The document summarizes research on producing activated carbon from date palm fronds through chemical activation using sodium hydroxide and phosphoric acid. The researchers evaluated how different activation parameters like temperature and chemical ratios affected the surface area and porosity of the activated carbons. Products activated with phosphoric acid had highly developed porosity, while those activated with sodium hydroxide or steam had moderate microporosity. The activated carbons were then tested for their ability to adsorb pollutants from water, showing potential for water treatment applications.
This document summarizes a study on producing granular activated carbon from activated sludge. Activated sludge was obtained from a dairy wastewater treatment plant and chemically activated using sulfuric acid. The resulting activated carbon was characterized based on its physical properties, structure, and ability to adsorb pesticides. Testing showed the activated carbon had a high surface area of 580 m2/g and effectively adsorbed pesticides, fitting the BET adsorption model well. The maximum pesticide adsorption capacity was 110 mg/g at pH 3. Activated sludge is shown to be a promising low-cost precursor for producing activated carbon.
Utilization of biodiesel wastes as a bioresource for the preparation of activ...Sak Taff James
This study examined the use of palm shells and Jatropha curcas fruit shells as raw materials for producing activated carbon. The effects of hydrofluoric acid treatment, impregnation ratio, activation temperature, and activation time on the adsorption capacity of the activated carbons were investigated. Hydrofluoric acid treatment improved adsorption capacity by removing ash residues from the raw materials. Maximum adsorption capacities were achieved with an activation temperature of 700°C, activation time of 1 hour, and impregnation ratio of 1:1. Jatropha curcas shells produced activated carbon with the highest adsorption capacities of 257.07 mg/g for methylene blue and 847.58 mg/g for iodine. Overall
Potential use of plantain (musa paradisiaca) wastes in the removal of lead an...ADEOLU ADEDOTUN TIMOTHY
The document discusses the potential use of plantain wastes in removing lead and chromium from effluent from a battery recycling plant. It describes how:
1) Plantain wastes were collected and processed to produce activated carbon, which was then used to treat effluent from a battery recycling plant in tests.
2) Testing examined the effect of pH, activated carbon dose, and initial metal concentration on removing lead and chromium. Results showed over 80% removal of both metals was achieved at optimal conditions.
3) Characterization of the activated carbons found plantain-based activated carbons had higher surface areas and similar functional groups as commercial activated carbon.
Graphene oxide grafted with iridium complex as a superior heterogeneous catal...Pawan Kumar
A novel graphene oxide (GO)-immobilized heteroleptic iridium complex was synthesized and demonstrated
as a first heterogenized homogeneous catalyst for the production of dimethylformamide (DMF)
from carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and dimethylamine. The synthesized hybrid catalyst showed comparable
activity as homogeneous heteroleptic iridium complex with additional benefits such as facile recovery
and recycling of the catalyst. After completion of the reaction, the heterogeneous catalyst was easily
recovered by filtration, and reused for subsequent recycling processes without any significant change in
the catalytic efficiency.
Graphene oxide grafted with iridium complex as a superior heterogeneous catal...Pawan Kumar
A novel graphene oxide (GO)-immobilized heteroleptic iridium complex was synthesized and demonstrated
as a first heterogenized homogeneous catalyst for the production of dimethylformamide (DMF)
from carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and dimethylamine. The synthesized hybrid catalyst showed comparable
activity as homogeneous heteroleptic iridium complex with additional benefits such as facile recovery
and recycling of the catalyst. After completion of the reaction, the heterogeneous catalyst was easily
recovered by filtration, and reused for subsequent recycling processes without any significant change in
the catalytic efficiency.
This document describes a fixed bed vapor phase adsorptive desulfurization process for removing sulfur from naphtha (a type of fuel) using zeolite adsorbents. Metal ion exchanged zeolite Y adsorbents were found to selectively remove refractory organosulfur compounds from refinery naphtha. Under optimized conditions, around 54 mL of naphtha per gram of adsorbent could be treated, achieving a breakthrough sulfur concentration of 30 mg/L in the effluent with no loss of octane number. The adsorbents were fully regenerable by controlled oxidation at high temperature using diluted air, requiring no temperature swing between adsorption and regeneration cycles.
Adsorptive Removal of Methylene Blue Using Groundnut Shell Activated Carbon C...IOSRJAC
In this work, activated carbon prepared from groundnut shells (GSAC) by sulphuric acid treatment was coated with Fe3O4(GSAC- Fe3O4) and tested for its efficiency as an adsorbentfor the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solution. The structural morphology and functional groups present were investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Various sorption parameters such as effect of pH, contact time, initial dye concentration and adsorbent dosage were studied. The percentage removal of methylene blue increased with decrease in initial methylene blue concentration and increased with increase in contact time and dose of the adsorbent. Equilibrium data were analysed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Kinetic data were studied using pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic models.
This document summarizes a study on producing granular activated carbon from activated sludge. Activated sludge was obtained from a dairy wastewater treatment plant and chemically activated using sulfuric acid. The resulting activated carbon was characterized based on its physical properties, structure, and ability to adsorb pesticides. Testing showed the activated carbon had a high surface area of 580 m2/g and effectively adsorbed pesticides, fitting the BET adsorption model well. The maximum pesticide adsorption capacity was 110 mg/g at pH 3. Activated sludge is shown to be a promising low-cost precursor for producing activated carbon.
Utilization of biodiesel wastes as a bioresource for the preparation of activ...Sak Taff James
This study examined the use of palm shells and Jatropha curcas fruit shells as raw materials for producing activated carbon. The effects of hydrofluoric acid treatment, impregnation ratio, activation temperature, and activation time on the adsorption capacity of the activated carbons were investigated. Hydrofluoric acid treatment improved adsorption capacity by removing ash residues from the raw materials. Maximum adsorption capacities were achieved with an activation temperature of 700°C, activation time of 1 hour, and impregnation ratio of 1:1. Jatropha curcas shells produced activated carbon with the highest adsorption capacities of 257.07 mg/g for methylene blue and 847.58 mg/g for iodine. Overall
Potential use of plantain (musa paradisiaca) wastes in the removal of lead an...ADEOLU ADEDOTUN TIMOTHY
The document discusses the potential use of plantain wastes in removing lead and chromium from effluent from a battery recycling plant. It describes how:
1) Plantain wastes were collected and processed to produce activated carbon, which was then used to treat effluent from a battery recycling plant in tests.
2) Testing examined the effect of pH, activated carbon dose, and initial metal concentration on removing lead and chromium. Results showed over 80% removal of both metals was achieved at optimal conditions.
3) Characterization of the activated carbons found plantain-based activated carbons had higher surface areas and similar functional groups as commercial activated carbon.
Graphene oxide grafted with iridium complex as a superior heterogeneous catal...Pawan Kumar
A novel graphene oxide (GO)-immobilized heteroleptic iridium complex was synthesized and demonstrated
as a first heterogenized homogeneous catalyst for the production of dimethylformamide (DMF)
from carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and dimethylamine. The synthesized hybrid catalyst showed comparable
activity as homogeneous heteroleptic iridium complex with additional benefits such as facile recovery
and recycling of the catalyst. After completion of the reaction, the heterogeneous catalyst was easily
recovered by filtration, and reused for subsequent recycling processes without any significant change in
the catalytic efficiency.
Graphene oxide grafted with iridium complex as a superior heterogeneous catal...Pawan Kumar
A novel graphene oxide (GO)-immobilized heteroleptic iridium complex was synthesized and demonstrated
as a first heterogenized homogeneous catalyst for the production of dimethylformamide (DMF)
from carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and dimethylamine. The synthesized hybrid catalyst showed comparable
activity as homogeneous heteroleptic iridium complex with additional benefits such as facile recovery
and recycling of the catalyst. After completion of the reaction, the heterogeneous catalyst was easily
recovered by filtration, and reused for subsequent recycling processes without any significant change in
the catalytic efficiency.
This document describes a fixed bed vapor phase adsorptive desulfurization process for removing sulfur from naphtha (a type of fuel) using zeolite adsorbents. Metal ion exchanged zeolite Y adsorbents were found to selectively remove refractory organosulfur compounds from refinery naphtha. Under optimized conditions, around 54 mL of naphtha per gram of adsorbent could be treated, achieving a breakthrough sulfur concentration of 30 mg/L in the effluent with no loss of octane number. The adsorbents were fully regenerable by controlled oxidation at high temperature using diluted air, requiring no temperature swing between adsorption and regeneration cycles.
Adsorptive Removal of Methylene Blue Using Groundnut Shell Activated Carbon C...IOSRJAC
In this work, activated carbon prepared from groundnut shells (GSAC) by sulphuric acid treatment was coated with Fe3O4(GSAC- Fe3O4) and tested for its efficiency as an adsorbentfor the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solution. The structural morphology and functional groups present were investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Various sorption parameters such as effect of pH, contact time, initial dye concentration and adsorbent dosage were studied. The percentage removal of methylene blue increased with decrease in initial methylene blue concentration and increased with increase in contact time and dose of the adsorbent. Equilibrium data were analysed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Kinetic data were studied using pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic models.
Laboratory investigation of insecticide O,O diethyl O-2 isopropyl 6- methyl pyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate insecticide adsorption using olive stones activated by phosphoric acid was carried out. The influence of several factors governing insecticide adsorption such as dosage, temperature, pH and time in addition to specific surface area of the prepared carbon was investigated. The obtained results showed that the adsorption was found to increase with increasing temperature and pH and the activated carbon prepared from olive stones has higher surface area (>700 m2g-1). Also, the removal of insecticide increased with the lapse of time; an olive stone activated by phosphoric acid has 75.6 % insecticide removal efficiency in comparison with that of activated carbon. The experimental results have been fitted with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The Langmuir isotherm better fitted the experimental data since the average percent deviations were lower than with Freundlich isotherm. Moreover, activated carbon from olive stones is a suitable adsorbent and adsorption of 90% is possible in the high temperature, pH and adsorbent dosages.
The document summarizes research into synthesizing manganese oxide nanoparticles through various chemical reactions. It describes reacting potassium permanganate with alcohols and di-alcohols in the presence of carboxylic acids. A series of experiments were conducted using different alcohols, di-alcohols and carboxylic acids. The experiments aimed to produce nanostructured materials with interesting morphology, small particle size, and high surface area. Scanning electron microscopy images of some products showed spheres and nanostructures, though not all reactions yielded useful materials. The research seeks to develop manganese oxide materials for applications in batteries, catalysis and toxic waste removal.
The document discusses activated carbon and its application for monitoring volatile organic compounds. It provides details on:
1) The preparation of activated carbon involves carbonizing raw materials like wood, coal and shells, followed by physical or chemical activation to increase surface area and porosity.
2) Granular activated carbon is characterized by its porous structure and surface chemistry, which contains various functional groups that influence adsorption properties.
3) Volatile organic compounds can be monitored by passing an air sample through an activated carbon tube. Adsorbed compounds are then desorbed and analyzed using gas chromatography.
Removal of Cu(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption Onto Activated Ca...IJERA Editor
The document studies the removal of copper (Cu(II)) ions from aqueous solutions using activated carbon derived from olive waste cakes. Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of operating parameters such as solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial metal ion concentration, and contact time on Cu(II) adsorption. The results showed that adsorption increased with increasing pH up to 5, adsorbent dosage, and contact time up to 25 minutes. Maximum adsorption occurred at initial Cu(II) concentrations less than 100 mg/L using 1.2 g/L of adsorbent. Equilibrium adsorption data fitted well to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, with a maximum ad
This document presents a study on enhancing the efficiency of adsorption processes using activated carbon through microwave activation and a high gravimetric rotating packed bed technology. The study aims to optimize preparation conditions for activated carbon from agricultural waste using microwaves. Response surface methodology and Taguchi experiments were used to determine optimal preparation parameters. The prepared activated carbon was then used in a rotating packed bed reactor to minimize contact time for dye and heavy metal removal. Kinetic and isotherm studies showed the adsorption followed pseudo-second order kinetics and best fit the Langmuir isotherm model. Optimization of process parameters for the rotating packed bed reactor enhanced removal efficiency.
Adsorption of Methylene Blue From Aqueous Solution with Vermicompost Produced...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The removal of Methylene blue as a synthetic dye from aquatic system was investigated by using vermicompost. The dye concentration, contact time and pH of the solution carried out in the adsorption studies. Batch adsorption experimental data were suitable for the Langmuir isotherm and a very good fit to the second order kinetic model (pH=10). The maximum adsorption capacity calculated 256.66 mg g-1 . Vermicompost and the dye loaded vermicompost were characterized by SEM and FTIR. It was found that the vermicompost is stable without losing their activity.
This document discusses using different forms of nano-TiO2 as catalysts for oxidative desulfurization of model fuels without UV irradiation. Anatase TiO2 nanoparticles showed the highest catalytic activity, achieving 100% conversion of dibenzothiophene within 50 seconds under experimental conditions. By comparison, anatase-rutile and amorphous nanoparticles only reached 48.1% and 25.7% conversion, respectively. The effects of various reaction parameters on the desulfurization reaction were investigated, and a first-order kinetic model with an activation energy of 56 kJ/mol was developed based on the results.
adsorption of methylene blue onto xanthogenated modified chitosan microbeadsSiti Nadzifah Ghazali
This document presents a study on using xanthogenated-modified chitosan microbeads (XMCM) to remove methylene blue dye from wastewater. The study characterized XMCM using FTIR, pH, and pHzpc analysis. Batch experiments examined the effect of adsorbent dosage and initial pH on dye removal efficiency. Equilibrium isotherm data fitted well to the Langmuir model, indicating monolayer adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity of XMCM for methylene blue was determined to be 21.62 mg/g. The study demonstrated the potential of XMCM for wastewater treatment applications.
This document summarizes a study on the adsorption of a Schiff base ligand onto granulated initiated calcined Iraqi montmorillonite clay via columnar method. The ligand was synthesized from the condensation reaction of hydrazine hydrate and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde. Adsorption experiments were conducted in columns packed with the clay at different pH levels, ligand concentrations, and contact times. The equilibrium adsorption data fit the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 5.7347 mg ligand per 1g clay. The highest removal rate of 75.7% occurred at pH 7. Kinetic data followed pseudo
#scichallenge2017 Photocatalytic Degradation of Synthetic Wastewaters Contain...Seher Elif Mekik
#scichallenge2017
In our project, it was aimed to purify wastewaters containing methylene blue component and harmful to environment from methylene blue. For this purpose, synthetic methylene blue waste water was formed and chemically treated by photocatalysis.
Visible light assisted reduction of nitrobenzenes using Fe(bpy)3+2/rGOnanocom...Pawan Kumar
Visible-light-induced photocatalytic reduction of aromatic nitrobenzenes to the corresponding anilinesat room temperature using reduced graphene oxide (rGO) immobilized iron(II) bipyridine complex asphotocatalyst is described. The rGO-immobilized iron catalyst exhibited superior catalytic activity thanhomogeneous iron(II) bipyridine complex and much higher than metal free rGO photocatalysts. Theheterogeneous photocatalyst was found to be robust and could easily be recovered and reused for severalruns without any significant loss in photocatalytic activity.
Visible light assisted reduction of nitrobenzenes using Fe(bpy)3+2/rGOnanocom...Pawan Kumar
Visible-light-induced photocatalytic reduction of aromatic nitrobenzenes to the corresponding anilinesat room temperature using reduced graphene oxide (rGO) immobilized iron(II) bipyridine complex asphotocatalyst is described. The rGO-immobilized iron catalyst exhibited superior catalytic activity thanhomogeneous iron(II) bipyridine complex and much higher than metal free rGO photocatalysts. Theheterogeneous photocatalyst was found to be robust and could easily be recovered and reused for severalruns without any significant loss in photocatalytic activity.
Homogeneous Photocatalytic Degradation of Acid Alizarin Black Using Hydrogen ...Haydar Mohammad Salim
This document summarizes research on degrading the acid dye Alizarin Black using hydrogen peroxide and UV light (UV/H2O2). The research aims to study how the degradation of Alizarin Black is affected by dye concentration, hydrogen peroxide concentration, and pH. Results showed that degradation was most effective at a dye concentration of 100 mg/L and increased with higher hydrogen peroxide amounts. Degradation was also favored under neutral conditions compared to acidic or basic conditions. Kinetic studies found pseudo-first order degradation rates increased with higher hydrogen peroxide volumes and decreased with higher dye concentrations.
Use of titanium dioxide photocatalysis on the remediationBruno B Garcia
This study investigated the photocatalytic degradation of two azo dyes found in textile wastewater using titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysis. The effects of TiO2 concentration, UV irradiation time, solution pH, initial dye concentration, and hydrogen peroxide concentration on degradation were examined. Optimal conditions for highest degradation rates were determined. Results showed that complete decolorization of solutions could be achieved using an efficient photocatalyst under suitable operational parameters.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes research on the catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of olive oil mill wastewater over zeolite-based catalysts. The researchers prepared a Cu/13X catalyst by ion exchange and tested its activity and stability for reducing phenolic compounds in wastewater. Characterization showed the ion exchange did not affect zeolite structure but a post-treatment calcination at 1273K decreased surface area and increased copper oxide particles. Testing showed the catalyst reduced total phenols in wastewater by over 80% and TOC by 20% with low copper leaching. The research aims to develop an effective treatment to reduce toxicity of olive oil wastewater before conventional biological processing.
This document investigates the ability of hexadecyltrimethylammonium cation pillared bentonite (HDTMA-bentonite) to remove thorium from aqueous solutions. The HDTMA-bentonite was characterized using various techniques and its ability to adsorb thorium was tested under different conditions such as solution pH, contact time, initial thorium concentration, and temperature. The results showed that HDTMA-bentonite has a higher adsorption capacity for thorium than unmodified bentonite. The maximum adsorption occurred at pH 3.5 and 60 minutes contact time. Adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model and the process was exothermic and spontaneous. H
Decolourisation of Nigrosine WS dye by Solar Photo-fentonAkash Tikhe
My master's dissertation thesis topic- Decolorization of Nigrosine WS dye by Homogeneous Solar Photo-Fenton Method along with Intro, Method, Result, conclusion and suggestions.
Rethink Storage: Transform the Data Center with EMC ViPR Software-Defined Sto...EMC
This white paper discusses the evolution of the Software-Defined Data Center and the challenges of heterogeneous storage silos in making the SDDC a reality.
The document provides instructions for using a Feitian C200 OTP token for authentication on any OpenID enabled website. It outlines prerequisites of having the token and seed/secret. It then gives a 3 step configuration procedure to add the token to a Clavid OpenID account by entering details about the token, secret, and generating a one time password to complete registration. This allows OTP authentication on any website using OpenID through the Clavid account.
Laboratory investigation of insecticide O,O diethyl O-2 isopropyl 6- methyl pyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate insecticide adsorption using olive stones activated by phosphoric acid was carried out. The influence of several factors governing insecticide adsorption such as dosage, temperature, pH and time in addition to specific surface area of the prepared carbon was investigated. The obtained results showed that the adsorption was found to increase with increasing temperature and pH and the activated carbon prepared from olive stones has higher surface area (>700 m2g-1). Also, the removal of insecticide increased with the lapse of time; an olive stone activated by phosphoric acid has 75.6 % insecticide removal efficiency in comparison with that of activated carbon. The experimental results have been fitted with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The Langmuir isotherm better fitted the experimental data since the average percent deviations were lower than with Freundlich isotherm. Moreover, activated carbon from olive stones is a suitable adsorbent and adsorption of 90% is possible in the high temperature, pH and adsorbent dosages.
The document summarizes research into synthesizing manganese oxide nanoparticles through various chemical reactions. It describes reacting potassium permanganate with alcohols and di-alcohols in the presence of carboxylic acids. A series of experiments were conducted using different alcohols, di-alcohols and carboxylic acids. The experiments aimed to produce nanostructured materials with interesting morphology, small particle size, and high surface area. Scanning electron microscopy images of some products showed spheres and nanostructures, though not all reactions yielded useful materials. The research seeks to develop manganese oxide materials for applications in batteries, catalysis and toxic waste removal.
The document discusses activated carbon and its application for monitoring volatile organic compounds. It provides details on:
1) The preparation of activated carbon involves carbonizing raw materials like wood, coal and shells, followed by physical or chemical activation to increase surface area and porosity.
2) Granular activated carbon is characterized by its porous structure and surface chemistry, which contains various functional groups that influence adsorption properties.
3) Volatile organic compounds can be monitored by passing an air sample through an activated carbon tube. Adsorbed compounds are then desorbed and analyzed using gas chromatography.
Removal of Cu(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption Onto Activated Ca...IJERA Editor
The document studies the removal of copper (Cu(II)) ions from aqueous solutions using activated carbon derived from olive waste cakes. Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of operating parameters such as solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial metal ion concentration, and contact time on Cu(II) adsorption. The results showed that adsorption increased with increasing pH up to 5, adsorbent dosage, and contact time up to 25 minutes. Maximum adsorption occurred at initial Cu(II) concentrations less than 100 mg/L using 1.2 g/L of adsorbent. Equilibrium adsorption data fitted well to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, with a maximum ad
This document presents a study on enhancing the efficiency of adsorption processes using activated carbon through microwave activation and a high gravimetric rotating packed bed technology. The study aims to optimize preparation conditions for activated carbon from agricultural waste using microwaves. Response surface methodology and Taguchi experiments were used to determine optimal preparation parameters. The prepared activated carbon was then used in a rotating packed bed reactor to minimize contact time for dye and heavy metal removal. Kinetic and isotherm studies showed the adsorption followed pseudo-second order kinetics and best fit the Langmuir isotherm model. Optimization of process parameters for the rotating packed bed reactor enhanced removal efficiency.
Adsorption of Methylene Blue From Aqueous Solution with Vermicompost Produced...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The removal of Methylene blue as a synthetic dye from aquatic system was investigated by using vermicompost. The dye concentration, contact time and pH of the solution carried out in the adsorption studies. Batch adsorption experimental data were suitable for the Langmuir isotherm and a very good fit to the second order kinetic model (pH=10). The maximum adsorption capacity calculated 256.66 mg g-1 . Vermicompost and the dye loaded vermicompost were characterized by SEM and FTIR. It was found that the vermicompost is stable without losing their activity.
This document discusses using different forms of nano-TiO2 as catalysts for oxidative desulfurization of model fuels without UV irradiation. Anatase TiO2 nanoparticles showed the highest catalytic activity, achieving 100% conversion of dibenzothiophene within 50 seconds under experimental conditions. By comparison, anatase-rutile and amorphous nanoparticles only reached 48.1% and 25.7% conversion, respectively. The effects of various reaction parameters on the desulfurization reaction were investigated, and a first-order kinetic model with an activation energy of 56 kJ/mol was developed based on the results.
adsorption of methylene blue onto xanthogenated modified chitosan microbeadsSiti Nadzifah Ghazali
This document presents a study on using xanthogenated-modified chitosan microbeads (XMCM) to remove methylene blue dye from wastewater. The study characterized XMCM using FTIR, pH, and pHzpc analysis. Batch experiments examined the effect of adsorbent dosage and initial pH on dye removal efficiency. Equilibrium isotherm data fitted well to the Langmuir model, indicating monolayer adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity of XMCM for methylene blue was determined to be 21.62 mg/g. The study demonstrated the potential of XMCM for wastewater treatment applications.
This document summarizes a study on the adsorption of a Schiff base ligand onto granulated initiated calcined Iraqi montmorillonite clay via columnar method. The ligand was synthesized from the condensation reaction of hydrazine hydrate and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde. Adsorption experiments were conducted in columns packed with the clay at different pH levels, ligand concentrations, and contact times. The equilibrium adsorption data fit the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 5.7347 mg ligand per 1g clay. The highest removal rate of 75.7% occurred at pH 7. Kinetic data followed pseudo
#scichallenge2017 Photocatalytic Degradation of Synthetic Wastewaters Contain...Seher Elif Mekik
#scichallenge2017
In our project, it was aimed to purify wastewaters containing methylene blue component and harmful to environment from methylene blue. For this purpose, synthetic methylene blue waste water was formed and chemically treated by photocatalysis.
Visible light assisted reduction of nitrobenzenes using Fe(bpy)3+2/rGOnanocom...Pawan Kumar
Visible-light-induced photocatalytic reduction of aromatic nitrobenzenes to the corresponding anilinesat room temperature using reduced graphene oxide (rGO) immobilized iron(II) bipyridine complex asphotocatalyst is described. The rGO-immobilized iron catalyst exhibited superior catalytic activity thanhomogeneous iron(II) bipyridine complex and much higher than metal free rGO photocatalysts. Theheterogeneous photocatalyst was found to be robust and could easily be recovered and reused for severalruns without any significant loss in photocatalytic activity.
Visible light assisted reduction of nitrobenzenes using Fe(bpy)3+2/rGOnanocom...Pawan Kumar
Visible-light-induced photocatalytic reduction of aromatic nitrobenzenes to the corresponding anilinesat room temperature using reduced graphene oxide (rGO) immobilized iron(II) bipyridine complex asphotocatalyst is described. The rGO-immobilized iron catalyst exhibited superior catalytic activity thanhomogeneous iron(II) bipyridine complex and much higher than metal free rGO photocatalysts. Theheterogeneous photocatalyst was found to be robust and could easily be recovered and reused for severalruns without any significant loss in photocatalytic activity.
Homogeneous Photocatalytic Degradation of Acid Alizarin Black Using Hydrogen ...Haydar Mohammad Salim
This document summarizes research on degrading the acid dye Alizarin Black using hydrogen peroxide and UV light (UV/H2O2). The research aims to study how the degradation of Alizarin Black is affected by dye concentration, hydrogen peroxide concentration, and pH. Results showed that degradation was most effective at a dye concentration of 100 mg/L and increased with higher hydrogen peroxide amounts. Degradation was also favored under neutral conditions compared to acidic or basic conditions. Kinetic studies found pseudo-first order degradation rates increased with higher hydrogen peroxide volumes and decreased with higher dye concentrations.
Use of titanium dioxide photocatalysis on the remediationBruno B Garcia
This study investigated the photocatalytic degradation of two azo dyes found in textile wastewater using titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysis. The effects of TiO2 concentration, UV irradiation time, solution pH, initial dye concentration, and hydrogen peroxide concentration on degradation were examined. Optimal conditions for highest degradation rates were determined. Results showed that complete decolorization of solutions could be achieved using an efficient photocatalyst under suitable operational parameters.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes research on the catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of olive oil mill wastewater over zeolite-based catalysts. The researchers prepared a Cu/13X catalyst by ion exchange and tested its activity and stability for reducing phenolic compounds in wastewater. Characterization showed the ion exchange did not affect zeolite structure but a post-treatment calcination at 1273K decreased surface area and increased copper oxide particles. Testing showed the catalyst reduced total phenols in wastewater by over 80% and TOC by 20% with low copper leaching. The research aims to develop an effective treatment to reduce toxicity of olive oil wastewater before conventional biological processing.
This document investigates the ability of hexadecyltrimethylammonium cation pillared bentonite (HDTMA-bentonite) to remove thorium from aqueous solutions. The HDTMA-bentonite was characterized using various techniques and its ability to adsorb thorium was tested under different conditions such as solution pH, contact time, initial thorium concentration, and temperature. The results showed that HDTMA-bentonite has a higher adsorption capacity for thorium than unmodified bentonite. The maximum adsorption occurred at pH 3.5 and 60 minutes contact time. Adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model and the process was exothermic and spontaneous. H
Decolourisation of Nigrosine WS dye by Solar Photo-fentonAkash Tikhe
My master's dissertation thesis topic- Decolorization of Nigrosine WS dye by Homogeneous Solar Photo-Fenton Method along with Intro, Method, Result, conclusion and suggestions.
Rethink Storage: Transform the Data Center with EMC ViPR Software-Defined Sto...EMC
This white paper discusses the evolution of the Software-Defined Data Center and the challenges of heterogeneous storage silos in making the SDDC a reality.
The document provides instructions for using a Feitian C200 OTP token for authentication on any OpenID enabled website. It outlines prerequisites of having the token and seed/secret. It then gives a 3 step configuration procedure to add the token to a Clavid OpenID account by entering details about the token, secret, and generating a one time password to complete registration. This allows OTP authentication on any website using OpenID through the Clavid account.
This document discusses periodic functions and sinusoidal graphs. It introduces the general form of a sinusoidal function as y = a sin b(x - c) + d and explains the role of each parameter. It provides examples of sinusoidal graphs with different amplitudes, periods, horizontal and vertical shifts. The document also contains practice problems about writing sinusoidal functions from graphs and data points, as well as applying sinusoidal concepts to real-world situations like tides, rotating wheels, and thermostats.
1. The document provides guidance on finding books and articles for research using the university library's resources.
2. It explains how to search for books by title, ISBN number, author or keyword in the library catalog and how to request books from other campuses.
3. The document also describes how to search business and management databases for articles using keywords, and how to find full text either directly or through related databases.
This report from the Committee on Agriculture deals with the action taken by the Government on the recommendations from the Committee's 37th report on cultivation of genetically modified food crops. The Ministry of Agriculture provided replies to all 102 observations and recommendations from the report. The Committee categorized the responses and expressed satisfaction with the Government's acceptance of 40 recommendations. For another 10 recommendations, the Committee does not desire to pursue them further based on the Government's replies. However, for 44 recommendations the Committee did not accept the Government's replies. The report also notes that replies are still awaited for 8 recommendations. The Committee reiterates concerns around the regulatory mechanism for transgenic crops and urges stricter containment of trials. It also expresses dissatisfaction with the Government's
This document outlines a lesson plan for teaching 11th grade students how to create resumes. The lesson will take 45 minutes and use various teaching techniques like discovery, problem-solving, and learning by doing. Students will first complete a resume worksheet to gather their skills and experience. They will then learn what makes an effective resume by reviewing handouts on resume tips and action verbs. Students will draft their own resume using the information from their worksheet and handouts, with the goal of representing their skills, experience, and education to potential employers. The teacher will provide guidance and feedback throughout the process.
This document provides an introduction to building modern websites using HTML5 and CSS3. It discusses several new features in HTML5, including semantic elements, the <canvas> element for 2D drawing, <audio> and <video> elements for multimedia, local storage APIs, and offline application support. The document also outlines some prerequisites for using these new technologies, such as installing the latest browsers. Finally, it notes that a sample website later in the tutorial demonstrates several HTML5 and CSS3 features.
Amir Barylko presented on the Ruby on Rails (RoR) framework. He began with an introduction to Ruby, covering its dynamic and object-oriented nature. He then discussed key RoR concepts like convention over configuration, MVC architecture, code generation, and its built-in automation. Barylko demoed generating a movie library application in RoR to showcase these features. He concluded by discussing additional RoR aspects like helpers, partials, Sass, and routing.
Performance Related Incentive Scheme for Indian Agricutural ScientistsDevakumar Jain
The document proposes a performance-related incentive scheme for scientists at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute. It outlines metrics and assessors that could be used to quantify individual and team performance in areas like research, teaching, extension and institution building. Scientists achieving 4 marks within a year based on these metrics would be eligible for an annual incentive. The scheme aims to reward significant contributions that help achieve the institute's objectives through good governance and accountability.
The document discusses capturing real world activities and interactions to simulate them in virtual worlds. It suggests using a hybrid method combining qualitative and quantitative data collection. Specifically, it recommends using sensors to capture movement and audio data, as well as developing ontologies to represent qualitative details. The goal is to recognize activities and analyze workflows to improve training and performance in high-risk environments like trauma centers.
The document discusses using a circularly linked list to solve the Josephus problem, which finds the last person remaining in a circle of people eliminating every nth person. It notes that using a linked list made the solution trivial, whereas an array would have been more difficult. This illustrates how the appropriate data structure choice can simplify algorithms and improve efficiency. Later sections discuss abstract data types and implementing stacks using both arrays and linked lists.
This document provides information on a musical composition titled "Tocatta and Fugue in D-Minor". The original score was composed by Johan Sebastian Bach, while the arrangement was done by Mike Batt and the transcription was by Maysan.
Final rossana borello alps4_eu presentation_bruxellesLeaKane
1) The document summarizes the Alps4EU project, which aimed to overcome fragmentation between clusters in the alpine region by establishing meta-clusters. It involved 12 partners from 6 countries who established 5 task forces focused on different industries.
2) The main outcomes included piloting meta-clusters between at least 3 clusters in similar or complementary fields, analyzing policy support needs, and assessing the sustainability of the meta-cluster model. Knowledge atlases were also created to map competencies within meta-clusters.
3) A plastic processing meta-cluster was established between 6 regional clusters to further cooperation in that industry. The project aims to contribute to the development of future regional cluster support programs and policies.
With niche specialisations, MBA programs have gained popularity over most other post- graduate courses. An MBA from a good institute would certainly make your dream come true.
Now that you have made the decision, let us put forward a fact. Every year lakhs of students are competing for a few thousand seats in India’s top most colleges like IIMs, XLRI, IIFT, FMS, SP Jain, IITs, JBIMS, IRMA, Symbiosis to name a few. It’s a tough road ahead and can be achieved only by your determination and self‐confidence
[Webinar] Predictive Marketing: Competitive Advantage for Today, Survival for...Mintigo1
This document discusses predictive marketing and its importance. It provides examples of how predictive models can be used in marketing for customer acquisition, management, and other areas. Specific use cases are presented, such as segmentation and prioritizing leads, identifying cross-sell opportunities, and predicting freemium conversions. Predictive marketing is becoming more important as data and technology advance and customer expectations increase.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Nickel and cobalt transfigured natural clay: a green catalyst for low-tempera...Devika Laishram
Soot particulates in engine exhausts pose a severe threat to the environment and human health – causing cancer, affecting the heart and lungs and drives metal processes. This study proposes a practical,
real-world application of transition metal modified natural clay as an environmentally benign, low-cost,
green catalyst for soot oxidation. Ni and Co (NC-Clay) incorporated natural clay catalysts were prepared
by a simple wet impregnation method and meticulously characterized by different characterization
techniques. The catalyst exhibited higher H2 absorption at a lower temperature with similar trends as
observed in O2 TPD that indicated a remarkable redox property, which is useful for applications as a
catalyst in soot oxidation. Excellent catalytic activity with a very low T50 of 358 1C was observed and can
be accredited to the improved surface oxygen vacancies and thermal stability by the metal modification
of clay
Influence of Synthesis Route on the Formaldehyde Gas Sensing Properties of Ni...IJMERJOURNAL
This document discusses the influence of synthesis route on the formaldehyde gas sensing properties of nickel oxide nanostructures. Nickel oxide powders were synthesized via four different methods: sol-gel from nickel chloride, precipitation from nickel malonate and nickel sulfate precursors, and hydrothermal from nickel nitrate. Thick films of the nickel oxide nanostructures were then tested for their response to low concentrations of formaldehyde gas at different temperatures. The morphology, particle size, and crystal structure of the nickel oxide samples differed based on the synthesis method used. The formaldehyde gas sensing performance was also found to vary, with the sample prepared via precipitation from malonate exhibiting the best response at 250°C, while samples from sol-gel and
Hierarchical fe , cu- and co-beta zeolites obtained by mesotemplate free meth...seranim22
This document describes the synthesis and catalytic testing of hierarchical Fe-, Cu-, and Co-beta zeolites for N2O decomposition. Two series of beta zeolites were prepared - a conventional microporous beta zeolite (Beta) and a micro-mesoporous beta zeolite (Beta/meso) prepared using a mesotemplate-free method. Both series were ion exchanged with Fe, Cu, and Co and tested as catalysts for N2O decomposition under various conditions. The Cu-Beta catalyst showed the highest activity for N2O decomposition in inert gas, while the Cu-Beta/meso catalyst had the highest reaction rate under conditions similar to nitric acid plant waste gases.
Microwave-Assisted hydrothermal carbonization and characterization of Amazoni...perrrrojosesoto
Microwave-Assisted hydrothermal carbonization and characterization of Amazonian biomass as an activated carbon for methane adsorption - ScienceDirect.pdf
Examination of Adsorption Abilities of Natural and Acid Activated Bentonite f...AnuragSingh1049
The effect of the initial concentration of Cr, Co, Cu, Ni, and Pb metal ions from multicomponent solutions on the sorption capacity of natural and acid activated bentonite was examined in this paper. The acid activation was performed by using hydrochloric and sulfuric acid at different concentrations. The results of adsorption research have shown that bentonite can be effectively used as an adsorbent for the removal of metal ions from multicomponent solutions. Acid activation of bentonite changes the structure and content of individual oxides, increases the porosity and the number of available spots for the adsorption process. For this reason, the bentonite removal efficiency increased after acid activation for all heavy metals tested. With increased acid concentration, the degree of bentonite adsorption increased, and sulfuric acid rather than chloric acid showed better results in removal efficiency.
Study of the Sulfur Trioxide Generation Mechanism and Control Method Using We...inventionjournals
In coal fired power plant, especially using sulfur content fossil fuels, much attention in recently paid to sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid mist emission, because conventional desulfurization system should not be removed, which is installed to meet air quality standard for sulfur dioxide. Sulfur trioxide is highly reactive with water vapor and generally convert to sulfuric acid mist in atmosphere. Sulfuric acid is very fine under-submicron sized particulate matter or droplets. Recently sulfur trioxide cause air pollution and public health, discussion comes out, especially in the United States and Japan, that regulations and guideline should be enlarge the sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid. Moreover most countries reinforce sulfur oxides emission regulations or guidelines from coal-fired power plant. In this study, focusing that how to control the sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid mist. Sulfuric acid mist found depending on the flue gas temperature. Generation and conversion rate of sulfur trioxide were measured according to temperature. The absorbent was selected to remove sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid using wet type desulfurization system which the most proven technology at this moment.
Study of the Influence of Nickel Content and Reaction Temperature on Glycerol...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: La2O3-SiO2-supported nickel catalysts were evaluated in glycerol steam reforming. The samples (30wt% La and 5, 10 and 15wt% of Ni on 70wt% commercial SiO2), prepared by the simultaneous impregnation method, were characterized by EDX, nitrogen physisorption, XRD, in-situ XRD, XANES and TPR. The analyses revealed NiO species weakly interact with the support and the different metallic surface areas of the catalysts. Catalytic tests were performed in a fixed bed reactor at 600oC and 15Ni catalyst, which showed the best performance, was also evaluated at 500oC and 700oC. According to the results, the Ni content on the catalyst surface interferes in the distribution of gaseous products H2, CO, CO2 and CH4. The increase in the Ni content increases the carbon formation during reaction. The reaction temperature affected the catalytic performance and the best results were obtained with the 15Ni catalyst at 600oC, which was also tested for 20 hours for the analysis of its stability.
The document summarizes research on using activated carbon prepared from olive stone waste to sorb copper, zinc, and nickel ions from aqueous solutions. Olive stone activated carbon (OSAC) was prepared under different physical activation conditions and characterized. OSAC-3, activated at 900°C for 3.5 hours, had the highest surface area and was selected for further study. Batch experiments were conducted to determine optimum sorption conditions and kinetics. The maximum sorption capacities were 25.38 mg/g for Cu2+, 16.95 mg/g for Zn2+, and 14.65 mg/g for Ni2+. Sorption was best described by pseudo-second order kinetics and was spontaneous and endothermic/exothermic
This document discusses the production of activated carbon from natural sources. It begins with an introduction and overview of activated carbon and its properties and applications. It then describes the key steps in production which include carbonization at 250-700°C to produce char, followed by activation at higher temperatures of 900-1100°C using either steam or chemical activation methods. The document provides details on factors that affect the quality of activated carbon produced, such as activation time and temperature. It concludes with a case study on producing activated carbon from coconut shell, palm kernel shell, and maize husk using charring followed by chemical activation with phosphoric acid.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the adsorption of lead (Pb) from aqueous solution using modified beech sawdust. Some key findings include:
- Maximum Pb removal efficiency of 91.3% occurred at pH 5, while minimum efficiency of 28.04% occurred at pH 7. Maximum adsorption capacity was 0.3841 mg/g.
- As the initial Pb concentration increased from 1 to 7 mg/L, removal efficiency decreased from 91.3% to 33.88%. Increasing adsorbent dose from 2 to 8 g/L improved removal efficiency from 50% to 97.3%.
- Removal efficiency had a decreasing trend after equilibrium was reached
Application Of Hydroxyapatite In Protein PurificationKatie Robinson
The document summarizes research on the application of hydroxyapatite in protein purification. Key points:
- Hydroxyapatite was synthesized using calcium chloride and sodium phosphate precursors at high temperature (700°C) to minimize carbonate content on the surface. This resulted in hydroxyapatite with higher crystallinity and lower carbonate content.
- The hydroxyapatite was then used as a matrix for protein purification, similar to how DEAE is used for anion exchange. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that hydroxyapatite not only has characteristics for anion exchange but also cation exchange, as additional protein bands were observed.
- This demonstrates that hydroxyapatite can be used for
Enhanced fluidized bed methanation over a Ni Al2O3 catalyst for production of...Pengcheng Li
This document summarizes a study that investigated the fluidization behavior and CO methanation performance of a Ni/Al2O3 catalyst in a fluidized bed reactor for producing synthetic natural gas. The researchers found that the pure Ni/Al2O3 catalyst failed to properly fluidize on its own due to particle sizes between 10 and 100 μm, but fluidization was improved by adding larger Al2O3 particles. Methanation performance in the fluidized bed reactor increased substantially with the Al2O3 addition. Temperature was found to control the methanation reaction mechanism, with surface reactions dominating at lower temperatures and external diffusion controlling at higher temperatures. Stability tests showed the fluidized bed reactor had higher CO conversion, methane selectivity
This document describes a study that synthesized γ-alumina nanotubes using a hydrothermal method and used them to support iron, cobalt, and nickel Fischer-Tropsch catalysts. Characterization showed the alumina nanotubes had a surface area of 203.73 m2/g. The three catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation and showed different catalytic behaviors. Nickel catalyst had the highest activity, followed by cobalt then iron catalyst, based on measurements of acidity, reducibility, active sites, and CO conversion in Fischer-Tropsch testing.
COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN REMOVERS AGENTS OF SILICON INTO THE SYNTHESIS OF MI...David Macias Ferrer
The present study deals with a comparison between HF and NaOH with different concentration, as removers agents of silicon into the synthesis of micro/nano-structured pyrolytic carbon (MNC) via nanocasting method,
using SBA-15 as hard template. SBA-15 was prepared through sol-gel using pluronic P-123 as surfactant and tetraethoxysilane as a silicon precursor. MNC was synthesized by the nanocasting method and anhydrous pyrolysis at 800 °C using SBA-15 as structure directing agent and refined sugar as a carbon precursor. Testing six samples of MNC, the silicon removal was carried out employ solutions 1M NaOH, 2M NaOH, 4M NaOH, 8M NaOH, 8.6M HF and 28.9M HF by 24 h. The prepared materials were characterized by means of N2
physisorption analysis, SEM, EDS, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. EDS analysis revealed that 8.6M HF and 8M NaOH had the highest removal efficiency of silicon, detecting 0.21% wt Si and 0.32% wt Si respectively versus 23.8% wt Si before this process, however, using solutions of a low concentration of NaOH, a silicon weight percentage lower than 0.6% is detected. Therefore, the HF could be replaced by NaOH avoiding possible damage to the structure of MNC due to the effect of HF and contributing to the safety of researchers and the environment.
Multiple adsorption of heavy metal ions in aqueous solution using activated c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Batch adsorption of different heavy metal ions (Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Lead, Cadmium and Chromium) in aqueous solution using
activated carbon from Nigerian bamboo was studied. The bamboo was cut, washed and dried. It was carbonized between 3000C -
4500C, and activated at 8000C using nitric acid. The bulk density, iodine number, Benzene adsorption, methylene adsorption, and
ash content of the activated carbon produced compared well with commercial carbons. Multiple adsorption of these metals in
same aqueous solution using bamboo carbon showed that adsorption capacity is in the order Pb>Cd>Cu>Zn>Ni>Cr which
showed that these metal ions can be adsorbed selectively by Nigerian bamboo activated carbon. The order of adsorption is related
to the maximum adsorption of lead, cadmium, copper on bamboo was found to be in the order of ionic radius of the heavy metals
used. Therefore this study demonstrates that bamboo can serve as a good source of activated carbon with multiple metal ions –
removing potentials and may serve as a better replacement for commercial activated carbons in applications that warrant their
use. However, it will also contribute to the search for less expensive adsorbents and their utilization possibilities for the
elimination of heavy metal ions from industrial waste water.
Key Words: multiple adsorption, heavy metals, Nigerian bamboo, Activated Carbon,
Characterization of Rubber Seed Shell and Kernel (Hevea brasiliensis) as Raw ...CrimsonPublishersACSR
Characterization of Rubber Seed Shell and Kernel
(Hevea brasiliensis) as Raw Materials for Coliquefaction with Low Rank Coal by Mohd Azlan Mohd Ishak*, Siti Nur Ain Mohd Hassan, Ali H Jawad and Khudzir Ismail in Annals of Chemical Science Research
Thermal regeneration of activated carbon saturated with nitrate ions from an ...IJAEMSJORNAL
The present study was initiated to help the simple and less expensive regeneration of activated carbons after saturation in rural area. In order to determine a regeneration time and the number of regeneration cycles, an adsorption test was necessary. Thus, 3h and 4 cycles of carbon regeneration are obtained after evaluation of the performance, percentage and adsorption capacity after each cycle. Regeneration percentages of 71.29, 54.05, 40.40, 28.06 % and 72.6, 69.84, 64.33, 34.98 %for respective concentrations of 30± 1.2 mg/L and 55 ± 1.6 mg/L are observed. Also, the performances of activated carbon 8.5, 10, 12, 20 g/L and capacities 24.04, 19.93, 14.9 and 10.35mg/g 35.7, 34.12, 31.43 and 17.09 mg/g respectively for dry season and rainy season were necessary to fix the number of cycles. The artisanal furnace with its ease of installation and its maximum temperature of 500±2°C is suitable for the regeneration of saturated activated carbon.
Chelating ion exchange and antimicrobial studiesIJECSJournal
The Copolymer (p-HBTF-I) was synthesized by condensation of p-hydroxybenzoicacid and thiosemicarbazide with formaldehyde in the presence of 2M HCL as a catalyst at 126 ± 2 0C for 5 hrs. with molar proportion of reactants. The copolymer (p-HBTF-I) was characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, UV-Visible 1H-NMR Spectroscopy. The chelating ion-exchange property of this polymer was studied for five metal ions viz. Cu (II), Ni (II), Co (II), Zn (II), and Pb (II) ions. The chelating ion-exchange study was carried out over a wide range of pH, shaking time and in mediaof various ionic strengths. The copolymer possesses antimicrobial activity for certain bacteria such as B. Subtilis, ,E.Coli, S. Typhi .
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
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Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectorsDianaGray10
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
Speakers:
Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
To fill this gap, we propose adapting mutation testing (MuT) for task-oriented chatbots. To this end, we introduce a set of mutation operators that emulate faults in chatbot designs, an architecture that enables MuT on chatbots built using heterogeneous technologies, and a practical realisation as an Eclipse plugin. Moreover, we evaluate the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of our approach on open-source chatbots, with promising results.
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSFAjin Abraham
Mobile Security Framework - MobSF is a free and open source automated mobile application security testing environment designed to help security engineers, researchers, developers, and penetration testers to identify security vulnerabilities, malicious behaviours and privacy concerns in mobile applications using static and dynamic analysis. It supports all the popular mobile application binaries and source code formats built for Android and iOS devices. In addition to automated security assessment, it also offers an interactive testing environment to build and execute scenario based test/fuzz cases against the application.
This talk covers:
Using MobSF for static analysis of mobile applications.
Interactive dynamic security assessment of Android and iOS applications.
Solving Mobile app CTF challenges.
Reverse engineering and runtime analysis of Mobile malware.
How to shift left and integrate MobSF/mobsfscan SAST and DAST in your build pipeline.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their MainframePrecisely
Inconsistent user experience and siloed data, high costs, and changing customer expectations – Citizens Bank was experiencing these challenges while it was attempting to deliver a superior digital banking experience for its clients. Its core banking applications run on the mainframe and Citizens was using legacy utilities to get the critical mainframe data to feed customer-facing channels, like call centers, web, and mobile. Ultimately, this led to higher operating costs (MIPS), delayed response times, and longer time to market.
Ever-changing customer expectations demand more modern digital experiences, and the bank needed to find a solution that could provide real-time data to its customer channels with low latency and operating costs. Join this session to learn how Citizens is leveraging Precisely to replicate mainframe data to its customer channels and deliver on their “modern digital bank” experiences.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...
I040101070078
1. International Journal of Computational Engineering Research||Vol, 04||Issue, 1||
Evaluation and Modeling of High Surface Area Activated Carbon
from Date Frond and Application on Some Pollutants
1,
1,
M.M.S. Ali. 2 N. EL-SAI 3,B. S. GIRGIS
Atomic Energy Authority, Hot Labs. Center, P. Code 13759, Cairo, Egypt.
2,
National Research Center, 2622, Dokki Cairo, Egypt
ABSTRACT
Activated carbons were prepared through chemical activation of date frond DF, using sodium hydroxide
and phosphoric acid as the chemical activating agents. The effect of different parameters, such as
particle size, method of mixing, chemical/corn ratio, to choose the suitable conditions for the studying
materials was chosen. The activation time and activation temperature, on S BET surface area of the
produced activated carbons were discussed. The porosity of the activated carbons was evaluated through
nitrogen adsorption. The storage capacity of the activated carbon was evaluated using natural gas.
Under the experimental conditions investigated, the optimal conditions for production of high surface
area carbons by chemical activation were identified. Products with highly developed porosity were
obtained from H3PO4-activation, whereas, micro porous carbons with moderate porosity resulted from
NaOH or steam activation schemes. The results were applied on and discussed adsorption of cations and
pollutants from aqueous solution.
KEY WORDS: Activated carbons, agricultural waste, chemical activation, adsorption
I.
INTRODUCTION
Activated carbons were obtained from date frond, DF by single-step steam pyrolysis or by chemical
treatment. DF as a huge solid waste in Egypt is of little or no economic value and highly abundant renewable
by-products, with good mechanical strength, and in fact presents a disposal problem. The quantity of DF has
been estimated to million tons per year. Products with highly developed porosity were obtained from H 3PO4activation, whereas, microporous carbons with moderate porosity resulted from NaOH treatment or steam
activation schemes. Preparative methods for porous carbons are conventionally classified into physical
and chemical activation. The latter is carried out in a single heat treatment step in the presence of an
added chemical. Phosphoric acid is one of the most commonly used agents for the activation of different
precursors, such as coals of different ranks [1,2], viscous rayon fibers [3] and, especially, lignocellulosic
feedstocks [4–12]. Recently, H3PO4 has been used as chemical activating agent for porous polymers
[13,14]. Phosphoric acid activation of lignocellulosic materials is a conventional preparation method for
activated carbon [15–18]. In summary, the precursor is impregnated with a solution of phosphoric acid, heat
treated up to about 500 0C, and washed with water to extract the excess acid. When peach stones (particle size
around 3 mm) are used, it was shown that phosphoric acid penetrates the interior of the particles, reacts with the
material and modifies the thermal decomposition [19]. As a result, the carbonization temperature is reduced, the
exit of volatile matter is inhibited and the contraction of the particle is lower than in the carbonization of the unimpregnated particle. The consequence is that a relatively low carbonization temperature leads to a high
conversion to carbon and to a final product with a well developed porosity, compatible with a relatively high
bulk density [19-20]. Activated carbons are widely used in gas purification, solvent recovery, waste water
treatment, etc. It is recognized that the pore structure is the most important property of activated carbons for their
application in adsorption processes [21]. Activated carbons have a very wide range of pore sizes, from the
angstrom Å scale of micropores to the micrometer scale of macropores. They are used in various applications
depending on their porous properties. For example, activated carbons with many micropores are used for gas
adsorption, mesopores are necessary for the adsorption of large molecules, e.g woods, coconut shell, coal,
lignite, peat, and etc. are usually chosen as raw materials for activated carbons. Various carbons differing in
porous properties can be obtained by changing the raw materials and/or the preparation conditions, i.e. the
carbonization and activation conditions. Many investigations have been performed to explore novel raw
||Issn 2250-3005 ||
||January||2014||
Page 70
2. Evaluation And Modeling Of High Surface Area…
materials (such as waste materials) and to optimize the preparation conditions to obtain activated carbons with
the desired porous properties. Optimization of the activation process has been extensively investigated [22,23].
II. EXPERIMENTAL
2.1.Adsorbents.
All series of activated carbons in these papers were prepared from the same precursor. Eight activated
carbons were obtained from air-dried and crushed the date frond, DF. Carbons (I and II) were prepared by
subjecting the agricultural waste to direct steam pyrolysis at 700 oC one or two hour hold. The raw material was
inserted into a stainless steel tube fitted with an internal wire diaphragm and held in a vertical position to
dispose of the formed tarry matter. Heating of the pyrolysis tube was started to attain 350 oC for 35 min. then
pure steam is admitted from top of the tube using a steam generator. After reaching 700 oC (100-120min), the
heated mass was left for 1 or 2 h at either temperature. The cooled activated carbon was weighed to determine
burn-off and stored in tight glass containers. Carbons (III-V) were obtained by mixing 60 g of the crushed raw
material with 30 g of NaOH solid (wt/wt)g, left overnight, then heat-treated slowly up to holding temperatures
of 700, 750, and 800oC. Then the cooled product was thoroughly washed by distilled water till the pH value up
to 7.5, and finally dried at 110 oC. Carbons (VI-IX) were prepared by impregnating of the precursor with H 3PO4
(50 vol.%) followed by thermal treatment at 400, 450, 500 oC for two hours. The cooled activated mass was
subjected to through washing with distilled water, so as get rid of extra acid and to attain pH values ≤ 6.5 in the
washing solution, and finally dried at 110 oC. The weight loss was determined and referred to the original
weight of precursor and denoted as "global burn-off" (GBO). Burn-off % = (weight of the raw material – weight
of final product)/
weight of the raw material x= 100.
2.2. Characterization of activated carbons.
This was achieved by the standard adsorption of N2 at 77k, using a sorpatometer of the type NOVA
1000e (Quantachrome). In spite of limitations of the BET method, in case of activated carbon, it has been and
will continue to be used for microporous adsorbents owing to its simplicity and reasonable [7]. Accordingly, the
adsorption isotherms were analyzed to get various porous parameters: By applying the BET-equation to
determine the SBET surface area, total pore volume (VP), from amount of nitrogen held at P/P0 =0.95, and
average pore dimension (radius) from R=2VP/SBET was evaluated. Other porous characteristics were estimated
from the t-plots constructed by plotting volume of gas adsorbed (Va) versus t-values of adsorption on nonporous standard carbon as reported by Selles-Perez and Martin-Martinez [18]. The obtained α s-values were
transformed into t-values by multiplication with 1.52 x 3.54 (Ǻ) as suggested by the same authors. The
following porosity characteristics were calculated as follows: total surface area (S t) from slope of early straight
line to zero, non-microporous surface area (Sn) from slope of the late straight portion, ultra micropore volume
(V0u) from early intercept of the base straight portion, and super micropore volume (V os) from the late intercept
of the base straight portion with V-axis.
2.3. Adsorption capacity from the liquid phase.
Laboratory experiments were performed to evaluate the relative amenability of some water polluted
with organic pollutants e.g phenol P and methylene blue MB dye by the prepared activated carbon.
% Removal =[ C0-Ce/ Co] x 100
Where C0 is the initial concentration of the solute (mg/L), and Ce is the residual equilibrium concentration of the
solute (mg/L).
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Chemical activation with NaOH
The effects of NaOH on carbonization of carbonaceous materials have been studied by several authors.
Thus, studying the formation of active carbons from DF after their reaction with NaOH in the temperature range
700–800oC, indicated that the oxygen of the alkali can remove cross-linking and stabilizing carbon atoms in
crystallites. Na metal obtained at reaction temperatures may intercalate and force apart the separate lamellae of
the crystallite. Removal of sodium salts, by washing, and carbon atoms from the internal volume of the carbon,
by activation reaction, create the microporosity of the activated in the new structure. This mechanism is
indicated that high temperature and high NaOH/carbon ratio produced large pores in the carbon structure, due to
the presence of Na2O, derived from NaOH, expanded the carbon atomic layers. When the temperature exceeded
700oC, a considerable amount of Na was formed by the reduction of Na2 O with carbon. Since the inner carbon
atoms were consumed, pores were formed in the structure. SBET surface area, total pore volume, radius and pH
of the activated carbons obtained by the NaOH treatment are shown in Tables 1 and 2. Carbonization of DF
samples that treated by NaOH at 700-800oC to obtain slightly decrease in the surface area of the carbon. But
with regard to this blank sample, the chemical activation of DF samples with H3PO4 at 400-500 0C brought
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3. Evaluation And Modeling Of High Surface Area…
about a very large increase in the surface area and pore volumes, even for the lowest NaOH/time and
temperature. An increase in this ratio brought about an increase in all textural parameters. As a consequence of
the NaOH chemical activation, there was an increase in the micropores, mesopores and a decrease in the
diameter. The pH of the activated carbons obtained indicates that they are slightly acidic or almost neutral. It is
noteworthy the surface characteristics of activated carbon DF samples, with very high SBET surface area and
very large values of micro and macropore volumes.
3.2. Porous properties of the prepared activated carbons
3.2.1. N2 adsorption isotherms
Table.2. shows examples of N2 adsorption isotherms at 77 K on the prepared activated carbons. The amount of
N2 adsorbed on each group of carbons increases with global burn off as expected and suggest the formation of
mesopores.
3.2.2. Chemical activation with H3PO4
As in table.1.it is obvious that in the phosphoric acid activation method, temperatures around 400500oC produce the maximum development of porosity, even though the carbonization of the material can be
incomplete, because the effect of H3PO4 is to produce chemical changes and structural alterations at
temperatures lower than in the thermal treatment without impregnation. Phosphoric acid functions in two ways.
As an acidic catalyst in promoting bond cleavage reactions and formation of crosslinks; and by being able to
combine with organic species to form phosphate linkages, such as phosphate and polyphosphate esters, that can
serve to connect and crosslink biopolymer fragments. Thus, phosphoric acid appears to be able to function in
two ways (i) as an acid catalyst in promoting bond cleavage reactions and the formation of cross-links via
processes such as cyclization and condensation and (ii) by combining with organic species to form phosphate
linkages, such as phosphate and polyphosphate esters, that serve to connect and to cross-link biopolymer
fragments. This can be tested by removing (leaching) the phosphoric acid for example from a 250 °C product,
and then heating to 300 °C (to be compared with no leaching).
3.3. Nitrogen isotherms and analysis by BET and αs-methods
Nitrogen adsorption isotherm is a standard tool for the characterization of porous materials especially
porous carbonaceous adsorbents. The adsorption isotherm can be made to yield valuable information about the
surface area and the pore structure of the adsorbent, heat of adsorption and so on. The definition of pore size
originally proposed by Dubinin and now adopted by IUPAC as follows: micropores width less than 2 nm;
mesopores width from 2 to 50 nm and the macropore width greater than 50 nm. Micropores can be subdivided
into ultramicropores (less than 0.7 nm) and supermicropores (from 0.7 nm to 2 nm) . The nitrogen adsorption
isotherms obtained for different activated carbon samples are shown in Figs.(1-6). Isotherms have been observed
for different activated charcoal DF, in the most cases there is a more gradual approach to a rather ill defined
plateau located at higher p/po. The appearance of hysteresis loops in the nitrogen isotherms of samples shown in
the Figs. (1-3) indicate the existence of some mesoporosity.
The hysteresis loop of H4 is indicative of slit-shaped pore, where the adsorption and desorption
branches are parallel. The type I isotherm character associated with H4 type hysteresis is of course indicative of
microporosity. The type H4 (E) hysteresis loop according to de Boer, is produced by tubular pores which
contain a narrow constriction or closed pores of the ink bottle type. In almost all the samples 70% of the pore
volume is filled below p/po =50, indicate these samples are highly microporous. After the sharp movements up
to p/po of 0.1 the isotherm slowly bends showing smaller increment in adsorption. After a p/po of 0.2 the
adsorption becomes further smaller but still continuing the adsorption process almost up to the saturation vapor
pressure. Analysis of this process in the light of Kelvin equation shows the presence of pores of almost all
diameters even though to different extent in most of the samples. These pores vary from thin micropore to
probably broader micropore even if they are present, and are wide open so that the evaporation takes place at the
same p/po as in the adsorption process. From Figs (1-3), It is observed that the adsorption in microporous
carbons to be taking place in two steps, a micropore filling step and a mesopore filling condensation step. The
BET-plots for microporous carbons were found to be linear in different ranges of relative pressure and the SBET
surface area was found to increase with increase in the relative pressure range. They observed that the SBET
surface area determined from the pressure range 0.1–0.3 was significantly overestimated because of the quasicapillary condensation. Meanwhile this range (0.1–0.3) was found to be the best range of validity of the BETequation for non-porous carbons compared with the as-values. They have recommended that the relative
pressure range of 0.01–0.05 for SBET surface area determination of microporous carbons. In the current study the
linearity between the points in the above range well extends up to a relative pressure of 0.2 and hence the
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4. Evaluation And Modeling Of High Surface Area…
evaluation of SBET surface area made in the range 0.005–0.20 bears equal validity as those obtained in the BET
analysis of Kaneko et al. The deviation of the BET-plot from linearity becomes clearly remarkable from the
relative pressure value of 0.2. The SBET surface area of different activated carbon samples obtained from BETanalysis along with corresponding monolayer capacity Vm values are given in Table .1. The as-plots of the
activated carbon samples under study are shown in the Fig.2 (a1,b1&c1). According to them if the right
reference data, i.e. the data from a reference material having the same value as that of the test material, is not
used the straight line extended from the lower p/po values cuts the y-axis (volume adsorbed axis) for a positive or
a negative value of the adsorbed volume. The micropore volume for all the activated carbon were calculated and
tabulated in Table1. The pore size distribution curves have been constructed based on diving the pore system
into a number of fixed groups of pores, each characterized by a narrow range of pore sizes. The pore size
distribution curve for selected activated carbon samples are shown in Fig. 6(e–j). It can be seen from the
distribution curve that in the case of oxidized samples, there was decrease in pore volume in lower diameter
though the pores at higher diameters have not been affected much, as a result of oxidation, the oxygen groups
essentially fixed at the entrance of the micropores and inside the wider micropores, which increases nitrogen
constriction to the pores. The micropore volume calculated from the summation of volumes of individual groups
of pores Vot is given in Table1.
As comparison of micropore volume values obtained by different methods with the Vm value from
BET-method show that the latter value is the smallest among all the samples. This indicate the completion of
monolayer coverage on the surface of carbon before all the micropore are completely filled. Among the
micropore volume values, the one obtained from as-method has highest magnitude. These results clearly indicate
that the surface chemical nature as well as surface texture of the activated carbon were changed considerably
after oxidization with different oxidizing agent. Thus, the most important difference between the activation
mechanism with NaOH and H3PO4 is that, whereas the first mechanism remove and avoid the crosslinking,
stabilizing the carbon atoms in crystallites, the second mechanism involves an excessive crosslinking by both acid
catalysis and through the phosphate linkages. The activated samples, A1,A2,A3,A4,A5,A6,A7,A8,A9) ( where
DF is date frond , S is physical treatment by single step steam pyrolysis, H is symbol of phosphoric acid, Na is
symbol of NaOH, the first number is indicated to thermal treatment multiplication in 100 and the second is the
duration time per hour), are A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8 and A9 respectively).Treatment with NaOH and
H3PO4 brought about, with regard to the samples, a large decrease in the ash content and an increase in the
carbon content, which increased from sample A1-A3, A4-A5 and from A6-A9. The N and O content gradually
decreased with the increase in the temperature and duration time in NaOH/sample. High ash content in carbons
is undesirable because mechanical strength and adsorptive capacity are reduced. The high ash content of these
carbons can be due to several reasons such as: (i) The inorganic constituent of the raw material can combine
with phosphoric acid giving insoluble phosphates, which furthermore, can be trapped inside the carbon matrix
due to the crosslinking that produces the treatment with H3PO4 and (ii) phosphate and polyphosphate species are
incorporated to the carbon matrix, through C–O–P bonds, connecting and crosslinking different organic species.
The lowest ash content of sample A4 can be due to [19] steam inhibited the formation of condensed phosphates
and eliminated the phosphate groups previously attached to the carbon. Characteristics of activated carbons
obtained from phosphoric acid activation are shown in Tables 1 and 2. The activated carbons obtained by this
method had an ash content that depended on the atmosphere of the treatment. Thus, the treatment of DF, yielded
different ash content depending on the activated method, which in this case, was similar to that of the blank
samples. Furthermore, the ash content of these activated carbons was much higher than those prepared from the
NaOH method. SBET surface areas Table1, of the blanks,(A4 – A6), were much higher than those of the
corresponding activated carbons (A7–A9). Therefore, the H3PO4 activation increased the SBET surface area of the
samples, although in much higher extent than the activation with NaOH. SBET Surface area of the activated
carbons obtained seems to depend on their ash content, with higher ash content the lower SBET surface area. All
samples had very low mesopore and macropore volumes and a somewhat higher micropore volume. All these
surface characteristics make that the particle density of these samples be higher than in the case of the NaOH
treatment.
3.4. Effect of burn off on porous properties
As shown in Table 1, the porous properties of the prepared activated carbons vary from 60 to 1100
m 2 / g for the SBET surface area, from 0.005 to 0.3 m l / g for the micropore volume, and from 0.05 to 0.59 m l / g
for the mesopore volume. Some of these activated carbons have a SBET surface area more than, 1 0 0 0 m 2 / g and
mainly contain micropores. It is noteworthy that the mesopore volume of (A5-A6), series carbons of groups are
quite large. Although the porous properties of (A7-A9), series carbons of all groups are quite similar, the
properties of the carbons become different with an increase in burn off. Micropore volume and mesopore
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5. Evaluation And Modeling Of High Surface Area…
volume are plotted as a function of burn off in Table 2. It is confirmed that all groups of carbons have similar
micropore volumes Fig.2(a1). On the contrary, it can be seen that the development of mesopores of (A4-A6),
group carbons is much larger than that of group (A7-A9) with a burn off of more than 12.5% Table 2.
3.5. Pore size distributions
Mesopore size distributions calculated by the BET-method are shown in Table 1. It is clear that the
distributions of group (A4-A6), differ greatly from those of groups (A7-A9). In group (A4-A6), mesopores
are formed in the region narrower than pore radii of 2 nm and the region wider than pore radii of 9 nm as
burn off increases Table 2 and Fig.(3). In groups (A4-A6), the development of mesopores is remarkable in
the region 3–10 nm, and mesopores are also formed in the region narrower than pore radii of 2 nm and the
600
500
Volume (cc/g)
400
300
Ads:DFH4/2
Des:DFH4/2
Ads:DFH4.5/2
Des:DFH4.5/2
Ads:DFH5/2
Des:DFH5/2
200
(a)
100
0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Relative Pressure P/P
1.0
o
80
70
Volume (cc/g)
60
50
40
30
Ads:DFNa7/2
Des:DFNa7/2
Ads:DFNa7.5/2
Des:DFNa7.5/2
Ads:DFNa8/2
Des:DFNa8/2
20
(b)
10
0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Relative Pressure P/P
o
200
Volume (cc/g)
150
100
(c)
50
Ads:DFS7/1
Des:DFS7/1
Ads:DFS7/2
Des:DFS7/2
0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Relative Pressure P/P
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1.0
o
Page 74
6. Evaluation And Modeling Of High Surface Area…
Fig (1):The adsorption isotherms of N2 at 77K for different activated carbons ACs obtained from DF, where (a)
is A4,A5, A6, (b): A7,A8, A9 and (c): A1,A3.
Volume adsorbed(ccSTP/g)
200
150
100
(a1)
50
DFS7/2
DFS7/1
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
s
700
Volume adsorbed(ccSTP/g)
600
500
400
300
200
(b1)
DFH5/2
DFH4.5/2
DFH4/2
100
0
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
s
Volume adsorbed(ccSTP/g)
80
60
(c1)
40
20
DFNa8/2
DFNa7.5/2
DFNa7/2
0
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
s
Fig.(2): The αs-plots for the different ACs obtained from DF, where (a1) is A1,A3, (b): A4,A5, A6 and (c1):
A7,A8, A9
1200
2
1158.2cm /g
2
1134.9cm /g
o
S,700 C B
1000
o
Na,700 C
0
H,400 C
2
800
0
H,
600
400
2
381.69cm /g
0
00
,7
S
C
200
H,4
00 0
C
2
SBETm /g
H,500 C
H,4
50 0
C
50
00
C
853.54 cm /g
0
H,450 C
2
0
150cm /g
0
Na,700 C
2
time,h
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7. Evaluation And Modeling Of High Surface Area…
Fig.(3):Vector represention for the effect of chemical activation by H 3 PO4 and
NaOH and physical activation by single step steam pyrolysis on S BET of DF.
2
2
H ,4
50 0
C
H,
50 0
0
C
1158.2cm /g
2
1134.9cm /g
H ,4
00 0
C
2
SBET,m /g
853.54 cm /g
2
2
381.69cm /g
S,
70
0
C
0
2
150cm /g
0
Na,700 C
0
200
400
600
800
1000
2h
Fig.(4):Optimization of SBET of DF for the effect of chemical activation by H3 PO4, NaOH and physical
activation by single step steam pyrolysis for 2 h.
320 cm2 /g
1160 cm2 /g
700C
450 C
700 C,hysical
chemical,H3PO4
2h
chemical,NaOH
150 cm2/g
Fig.(5):Modeling of paths between chemical activation by H3 PO4 ,
NaOH and physical activation to obtain SBET
.
100
R%
A6
A4
60
A5
80
A3
A2
A1
ph
MB
A9
40
A8
A7
20
0
1
2
3
4
5
sample
6
7
8
9
Fig.6.Effect of activated carbons obtained by chemical and physical
activation on sorption of phenol(pH) and methylene blue(MB)
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8. Evaluation And Modeling Of High Surface Area…
Table 1.Surface characteristics of activated carbons obtained by chemical and physical activation
Groups
Type of
ACs(DF)
Temp
o
C
SBET
m²/g
S αt
m2/g
S αn
m2/g
VP
ml/g
Vmeso
ml/g
V ou
mL/g
V ot
ml/g
Vos
ml/g
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
A9
700
700
700
400
400
500
700
750
800
392.54
385.11
381.69
788.07
1066.02
1104.65
150.53
78.21
60.66
299.83
302.55
304.14
853.54
1134.9
1158.2
135.83
95.78
55.77
124.0
134.88
166.1
407.2
542.9
547.6
57.57
82.70
46.15
0.254
0.266
0.276
0.629
0.875
0.903
0.109
0.091
0.057
0.134
0.158
0.182
0.465
0.588
0.599
0.062
0.091
0.052
0.046
0.042
0.038
0.008
0.002
0.001
0.009
0.006
0.003
0.120
0.102
0.094
0.164
0.287
0.304
0.047
0.066
0.005
0.134
0.094
0.056
0.164
0.287
0.304
0.038
0.037
0.002
Table 2.Characteristics of activated carbons obtained by chemical and physical activation
Type of
ACs(DF)
Temp
o
C
Ti
me,
h
pH
Yield
%
%R
phenol
%R
MB
r (Ǻ)
burnoff
%
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
700
700
700
400
400
500
700
750
1
1.5
2
2
2
2
2
2
7.5
7.45
7.4
6.6
6.5
6.7
7.5
7.5
19.67
19.45
18.33
41.10
40.40
31.33
9.77
5.96
85.25
80.11
77.87
50.98
55.02
77.48
10.23
13.41
99.63
99.51
99.49
99.53
99.60
99.71
94.81
95.68
12.94
13.47
14.46
15.96
16.42
16.35
14.5
23.27
80.33
81.52
81.67
58.93
59.60
68.67
90.23
94.03
A9
800
2
7.5
5.46
26.81
96.33
18.79
94.53
Application
The activated samples was applied for adsorption of phenol and MB and it is found that uptake of MB
was in range (94-99%), while the uptake of phenol was in range (10-85%).
Modeling.
The surface area of DF-carbons were obtained by different methods of activation, i.e. chemical
activation (by H3PO4 or NaOH) or physical activation (i.e. single step steam pyrolysis) as in Figs. (3,4 & 5).
IV. CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study showed that DF can be successfully converted into activated carbon with
specific surface properties. It was found that the amount of H3PO4 used for chemical activation controls, the
characteristics of the carbons including surface area, micro and mesoporosity, and pore size distributions.
Detailed surface analyses using different mathematical models suggested that: (1) H3PO4 at 450 oC required
to obtain micropore and mesopore carbons, (2) a theoretical approach can provide complete information
about the surface structure of the produced activated carbons; (3) highly activated carbons with an extended
pore size distribution, the as-method estimates total micropore volume (volumes used for both primary and
secondary filling processes).
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9. Evaluation And Modeling Of High Surface Area…
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