ICARUS-Meeting #17 | Transparency - Accessibility – Dialogue. How a creative archival landscape can effect society - Björn Asker: Open Access in the 18th Century – The Swedish Freedom of the Press Act of 1766
Björn Asker
Open Access in the 18th Century – The Swedish Freedom of the Press Act of 1766
ICARUS-Meeting #17 | Transparency - Accessibility – Dialogue. How a creative archival landscape can effect society
23–25 May 2016, Krukmakarens hus (The Potter´s house), Mellangatan 21, 621 56 Visby / The Regional State Archives in Visby, Broväg 27, 621 41 Visby, Sweden
May 3 National Holiday (also May 3rd Constitution Day; Polish: Święto Konstytucji 3 Maja) is a Polish national and public holiday that takes place on May 3. The holiday celebrates the declaration of the Constitution of May 3, 1791. Festivities date back to the Duchy of Warsaw early in the 19th century, but it became an official holiday only in 1919 in the Second Polish Republic. Delisted during the times of the People's Republic of Poland, it was reestablished after the fall of communism in modern Poland.
Geschiedenis: Weimar Crisis
I use my own material and material from colleagues who have presented their work also on internet.
I claim nothing. This is merely educational fair use.
Educational fair use:
"the fair use of a copyrighted work (...) for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright"
But I claim nothing, All trademarks, works and images used are properties of their respective owners. If I violate any form of copyright please contact me and I will give credit.
http://www.tomrichey.net
The French Wars of Religion were a series of armed conflicts between French Catholics and Huguenots (Calvinists) in the sixteenth century. The Catholic faction was led by Catherine de Medici and the Huguenots were led by Henry of Navarre, who would later become Henry IV of France. Upon becoming king, Henry converted to Catholicism ("Paris is worth a Mass.") and issued the Edict of Nantes, which granted Huguenots limited toleration and rights to practice their religion openly in certain cities.
This presentation expresses my belief of newspapers being the heart of journalism. Focusing on trends and growth, the presentation shows us how newspapers developed the art of being a journalist
And What Part did November the Eighth play in German History since 1918.docxJulian Scutts
Did the German Empire fall on the 8th or the 9th of November in 1918( Why were assassins and hotmen let off the hook in the early period of the weimar Republic? These and other questions are to be addressed.
May 3 National Holiday (also May 3rd Constitution Day; Polish: Święto Konstytucji 3 Maja) is a Polish national and public holiday that takes place on May 3. The holiday celebrates the declaration of the Constitution of May 3, 1791. Festivities date back to the Duchy of Warsaw early in the 19th century, but it became an official holiday only in 1919 in the Second Polish Republic. Delisted during the times of the People's Republic of Poland, it was reestablished after the fall of communism in modern Poland.
Geschiedenis: Weimar Crisis
I use my own material and material from colleagues who have presented their work also on internet.
I claim nothing. This is merely educational fair use.
Educational fair use:
"the fair use of a copyrighted work (...) for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright"
But I claim nothing, All trademarks, works and images used are properties of their respective owners. If I violate any form of copyright please contact me and I will give credit.
http://www.tomrichey.net
The French Wars of Religion were a series of armed conflicts between French Catholics and Huguenots (Calvinists) in the sixteenth century. The Catholic faction was led by Catherine de Medici and the Huguenots were led by Henry of Navarre, who would later become Henry IV of France. Upon becoming king, Henry converted to Catholicism ("Paris is worth a Mass.") and issued the Edict of Nantes, which granted Huguenots limited toleration and rights to practice their religion openly in certain cities.
Similar to ICARUS-Meeting #17 | Transparency - Accessibility – Dialogue. How a creative archival landscape can effect society - Björn Asker: Open Access in the 18th Century – The Swedish Freedom of the Press Act of 1766
This presentation expresses my belief of newspapers being the heart of journalism. Focusing on trends and growth, the presentation shows us how newspapers developed the art of being a journalist
And What Part did November the Eighth play in German History since 1918.docxJulian Scutts
Did the German Empire fall on the 8th or the 9th of November in 1918( Why were assassins and hotmen let off the hook in the early period of the weimar Republic? These and other questions are to be addressed.
The late 18th and the early 19th centuries was a revolutionary age: the American revolution, the French revolution and the liberal and national revolutions. Liberalism was the bourgeoise ideology which defends the Capitalism as an economic system and the parlamentary system.
Of the Protocols themselves little need be said in the way of introduction. The book in which they are embodied was first published in the year 1897 by Philip Stepanov for private circulation among his intimate friends. The first time Nilus published them was in 1901 in a book called The Great Within the Small and reprinted in 1905. A copy of this is in the British Museum bearing the date of its reception, August 10, 1906. All copies that were known to exist in Russia were destroyed in the Kerensky regime, and under his successors the possession of a copy by anyone in Soviet land was a crime sufficient to ensure the owner's of being shot on sight. The fact is in itself sufficient proof of the genuineness of the Protocols. The Jewish journals, of course, say that they are a forgery, leaving it to be understood that Professor Nilus, who embodied them in a work of his own, had concocted them for his own purposes.
Ingrid weckert crystal night 1938 - the great anti-german spectacle - journ...RareBooksnRecords
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Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
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Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
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https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
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ICARUS-Meeting #17 | Transparency - Accessibility – Dialogue. How a creative archival landscape can effect society - Björn Asker: Open Access in the 18th Century – The Swedish Freedom of the Press Act of 1766
1. Björn Asker
Open Access in the 18th
Century
The Swedish Freedom of the Press Act of 1766
Ladies and Gentlemen,
The first Swedish Press Law, ensuring a far-reaching liberty of the press, was issued in 1766
in a world of state control and censorship. In Europe, the 18th
century was an age of
enlightenment, but also of absolutism. Sometimes the two were combined, or said to be
combined, in the persons of “enlightened despots” such as Emperor Joseph II of Austria, King
Frederick II of Prussia or Empress Catherine II of Russia.
The most well-known exception from the rule of absolutism is Great Britain, generally seen as
the forerunner of parliamentarism and a free press. But in Sweden, too, political life was
characterized by parliamentary rule and political parties. The death of Charles XII in 1718
marked the end of a period of absolutism and the beginning of the so-called Age of Liberty,
which lasted up to the coup d’état of King Gustav III in 1772.
The Swedish parliament or riksdag comprised four estates: Nobility, Clergy, Burghers and
Peasants. Generally speaking, the Nobles were more influential than the three lower estates,
as the top military and civil servants of the state were all noblemen. In parliamentary votings,
however, three estates outvoted the fourth, so it was completely possible for the three non-
noble estates to enforce political decisions against the will of the Nobles. The two political
parties of the time were, however, active in all estates. Called, respectively, “Hats” and
“Caps”, they were of course not parties in the modern sense but rather loose coalitions. It is
not easy to characterize them in modern terms without being misleading. But one might say
that in the beginning of the 1760’s the Hat party, then in power, was based on an alliance
between high officials, industrialists, shipowners and merchants. The social basis of the Caps
at that time was broader, and their political position can be described as antiaristocratic,
antibureaucratic and anglophile.
At the riksdag of 1765–1766, the Caps gained the majority over the Hats. One of the
consequences was the advancement of the idea of freedom of the press. Such a freedom did at
the time exist only in Great Britain and the Netherlands. Prominent proponents for that idea in
Sweden were Anders Nordencrantz, Peter Forsskål and Anders Chydenius. Forsskål and
Chydenius were both from Finland, which was then a part of the Swedish Kingdom.
When a Press Law was proposed to the estates in the autumn of 1766, the proposal did not
only entail an abolition of censorship and a widespread right to publish, but also an almost
free access to the archives of government agencies. When the Press Law was put to the vote
in October 1766, the Nobles – dominated by military officers and civil servants – voted
against the clauses on free access to archives. The three non-noble estates were all for them,
however, so the decision of the riksdag was affirmative.
On 2 December, 1766, following a formal proposition from the riksdag, the Press Law was
read in the Royal Council – dominated by Caps – and decreed by the King. As a consequence,
a political debate of hitherto unknown openness and intensity was to prosper in pamphlets and
1
2. journals. Still protected from direct criticism were, however, the protestant religion, the
estates of the riksdag, the royal family and the central government agencies.
Since the beginning of the 19th
century, the Swedish Freedom of the Press Act is a
fundamental law, i.e. part of the constitution. This means that it cannot be changed by a single
decision of the parliament. Every modification requires two parliamentary decisions, with a
general election between the first and the second decision. The Freedom of the Press Act of
1766 was not a fundamental law, however, despite the endeavours of some of its proponents
to give it that status.
This is part of the explanation why it seems impossible to find any document that might be
called the original of the 1766 Freedom of the Press Act – for the purpose of an exhibition,
perhaps, or for a nomination to the Unesco Memory of the World list. In Sweden as well as in
other countries it has been common to give some types of documents a more or less
magnificent design. I’m thinking, for instance, on peace treaties and fundamental laws. The
intention was, of course, to demonstrate the importance both of the decisions and of the
decision-makers. So, looking from today’s perspective, one might expect that the Freedom of
the Press Act of 1766 was celebrated in that way. It was not, however, which can be explained
by its contemporary status as a law not considered fundamental.
But how was the decision otherwise documented? As I just said, the act was decreed by the
King in Council following the proposition of the four estates of the riksdag. The proceedings
of the Council on 2 December 1766 are preserved, but the text of the Press Act is neither cited
in the protocol itself nor enclosed. Manuscripts were of course sent to the printers, but there
remains no evidence of this execution of the decision of King and Council. To be sure, at least
one contemporary handwritten version of the Press Act is preserved in the National Archives
in Stockholm, but it cannot with any certainty be associated with the decision process of 2
December.
But what happened after 1766? In this context, it’s of course not possible to discuss the
history of freedom of the press in Sweden from that year to the present day, but some remarks
will perhaps be of interest. Firstly, the Act of 1766 was in force for just a few years. In
practice, it was abolished with the coup of King Gustav III in 1772 and the restoration of
royal power. A couple of years later, in 1774, a new Press Law was issued, placing the power
of publishing in the hands of the King. Gustav III, who had a bent for almost Orwellian
newspeak, chose, however, to retain the name of Freedom of the Press Act
(tryckfrihetsförordningen).
After the loss of Finland in 1809, King Gustav IV (son of Gustav III) was overthrown and a
French Marshal, Jean Baptiste Bernadotte, elected heir to the throne. Absolutism was
abolished and a joint rule of King and Parliament was established. New versions of the
Freedom of the Press Act were issued in 1810 and 1812, of which the last one was formally
(though not unchanged) in vigour up to 1949. Lavishly adorned copies of these Press Acts
were produced and are still preserved in the National Archives, reflecting their status as
fundamental laws.
A short description of the constitutional development in Sweden in the 19th
and early 20th
century would be that the power of the King and his Council, i.e.. the government, was
gradually weakened up to the democratic breakthrough around 1920. Correspondingly, the
parliament or riksdag grew stronger, and the liberty of press increased. Criticism of the
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3. Monarchy, the Church and other state institutions by the press was commonplace already in
the first half of the 19th
century.
The First World War was a watershed in many respects, even for Sweden, who did not
participate. After the revolution in Russia in February 1917, and hunger riots in Swedish
towns, parliamentarism was established. This means, as you know, that the government must
have the support of a majority in the parliament. Revolutions and unrest in other states,
notably Germany and Austria-Hungary, precipitated democratization in Sweden. In 1921,
women were for the first time able to exercise the right to vote in parliamentary elections. So,
in the beginning of the 1920’s, Sweden was a democratic state, and freedom of the press
seemed unthreatened.
A severe crisis ensued, however, during the Second World War. As you all know, Hitler’s
attack on Poland on the 1 September, 1939, was soon followed by British and French
declarations of war on Germany. All other European states tried, mostly in vain, to avoid the
conflict. The Swedish government – formed by a coalition of the democratic parties of the
riksdag – succeeded, however, during the whole war, combining a programme of forced
rearmament with much-debated concessions to Nazi Germany. Criticism of Germany by the
Swedish press always entailed German complaints with the Swedish government,
strengthening the government’s fear of a German invasion. As a consequence, the press was
subject to strong pressure from the authorities not to provoke the government in Berlin. By
decisions in 1940 and 1941 the Freedom of the Press Act was changed by the Riksdag,
allowing censorship and suspension of periodicals. In reality, the government never used this
possibility, and it was abolished by parliament in 1944 and 1945, following the rapid
diminishing of the risk of a German attack.
Today, the Freedom of the Press Act is completed by a law concerning freedom of expression
in other media. As for the principle of public access to official records, it can of course never
be absolute. Access to state archives is restricted by law for some specified reasons, notably
personal integrity and national security.
To conclude: The concepts of free access to public archives, freedom of the press and
freedom of speech – in all media – has another character in our days than 250 years ago. It
seems to me, however, that the principles of 1766 of open archives and freedom of publishing
is a historical legacy of considerable value.
Thank you for listening.
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