1. Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure above 140 mmHg or a diastolic pressure above 90 mmHg. It can be essential (cause unknown) or secondary (with an identifiable cause).
2. The pathophysiology of hypertension involves dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and balance of vasoactive substances like nitric oxide and endothelin.
3. Uncontrolled hypertension can lead to end organ damage of the heart, brain, kidneys and vasculature over time if not treated.
A 52-year-old man presented with worsening occipital headache, confusion over 12 hours, numbness and weakness on his right side, and blurry vision. His blood pressure was extremely high at 213/134 mm Hg. Tests found low potassium, high blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, and changes on CT scan consistent with hypertensive encephalopathy. He was admitted to the ICU and given intravenous nitroprusside, lowering his blood pressure over 3 hours and resolving his neurological symptoms within 5 hours. He was discharged on oral medications 5 days later with controlled blood pressure.
Hypertension is a serious medical condition that increases the risk of heart, brain, kidney and other diseases and is a major cause of premature death worldwide. It is defined as a blood pressure higher than 140/90 mmHg on two separate occasions. The document discusses the definition of hypertension, risk factors, types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis through ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, treatment through lifestyle modifications like weight loss, dietary changes and increased physical activity, and medications if needed. Uncontrolled high blood pressure over time can damage arteries and organs like the kidneys.
This document discusses hypertensive emergencies, which are severe cases of high blood pressure that result in acute organ damage. It defines categories of hypertensive states and provides details on etiology, pathophysiology, presentation, workup, and treatment of hypertensive emergencies. Treatment involves identifying the affected organ system and gradually lowering blood pressure over hours to days to prevent further organ injury, using intravenous medications like nitroprusside, labetalol, or nicardipine depending on the situation. Specific guidance is provided for rapidly lowering blood pressure in conditions like hypertensive encephalopathy, intracerebral hemorrhage, and ischemic stroke.
This document discusses hypertensive emergencies and urgencies. It defines hypertensive emergency as severe hypertension with acute end-organ damage, requiring rapid BP reduction over hours. Hypertensive urgency is severe hypertension without acute end-organ damage, allowing BP control over days to weeks. The main organs affected are the brain, heart, and kidneys. Initial treatment involves evaluating for end-organ damage and relaxing the patient before considering IV antihypertensives. Goals are to lower BP by 25% over the first hour while maintaining organ perfusion. Specific treatments depend on the damaged organ system. Follow-up after discharge assesses for ongoing hypertension management.
Hypertension Emergencies and their managementpptxUzomaBende
This Presentation talks about Hyprtension, the mode of presentation of hypertensive crisis and the effective management of hypertensive crisis to prevent case fatalities.
This document discusses accelerated hypertension and provides information on defining and classifying hypertension. It begins by defining hypertension as a blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or higher. It then discusses classifying hypertension based on severity from prehypertension to stage 1 and 2 hypertension. The document notes accelerated hypertension is associated with a rapid rise in blood pressure that causes retinal damage. It emphasizes controlling blood pressure to reduce risks of stroke, heart attack, and heart failure. The document provides guidelines for properly measuring blood pressure and evaluating patients with hypertension.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a common health problem that typically has no symptoms until late stages. It contributes to diseases like heart disease and stroke. The document defines hypertension as a diastolic pressure over 90 mm Hg or systolic over 140 mm Hg. While the causes are unknown for most people (essential hypertension), it can be secondary to other conditions. Complications involve damage to the heart, blood vessels, brain, kidneys and eyes. Evaluation of patients with hypertension aims to identify risk factors, secondary causes, and evidence of organ damage.
Clevidipine is an intravenous calcium channel blocker approved by the FDA in 2008 for the management of acute, severe hypertension. It has a short half-life of 1-2 minutes and quick onset and offset of action. Studies have shown clevidipine to be effective in treating both preoperative and postoperative hypertension in cardiac surgery patients, with blood pressure control similar to other intravenous antihypertensives like nitroprusside, nitroglycerin, and nicardipine. Clevidipine lowers systemic vascular resistance and has greater effects on arterial vasodilation compared to other agents.
A 52-year-old man presented with worsening occipital headache, confusion over 12 hours, numbness and weakness on his right side, and blurry vision. His blood pressure was extremely high at 213/134 mm Hg. Tests found low potassium, high blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, and changes on CT scan consistent with hypertensive encephalopathy. He was admitted to the ICU and given intravenous nitroprusside, lowering his blood pressure over 3 hours and resolving his neurological symptoms within 5 hours. He was discharged on oral medications 5 days later with controlled blood pressure.
Hypertension is a serious medical condition that increases the risk of heart, brain, kidney and other diseases and is a major cause of premature death worldwide. It is defined as a blood pressure higher than 140/90 mmHg on two separate occasions. The document discusses the definition of hypertension, risk factors, types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis through ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, treatment through lifestyle modifications like weight loss, dietary changes and increased physical activity, and medications if needed. Uncontrolled high blood pressure over time can damage arteries and organs like the kidneys.
This document discusses hypertensive emergencies, which are severe cases of high blood pressure that result in acute organ damage. It defines categories of hypertensive states and provides details on etiology, pathophysiology, presentation, workup, and treatment of hypertensive emergencies. Treatment involves identifying the affected organ system and gradually lowering blood pressure over hours to days to prevent further organ injury, using intravenous medications like nitroprusside, labetalol, or nicardipine depending on the situation. Specific guidance is provided for rapidly lowering blood pressure in conditions like hypertensive encephalopathy, intracerebral hemorrhage, and ischemic stroke.
This document discusses hypertensive emergencies and urgencies. It defines hypertensive emergency as severe hypertension with acute end-organ damage, requiring rapid BP reduction over hours. Hypertensive urgency is severe hypertension without acute end-organ damage, allowing BP control over days to weeks. The main organs affected are the brain, heart, and kidneys. Initial treatment involves evaluating for end-organ damage and relaxing the patient before considering IV antihypertensives. Goals are to lower BP by 25% over the first hour while maintaining organ perfusion. Specific treatments depend on the damaged organ system. Follow-up after discharge assesses for ongoing hypertension management.
Hypertension Emergencies and their managementpptxUzomaBende
This Presentation talks about Hyprtension, the mode of presentation of hypertensive crisis and the effective management of hypertensive crisis to prevent case fatalities.
This document discusses accelerated hypertension and provides information on defining and classifying hypertension. It begins by defining hypertension as a blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or higher. It then discusses classifying hypertension based on severity from prehypertension to stage 1 and 2 hypertension. The document notes accelerated hypertension is associated with a rapid rise in blood pressure that causes retinal damage. It emphasizes controlling blood pressure to reduce risks of stroke, heart attack, and heart failure. The document provides guidelines for properly measuring blood pressure and evaluating patients with hypertension.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a common health problem that typically has no symptoms until late stages. It contributes to diseases like heart disease and stroke. The document defines hypertension as a diastolic pressure over 90 mm Hg or systolic over 140 mm Hg. While the causes are unknown for most people (essential hypertension), it can be secondary to other conditions. Complications involve damage to the heart, blood vessels, brain, kidneys and eyes. Evaluation of patients with hypertension aims to identify risk factors, secondary causes, and evidence of organ damage.
Clevidipine is an intravenous calcium channel blocker approved by the FDA in 2008 for the management of acute, severe hypertension. It has a short half-life of 1-2 minutes and quick onset and offset of action. Studies have shown clevidipine to be effective in treating both preoperative and postoperative hypertension in cardiac surgery patients, with blood pressure control similar to other intravenous antihypertensives like nitroprusside, nitroglycerin, and nicardipine. Clevidipine lowers systemic vascular resistance and has greater effects on arterial vasodilation compared to other agents.
This document discusses hypertension and hypertensive crisis. It covers:
- Causes of hypertension including increased systemic vascular resistance and cardiac output.
- Target organs affected by hypertensive crisis like the kidneys, brain, eyes, and heart.
- Types of hypertensive emergencies and their treatments. Short term treatments focus on gentle blood pressure reduction to avoid end organ damage.
- Guidelines for treating hypertension in specific conditions like stroke, aortic dissection, pheochromocytoma, and cocaine or alcohol use. Goals and agents vary depending on the underlying cause and organs involved.
This document defines hypertensive emergencies and discusses their management. It begins by classifying hypertension and defining hypertensive crises. Hypertensive emergencies are acute severe hypertension with signs of target organ damage, while hypertensive urgencies have severe hypertension without organ damage. The document then covers the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, presentation, investigations, and management of hypertensive emergencies. It discusses treating different organ-specific emergencies like stroke, heart failure, and kidney injury. The management involves rapid blood pressure reduction while monitoring for complications. Various intravenous medications are outlined for treating hypertensive emergencies based on the target organ involved.
This document defines hypertensive emergencies and discusses their management. It begins by classifying hypertension and defining hypertensive crises. Hypertensive emergencies are acute severe hypertension with signs of target organ damage, while hypertensive urgencies have severe hypertension without organ damage. The document then covers the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, presentation, investigations, and management of hypertensive emergencies. It discusses treating different organ-specific emergencies like stroke, heart failure, and kidney injury. The management involves rapid blood pressure reduction while monitoring for complications. Various intravenous medications are outlined to treat specific emergencies. Careful titration is needed due to the risk of overtreatment.
This document discusses hypertension, including definitions, types, causes, diagnosis, treatment and goals. It defines hypertension as a blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg based on multiple readings. Types include primary (essential) hypertension which is most common, and secondary hypertension which has an identifiable underlying cause. Causes of secondary hypertension include renal, endocrine and vascular diseases. Treatment involves lifestyle changes and may include diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and other classes of medications. Goals are under 140/90 mmHg for most patients, though higher for some groups. Combination drug therapy is often needed to achieve blood pressure control.
This document discusses blood pressure physiology, hypertension, and circulatory disturbances. It begins by defining blood pressure and describing the normal range. It then discusses the different types of blood pressure measurements and classifications of hypertension. Factors that maintain and affect blood pressure are explained. The mechanisms that regulate blood pressure both short-term through the nervous system and long-term through the renal system are summarized. Methods for measuring blood pressure and managing hypertension through non-pharmacological and pharmacological therapies are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of hypertensive crises, including hypertensive urgency and emergencies. It defines these conditions, discusses their epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. Hypertensive urgency involves severe blood pressure elevations without end-organ damage, while emergencies involve elevations with end-organ damage. Management of urgency involves gradually lowering blood pressure over hours to days, while emergencies require faster reduction, usually with parenteral drugs initially then oral medications. Follow up care aims to identify and treat underlying causes while achieving long-term blood pressure control.
This document provides an overview of hypertensive crises, including hypertensive urgency and emergencies. It defines these conditions, discusses their epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. Hypertensive urgency involves severe blood pressure elevations without end-organ damage, while emergencies involve elevations with end-organ damage. Management of urgency involves gradually lowering blood pressure over hours to days, while emergencies require faster reduction, usually with parenteral drugs initially then oral medications. Follow up aims to identify and treat underlying causes, and ensure blood pressure is well-controlled to prevent recurrence.
This document provides an overview of hypertensive crises, including hypertensive urgency and emergencies. It defines these conditions, discusses their epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. Hypertensive urgency involves severe blood pressure elevations without end-organ damage, while emergencies involve elevations with end-organ damage. Management of urgency involves gradually lowering blood pressure over hours to days, while emergencies require faster reduction, usually with parenteral drugs initially then oral medications. Follow up aims to identify and treat underlying causes while achieving blood pressure control to prevent recurrence.
Advance therapy in hypertension... jyoti..pptJyoti Sharma
This document discusses hypertension and its treatment. It begins by defining hypertension and describing its various classifications and categories based on systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings. It then discusses the effects of hypertension on the body and the mechanisms involved, including the renin-angiotensin system. Causes of resistant hypertension and classifications of oral antihypertensive agents are provided. The document concludes by outlining investigations into new therapies for hypertension, such as guanylate cyclase stimulators, prostacyclin receptor agonists, endothelin receptor blockers, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase couplers.
The document discusses hypertensive emergencies, which are severe hypertension with acute impairment of an organ system. It defines different categories of hypertension and provides case examples. It covers the etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, workup, and treatment of hypertensive emergencies. Treatment involves rapidly lowering blood pressure over minutes to hours for patients with end-organ damage, while those without can have blood pressure controlled over days to weeks. Intravenous medications like nitroprusside, labetalol, and nicardipine are used for rapid blood pressure reduction in emergencies.
Hypertension , crf post renal transplant patient for surgeryDr Kumar
1. Chronic renal failure occurs when glomerular filtration rate is reduced to less than 10% of normal function for over 3 months. It is caused by conditions like diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis.
2. It leads to fluid, electrolyte and acid-base imbalances, anemia, bone disease, neuropathy, impaired drug handling and increased risk of infections.
3. Anesthesia management includes preoperative correction of abnormalities, modified drug dosing and strict asepsis to prevent infections in the immunocompromised patient.
Management of hypertension and hypertensive emergenciesNgabiranoDerek
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a major cause of premature death worldwide. It is defined as a systolic blood pressure above 140 mmHg or a diastolic above 90 mmHg. The document discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, types, investigations, and management of hypertension. It provides guidelines on lifestyle modifications including diet, exercise, and reducing alcohol and smoking. It also summarizes several classes of antihypertensive medications, including diuretics, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta-blockers, and alpha-blockers, and their mechanisms of action and side effects.
Hypertension (HTN), also known as high blood pressure, is defined as a systolic blood pressure above 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure above 90 mmHg. It is a major cause of heart disease and stroke. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) regulates blood pressure and fluid balance and dysregulation of this system is implicated in the majority of hypertension cases. Management involves lifestyle modifications like diet, exercise, weight loss and reducing sodium intake as well as pharmacological therapy with medications that target the RAAS or lower blood pressure directly. The goal of treatment is to lower blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg.
Hypertensive Encephalopathy and Emergenciessazzad92
This document discusses hypertensive encephalopathy and hypertensive emergencies. It defines hypertensive encephalopathy as a condition caused by very high blood pressure that results in neurological symptoms. It describes the pathogenesis, symptoms, investigations, diagnosis, and treatment, which involves slowly lowering blood pressure over 24-48 hours. Hypertensive emergencies involve acute severe blood pressure elevations that cause end organ damage and require admission and rapid blood pressure control within hours to prevent further damage. The document outlines the clinical features, diagnosis, and treatments for hypertensive emergencies depending on the affected organ.
A presentation hypertension
(what blood pressure is, what is hypertension, what are the risk factors of hypertension, how is it managed?) and other related knowledge on hypertension
Shock is characterized by reduced systemic tissue perfusion and oxygen delivery, creating an imbalance between oxygen delivery and consumption. Prolonged oxygen deprivation can lead to cellular hypoxia and biochemical derangements. There are several types of shock including hypovolemic, cardiogenic, septic, neurogenic, and hypoadrenal shock. Mean arterial pressure depends on cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance. Parameters like lactate, blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, urine output are used to classify shock into compensated, decompensated, and irreversible stages. Treatment involves identifying and treating the underlying cause while aggressively resuscitating with fluids and vasopressors.
hypertension anesthesia, general management. antihypertensive pharmacologyAbayneh Belihun
This document outlines a presentation on hypertension given at Aksum University in February 2016. It discusses the significance of hypertension for anesthetists, including how familiarity with antihypertensive drugs is important. It also notes that hypertension commonly occurs during anesthesia and its recognition depends on correctly functioning monitors. The document provides definitions of hypertension and outlines its classification, as well as general management approaches including non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment. It discusses various drug classes used to treat hypertension and their mechanisms of action.
Hypertension has many potential causes and treatments depending on the clinical situation. Secondary hypertension should be considered when initial control is difficult or the onset of hypertension is rapid. Treatment of hypertensive emergencies involves gradual reduction of blood pressure while avoiding hypotension, using agents like sodium nitroprusside or labetalol. Long-term regimens after crisis typically include vasodilators, beta-blockers, and diuretics. Management is tailored based on any underlying conditions and target organ effects.
This document discusses hypertensive urgency and emergency. Hypertensive urgency is severely elevated blood pressure without target organ damage, with symptoms like headache and dizziness. Treatment involves slowly lowering blood pressure over hours to days. Hypertensive emergency is elevated blood pressure that results in organ damage to the brain, heart, or kidneys, requiring immediate treatment to lower blood pressure within minutes to hours to prevent further damage. Specific treatments depend on the affected organ and may include drugs like labetalol, nicardipine, and sodium nitroprusside. The main difference between urgency and emergency is that emergency involves organ damage while urgency does not.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
This document discusses hypertension and hypertensive crisis. It covers:
- Causes of hypertension including increased systemic vascular resistance and cardiac output.
- Target organs affected by hypertensive crisis like the kidneys, brain, eyes, and heart.
- Types of hypertensive emergencies and their treatments. Short term treatments focus on gentle blood pressure reduction to avoid end organ damage.
- Guidelines for treating hypertension in specific conditions like stroke, aortic dissection, pheochromocytoma, and cocaine or alcohol use. Goals and agents vary depending on the underlying cause and organs involved.
This document defines hypertensive emergencies and discusses their management. It begins by classifying hypertension and defining hypertensive crises. Hypertensive emergencies are acute severe hypertension with signs of target organ damage, while hypertensive urgencies have severe hypertension without organ damage. The document then covers the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, presentation, investigations, and management of hypertensive emergencies. It discusses treating different organ-specific emergencies like stroke, heart failure, and kidney injury. The management involves rapid blood pressure reduction while monitoring for complications. Various intravenous medications are outlined for treating hypertensive emergencies based on the target organ involved.
This document defines hypertensive emergencies and discusses their management. It begins by classifying hypertension and defining hypertensive crises. Hypertensive emergencies are acute severe hypertension with signs of target organ damage, while hypertensive urgencies have severe hypertension without organ damage. The document then covers the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, presentation, investigations, and management of hypertensive emergencies. It discusses treating different organ-specific emergencies like stroke, heart failure, and kidney injury. The management involves rapid blood pressure reduction while monitoring for complications. Various intravenous medications are outlined to treat specific emergencies. Careful titration is needed due to the risk of overtreatment.
This document discusses hypertension, including definitions, types, causes, diagnosis, treatment and goals. It defines hypertension as a blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg based on multiple readings. Types include primary (essential) hypertension which is most common, and secondary hypertension which has an identifiable underlying cause. Causes of secondary hypertension include renal, endocrine and vascular diseases. Treatment involves lifestyle changes and may include diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and other classes of medications. Goals are under 140/90 mmHg for most patients, though higher for some groups. Combination drug therapy is often needed to achieve blood pressure control.
This document discusses blood pressure physiology, hypertension, and circulatory disturbances. It begins by defining blood pressure and describing the normal range. It then discusses the different types of blood pressure measurements and classifications of hypertension. Factors that maintain and affect blood pressure are explained. The mechanisms that regulate blood pressure both short-term through the nervous system and long-term through the renal system are summarized. Methods for measuring blood pressure and managing hypertension through non-pharmacological and pharmacological therapies are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of hypertensive crises, including hypertensive urgency and emergencies. It defines these conditions, discusses their epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. Hypertensive urgency involves severe blood pressure elevations without end-organ damage, while emergencies involve elevations with end-organ damage. Management of urgency involves gradually lowering blood pressure over hours to days, while emergencies require faster reduction, usually with parenteral drugs initially then oral medications. Follow up care aims to identify and treat underlying causes while achieving long-term blood pressure control.
This document provides an overview of hypertensive crises, including hypertensive urgency and emergencies. It defines these conditions, discusses their epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. Hypertensive urgency involves severe blood pressure elevations without end-organ damage, while emergencies involve elevations with end-organ damage. Management of urgency involves gradually lowering blood pressure over hours to days, while emergencies require faster reduction, usually with parenteral drugs initially then oral medications. Follow up aims to identify and treat underlying causes, and ensure blood pressure is well-controlled to prevent recurrence.
This document provides an overview of hypertensive crises, including hypertensive urgency and emergencies. It defines these conditions, discusses their epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. Hypertensive urgency involves severe blood pressure elevations without end-organ damage, while emergencies involve elevations with end-organ damage. Management of urgency involves gradually lowering blood pressure over hours to days, while emergencies require faster reduction, usually with parenteral drugs initially then oral medications. Follow up aims to identify and treat underlying causes while achieving blood pressure control to prevent recurrence.
Advance therapy in hypertension... jyoti..pptJyoti Sharma
This document discusses hypertension and its treatment. It begins by defining hypertension and describing its various classifications and categories based on systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings. It then discusses the effects of hypertension on the body and the mechanisms involved, including the renin-angiotensin system. Causes of resistant hypertension and classifications of oral antihypertensive agents are provided. The document concludes by outlining investigations into new therapies for hypertension, such as guanylate cyclase stimulators, prostacyclin receptor agonists, endothelin receptor blockers, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase couplers.
The document discusses hypertensive emergencies, which are severe hypertension with acute impairment of an organ system. It defines different categories of hypertension and provides case examples. It covers the etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, workup, and treatment of hypertensive emergencies. Treatment involves rapidly lowering blood pressure over minutes to hours for patients with end-organ damage, while those without can have blood pressure controlled over days to weeks. Intravenous medications like nitroprusside, labetalol, and nicardipine are used for rapid blood pressure reduction in emergencies.
Hypertension , crf post renal transplant patient for surgeryDr Kumar
1. Chronic renal failure occurs when glomerular filtration rate is reduced to less than 10% of normal function for over 3 months. It is caused by conditions like diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis.
2. It leads to fluid, electrolyte and acid-base imbalances, anemia, bone disease, neuropathy, impaired drug handling and increased risk of infections.
3. Anesthesia management includes preoperative correction of abnormalities, modified drug dosing and strict asepsis to prevent infections in the immunocompromised patient.
Management of hypertension and hypertensive emergenciesNgabiranoDerek
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a major cause of premature death worldwide. It is defined as a systolic blood pressure above 140 mmHg or a diastolic above 90 mmHg. The document discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, types, investigations, and management of hypertension. It provides guidelines on lifestyle modifications including diet, exercise, and reducing alcohol and smoking. It also summarizes several classes of antihypertensive medications, including diuretics, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta-blockers, and alpha-blockers, and their mechanisms of action and side effects.
Hypertension (HTN), also known as high blood pressure, is defined as a systolic blood pressure above 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure above 90 mmHg. It is a major cause of heart disease and stroke. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) regulates blood pressure and fluid balance and dysregulation of this system is implicated in the majority of hypertension cases. Management involves lifestyle modifications like diet, exercise, weight loss and reducing sodium intake as well as pharmacological therapy with medications that target the RAAS or lower blood pressure directly. The goal of treatment is to lower blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg.
Hypertensive Encephalopathy and Emergenciessazzad92
This document discusses hypertensive encephalopathy and hypertensive emergencies. It defines hypertensive encephalopathy as a condition caused by very high blood pressure that results in neurological symptoms. It describes the pathogenesis, symptoms, investigations, diagnosis, and treatment, which involves slowly lowering blood pressure over 24-48 hours. Hypertensive emergencies involve acute severe blood pressure elevations that cause end organ damage and require admission and rapid blood pressure control within hours to prevent further damage. The document outlines the clinical features, diagnosis, and treatments for hypertensive emergencies depending on the affected organ.
A presentation hypertension
(what blood pressure is, what is hypertension, what are the risk factors of hypertension, how is it managed?) and other related knowledge on hypertension
Shock is characterized by reduced systemic tissue perfusion and oxygen delivery, creating an imbalance between oxygen delivery and consumption. Prolonged oxygen deprivation can lead to cellular hypoxia and biochemical derangements. There are several types of shock including hypovolemic, cardiogenic, septic, neurogenic, and hypoadrenal shock. Mean arterial pressure depends on cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance. Parameters like lactate, blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, urine output are used to classify shock into compensated, decompensated, and irreversible stages. Treatment involves identifying and treating the underlying cause while aggressively resuscitating with fluids and vasopressors.
hypertension anesthesia, general management. antihypertensive pharmacologyAbayneh Belihun
This document outlines a presentation on hypertension given at Aksum University in February 2016. It discusses the significance of hypertension for anesthetists, including how familiarity with antihypertensive drugs is important. It also notes that hypertension commonly occurs during anesthesia and its recognition depends on correctly functioning monitors. The document provides definitions of hypertension and outlines its classification, as well as general management approaches including non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment. It discusses various drug classes used to treat hypertension and their mechanisms of action.
Hypertension has many potential causes and treatments depending on the clinical situation. Secondary hypertension should be considered when initial control is difficult or the onset of hypertension is rapid. Treatment of hypertensive emergencies involves gradual reduction of blood pressure while avoiding hypotension, using agents like sodium nitroprusside or labetalol. Long-term regimens after crisis typically include vasodilators, beta-blockers, and diuretics. Management is tailored based on any underlying conditions and target organ effects.
This document discusses hypertensive urgency and emergency. Hypertensive urgency is severely elevated blood pressure without target organ damage, with symptoms like headache and dizziness. Treatment involves slowly lowering blood pressure over hours to days. Hypertensive emergency is elevated blood pressure that results in organ damage to the brain, heart, or kidneys, requiring immediate treatment to lower blood pressure within minutes to hours to prevent further damage. Specific treatments depend on the affected organ and may include drugs like labetalol, nicardipine, and sodium nitroprusside. The main difference between urgency and emergency is that emergency involves organ damage while urgency does not.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
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Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
2. DEFINITION
Sustained systolic blood
pressure above 140 mmHg
or a diastolic pressure
above 90mmHg
ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION:It
can be defined as a rise in blood
pressure of unknown cause that
increases risk for cerebral,cardiac
and renal events.
SECONDARY
HYPERTENSION:Rise in blood
pressure due to an identifiable
cause.
3. ISOLATED SYSTOLIC HYPERTENSION:SBP≥140 mmHg and
DBP<90 mmHg
WHITE COAT HYPERTENSION:High Bp in the physician's office
with normal BP at rest or while ambulatory
HYPERTENSIVE
URGENCY:Diastolic BP>120mmHg.Distinguished from
hypertensive emergencies by lack of acute progressive target
organ damage.
5. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Normal – Integration of input from cardiac stretch
receptors, vascular baroreceptors and peripheral
chemoreceptors with central regulatory processes
and emotional stress. These control the cardiac
output, vascular resistance and blood volume.
Abnormal – Hypertension associated with
dysregulation of baroreceptors and chemoreflex
pathways both peripherally and centrally
New concepts – Evidence for a novel renin –
angiotensin system within the brain. Activation of this
pathway in response to oxidative stress and
inflammation increases sympathetic nervous system
output and arginine vasopressin release and inhibits
baroreflex regulation.
6. New concepts: • Local production of angiotensin II occurs in various tissues including fat, blood vessels,
heart, adrenals, and brain. AII cleavage by non-ACE enzymes including the serine protease chymase • A
recently described counterregulatory renin-angiotensin pathway that decreases blood pressure and target
organ damage
Abnormal: Dysregulated renin release leads to elevated renin levels, angiotensin II overproduction,
increased aldosterone, and hypertension.
Normal – : acute and sustained control of extracellular fluid volume, peripheral resistance, and blood
pressure based largely on peripheral sensors and effectors. Renin released from the kidney in response to
decreased blood pressure hydrolyzes angiotensinogen → angiotensin I that is then cleaved to angiotensin II
by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) located on vascular endothelium in the lung. Angiotensin II →
vasoconstriction, adrenal release of aldosterone → kidney reabsorption of salt and water.
CLASSICAL RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM
7. ENDOGENOUS VASODILATOR/VASOCONSTRICTOR BALANCE
Normal: The vascular endothelium produces a range of vasoactive substances in response to
pressure and the shear force imparted by pulsatile blood flow. Nitric oxide (dilation) and endothelin
(constriction/dilation) in particular are major regulators of vascular tone. Other vasoactive
substances include the peptides atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and
urodilatin. ANP and BNP are released from myocardium, and urodilatin is renal in origin. These
peptides exert vasodilation along with natriuresis and blunting of reninangiotensin-aldosterone
responsiveness by activation of the NP receptors.
Abnormal: With hypertension, oxidative stress in particular has been linked to impaired endothelial
function, leading to “feedforward” changes in vascular tone, vascular reactivity, and coagulation and
fibrinolytic pathways. Disruption of NP release or receptor response may be present.
New concepts: • The NPs are degraded by the enzyme neprilysin, and endothelin-1 formation
requires endothelin-converting enzyme. • Therapy directed toward neprilysin inhibition in
combination with an endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker may
promote vasodilator/natriuretic effects of the natriuretic peptides while reducing the deleterious
vasoconstrictor/proinflammatory effects of endothelin 1 and angiotensin II.
8. CAUSES OF SECONDARY HYPERTENSION
DRUG INDUCED
ESTROGEN OCPs
NSAID IBUPROFEN, COX-2 Inh, NAPROXEN
STEROID PREDNISOLONE, METHYL PRED
PSYCHIATRIC BUSPIRONE, CARBAMAZEPINE,
CLOZAPINE, FLUOXETINE, LITHIUM,
TCA
ILLICIT COCAINE, AMPHETAMINES
HERBAL EPHEFRA, GINSENG, MA HUANG
9. CAUSES OF SECONDARY HYPERTENSION
AGE DEPENDENCE / NON - DRUG INDUCED
AGE GROUP % M/C ETIOLOGY
CHILDREN ( UPTO 12 YRS) 70 - 85 RENAL PARENCHYMAL DISEASE
COARCTATION PF AORTA
ADOLESCENTS (12 – 18 YRS) 10 - 15 COA
YOUNG ADULTS (19 – 39) 5 THYRPOID DYSFUNCTION,
FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA
RENAL DISEASE
MIDDLE AGED ( 40 – 64) 8 – 12 ALDOSTERONISM, THYROID
DYSFUNCTION, OSA, CUSHING’S,
PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA
OLDER ( > 65) 17 ARTHEROSCLEROTIC RAS, RENAL
FAILURE, HYPOTHYROIDISM
10. HYPERTENSIVE EMERGENCY
• Marked hypertension with acute target organ damage like
hypertensive encephalopathy,intracerebral hemorrhage or
inf,unstable angina pectoris or acute myocardial infarction,acute
left ventricular failure with pulmonary edema,dissecting aortic
aneurysm,eclampsia of pregnancy
11. EFFECTS OF PERIOPERATIVE
HYPERTENSION
CVS EFFECTS:
• Increased BP Increased afterload and myocardial oxygen
demand myocardial oxygen supply and demand imbalance
• Chronic increased BP myocardial hypertrophy myocardial
oxygen supply and demand imbalance
• Hypertrophied myocardium decreased compliance abnormal
diastolic filling
12. • Diastolic dysfunction especially apparent during
stress,important during surgey and acute recovery interval
• Hypertensive patients more dependent on preload and atrial
contribution towards filling for maintainance of cardiac output
• Maintain preload and nomal sinus rhythm
13.
14. • CNS EFFECTS:
• Increased risk of stroke
• Chronic hypertension causes a shift to the right in cerebral autogulation
• Decrease in cerebral blood flow and cerebral ischemia occur at higher blood
pressures than in normotensive patients
• Long term therapy:autoregulation curve shifts leftward normal
• Treatment of hypertension significantly reduces the incidence of stroke
• Impaires cerebral autoregulation
• EFFECTS ON RENAL FUNCTION:
Effective control of BP prevents renal dysfucntion
40. METHODS TO BLUNT THE SYMPATHETIC RESPONSE
IV ESMOLOL(1-2mg/kg,
IV
LIGNOCAINE(1.5mg/kg,
90 Sec before
intubation/extubation
Short acting
narcotics(FENTANYL 2-
3mcg/kg,SUFENTANIL
0.3-0.5mcg/kg
Increased concentration
of inhalational agents
IV NTG IV LABETALOL
41. Preoperative use of Beta
blockers or clonidine
smoothen intraoperative
blood pressure
Choice of anesthetic
techniques and medications
on the basis of presence of
comorbid disease and type
of surgery(Avoid Ketamine)
Hypertensive patients
treated with diuretics or
having LVH more
susceptible to vasodilatory
effects of inhaled
anesthetics and neuraxial
blockade
42. POSTOPERATIVE CONCERNS
POSTOPERATIVE
HYPERTENSION:Arbitrarily
defined as SBP>190 mmHg
and/or DBP≥100 mmHg on
two consecutive readings
following surgery.
IMPLICATIONS: Risk of hemorrhage
Distruption of vascular or
cardiac suture lines
Cerebral edema
Increased myocardial wall
stress and oxygen
consumption
43. CAUSES...
• Preoperative hypertension
• Withdrawl of antihypertensive
medications
• Pain
• Emergence delerium
• Hypoxia
• Hypercarbia
• Hypothermia
• Hypervolumia
• Type of surgery
44. MANAGEMENT
• Life style modifications
• Antihypertensive medications
• Aggressive pain management
• Correction of causes
49. • Resistant hypertension, defined as uncontrolled blood
pressure despite three or more antihypertensive drugs of
different classes, including a non potassium-sparing diuretic,
or the need for four or more drugs to achieve control is
present in 10%–15% of the hypertensive population.
• Refractory hypertension, defined as uncontrolled blood
pressure on five or more drugs, is present in 0.5%. Even
more common is intolerance to antihypertensive drugs or
simple noncompliance