0620)
by raiza#0001
Chapter 1 – The States of Matter

Preface
This flashcard booklet is for learners taking the IGCSE™
Chemistry (0620) syllabus, for those following the CIE IGCSE™
curriculum.
The following flashcards contains concise notes for the CIE
IGCSE™ depth study of the syllabus, which are arranged in
separate topic and notes sections — on opposite ends of the
card.
It is advised that this resource should not be used on its own and
other resources should be used alongside this booklet.
We hope that you excel in your studies and we wish you all the
best of luck in your exams!
© r/IGCSE Resources 2022

Chapter 1
The states of matter

Matter
Matter includes all the things that make up the world – our universe.
Anything in the physical universe which occupies space is matter.
Matter is made of different particles. These particles are discrete from
one another, hence there are many known substances which make up
the physical world, and are also in 1 of the 3 distinct forms: solid,
liquid and gas.
How do we know about matter? – PROOF FROM POLLEN
In the 19th century, botanist Robert Brown observed an
abnormality. Brown studied pollen from a flower in water using a
microscope. He noticed they were mobile, but not alive; The
particles were mobile because they were being struck by invisible
water particles, and this movement was referred to Brownian
motion; particles being struck by invisible ones.

The Kinetic Particle theory
Although anything which occupies space is very different from each
other, their 'backbone', or what they are made up of is similar. All
matter tinier pieces called particles
The stressed points of the theory are:
- Matter is made up of tiny particles, with different mass &
composition, and can change state. We cannot ‘break’ particles
further chemically; these are called atoms. Atoms are continuously
moving, and their speed depends on how high the temperature is
and their mass. (The higher the temperature, the faster the
particles will move and the higher the mass, the slower they will
move.)
- Some are made of single atoms, with monoatomic nature (argon),
others are made of 2 or more same or different atoms bonded
together. Matter can be made up of charged atoms: or ions.

Solids, liquids and gases
Matter can take 3 forms: Solid, liquid or gas
A solid is one of the 3 identified states of matter. Matter in solid form
has a fixed volume, it’s unable move and it’s shape does not change.
Examples include bricks, copper, gold, etc.
A liquid is another identified state of matter. Anything that is a liquid
has a fixed volume and can flow into things such as glasses or test
tubes and change it’s shape accordingly.
Examples include ethanol, water, milk, etc.
A gas is a state of matter. Matter in gaseous form does not have a
fixed shape or volume, and spreads out, to fit what it is being stored
in. Examples include Hydrogen, Helium, etc.

Solids, liquids, and gases are only their specified states depending on the
temperature they are at. Each form of matter can change into the
other, by heating and cooling.

Example 1 : Water
Water can be solid, liquid, and even a gas, just like any other particle.
Ice is the solid form of water. It can change to water, it’s liby putting
it in a warm place; this is melting. If you put ice in a beaker in a warm
place with a thermometer, the reading will show 0°C until all ice
melts. This is known as the melting point.
When the liquid form (water) is heated, the temperature rises and
vapors are given off. This change occurring after heating is known as
evaporation. The hotter the water, the more vapors it will produce; it
will evaporate quickly. High heat causes bubbles to appear, this is
boiling. The thermometer stays at 100°C until all water boils off; this is
boiling point.

What if we collected the steam from Example 1 ?
If we collected steam from the evaporated water, and cooled it, it will
turn back to liquid. This physical change is known as condensation,
and happens whenever you cool a gas/vapor which is collected at a
given temperature. If you cool this further, it will go back to solid.
This is known as freezing;
In conclusion, any substance, not just water, can change states and
exist as solids, liquids or gases. Melting and boiling points are different
for each substance because each substance is made up of different
particles.

Diamond 3550 4832
Ethanol -15 78
Iron 1540 2900
Water 0 100
As shown, different substances can boil and melt at different
temperatures and change their states.

It is a syllabus requirement to know how to sketch cooling and heating
curves.
• Heating curves are used to show the temperature change upon heating a
substance. The temperature will stay constant until the substance has gone
through a complete physical change in each. For a pure substance, melting
points/boiling points are clear and sharp and stay constant until substance
finishes undergoing that physical change.
• Cooling curves are used to show the temperature change upon cooling a
substance

So far, we know that substances can be found in any of the 3 known
states: Solid, liquid, and gas. Substances can also change from one
state to another upon cooling or heating at it’s suitable temperature
(each substance has a specific melting and boiling point).
Solids can convert into liquids and gases, liquids into solids and
gases, and gases into liquids AND solids.
Ever so rarely, substances are able to convert from solid, directly
into a gas. This change is called Sublimation

Explaining particles in matter
Substances can change to solids, liquids and gases. When a substance
changes upon heating or cooling. When a substance changes, it’s
particles remain the same: they do not change.
The arrangement of particles changes rather than particles themselves.
Stateof matter How particles are arranged
Solids
In a substance, the particles of solid are arranged in an orderly
pattern (lattice). They have a tight packing, with strong
intermolecular forces of attraction. They cannot flow and move,
but are able to vibrate in fixed positions.
Liquids
In a substance, the particles of a liquid are in a disordered
pattern. They have a loose packing with weaker intermolecular
forces of attraction compared to a solid. They can low and
move, taking the shape of the container they are put into.
Gases
In a substance, the particles of a gas are in a disordered pattern.
They are not packed and furthest from each other. Gases have
no intermolecular forces of attraction, so they collide frequently
which each other. They move far from their own particles.

When particles change state, it is more complicated than you
think.
How can particles change state?
The particles in a substance take in heat energy and start moving more,
if particles move faster than they should after intake of heat, they will
change their state.

Melting: When you heat a solid (fixed lattice), it can vibrate, but the
particles take in kinetic energy, and start vibrating more frequently. This
is known as expansion. At a substance’s melting point the particles will
break away from their ordered positions until all of the substance turns into
a liquid. Thus, the state has changed.
Boiling: When you heat a liquid substance, the disordered particles will
take in kinetic energy and move faster. They will collide with each other
often and bounce further apart because of the collision. The liquid will
expand, because the particles have enough energy to break away once
again from their packing. The substance will become a gas.
Evaporation: When you heat a liquid, vapors come off. These are
particles which have more energy than the other ones. They escape,
forming a gas.

Different amounts of energy, in the form of heat are needed for
different substances. The stronger the forces, the more heat is needed
to overcome them
But as stated before, these changes are reversible: a key component
of physical changes.
You can reverse the changes by cooling a substance. The particles in a
gas will lose kinetic energy, and start moving less, and become closer
together, becoming a liquid. The liquid will stop flowing less and less
and lose it’s energy on further cooling to become a liquid.

Diffusion
People always knew matter was made up of tinier units (particles), but it
could not be proven because particles cannot be seen by the naked eye.
When Robert Brown discovered Brownian motion, everyone accepted that
matter was made up of particles, even if they cannot be seen by a human
eye, there is evidence for their existence.
Example 2: When you place a crystal of Potassium Manganate (VII) in a
beaker of water and let it sit for a few minutes, the color of the crystal
(purple) will spread through the water. The color spreads because water
particles collide with the crystal’s particles and bounce off in all
directions. The particles will leave the crystal, causing dissolving of the
substance to take place. In the end, the particles will go from a place
where they are highly concentrated, to being equally distributed.
(Diffusion)
There are two processes taking place: Dissolving and Diffusion.

Factors affecting Diffusion
There are many factors that can affect the rate of diffusion: how
fast particles of a substance can move from an area of high to low
concentration down a concentration gradient.
Solids, liquids and even gases can diffuse.
Although, gases do not diffuse at the same rate. There are factors
that can affect the rate of diffusion of a gas.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE:
• The mass of particles (the higher the mass, the slower rate of
diffusion)
• The temperature (The higher the temperature, the faster rate)
• Surface area (The larger the surface area, the faster rate of diffusion)

Diffusion
HCL (Hydrogen chloride) in gaseous
form is heavier than Ammonia gas.
If you put cotton wool soaked in
each of the gases on both sides of a
test tube, Ammonia will diffuse
faster and further than the HCL
gas simply because it has a lower
mass.
White smoke will form where they
meet. The smoke forms closer to
HCL, in this case, deducing that
HCL particles have travelled less
than Ammonia.
The mass of the particles is called Relative
molecular mass.The lower a particle’s relative
molecular mass, the faster a gas will diffuse.

Gases
Gas particles are always colliding with each other in a closed medium.
When they collide with each other, they also collide with the sides of the
closed container; and this exerts pressure.
All gases exert pressure, and this pressure depends on the temperature
and volume of the closed container it is in.
Temperature: In a closed container, perhaps a pressure cooker, gas particles
are colliding with each other and the sides of the container it is in. When you
heat a gas, the particles move faster and faster, colliding with each other
and the sides of the container more frequently. The pressure increases.
Volume: When you put a gas in a container with a lot of volume, they barely
collide with each other and the sides of a container, but if you compress a
gas into a smaller volume, they collide frequently, increasing the pressure,
because the particles are closer together. (Only gases can be compressed,
because in solids and liquids, their particles are already close together.)

r/IGCSE Resources repository r/IGCSE subreddit
Acknowledgements and Information
© Cambridge University Press and Assessment 2021 as the publisher of the Cambridge IGCSE™
Chemistry (0620) syllabus.
© r/IGCSE Resources 2022, authored by raiza#0001
The information on this booklet were generously prepared by alumni who have taken the subject,
and the author(s) have been acknowledged where possible. The website links which may be in this
document should not be understood to be an endorsement of that website or the site/folder’s
owners (or their products/services).
This booklet is meant to be for educational purposes only and is to remain
free of cost for the benefit of all students.
The moderators of r/IGCSE will be pleased to make amendments at the
earliest possible opportunityif requested.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-
NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
r/IGCSE Resources
Official Discord Server

IGCSE Resources - Chemistry Flashcards - Chapter 1 (The States of Matter).pdf

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to IGCSE Resources - Chemistry Flashcards - Chapter 1 (The States of Matter).pdf

Similar to IGCSE Resources - Chemistry Flashcards - Chapter 1 (The States of Matter).pdf (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

IGCSE Resources - Chemistry Flashcards - Chapter 1 (The States of Matter).pdf