1) The document discusses how functional diversity decreases with increased land use intensity and agricultural intensification across taxonomic groups. Forest fragments and areas with live fences had greater extinction of species compared to pasture lands.
2) It examines how functional redundancy within taxonomic groups is lost due to land use change. As intensity increases, the number of species performing key functions decreases.
3) The study of agrobiodiversity and human nutrition is presented as a way to consider both sustainable development and theoretical ecology. Research in a region of Kenya found higher on-farm species richness and functional diversity were correlated with improved provision of nutrients important for human health.
Kate Scow and colleagues assessed phosphorus cycling in agricultural soils using oxygen isotope analysis of phosphate. They took soil cores from organic and conventional crop rotation plots at Russell Ranch that received either organic or mineral fertilizer. Phosphate was extracted from soils using different methods and the oxygen isotopic composition was measured. Results showed higher phosphorus concentrations in the organic treatment soils. Isotopic signatures suggested more recycled phosphorus in the mineral treatment compared to the organic treatment. This study demonstrated the utility of oxygen isotopes of phosphate in distinguishing phosphorus sources and cycling pathways in agricultural soils under different management practices.
This document summarizes a study on nitrogen cycle enzymes under different agricultural management systems. The study found that:
1) Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria were more responsive than archaea to nitrogen fertilizers and their abundance and community structure changed significantly with repeated ammonium fertilizer applications.
2) Ammonium availability and temperature controlled the relative contribution of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and bacteria to the nitrification process.
3) Controlling ammonia-oxidizing bacteria activity immediately after mineral nitrogen fertilizer application could improve nitrogen use efficiency by reducing and delaying nitrification.
Fungicide resistance occurs when fungi evolve genetic resistance to fungicides due to natural selection. When a fungicide is used repeatedly, the resistant strains of fungi survive and become dominant in the population, leading to control failure. To prevent fungicide resistance, strategies are needed to avoid the survival and proliferation of resistant fungal strains.
The document appears to be the results of a survey conducted in Sena Regional Risaralda, Colombia about knowledge and acceptance of services offered by the Centro Didactico de Negociacion (CDN). The majority of respondents know about the CDN, purchase from it weekly, and find the product quality and prices satisfactory. Some feel the variety could be improved.
The document contains many repeated elements of "x" in various nested structures. It appears to be encoding or encrypting some sort of information using the character "x" in a systematic way across multiple lines and levels of indentation.
The document contains many repeated elements of "x" in various nested structures. It appears to be encoding or encrypting some sort of information using the character "x" in a systematic way across multiple lines and levels of indentation.
This document discusses methods for improving perceptron decision trees (PDTs) by enlarging their margins. It proposes three algorithms:
1. FAT (Find-And-Replace Trees) post-processes existing decision trees by replacing each node's decision with an optimal separating hyperplane found via perceptron learning, maximizing the margin.
2. MOC1 (Margin OC1) modifies the OC1 algorithm to use a multi-objective splitting criterion that maximizes both information gain and margin size.
3. MOC2 modifies the splitting criterion (Twoing rule) to incorporate margin. Experimental results show FAT and MOC1 generalize better than the basic OC1 algorithm on benchmark datasets.
Joomla has different access control levels that determine which features users have permission to use. There are front-end and back-end levels that range from guest to super administrator. Lower levels only allow basic browsing and viewing, while higher levels provide permissions for administrative tasks like content creation and management of components, users, and the site. The super administrator has permission for all tasks including global configuration and management of templates, languages, and mass mailing.
Kate Scow and colleagues assessed phosphorus cycling in agricultural soils using oxygen isotope analysis of phosphate. They took soil cores from organic and conventional crop rotation plots at Russell Ranch that received either organic or mineral fertilizer. Phosphate was extracted from soils using different methods and the oxygen isotopic composition was measured. Results showed higher phosphorus concentrations in the organic treatment soils. Isotopic signatures suggested more recycled phosphorus in the mineral treatment compared to the organic treatment. This study demonstrated the utility of oxygen isotopes of phosphate in distinguishing phosphorus sources and cycling pathways in agricultural soils under different management practices.
This document summarizes a study on nitrogen cycle enzymes under different agricultural management systems. The study found that:
1) Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria were more responsive than archaea to nitrogen fertilizers and their abundance and community structure changed significantly with repeated ammonium fertilizer applications.
2) Ammonium availability and temperature controlled the relative contribution of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and bacteria to the nitrification process.
3) Controlling ammonia-oxidizing bacteria activity immediately after mineral nitrogen fertilizer application could improve nitrogen use efficiency by reducing and delaying nitrification.
Fungicide resistance occurs when fungi evolve genetic resistance to fungicides due to natural selection. When a fungicide is used repeatedly, the resistant strains of fungi survive and become dominant in the population, leading to control failure. To prevent fungicide resistance, strategies are needed to avoid the survival and proliferation of resistant fungal strains.
The document appears to be the results of a survey conducted in Sena Regional Risaralda, Colombia about knowledge and acceptance of services offered by the Centro Didactico de Negociacion (CDN). The majority of respondents know about the CDN, purchase from it weekly, and find the product quality and prices satisfactory. Some feel the variety could be improved.
The document contains many repeated elements of "x" in various nested structures. It appears to be encoding or encrypting some sort of information using the character "x" in a systematic way across multiple lines and levels of indentation.
The document contains many repeated elements of "x" in various nested structures. It appears to be encoding or encrypting some sort of information using the character "x" in a systematic way across multiple lines and levels of indentation.
This document discusses methods for improving perceptron decision trees (PDTs) by enlarging their margins. It proposes three algorithms:
1. FAT (Find-And-Replace Trees) post-processes existing decision trees by replacing each node's decision with an optimal separating hyperplane found via perceptron learning, maximizing the margin.
2. MOC1 (Margin OC1) modifies the OC1 algorithm to use a multi-objective splitting criterion that maximizes both information gain and margin size.
3. MOC2 modifies the splitting criterion (Twoing rule) to incorporate margin. Experimental results show FAT and MOC1 generalize better than the basic OC1 algorithm on benchmark datasets.
Joomla has different access control levels that determine which features users have permission to use. There are front-end and back-end levels that range from guest to super administrator. Lower levels only allow basic browsing and viewing, while higher levels provide permissions for administrative tasks like content creation and management of components, users, and the site. The super administrator has permission for all tasks including global configuration and management of templates, languages, and mass mailing.
The document discusses regression analysis and modeling. It explains that regression analysis allows fitting a straight line through data points to mathematically describe relationships. Models can be used to assess relationships and make predictions. The goals of econometric modeling are to estimate parameters in the model from available data using techniques like ordinary least squares, and to test hypotheses about the parameters. The document provides an example of interpreting regression coefficients from a study on physician compensation.
This document provides information about adding polynomials. It begins by stating the objective of learning how to add polynomials. It then provides examples of adding various polynomial expressions by combining like terms. The document explains key polynomial concepts such as degree of a polynomial, monomials, binomials, and trinomials. It concludes by providing practice problems for adding polynomials and a question to reflect on explaining the lesson to an absent student.
This document maps out various leadership qualities discussed in literature. It charts the frequency with which different authors discussed qualities like trust, mission/strategy, engagement, self-awareness, courage, and humor. The qualities are grouped into categories like creating community, staying focused, personal attributes, and courage. The literature demonstrates that effective leaders build trust and unity, connect with followers, stay focused on mission and goals, demonstrate self-awareness, and act with courage. They also engage followers, understand their surroundings, and demonstrate humility and support for others.
This document discusses combining like terms in algebra. It begins with examples of combining terms with algebra tiles, then defines terms, coefficients, and like terms. Students are given practice problems combining terms with tiles and algebra. The lesson relates the expression "you can't add apples and oranges" to combining like terms - you can only add terms that have the same variable raised to the same power, just as you can only add quantities of the same type.
This document provides an introduction to Support Vector Machines (SVMs). It discusses the following key points:
1. SVMs were introduced in 1992 and have become popular for pattern recognition and classification tasks in various fields due to their strong theoretical motivation and good empirical performance.
2. SVMs aim to find the optimal separating hyperplane between classes of data to perform binary classification. They do this by maximizing the margin between the classes.
3. The VC dimension measures the capacity or complexity of the set of functions used for classification. Lower VC dimension means better generalization from training to testing data.
This document provides an overview of Support Vector Machines (SVMs) in 3 sentences:
SVMs were introduced in 1992 and have become popular for pattern recognition and classification tasks due to their strong theoretical foundations in statistical learning theory and good empirical performance. SVMs find the optimal separating hyperplane between two classes of data points by maximizing the margin between the classes while minimizing complexity to avoid overfitting. Linear SVMs specifically aim to minimize model complexity by finding the hyperplane that separates the classes with the largest geometric margin.
This document outlines the information to be collected from different types of households and individuals in a survey. It lists topics such as household roster, deaths, housing, assets, income, and individual demographics, work history, health, and well-being that will be collected from standard and collective households. Some topics like chronic conditions will be collected from individuals in all households but not domestic workers, while other topics like the impact of caregiving will only be relevant for standard households.
This document outlines the information to be collected from different types of households and individuals in a survey. It lists topics such as household roster, deaths, housing, assets, income, and individual demographics, work history, health, and well-being that will be collected from standard and collective households. Some topics like chronic conditions will be collected from individuals in all households but not domestic workers, while other topics like the impact of caregiving will only be relevant for standard households.
1. Tree-soil-crop interactions in rubber agroforestry systems can be managed at the plot, farm, and landscape levels. At the plot level, a mixed-age stand can be maintained for cash flow while diversifying. At the farm level, credit can cover replanting costs until cash flow is positive. At the landscape level, policy harmonization across forest and agriculture is important.
2. Agroforestry is understood as applying at the plot, landscape, and governance levels, reflecting the interface of agriculture and forestry. It involves tree-soil-crop-livestock interactions as well as interactions between tree cover, livelihoods, and ecosystem services across landscapes.
3. Rubber
The DryDev programme aimed to transform lives and landscapes in dryland areas through sustainable rural development. Over six years, it worked with over 164,000 smallholder farmers across five countries in Africa. Key achievements included rehabilitating over 163,000 hectares of land through watershed management and planting over 4.6 million trees. It also increased food security and incomes by expanding irrigation to over 16,000 hectares, utilizing over 950 water harvesting structures, and promoting climate-smart agricultural practices on over 60,000 hectares.
This document discusses measuring biodiversity on farmland. It notes that 60% of ecosystem services have been impaired and over 20% of global agricultural land is degraded. Assessing farmland biodiversity is challenging due to high spatial variability. Protocols for landscape-scale assessment include measuring land cover, trees, birds, and modeling remote sensing data with ground calibration. Optional protocols examine linear tree features, pollinators, natural enemies, and soil organisms. A farmland biodiversity score is proposed that weighs biomass, spectral diversity, neighborhood effects, and slope/proximity to water.
How can we overcome obstacles and mobilize investments for successful, sustai...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This document discusses funding gaps and principles for successful financing of nature-based solutions (NBS) such as land restoration projects in Africa. It notes that while the Bonn Challenge and New York declaration on Forests call for $350 billion and $830 billion respectively for restoration, actual funding leaves large gaps. It advocates for bridging these gaps through public-private partnerships and prioritizing long-term sustainability over short-term profits. Six principles are outlined for financing NBS, including ensuring social and environmental safeguards, monitoring impacts, and directing funds toward low-carbon development in developing countries. The Regreening Africa program addresses livelihoods, biodiversity and climate change through land restoration projects across eight African nations.
Forest and agroforesty options for building resilience in refugee situations:...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
Humanitarian Networks and Partnerships Week (HNPW) 2020
Climate Crisis Inter-Network
"Fit for Purpose? Current Tools and Approaches to Mitigate Climate Risks in Humanitarian Settings"
HLPE 2019. Agroecological and other innovative approaches for sustainable agriculture and food systems that enhance food security and nutrition. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome
Agroforestry systems for restoration in Brazil: reconciling social and ecolo...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This document discusses agroforestry systems for environmental restoration in Brazil that balance social and ecological functions. It outlines that agroforestry can: (1) maintain ecosystem structure/functions like biodiversity and soil quality while providing social/economic functions for family farms; (2) perform restoration in an economically feasible way by including people and accelerating natural succession; and (3) improve livelihoods through appropriate management. However, balancing trade-offs between social/environmental benefits and costs is challenging. The document then provides examples of agroforestry systems for restoration in Brazil and their costs, benefits for climate change adaptation/mitigation, food security, and carbon storage potential.
This document discusses the vulnerability of forest-dependent people and forests to climate change. It notes that over 1 billion people depend on forests for their livelihoods, while 1 billion hectares of land are under agroforestry worldwide. Climate change poses direct risks like increased temperatures and wildfires, and indirect risks through impacts on species and ecosystems. Potential transition issues from policies like REDD+ could negatively impact land and tree rights of indigenous groups. The document argues that comprehensive vulnerability assessments are needed using qualitative and quantitative methods to understand all vulnerabilities, include stakeholders, and identify good practices to address risks to forests and forest-dependent communities from climate change.
An increasing multitude of insect pests and pathogens is targeting indigenous trees of natural forests, agroforestry systems, and exotic trees in planted forests in Africa. This is raising major concerns for a continent already challenged by adaptations to climate change, as it threatens a vital resource for food security of rural communities, economic growth, and ecosystem conservation. The accidental introduction through trade of non‐native species in particular is accelerating, and it adds to the damage to tree‐based landscapes by native pests and diseases. Old‐time and new invaders heavily impact planted forests of exotic eucalypts, pines, and acacias, and are spreading quickly across African regions. But many non‐native pathogens are recently found affecting important indigenous trees.
Species distribution modelling is being used to map the habitats of over 150 priority African plant species. More advanced modelling methods are being used to reduce bias, including spatial folding and thinning. Presence observations from across Africa are being used to calibrate provisional distribution models for individual species in countries like Ethiopia. The results will then be verified by botanists and combined with vegetation mapping data.
Not all roads lead to Rome: Inclusive business models and responsible finance...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
The document discusses approaches to achieving sustainable cocoa production in Ghana by 2020. It identifies several challenges in the cocoa sector including low productivity, rural poverty, and deforestation. It analyzes different stakeholder approaches and finds they mainly focus on increased productivity, while social and environmental issues are addressed less. Inclusive business models include many smallholder farmers but benefits are not always equitable. Responsible finance from impact investors and social lenders has potential to leverage more equitable models and landscape restoration, but investments have not been well adapted for cocoa sectors. A "multi-chain approach" is proposed to better leverage finance through a portfolio of value chains at the landscape level.
Decent work and economic growth: Potential impacts of SDG 8 on forests and fo...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This paper assesses the potential impact of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 8 on forests and forest-dependent people. The concepts of decent work and economic growth are put in the context of predominant development theories and paradigms (modernization, economic growth, basic needs, sustainable development) which shape the agendas of governments, private sector, civil society, and investors. These stakeholders pursue different goals and interests, with uneven prioritization of SDG 8 targets and mixed impacts on forests and livelihoods.
Forest conservation and socio-economic benefits through community forest conc...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
With an extension of 2.1 million ha, the Maya Biosphere Reserve (MBR) in Petén, Guatemala is the largest protected area in Central America. To reconcile forest conservation and socio-economic development, community forest concessions were created in its Multiple Use Zone (MUZ) in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Operated by a community forest enterprise (CFE), and with a cycle of 25 years, the concessions grant usufruct rights to local communities on an area of about 400,000 ha. Currently, nine concessions are active, while the contracts of two concessions were cancelled and the management plan of another suspended.
The document discusses regression analysis and modeling. It explains that regression analysis allows fitting a straight line through data points to mathematically describe relationships. Models can be used to assess relationships and make predictions. The goals of econometric modeling are to estimate parameters in the model from available data using techniques like ordinary least squares, and to test hypotheses about the parameters. The document provides an example of interpreting regression coefficients from a study on physician compensation.
This document provides information about adding polynomials. It begins by stating the objective of learning how to add polynomials. It then provides examples of adding various polynomial expressions by combining like terms. The document explains key polynomial concepts such as degree of a polynomial, monomials, binomials, and trinomials. It concludes by providing practice problems for adding polynomials and a question to reflect on explaining the lesson to an absent student.
This document maps out various leadership qualities discussed in literature. It charts the frequency with which different authors discussed qualities like trust, mission/strategy, engagement, self-awareness, courage, and humor. The qualities are grouped into categories like creating community, staying focused, personal attributes, and courage. The literature demonstrates that effective leaders build trust and unity, connect with followers, stay focused on mission and goals, demonstrate self-awareness, and act with courage. They also engage followers, understand their surroundings, and demonstrate humility and support for others.
This document discusses combining like terms in algebra. It begins with examples of combining terms with algebra tiles, then defines terms, coefficients, and like terms. Students are given practice problems combining terms with tiles and algebra. The lesson relates the expression "you can't add apples and oranges" to combining like terms - you can only add terms that have the same variable raised to the same power, just as you can only add quantities of the same type.
This document provides an introduction to Support Vector Machines (SVMs). It discusses the following key points:
1. SVMs were introduced in 1992 and have become popular for pattern recognition and classification tasks in various fields due to their strong theoretical motivation and good empirical performance.
2. SVMs aim to find the optimal separating hyperplane between classes of data to perform binary classification. They do this by maximizing the margin between the classes.
3. The VC dimension measures the capacity or complexity of the set of functions used for classification. Lower VC dimension means better generalization from training to testing data.
This document provides an overview of Support Vector Machines (SVMs) in 3 sentences:
SVMs were introduced in 1992 and have become popular for pattern recognition and classification tasks due to their strong theoretical foundations in statistical learning theory and good empirical performance. SVMs find the optimal separating hyperplane between two classes of data points by maximizing the margin between the classes while minimizing complexity to avoid overfitting. Linear SVMs specifically aim to minimize model complexity by finding the hyperplane that separates the classes with the largest geometric margin.
This document outlines the information to be collected from different types of households and individuals in a survey. It lists topics such as household roster, deaths, housing, assets, income, and individual demographics, work history, health, and well-being that will be collected from standard and collective households. Some topics like chronic conditions will be collected from individuals in all households but not domestic workers, while other topics like the impact of caregiving will only be relevant for standard households.
This document outlines the information to be collected from different types of households and individuals in a survey. It lists topics such as household roster, deaths, housing, assets, income, and individual demographics, work history, health, and well-being that will be collected from standard and collective households. Some topics like chronic conditions will be collected from individuals in all households but not domestic workers, while other topics like the impact of caregiving will only be relevant for standard households.
1. Tree-soil-crop interactions in rubber agroforestry systems can be managed at the plot, farm, and landscape levels. At the plot level, a mixed-age stand can be maintained for cash flow while diversifying. At the farm level, credit can cover replanting costs until cash flow is positive. At the landscape level, policy harmonization across forest and agriculture is important.
2. Agroforestry is understood as applying at the plot, landscape, and governance levels, reflecting the interface of agriculture and forestry. It involves tree-soil-crop-livestock interactions as well as interactions between tree cover, livelihoods, and ecosystem services across landscapes.
3. Rubber
The DryDev programme aimed to transform lives and landscapes in dryland areas through sustainable rural development. Over six years, it worked with over 164,000 smallholder farmers across five countries in Africa. Key achievements included rehabilitating over 163,000 hectares of land through watershed management and planting over 4.6 million trees. It also increased food security and incomes by expanding irrigation to over 16,000 hectares, utilizing over 950 water harvesting structures, and promoting climate-smart agricultural practices on over 60,000 hectares.
This document discusses measuring biodiversity on farmland. It notes that 60% of ecosystem services have been impaired and over 20% of global agricultural land is degraded. Assessing farmland biodiversity is challenging due to high spatial variability. Protocols for landscape-scale assessment include measuring land cover, trees, birds, and modeling remote sensing data with ground calibration. Optional protocols examine linear tree features, pollinators, natural enemies, and soil organisms. A farmland biodiversity score is proposed that weighs biomass, spectral diversity, neighborhood effects, and slope/proximity to water.
How can we overcome obstacles and mobilize investments for successful, sustai...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This document discusses funding gaps and principles for successful financing of nature-based solutions (NBS) such as land restoration projects in Africa. It notes that while the Bonn Challenge and New York declaration on Forests call for $350 billion and $830 billion respectively for restoration, actual funding leaves large gaps. It advocates for bridging these gaps through public-private partnerships and prioritizing long-term sustainability over short-term profits. Six principles are outlined for financing NBS, including ensuring social and environmental safeguards, monitoring impacts, and directing funds toward low-carbon development in developing countries. The Regreening Africa program addresses livelihoods, biodiversity and climate change through land restoration projects across eight African nations.
Forest and agroforesty options for building resilience in refugee situations:...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
Humanitarian Networks and Partnerships Week (HNPW) 2020
Climate Crisis Inter-Network
"Fit for Purpose? Current Tools and Approaches to Mitigate Climate Risks in Humanitarian Settings"
HLPE 2019. Agroecological and other innovative approaches for sustainable agriculture and food systems that enhance food security and nutrition. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome
Agroforestry systems for restoration in Brazil: reconciling social and ecolo...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This document discusses agroforestry systems for environmental restoration in Brazil that balance social and ecological functions. It outlines that agroforestry can: (1) maintain ecosystem structure/functions like biodiversity and soil quality while providing social/economic functions for family farms; (2) perform restoration in an economically feasible way by including people and accelerating natural succession; and (3) improve livelihoods through appropriate management. However, balancing trade-offs between social/environmental benefits and costs is challenging. The document then provides examples of agroforestry systems for restoration in Brazil and their costs, benefits for climate change adaptation/mitigation, food security, and carbon storage potential.
This document discusses the vulnerability of forest-dependent people and forests to climate change. It notes that over 1 billion people depend on forests for their livelihoods, while 1 billion hectares of land are under agroforestry worldwide. Climate change poses direct risks like increased temperatures and wildfires, and indirect risks through impacts on species and ecosystems. Potential transition issues from policies like REDD+ could negatively impact land and tree rights of indigenous groups. The document argues that comprehensive vulnerability assessments are needed using qualitative and quantitative methods to understand all vulnerabilities, include stakeholders, and identify good practices to address risks to forests and forest-dependent communities from climate change.
An increasing multitude of insect pests and pathogens is targeting indigenous trees of natural forests, agroforestry systems, and exotic trees in planted forests in Africa. This is raising major concerns for a continent already challenged by adaptations to climate change, as it threatens a vital resource for food security of rural communities, economic growth, and ecosystem conservation. The accidental introduction through trade of non‐native species in particular is accelerating, and it adds to the damage to tree‐based landscapes by native pests and diseases. Old‐time and new invaders heavily impact planted forests of exotic eucalypts, pines, and acacias, and are spreading quickly across African regions. But many non‐native pathogens are recently found affecting important indigenous trees.
Species distribution modelling is being used to map the habitats of over 150 priority African plant species. More advanced modelling methods are being used to reduce bias, including spatial folding and thinning. Presence observations from across Africa are being used to calibrate provisional distribution models for individual species in countries like Ethiopia. The results will then be verified by botanists and combined with vegetation mapping data.
Not all roads lead to Rome: Inclusive business models and responsible finance...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
The document discusses approaches to achieving sustainable cocoa production in Ghana by 2020. It identifies several challenges in the cocoa sector including low productivity, rural poverty, and deforestation. It analyzes different stakeholder approaches and finds they mainly focus on increased productivity, while social and environmental issues are addressed less. Inclusive business models include many smallholder farmers but benefits are not always equitable. Responsible finance from impact investors and social lenders has potential to leverage more equitable models and landscape restoration, but investments have not been well adapted for cocoa sectors. A "multi-chain approach" is proposed to better leverage finance through a portfolio of value chains at the landscape level.
Decent work and economic growth: Potential impacts of SDG 8 on forests and fo...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This paper assesses the potential impact of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 8 on forests and forest-dependent people. The concepts of decent work and economic growth are put in the context of predominant development theories and paradigms (modernization, economic growth, basic needs, sustainable development) which shape the agendas of governments, private sector, civil society, and investors. These stakeholders pursue different goals and interests, with uneven prioritization of SDG 8 targets and mixed impacts on forests and livelihoods.
Forest conservation and socio-economic benefits through community forest conc...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
With an extension of 2.1 million ha, the Maya Biosphere Reserve (MBR) in Petén, Guatemala is the largest protected area in Central America. To reconcile forest conservation and socio-economic development, community forest concessions were created in its Multiple Use Zone (MUZ) in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Operated by a community forest enterprise (CFE), and with a cycle of 25 years, the concessions grant usufruct rights to local communities on an area of about 400,000 ha. Currently, nine concessions are active, while the contracts of two concessions were cancelled and the management plan of another suspended.
Sustainable land management for improved livelihoods and environmental sustai...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
A healthy viable multifunctional landscape has the capability of supporting sustainable agricultural productivity, providing agroforestry and forest products (timber, fuel wood, fruits, medicine, fertilizer, gum etc.) for the sustenance of mankind while providing other environmental services. However these products are increasingly becoming unavailable due to declining soil fertility, climatic extremes, and high costs of inputs. Identifying low-cost, sustainable ways to attain food security and sustainable environment for millions of smallholder farmers in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) remains a major developmental challenge.
Rangelands are more than just grass but rather complex and biodiverse ecosystems. Covering nearly half the world’s land area, they are in need of restoration and sustainable management.
The document discusses several projects aimed at improving agricultural outcomes through agroforestry. It describes a project in Uganda that introduced fodder shrubs to improve milk yields, which increased yields significantly. It is now scaling this approach in Kenya and Malawi through farmer cooperatives. Another project aims to better understand farmers' livelihood aspirations to customize technologies to their goals. A final project focuses on improving diets and health through diversifying crops and developing new food value chains. The document emphasizes the need for meaningful diagnosis, strong intervention design, credible evidence gathering, and efficient delivery to accelerate research impact on poverty, food insecurity, and environmental issues.
1) The document discusses watershed development projects in India, focusing on the state of Uttar Pradesh. It outlines the history and increasing scale of watershed programs in India over time from the 1960s to present.
2) Key data presented includes groundwater usage increasing dramatically from 25 km3 in 1960 to 250-300 km3 in 2009, and the number of bore wells increasing from 1 million to 20 million over the same period. Watershed programs have led to increased benefit-cost ratios, rates of return, and agricultural incomes.
3) The document then focuses on the Doubling Farmers' Income project targeting watershed interventions across several districts in Bundelkhand region of UP. It outlines strategies
NRM Innovations for Risk Management and Agricultural Transformation in Semiar...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This document summarizes natural resource management innovations in semi-arid East African highlands. It discusses (1) managing extreme events like drought and flood to ensure sustainable ecosystem services and support livelihoods, (2) increasing and sustaining agricultural productivity through investments in NRM, and (3) two examples of NRM innovations - community-based watershed management in Ethiopia and using water spreading weirs to build resilience to climate risks in Ethiopia through a partnership between GIZ, ICRISAT, and local universities. The document also discusses the impacts of these innovations, including increased food security, higher crop yields, and institutional impacts like the site becoming a learning center that influenced regional soil and water conservation policies.
This document discusses land restoration efforts in Niger. It describes the land degradation issues facing the West Africa Sahel region due to fragile ecosystems and unsustainable agricultural practices. Various integrated land management techniques are being implemented and tested, including Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR), cereal/legume intercropping, microdosing of fertilizers, and restoring degraded lands. These techniques are improving soil fertility and crop yields when combined. The document outlines several partnerships working to scale these efforts across Niger, including restoring over 175 hectares of degraded land managed by 11,970 women generating more income. There is growing demand from farmers and partners to expand training and testing of integrated packages to improve livelihoods and food security.
leewayhertz.com-AI in predictive maintenance Use cases technologies benefits ...alexjohnson7307
Predictive maintenance is a proactive approach that anticipates equipment failures before they happen. At the forefront of this innovative strategy is Artificial Intelligence (AI), which brings unprecedented precision and efficiency. AI in predictive maintenance is transforming industries by reducing downtime, minimizing costs, and enhancing productivity.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
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Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Skybuffer AI: Advanced Conversational and Generative AI Solution on SAP Busin...Tatiana Kojar
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With Skybuffer AI, various AI models can be integrated into a single communication channel such as Microsoft Teams. This integration empowers business users with insights drawn from SAP backend systems, enterprise documents, and the expansive knowledge of Generative AI. And the best part of it is that it is all managed through our intuitive no-code Action Server interface, requiring no extensive coding knowledge and making the advanced AI accessible to more users.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
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Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying AheadWask
https://www.wask.co/ebooks/digital-marketing-trends-in-2024
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2. OS PhylogenyXP
Upgrade:
OS® Now includes
Provisioning, Cultural,
Regulating and
PhylogenyXP Support Services
experience the best of the biosphere
Constantly
Evolving!
Version 2.8 B
Free support from more than 2 million species*
Version 2.8 B
*number of species may be greater than 100 million
3. Agrobiodiversity
Agricultural biodiversity includes all components
of biological diversity of relevance to food and
agriculture, and all components of biological
diversity that constitute the agroecosystem.
CBD definition of Agricultural Diversity
4. Loss of functional diversity under land
use intensification across multiple taxa.
Ecology Letters 12:22-33
Dan Flynn, Melanie Gogol-
Prokurat, Brenda Lin, Nicole
Molinari, Theresa Nogeire,
Bárbara Trautman
Richers, Nicholas
Simpson, Margie Mayfield and
Fabrice DeClerck
7. Does land use intensification reduce functional diversity?
Flynn et al. Ecology Letters (2009) 12:22-33
DeClerck NCEAS DGS
8. Landuse Intensity
2°Forest Pasture
Forest Low tree density
Live Fence
Pasture
High Tree Density
[ ]
Sanchez et al
9. How is functional diversity
lost with intensification?
71 Species Total
Flynn et al. Ecology Letters (2009) 12:22-33
DeClerck NCEAS DGS
10. x
x What is functional
x
x redundancy within
x
x
taxonomic groups with land
x use change?
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Flynn et al. Ecology Letters (2009) 12:22-33
Forest Fragment: 25 extinct
DeClerck NCEAS DGS
11. x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x x
x
x x
x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x x
Forest Fragment: 25 extinct Live Fence: 41 extinct
12. x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x x
x
x x
x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x x
Forest Fragment: 25 extinct Live Fence: 41 extinct
13. x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x
x x x
x
x x
x x x
x x
x
x
x
x
x x x
x x
x
x
x x
x
x x x
x x
x
x x
x
x
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Forest Fragment: 25 extinct Live Fence: 41 extinct Pasture: 64 extinct
15. Agrobiodiversity and Human Nutrition
Fabrice DeClerck1,2, Jessica Fanzo2,3,
Cheryl Palm2 and Roseline Remans2
1CATIE and 2The Earth Institute at Columbia University, 3 Bioversity
16. Econutrition: the interrelationships among
nutrition, human health, agriculture and food
production, environmental health, and
economic production
Deckelbaum, Palm, Mutuo and F. DeClerck
17. Hypotheses
• Biodiversity drives ecosystem functioning
• Human health is an ecosystem function
• Agrobiodiversity should impact human health
• The study of agrobiodiversity and human
health can lead to important considerations for
both sustainable development, and theoretical
ecology.
F. DeClerck
18. Sauri Agrobiodiversity
• Over 146 plant species found
• 39 Edible Species
• Mean of 14 edible species per farm
• Ranging from 5 - 22 edible plant species
• Mean 1.5 cattle, half a sheep, a quarter
goat and 7 chickens.
F. DeClerck
19. Seven Traits
1) Protein
2) Energy
3) Vitamin A
4) Vitamin C
5) Iron
6) Zinc
7) Folates
F. DeClerck
21. Field species richness, and
functional diversity are
related: r2 0.49, p<0.001
FD
Species Richness
F. DeClerck, Remans, Fanzo and Palm (2010)
22. Farm 201201
Species Richness = 18
FD = 0.99
FD
Farm 103801
Species Richness = 19
FD = 0.66
Species Richness
Farm 600102
Species Richness = 10
FD = 0.76
F. DeClerck, Remans, Fanzo and Palm (2010)
23. F. DeClerck, Remans, Fanzo and Palm (2010)
Farm 103801 Farm 201201 Farm 600102
Species Richness = 19 Species Richness = 18 Species Richness = 10
FD = 0.66 FD = 0.99 FD = 0.76
24. High functional agrobiodiversity decreases probability of anemia
F. DeClerck, Remans, Fanzo and Palm (2010)
Species richness and anemia, R2 =0.05
Functional diversity and anemia R2= 0.13
25. Table 1. Nutrients and nutrient groups taken into account for calculation of FD metrics. From
the 51 required nutrients for human diets, 17 nutrients that are key for human diets and for
which reliable plant composition data were available in the literature were selected. Because
plants are not a proven source for Vitamin B12 and Vitamin D, these were not included.
Macronutrients Minerals Vitamins
Protein Calcium (Ca) Vitamin A
Carbohydrates Iron (Fe) Vitamin C
Dietary fibre Potassium (K) Thiamin
Fat Magnesium (Mg) Riboflavin
Manganese (Mn) Folate
Zinc (Zn) Niacin
Sulfur (S)
Remans, Flynn, DeClerck et al. PloS One (2010)
30. F. DeClerck, Remans, Fanzo and Palm (2010)
0.82
Contribution of BD to Nutrition
0.8
0.78
0.76
0.74
0.72
0.7
0.68
0.66
0 10 20 30 40
Number of Nutritional Functions
31. Figure 2. Nutritional Functional Diversity and Species richness for 170
farms in Sauri (☐), Mwandama (Δ) and Ruhiira ()
!
Remans, Flynn, DeClerck et al. PloS One (2010)
32. Figure 3. Observed versus expected Nutritional Functional Diversity for 170
farms in Sauri (☐), Mwandama (Δ) and Ruhiira (). Farms that have observed
FD values that significantly differ from expected FD values are in bold.
!
!
Remans, Flynn, DeClerck et al. PloS One (2010)
33. Land-use intensification reduces functional redundancy and response
diversity in plant communities. Ecology Letters 13:76-86
Etienne Laliberté, Jessie Wells, Fabrice DeClerck, Dan Metcalfe, Isabelle Aubin, Carla
Catterall, Cibele Queiroz, Stephen Bonser, Yi Ding, Sean McNamara, Jen Fraterrigo, John
Morgan,
Peter Vesk, Margie Mayfield.
34. Response diversity
“Of increasing concern is the loss of species that
have similar ecosystem effects but differ in
their environmental responses. This latter role
of diversity (…) may be one of the most important
mechanisms by which we sustain the long-term
functioning of ecosystems and the services
they provide to society.”
Chapin et al. 1997 Science
35. Ecological redundancy
• Redundancy = number of species within a functional group
• High redundancy = high resilience to environmental change
• Why? compensatory responses
Group 6: higher
4 redundancy
1 5 & resilience
3
2 6
Functional Group 6: lower
groups 1 to 6 redundancy
& resilience
36. Measuring response diversity
• Volume of the minimum
Convex hull volume
Response trait 2
convex hull formed by species
2.0
within a functional group, in
response trait space
1.5
• From 2 to n response traits
1.0
• Represents the range of
0.5
“response strategies” found
within a functional group
0.0
• Larger volume = higher 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
resilience
Response trait 1
38. Functional trait Effect Response
Specific leaf area (SLA) X
Wood density X
Growth form X
Height X
Leaf phenology X X
Nutrient uptake strategy X X
Photosynthetic pathway X X
Raunkiaer life form X
Clonality X
Dispersal mode X
Leaf size X
Maximum propagule longevity X
Physical defense X
Pollination syndrome X
Resprouting ability X
Seed mass X
Lifespan X
39. Study Sites, Species Richness (landscapes)
Quebec
Portugual 243 (1)
110 (1)
China USA, NC
453 (2) 38(1)
Laos
53(1)
Nicaragua
Australian RF 240(2)
1028 (4) Costa Rica
728(3)
Australian WL New Zealand
52(1) 54(1)
± 3000 species; 17 landscapes; 17 functional traits
41. a) Species in effect trait space
4
1 5
3
2 6
b) Functional effect groups
42. c) Species in each land use
a) Species in effect trait space
4 Natural
Semi-natural
1 5
Low-intensity
3
agricultural
2 6
b) Functional effect groups
High-intensity
agricultural
43. c) Species in each land use
a) Species in effect trait space d) Functional dispersion
(response diversity) for
each effect group in each
Natural
land use
e) Spearmanρbetween land
Semi-natural
use intensity and response
diversity
ρ = -0.9
Response diversity
4
1 5
Low-intensity
3
agricultural
2 6
Land use intensity
b) Functional effect groups
High-intensity
agricultural
Effect size for
meta-analysis
44. Redundancy decreases with land use intensification
Nicaragua (Matiguas)
Australia sub-tropics 1
Nicaragua (Rivas)
Australia WT (Atherton)
China (Hainan lowland)
USA (North Carolina)
New Zealand
Australia sub-tropics 2
Costa Rica (La Palma)
China (Hainan montane)
Australia WL (NSW)
Portugal
Costa Rica (Las Cruces)
Laos
Quebec
Australia WT (Tully)
Costa Rica (Puerto Jimenez)
Summary
r = -0.22
p = 0.0003
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
Correlation coefficient r
45. Response diversity decreases as well, but less so
Nicaragua (Matiguas)
Australia sub-tropics 1
Nicaragua (Rivas)
Australia WT (Atherton)
China (Hainan lowland)
USA (North Carolina)
New Zealand
Australia sub-tropics 2
Costa Rica (La Palma)
China (Hainan montane)
Australia WL (NSW)
Portugal
Costa Rica (Las Cruces)
Laos
Quebec
Australia WT (Tully)
Costa Rica (Puerto Jimenez)
Summary
r = -0.091
p = 0.048 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5
Correlation coefficientr
46. Redundancy Response diversity
Nicaragua (Matiguas) Nicaragua (Matiguas)
Australia sub-tropics 1 Australia sub-tropics 1
Nicaragua (Rivas) Nicaragua (Rivas)
Australia WT (Atherton) Australia WT (Atherton)
China (Hainan lowland) China (Hainan lowland)
USA (North Carolina) USA (North Carolina)
New Zealand New Zealand
Australia sub-tropics 2 Australia sub-tropics 2
Costa Rica (La Palma) Costa Rica (La Palma)
China (Hainan montane) China (Hainan montane)
Australia WL (NSW) Australia WL (NSW)
Portugal Portugal
Costa Rica (Las Cruces) Costa Rica (Las Cruces)
Laos Laos
Quebec Quebec
Australia WT (Tully) Australia WT (Tully)
Costa Rica (Puerto Jimenez) Costa Rica (Puerto Jimenez)
Summary Summary
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5
Correlation coefficientr Correlation coefficientr
47. Towards Multifunctional Landscapes
• Ecological Aspects
– What are the driving mechanisms behind ES
• Species richness, composition, functional diversity
arrangement.
• Social and Economic Drivers
– How do communities organize to impact change
– Integration of multiple stakeholders in ecoagricultural
landscapes.
• Does the ES paradigm provide conservation and
development goals?
Biodivrersity as the global operating system: An operating system (OS) is software, consisting of programs and data, that runs on computers and manages the computer hardware and provides common services for efficient execution of various application software.
the variety and variability of animals, plants and micro-organisms, at the genetic, species and ecosystem levels, which are necessary to sustain key functions of the agro-ecosystem, its structure and processes