To meet the increasing demands that current and emerging location based services (LBS) are placing on location-aware technology, engineers are turning to hybrid positioning – but what is it?
Discover:
- Why hybrid positioning is an increasingly common feature in smartphone and tablet designs
- How Wi-Fi, MEMS inertial sensors and cellular networks can all augment GNSS positioning
Introduction to Location-Based Service (LBS)Yi-Hsueh Tsai
This document provides an introduction and overview of location-based services and several mobile locating methods, including Enhanced Cell Identity (E-CID), Assisted GPS (A-GPS), Uplink Time Difference of Arrival (U-TDOA), Matrix, and Angle of Arrival (AOA). It describes the basic principles and capabilities of each method, along with their advantages and limitations. The document is intended to explain the technical aspects of locating mobile devices for location-based applications and services.
Location based services (LBS) provide location-relevant information to mobile devices by determining their geographical position. Common methods to determine position include using cell IDs from nearby cell towers, GPS satellites, or Bluetooth/WiFi beacons. LBS have many applications like showing nearby restaurants, sending targeted ads, and emergency location services. The global LBS market is categorized based on technologies used, services offered, applications, end users, and regions.
The document discusses location-based technologies and mobile UI/UX mistakes to avoid. It defines location-based technology and services, and discusses advantages like store locators, proximity marketing, and fraud prevention. It then covers different location technologies like GPS, WiFi, Bluetooth, and beacons. The future of location services is predicted to grow as privacy concerns are addressed and mobile internet access increases.
This document discusses indoor radio positioning systems. It begins with an overview of positioning methods such as triangulation, trilateration, multilateration and fingerprinting. It then discusses challenges with indoor positioning like multipath effects and attenuation. It evaluates options for indoor positioning systems including cellular, WiFi, and ultra-wide band (UWB) systems. UWB seems the best option due to its ability to mitigate multipath effects. The document concludes with challenges for deploying indoor positioning systems at scale, such as cost of deploying many base stations and issues with base station resources, synchronization, locations and coverage.
This document provides an overview of GPS-based location based services. It discusses how GPS works using triangulation between satellites and receivers to determine location. It describes the three segments that make up GPS - space, control, and user. The space segment consists of satellites that broadcast timing and location data. The control segment monitors satellite health and uploads navigation data. The user segment contains GPS receivers that calculate location from satellite signals. The document also covers sources of GPS errors and how assisted GPS can improve performance.
The document discusses location-based services (LBS), defining them as IT services that provide information tailored to a user's location. It describes various application scenarios for LBS, including information services, community services, traffic/navigation, fleet management, mobile marketing/gaming, value-added services, and emergency services. It also discusses different LBS actors and how LBS relate to context-aware services.
Lecture Slides for Location based Services [Android]Nehil Jain
This document discusses location-based services and software development for portable devices. It covers location managers and providers, obtaining a device's current location, tracking location updates, and setting proximity alerts. Developers can access a device's GPS capabilities to build applications that identify location, provide mapping/directions, and implement dynamic chat features tied to geotagging. Permissions are required to access location services.
Introduction to Location-Based Service (LBS)Yi-Hsueh Tsai
This document provides an introduction and overview of location-based services and several mobile locating methods, including Enhanced Cell Identity (E-CID), Assisted GPS (A-GPS), Uplink Time Difference of Arrival (U-TDOA), Matrix, and Angle of Arrival (AOA). It describes the basic principles and capabilities of each method, along with their advantages and limitations. The document is intended to explain the technical aspects of locating mobile devices for location-based applications and services.
Location based services (LBS) provide location-relevant information to mobile devices by determining their geographical position. Common methods to determine position include using cell IDs from nearby cell towers, GPS satellites, or Bluetooth/WiFi beacons. LBS have many applications like showing nearby restaurants, sending targeted ads, and emergency location services. The global LBS market is categorized based on technologies used, services offered, applications, end users, and regions.
The document discusses location-based technologies and mobile UI/UX mistakes to avoid. It defines location-based technology and services, and discusses advantages like store locators, proximity marketing, and fraud prevention. It then covers different location technologies like GPS, WiFi, Bluetooth, and beacons. The future of location services is predicted to grow as privacy concerns are addressed and mobile internet access increases.
This document discusses indoor radio positioning systems. It begins with an overview of positioning methods such as triangulation, trilateration, multilateration and fingerprinting. It then discusses challenges with indoor positioning like multipath effects and attenuation. It evaluates options for indoor positioning systems including cellular, WiFi, and ultra-wide band (UWB) systems. UWB seems the best option due to its ability to mitigate multipath effects. The document concludes with challenges for deploying indoor positioning systems at scale, such as cost of deploying many base stations and issues with base station resources, synchronization, locations and coverage.
This document provides an overview of GPS-based location based services. It discusses how GPS works using triangulation between satellites and receivers to determine location. It describes the three segments that make up GPS - space, control, and user. The space segment consists of satellites that broadcast timing and location data. The control segment monitors satellite health and uploads navigation data. The user segment contains GPS receivers that calculate location from satellite signals. The document also covers sources of GPS errors and how assisted GPS can improve performance.
The document discusses location-based services (LBS), defining them as IT services that provide information tailored to a user's location. It describes various application scenarios for LBS, including information services, community services, traffic/navigation, fleet management, mobile marketing/gaming, value-added services, and emergency services. It also discusses different LBS actors and how LBS relate to context-aware services.
Lecture Slides for Location based Services [Android]Nehil Jain
This document discusses location-based services and software development for portable devices. It covers location managers and providers, obtaining a device's current location, tracking location updates, and setting proximity alerts. Developers can access a device's GPS capabilities to build applications that identify location, provide mapping/directions, and implement dynamic chat features tied to geotagging. Permissions are required to access location services.
For 25 years, Spirent has been at the forefront of testing for Global Navigation Systems (GNSS) and alternative positioning technologies – supporting military to consumer device developers.
Discover:
- A review of the GNSS landscape: space, control and user segments
- The importance of professional testing of GNSS-based systems
- An introduction to Spirent’s market-leading GNSS test products and services
ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVE PRECISION POSITIONING SYSTEMSijitcs
The continuous evolution of technology, electronics, and software along with the dramatic decrease in the
cost of electronic devices has led to the spread of sensing, surveillance, and control devices. The Internetof-Things
(IoT) benefits from the spread of devices (things) by processing device feeds using Machine-toMachine
(M2M) technologies. At the heart of the M2M technologies lies the ability of devices (things) to identify their own location on the globe or relative to known landmark. Since location awareness is fundamental to processing sensing and control feeds, it has attracted researchers to identify ways to
identify and improve location accuracy. The article looks at Global Positioning Systems (GPS) along with the enhancements and amendments that apply to satellite based solutions. The article also looks at medium to short-range wireless solutions such as cellular, Wi-Fi, Dedicated Short-Range Communications (5.9 GHz DSRC) and similar solutions.
Iaetsd location-based services using autonomous gpsIaetsd Iaetsd
This document summarizes a research paper on developing an Android application using autonomous GPS to provide location-based services. The key points are:
1) It proposes an Android app that uses autonomous GPS (rather than cellular networks) to track a user's location in real-time. Autonomous GPS can find location faster and with lower cost compared to existing location-based systems.
2) The app is designed to find and tag services and people with their locations. It will display locations on a map using the Android location API and Google Maps API.
3) Autonomous GPS determines location directly from GPS satellites without needing wireless data, resulting in faster location fixes, lower cost, and less battery usage compared to assisted
Mobileworxs Ec Mobile Gps Applications White Paper[1]MobileWorxs
The document is an Electric Compass white paper that discusses how integrating GPS solutions with mobile computers can benefit mobile enterprises. It provides an overview of GPS technology and its uses. Mobile GPS applications can include vehicle tracking, real-time tracking, turn-by-turn navigation, and using location to verify assets and transactions. These applications can increase productivity, reduce costs, and improve safety and control over field operations. The white paper concludes that combining GPS with mobile computing solutions can improve all aspects of enterprise field operations management.
FINGERPRINT LOCATION METHODS USING RAY-TRACINGmarcelonog29
Mobile location methods that employ signal fingerprints are becoming increas- ingly popular in a number of wireless positioning solutions. A fingerprint is a spatial database, created either by recorded measurement or simulation, of the radio envi- ronment. It is used to assign signal characteristics such as received signal strength or power delay profiles to an actual location. Measurements made by either the handset or the network, are then matched to those in the fingerprint in order to determine a location. Creation of the fingerprint by an a priori measurement stage is costly and time consuming. Virtual fingerprints, those created by a ray-tracing radio propagation prediction tool, normally require a lengthy o↵-line simulation mode that needs to be repeated each time changes are made to the network or built environment. An open research question exists of whether a virtual fingerprint could be created dynamically via a ray-trace model embedded on a mobile handset for positioning purposes.
The key aim of this thesis is to investigate the trade-o↵ between complexity of the physics required for ray-tracing models and the accuracy of the virtual fingerprints they produce. The most demanding computational phase of a ray-trace simulation is the ray-path finding stage, whereby a distribution of rays cast from a source point, interacting with walls and edges by reflection and di↵raction phenomena are traced to a set of receive points. Due to this, we specifically develop a new technique that decreases the computation of the ray-path finding stage. The new technique utilises a modified method of images rather than brute-force ray casting. It leads to the creation of virtual fingerprints requiring significantly less computation e↵ort relative to ray casting techniques, with only small decreases in accuracy.
Our new technique for virtual fingerprint creation was then applied to the devel- opment of a signal strength fingerprint for a 3G UMTS network covering the Sydney central business district. Our main goal was to determine whether on current mo- bile handsets, a sub-50m location accuracy could be achieved within a few seconds timescale using our system. The results show that this was in fact achievable. We also show how virtual fingerprinting can lead to more accurate solutions. Based on these results we claim user embedded fingerprinting is now a viable alternative to a priori measurement schemes.
This document summarizes research on positioning accuracy for cooperative intelligent transport systems. It discusses how GPS alone cannot satisfy the high-accuracy positioning needs of safety-critical applications in certain environments. New positioning algorithms are being developed that integrate GPS with other sensors and vehicle-to-vehicle communication using DSRC. Current research includes developing techniques for collaborative positioning based on radio range, range-rates, and non-radio ranges. Evaluation of collaborative positioning datasets shows improvements over standalone GPS/INS of up to 60% in positioning accuracy. Future work aims to improve DSRC observations and integration algorithms while incorporating additional sensors.
Using powerful and precise location technology that enhances the user experienceHitReach
The document discusses the evolution of location technology and its increasing importance. It summarizes that (1) early technologies like cell sector location had limited accuracy but helped build acceptance, (2) GPS and AGPS then allowed for street-level accuracy and mass adoption, and (3) current and future technologies are delivering even greater precision through techniques like WiFi, inertial sensing, and multi-GNSS support.
Using powerful and precise location technology that enhances the user experienceHitReach
The document discusses the evolution of location technology and its increasing importance. It summarizes that (1) early technologies like cell sector location had limited accuracy but helped build acceptance, (2) GPS and AGPS then allowed for street-level accuracy and mass adoption, and (3) current and future technologies are increasingly precise through hybrid approaches leveraging multiple sources like WiFi and GNSS signals.
Testing Multi-GNSS in an R&D Environment: From GPS to Multi-GNSSspirentgnss
Increasingly, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers are capable of receiving and processing signals from multiple satellite systems. Multi-GNSS brings many new market opportunities, but it also creates new challenges for R&D teams.
Discover:
- The differing requirements of GLONASS, Galileo, GPS and Compass GNSS
- How Multi-GNSS simulators can help
"High positioning accuracy and precise time transfer with PPP GNSS receivers"Marco Lisi
This document discusses recent developments in GNSS technologies that enable high-accuracy positioning capabilities. It describes how real-time kinematic (RTK) and precise point positioning (PPP) techniques can provide positioning accuracy at the centimeter-level. It also discusses how systems like Galileo are working to provide free high-accuracy services to all users. Finally, it outlines how new multi-constellation, dual-frequency GNSS receivers will enable centimeter-level accuracy for mass market applications like smartphones.
Indoor Positioning System using Magnetic Positioning and BLE beaconsIRJET Journal
This document presents an indoor positioning system that uses magnetic positioning and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) beacons. It discusses how magnetic positioning works by detecting disturbances in the Earth's magnetic field caused by structural elements in buildings. An Android application is proposed that would collect magnetic fingerprints using the phone's magnetometer and send them to IndoorAtlas' API to determine the user's location. BLE beacons would also be used to improve positioning accuracy. The system does not require dedicated infrastructure. Magnetic positioning coupled with BLE allows for accurate indoor localization without extra hardware costs. It is presented as a potential standard for indoor positioning systems.
High uncertainty aware localization and error optimization of mobile nodes fo...IAESIJAI
The localization of mobile sensor nodes in a wireless sensor network (WSN) is a key research area for the speedy development of wireless communication and microelectronics. The localization of mobile sensor nodes massively depends upon the received signal strength (RSS). Recently, the least squared relative error (LSRE) measurements are optimized using traditional semidefinite programming (SDP) and the location of the mobile sensor nodes was determined using the previous localization methods like least squared relative error and semidefinite programming (LSRE-SDP), and approximate nonlinear least squares and semidefinite programming (ANLS-SDP). Therefore, in this work, a novel high uncertainty aware-localization error correction and optimization (HUA-LECO) model is employed to minimize the aforementioned problems regarding the localization of mobile sensor nodes and enhance the performance efficiency of root mean square error (RMSE) results. Here, the position of target mobile sensor nodes is evaluated based on the gathered measurements while discarding faulty data. Here, an iterative weight updation approach is utilized to perform localization based on Monte Carlo simulations. Simulation results show significant improvement in terms of RMSE results in comparison with traditional LSRE-SDP and ANLS-SDP methods under high uncertainty.
Why Simulate? What is a GNSS Simulator? Why should you use one for testing?spirentgnss
As applications for GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) positioning continue to proliferate, taking a simulation-based approach to receiver testing is more important than ever.
Discover:
- The many pitfalls of ‘live sky’ testing
- The importance of repeatability
- Why comprehensive testing needs controllable parameters
- The methodology of GNSS simulation
Implementation of Recommendation on Location Based Servicesijtsrd
Today mobile is very useful thing. It is a need of everybody. In every Era “Location†is a strong component of “Mobility†Location based services LBS are services offered using mobile phone by taking mobile's geographical location. The proposed system is providing location based services and offers with respect to user interest. Vendors are allowed to post and edit an advertisement for users. The system contains various modules such as advertising , Tourist place, Parking place etc. It also provides user's feedback, ranking based suggestion in secured manner. The purpose of this system is to notify the user based on their preferences and their interest in the particular area and notify them using android application. This will lead to lower advertising costs and expenditures also save the time of user for finding the located area of ads with help of GPS. Sagar B. Gite | Harshada A. Gavali | Ajinkya S. Dhongade | Jyotsna G. Gavatade ""Implementation of Recommendation on Location Based Services"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23900.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/23900/implementation-of-recommendation-on-location-based-services/sagar-b-gite
Factors influencing the adoption of gps for land survey applicationsJOSE ESPEJO VASQUEZ
GPS technology provides advantages over conventional surveying techniques for certain land surveying applications. GPS does not require line of sight between points, can operate around the clock, and achieves geodetic accuracies more easily. However, GPS is limited by obstructions like foliage or structures and requires transformation to be useful for conventional surveys. The adoption of GPS will depend on cost-benefit considerations and whether it can complete positioning faster and more efficiently than other methods for a given accuracy requirement.
MGISS specializes in enabling accurate spatial data collection on mobile devices using cost-effective workflows. Their mission is to improve field data collection workflows by providing efficient and accurate positioning solutions. This includes choosing the appropriate global navigation satellite system and correction service to meet the required accuracy level for applications like mapping, inspections, and asset surveys. MGISS helps customers implement spatial data collection solutions that deliver a return on investment within a single project.
IRJET- Comparison on Measurement of a Building using Total Station, ARCGI...IRJET Journal
The document compares measurement of a building using a total station, ArcGIS, and Google Earth. A total station is an electronic surveying instrument that combines an electronic theodolite and an electronic distance measurement device to measure horizontal and vertical angles and distances. ArcGIS and Google Earth are GIS software that allow users to view satellite imagery and measure distances on maps. The document finds that while a total station provides the most accurate measurements, ArcGIS and Google Earth offer faster measurement capabilities and can be used by non-experts to measure distances on a building within 10 minutes.
For further details contact:
N.RAJASEKARAN B.E M.S 9841091117,9840103301.
IMPULSE TECHNOLOGIES,
Old No 251, New No 304,
2nd Floor,
Arcot road ,
Vadapalani ,
Chennai-26.
www.impulse.net.in
Email: ieeeprojects@yahoo.com/ imbpulse@gmail.com
This document discusses location-based services (LBS) and evaluates different positioning techniques used in LBS. It begins by introducing common LBS applications and services. It then examines the components and architecture of LBS systems, including LBS middleware and location tracking. Privacy concerns with LBS are also addressed. The document evaluates and compares several positioning systems used in LBS, including satellite-based GPS, network-based methods like GSM, and indoor positioning techniques. It concludes by discussing limitations and opportunities for future work improving LBS positioning accuracy and privacy.
This document discusses different options for GNSS signal simulation and testing, including their pros and cons. It describes live sky testing, pseudolites, RF record and playback systems, single-channel RF simulators, and multichannel RF constellation simulators. It concludes that while different options provide some required test attributes, multichannel constellation simulators can handle all necessary GNSS receiver tests and simulate future satellite systems, making them well-suited for research and development. Record and playback systems complement simulation by capturing real-world signal richness.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
For 25 years, Spirent has been at the forefront of testing for Global Navigation Systems (GNSS) and alternative positioning technologies – supporting military to consumer device developers.
Discover:
- A review of the GNSS landscape: space, control and user segments
- The importance of professional testing of GNSS-based systems
- An introduction to Spirent’s market-leading GNSS test products and services
ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVE PRECISION POSITIONING SYSTEMSijitcs
The continuous evolution of technology, electronics, and software along with the dramatic decrease in the
cost of electronic devices has led to the spread of sensing, surveillance, and control devices. The Internetof-Things
(IoT) benefits from the spread of devices (things) by processing device feeds using Machine-toMachine
(M2M) technologies. At the heart of the M2M technologies lies the ability of devices (things) to identify their own location on the globe or relative to known landmark. Since location awareness is fundamental to processing sensing and control feeds, it has attracted researchers to identify ways to
identify and improve location accuracy. The article looks at Global Positioning Systems (GPS) along with the enhancements and amendments that apply to satellite based solutions. The article also looks at medium to short-range wireless solutions such as cellular, Wi-Fi, Dedicated Short-Range Communications (5.9 GHz DSRC) and similar solutions.
Iaetsd location-based services using autonomous gpsIaetsd Iaetsd
This document summarizes a research paper on developing an Android application using autonomous GPS to provide location-based services. The key points are:
1) It proposes an Android app that uses autonomous GPS (rather than cellular networks) to track a user's location in real-time. Autonomous GPS can find location faster and with lower cost compared to existing location-based systems.
2) The app is designed to find and tag services and people with their locations. It will display locations on a map using the Android location API and Google Maps API.
3) Autonomous GPS determines location directly from GPS satellites without needing wireless data, resulting in faster location fixes, lower cost, and less battery usage compared to assisted
Mobileworxs Ec Mobile Gps Applications White Paper[1]MobileWorxs
The document is an Electric Compass white paper that discusses how integrating GPS solutions with mobile computers can benefit mobile enterprises. It provides an overview of GPS technology and its uses. Mobile GPS applications can include vehicle tracking, real-time tracking, turn-by-turn navigation, and using location to verify assets and transactions. These applications can increase productivity, reduce costs, and improve safety and control over field operations. The white paper concludes that combining GPS with mobile computing solutions can improve all aspects of enterprise field operations management.
FINGERPRINT LOCATION METHODS USING RAY-TRACINGmarcelonog29
Mobile location methods that employ signal fingerprints are becoming increas- ingly popular in a number of wireless positioning solutions. A fingerprint is a spatial database, created either by recorded measurement or simulation, of the radio envi- ronment. It is used to assign signal characteristics such as received signal strength or power delay profiles to an actual location. Measurements made by either the handset or the network, are then matched to those in the fingerprint in order to determine a location. Creation of the fingerprint by an a priori measurement stage is costly and time consuming. Virtual fingerprints, those created by a ray-tracing radio propagation prediction tool, normally require a lengthy o↵-line simulation mode that needs to be repeated each time changes are made to the network or built environment. An open research question exists of whether a virtual fingerprint could be created dynamically via a ray-trace model embedded on a mobile handset for positioning purposes.
The key aim of this thesis is to investigate the trade-o↵ between complexity of the physics required for ray-tracing models and the accuracy of the virtual fingerprints they produce. The most demanding computational phase of a ray-trace simulation is the ray-path finding stage, whereby a distribution of rays cast from a source point, interacting with walls and edges by reflection and di↵raction phenomena are traced to a set of receive points. Due to this, we specifically develop a new technique that decreases the computation of the ray-path finding stage. The new technique utilises a modified method of images rather than brute-force ray casting. It leads to the creation of virtual fingerprints requiring significantly less computation e↵ort relative to ray casting techniques, with only small decreases in accuracy.
Our new technique for virtual fingerprint creation was then applied to the devel- opment of a signal strength fingerprint for a 3G UMTS network covering the Sydney central business district. Our main goal was to determine whether on current mo- bile handsets, a sub-50m location accuracy could be achieved within a few seconds timescale using our system. The results show that this was in fact achievable. We also show how virtual fingerprinting can lead to more accurate solutions. Based on these results we claim user embedded fingerprinting is now a viable alternative to a priori measurement schemes.
This document summarizes research on positioning accuracy for cooperative intelligent transport systems. It discusses how GPS alone cannot satisfy the high-accuracy positioning needs of safety-critical applications in certain environments. New positioning algorithms are being developed that integrate GPS with other sensors and vehicle-to-vehicle communication using DSRC. Current research includes developing techniques for collaborative positioning based on radio range, range-rates, and non-radio ranges. Evaluation of collaborative positioning datasets shows improvements over standalone GPS/INS of up to 60% in positioning accuracy. Future work aims to improve DSRC observations and integration algorithms while incorporating additional sensors.
Using powerful and precise location technology that enhances the user experienceHitReach
The document discusses the evolution of location technology and its increasing importance. It summarizes that (1) early technologies like cell sector location had limited accuracy but helped build acceptance, (2) GPS and AGPS then allowed for street-level accuracy and mass adoption, and (3) current and future technologies are delivering even greater precision through techniques like WiFi, inertial sensing, and multi-GNSS support.
Using powerful and precise location technology that enhances the user experienceHitReach
The document discusses the evolution of location technology and its increasing importance. It summarizes that (1) early technologies like cell sector location had limited accuracy but helped build acceptance, (2) GPS and AGPS then allowed for street-level accuracy and mass adoption, and (3) current and future technologies are increasingly precise through hybrid approaches leveraging multiple sources like WiFi and GNSS signals.
Testing Multi-GNSS in an R&D Environment: From GPS to Multi-GNSSspirentgnss
Increasingly, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers are capable of receiving and processing signals from multiple satellite systems. Multi-GNSS brings many new market opportunities, but it also creates new challenges for R&D teams.
Discover:
- The differing requirements of GLONASS, Galileo, GPS and Compass GNSS
- How Multi-GNSS simulators can help
"High positioning accuracy and precise time transfer with PPP GNSS receivers"Marco Lisi
This document discusses recent developments in GNSS technologies that enable high-accuracy positioning capabilities. It describes how real-time kinematic (RTK) and precise point positioning (PPP) techniques can provide positioning accuracy at the centimeter-level. It also discusses how systems like Galileo are working to provide free high-accuracy services to all users. Finally, it outlines how new multi-constellation, dual-frequency GNSS receivers will enable centimeter-level accuracy for mass market applications like smartphones.
Indoor Positioning System using Magnetic Positioning and BLE beaconsIRJET Journal
This document presents an indoor positioning system that uses magnetic positioning and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) beacons. It discusses how magnetic positioning works by detecting disturbances in the Earth's magnetic field caused by structural elements in buildings. An Android application is proposed that would collect magnetic fingerprints using the phone's magnetometer and send them to IndoorAtlas' API to determine the user's location. BLE beacons would also be used to improve positioning accuracy. The system does not require dedicated infrastructure. Magnetic positioning coupled with BLE allows for accurate indoor localization without extra hardware costs. It is presented as a potential standard for indoor positioning systems.
High uncertainty aware localization and error optimization of mobile nodes fo...IAESIJAI
The localization of mobile sensor nodes in a wireless sensor network (WSN) is a key research area for the speedy development of wireless communication and microelectronics. The localization of mobile sensor nodes massively depends upon the received signal strength (RSS). Recently, the least squared relative error (LSRE) measurements are optimized using traditional semidefinite programming (SDP) and the location of the mobile sensor nodes was determined using the previous localization methods like least squared relative error and semidefinite programming (LSRE-SDP), and approximate nonlinear least squares and semidefinite programming (ANLS-SDP). Therefore, in this work, a novel high uncertainty aware-localization error correction and optimization (HUA-LECO) model is employed to minimize the aforementioned problems regarding the localization of mobile sensor nodes and enhance the performance efficiency of root mean square error (RMSE) results. Here, the position of target mobile sensor nodes is evaluated based on the gathered measurements while discarding faulty data. Here, an iterative weight updation approach is utilized to perform localization based on Monte Carlo simulations. Simulation results show significant improvement in terms of RMSE results in comparison with traditional LSRE-SDP and ANLS-SDP methods under high uncertainty.
Why Simulate? What is a GNSS Simulator? Why should you use one for testing?spirentgnss
As applications for GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) positioning continue to proliferate, taking a simulation-based approach to receiver testing is more important than ever.
Discover:
- The many pitfalls of ‘live sky’ testing
- The importance of repeatability
- Why comprehensive testing needs controllable parameters
- The methodology of GNSS simulation
Implementation of Recommendation on Location Based Servicesijtsrd
Today mobile is very useful thing. It is a need of everybody. In every Era “Location†is a strong component of “Mobility†Location based services LBS are services offered using mobile phone by taking mobile's geographical location. The proposed system is providing location based services and offers with respect to user interest. Vendors are allowed to post and edit an advertisement for users. The system contains various modules such as advertising , Tourist place, Parking place etc. It also provides user's feedback, ranking based suggestion in secured manner. The purpose of this system is to notify the user based on their preferences and their interest in the particular area and notify them using android application. This will lead to lower advertising costs and expenditures also save the time of user for finding the located area of ads with help of GPS. Sagar B. Gite | Harshada A. Gavali | Ajinkya S. Dhongade | Jyotsna G. Gavatade ""Implementation of Recommendation on Location Based Services"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23900.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/23900/implementation-of-recommendation-on-location-based-services/sagar-b-gite
Factors influencing the adoption of gps for land survey applicationsJOSE ESPEJO VASQUEZ
GPS technology provides advantages over conventional surveying techniques for certain land surveying applications. GPS does not require line of sight between points, can operate around the clock, and achieves geodetic accuracies more easily. However, GPS is limited by obstructions like foliage or structures and requires transformation to be useful for conventional surveys. The adoption of GPS will depend on cost-benefit considerations and whether it can complete positioning faster and more efficiently than other methods for a given accuracy requirement.
MGISS specializes in enabling accurate spatial data collection on mobile devices using cost-effective workflows. Their mission is to improve field data collection workflows by providing efficient and accurate positioning solutions. This includes choosing the appropriate global navigation satellite system and correction service to meet the required accuracy level for applications like mapping, inspections, and asset surveys. MGISS helps customers implement spatial data collection solutions that deliver a return on investment within a single project.
IRJET- Comparison on Measurement of a Building using Total Station, ARCGI...IRJET Journal
The document compares measurement of a building using a total station, ArcGIS, and Google Earth. A total station is an electronic surveying instrument that combines an electronic theodolite and an electronic distance measurement device to measure horizontal and vertical angles and distances. ArcGIS and Google Earth are GIS software that allow users to view satellite imagery and measure distances on maps. The document finds that while a total station provides the most accurate measurements, ArcGIS and Google Earth offer faster measurement capabilities and can be used by non-experts to measure distances on a building within 10 minutes.
For further details contact:
N.RAJASEKARAN B.E M.S 9841091117,9840103301.
IMPULSE TECHNOLOGIES,
Old No 251, New No 304,
2nd Floor,
Arcot road ,
Vadapalani ,
Chennai-26.
www.impulse.net.in
Email: ieeeprojects@yahoo.com/ imbpulse@gmail.com
This document discusses location-based services (LBS) and evaluates different positioning techniques used in LBS. It begins by introducing common LBS applications and services. It then examines the components and architecture of LBS systems, including LBS middleware and location tracking. Privacy concerns with LBS are also addressed. The document evaluates and compares several positioning systems used in LBS, including satellite-based GPS, network-based methods like GSM, and indoor positioning techniques. It concludes by discussing limitations and opportunities for future work improving LBS positioning accuracy and privacy.
This document discusses different options for GNSS signal simulation and testing, including their pros and cons. It describes live sky testing, pseudolites, RF record and playback systems, single-channel RF simulators, and multichannel RF constellation simulators. It concludes that while different options provide some required test attributes, multichannel constellation simulators can handle all necessary GNSS receiver tests and simulate future satellite systems, making them well-suited for research and development. Record and playback systems complement simulation by capturing real-world signal richness.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
20 Comprehensive Checklist of Designing and Developing a WebsitePixlogix Infotech
Dive into the world of Website Designing and Developing with Pixlogix! Looking to create a stunning online presence? Look no further! Our comprehensive checklist covers everything you need to know to craft a website that stands out. From user-friendly design to seamless functionality, we've got you covered. Don't miss out on this invaluable resource! Check out our checklist now at Pixlogix and start your journey towards a captivating online presence today.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Introducing Milvus Lite: Easy-to-Install, Easy-to-Use vector database for you...Zilliz
Join us to introduce Milvus Lite, a vector database that can run on notebooks and laptops, share the same API with Milvus, and integrate with every popular GenAI framework. This webinar is perfect for developers seeking easy-to-use, well-integrated vector databases for their GenAI apps.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
2. The Challenge
As the adoption of location based services becomes more main-
stream, developers are looking for increased accuracy and availability
from positioning solutions. For example services that target
marketing messages need to know which display the user lingered at,
not merely which store they are in, and ideally they would know in
which direction the user is facing!
To provide ubiquitous positioning that reaches indoors and positively
identifies location and orientation in a multi-story building requires
blending the best of multiple sources of information, in other words,
a hybrid solution.
SPIRENT eBook Page 2
3. Ideally such a marriage of technologies allows the strengths of one to
counter the weaknesses of the other in a truly complementary way.
For example the high availability of local low cost inertial sensors
can offset GNSS which may not be available within buildings; whilst
the drift over time inherent in inertial systems can be managed using
regular high accuracy fixes from GNSS, when available.
And the sensors may not be those traditionally associated
with positioning. For example a tourist guide
application describing the scene presented to the
user answering the question “What am I looking
at now ?” may use the users smartphone camera
and cloud computing to overlay captions on the
display with links to appropriate informative
webpages in an augmented reality format.
SPIRENT eBook
4. By intelligently combining data from multiple sources the designer
aims to retain the best of each and to mitigate their weaknesses.
Truly a case of the whole exceeding the sum of the parts…if it works!
The peculiar test challenge presented is that development of such a
system cannot be done one sensor at a time. The effective blending
of position information from disparate sources is predicated on an
understanding of their strengths and weaknesses, this will require
careful development and importantly, a test environment which
provides total control over multiple, coherent sources to facilitate
iterative improvement.
This e-book aims to introduce the technical challenges and
some of the ideas that Spirent has to provide the
development tools required.
SPIRENT eBook Page 4
5. Existing Technology
GNSS alone
“Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) enable you
to locate your position anywhere on the earth – or around
it – to within millimetres”. Now, you have to admit that is
an amazing statement, and in some cases it is perfectly
true, but there are limits to this incredible technologies
capability. Navigating, autonomously, using signals from
satellites orbiting some 12500km away is an almost
unbelievable technological achievement and has been the
solution to a myriad of application needs, where knowing
‘where’ and ‘when’ you are is important. And, the list of
applications for GNSS navigation is growing all the time.
SPIRENT eBook Page 5
6. On the face of it, GNSS would appear to be the panacea for all
navigation and timing requirements. Relatively low cost, low power,
compact devices enable you to locate yourself and know the current
time with pinpoint precision. GNSS is brilliant but is it sufficient to
meet all positioning needs on its own.
While there is absolutely no doubt that GNSS is a must-have
technology for the “where” and “when” needs of today’s applications,
it is not without its limitations and trade-offs. Going back to the
“within millimetres” statement, closer inspection reveals that to
achieve this level of accuracy takes some very sophisticated and
relatively expensive GNSS receiver technology. This is out of
the question for many of the applications that
need accurate timing and navigation.
SPIRENT eBook Page 6
7. So what are we left with? Accuracy of a metre? A few metres?
Hundreds of metres? The answer is yes to all of these, because the
performance of GNSS is so variable and depends on so many factors
that it is impossible to state exactly how it will perform in a generic
way. We can however consolidate performance into 4 measures:-
• Availability - The percentage of time a Position, Navigation and
Time (PNT) solution is available
• Continuity – Performance without non-scheduled interruptions
• Integrity – The level of trust in the information provided
• Accuracy – The degree to which PNT data conforms to the
actual position
SPIRENT eBook Page 7
8. There are many factors that alter how a GNSS receiver performs
against these measures, so let’s restrict ourselves to the key issues
for consumer applications.
Availability is perhaps the most significant measure to consider given
the kinds of environments consumer devices have to operate in. The
urban scene is undoubtedly a hostile one for a GNSS receiver. Tall
buildings obscure the line of sight navigation signals, and in some
cases - if the obscuration is combined with poor satellite
geometry (not enough satellites in view) – there
won’t be enough signals available to compute a
PNT solution. A minimum of 4 satellites in view
is required.
SPIRENT eBook
9. Go indoors, and things will probably get
much worse. The extremely weak
(c.-130dBm) signals arriving at
the Earth’s surface which are not
blocked by a building are further
attenuated by its fabric. Highly
sensitive receivers are required,
but these have to spend
longer and take more power
to extract the weaker signals
from the noise.
SPIRENT eBook
10. Accuracy is another measure which is significantly affected. The
satellite signals, even if they are not obscured, may be reflected, and
take multiple paths to the receiver antenna, much longer than the
direct path, causing false ‘copies’ of the signals to arrive, late, at the
receiver corrupting the PNT calculations. Even worse is the case where
there is no line of sight signal, and the multi-path version is the only
one the receiver sees. Because the receiver uses the satellite’s signals
as ‘radio tape-measures’ any distortion in the signals (e.g. time delay,
phase error) will degrade the PNT solution accuracy. In the case of
weak signals, a high sensitivity receiver may help, but they are more
susceptible to multipath signals.
SPIRENT eBook Page 10
11. So, in practice, the continuously-available millimetric accuracy
heralded at the start is rarely achieved, indeed, accuracy of several
metres can be a challenge. Therefore it is clear that GNSS alone is not
enough. We need to consider how to optimise its benefits and how
to bring the four measures of performance up to acceptable levels
for our application. This can only be achieved by augmenting GNSS.
Adding another system or multiple systems alongside GNSS to help it,
correct it or substitute for it is the practical way forward. Collectively,
this approach is known as Hybrid Positioning, the big opportunity
for performance improvement arising from the complementary nature
of the strengths and weaknesses of the various technologies. In
combination the technologies can perform better (more accurate,
higher availability etc) than any of the technologies independently.
Team work rather than competition is the way forward it seems!
SPIRENT eBook Page 11
12. The need for test.
With so many potential issues, testing of GNSS navigation systems is
essential. Spirent has been the leader in this field for over 25 years,
and has solutions for testing receivers on all existing and planned
GNSS systems, as well as new solutions for Hybrid Positioning.
SPIRENT eBook Page 12
13. Options: Sensors
A modern smartphone contains an array of sensors incorporated for a
number of purposes but all potentially available for positioning. MEMs
gyros and accelerometers, barometric sensors and magnetometers all
have a direct application in estimating position.
The inertial sensors can be used in the estimation of position by
sensing the movement of the body from a known initial position.
In this way GNSS technology, which provides accurate positions but
not all the time, and inertial technology which allows a position
estimate to be advanced in the absence of any external signals, form
a perfect partnership. The addition of magnetometers to provide
heading and barometric sensors to provide height completes a very
useful set of sensors.
SPIRENT eBook Page 13
14. Options: WiFi
As we have seen, the properties of radio wave propagation mean that
they lend themselves to being used for navigation – after all, that’s
the foundational principle of GNSS.
SPIRENT eBook Page 14
15. So, with that in mind, what is to stop other radio-based techniques
being used for the same purpose? Well, actually, in some cases
nothing much. One such technique is Wi-Fi positioning. You have – in
most urban areas – many Wireless Access Points transmitting radio
signals with identifying properties. You can therefore determine your
position by looking for a ‘fingerprint’ of Access Point visibility in a
large database of such devices. Combining this with a measure of
the power level received versus the database’s record of the access
point’s transmit power to determine range, will enable
you to trilaterate from multiple Access Points.
This technique is gaining traction in the marketplace,
with both database technology suppliers and phone
handset/chipset manufacturers offering or looking Spirent GSS5700
Wi-Fi Access Point
to offer solutions. Positioning Simulator
SPIRENT eBook Page 15
16. Spirent is the only test equipment provider to offer a Wi-Fi test
solution. The GSS5700 Wi-Fi Access Point Positioning Simulator
consists of a ‘smart’ signal generator using a core application
running on an internal CPU with touch-screen, remote MMI control
via Ethernet. Access Point Control includes the ability to specify/
change, MAC address, SSID, TX channel power level/dynamic path
loss and simulated ‘visibility’. Supporting up to 24 Access Points in
one chassis, and being able to operate with Spirent’s GSS6700 GNSS
simulators to give coherent GNSS/Wi-Fi test signals, makes
the GSS5700 Wi-Fi Access Point Positioning Simulator an
essential test solution for this positioning technology.
SPIRENT eBook Page 16
17. Options: Cellular
What is Cellular Positioning?
Cellular positioning utilizes the cellular network
infrastructure to compute position and obtain a fast
and coarse location estimate. Compared to A-GPS/A-
GLONASS, cellular network positioning is generally
faster (~5 seconds), but it is less accurate (50 meters
to several kilometres). It is quite often used as
“fallback” technology when GPS, GLONASS and Wi-Fi
signals are unavailable.
SPIRENT eBook Page 17
18. Cell Identification (Cell-ID), the simplest location technology, locates
a user based on the cell they are using, though the accuracy of
this technique varies widely. Cell-ID positioning establishes the cell
to which a user equipment (UE) is currently connected and uses
that cell location as a rough estimate of the UE’ s current position.
Ecell-ID positioning extends the Cell-ID positioning technique with
supplementary information that narrows down the location within the
cell where the UE is located. This supplementary information includes
Timing advance and Neighbour cell measurements.
Cellular network triangulation, either signal strength-based or time-
based, can be used to improve accuracy and time-based methods
such as Time Difference of Arrival are common.
SPIRENT eBook Page 18
19. Cellular positioning methods currently in use comprise: Cell identity
(Cell-ID) positioning; Enhanced cell identity (Ecell-ID) positioning;
Assisted Global Positioning System (A-GPS) positioning; Advanced
Forward Link Trilateration (AFLT) in CDMA networks, Enhanced
Observed Time Difference (E-OTD) in WCDMA networks and Uplink
time difference of arrival (UTDOA) positioning. Observed downlink
time difference of arrival (OTDOA) positioning technique is currently
under discussion for LTE networks.
SPIRENT eBook Page 19
20. Why Cellular Network Positioning?
Pros:
• Cellular Networks cover majority of populated areas
• ellular technology is built into all mobile phones and increasing
C
number of other mobile devices (like connected PNDs)
• Works indoors and in urban environments
• Very fast response time
• omplementary to GNSS and
C
other Location Technologies
Cons:
• ➢ Relatively poor accuracy
SPIRENT eBook Page 20
21. Even though all these techniques have some limitations, it is possible
to use some as stand-alone or in conjunction with GNSS and other
technologies to overcome the individual limitations. Considering the
global scale and spread of cellular networks, cellular positioning
would form an integral part of any hybrid strategy.
SPIRENT eBook Page 21
22. Other Sensors
The complications faced by engineers aiming to meet the ever
increasing requirements of emerging location based services (LBS)
on accuracy and availability of positioning solutions mean looking
for different and sometimes novel sources of positioning information.
Use of cell-id techniques, Wi-Fi and other sensors such as low cost
MEMs inertial are becoming more common and present unique
test challenges. The GSS6400 rises to the challenge by enabling
the user to record two channels of serial digital data alongside the
digitized GNSS spectra. Signals direct from sensors or via a bus such
as CANbus are captured and buried within the GNSS data ensuring
coherent playback. An alternative use of this facility is to record a
timing signal such as a GPS-derived 1pps which allows subsequent
synchronization of external systems such as rate tables etc.
SPIRENT eBook Page 22
23. Comprehensive, End-to-End Location Technology Testing
Spirent’s 8100 Location Technology is the evolution of the solution
known for years as the “Spirent ULTS”. It offers the most advanced,
comprehensive environment available for testing A-GPS/GLONASS-
enabled GSM, UMTS and LTE devices.
Location testing can be performed for standalone or hybrid location
technology using A-GPS and A-GLONASS with Wi-Fi, Cell ID and ECID.
This fully automated, flexible and configurable solution offers Control
and User Plane implementations, including complete SUPL support.
Spirent plays a major role in the development of test requirements
and specifications for location technologies within leading standards
organizations.
SPIRENT eBook Page 23
24. Blending
– a conclusion of sorts
An unfortunate but inescapable conclusion is that
whilst each technology has its strengths none are on
their own sufficient to satisfy the accuracy, availability,
integrity and cost requirements of the burgeoning
location based services market. A combination of
complementary technologies would appear to hold the
answer but blending the approaches to get the best
of each is a challenging technical task. Spirent aims
to support this endeavour by drawing on its extensive
experience and wide range of tools to provide bespoke
test solutions for hybrid positioning developers.
SPIRENT eBook Page 24
25. We hope you found this Hybrid Positioning E-Book of interest.
We are continually adding new content to our website
on a regular basis. Bookmark this link:
www.spirent.com/positioning
Visit the Spirent GNSS Blog, there are currently
more than 90 posts with 2 to 3 new posts added
per week. Catch up on what’s new:
www.spirent.com/Blog/Positioning
Need more information?
gnss-solutions@spirent.com
Share?
Facebook LinkedIn Twitter Technorati Google Buzz Digg Delicious Reddit Stumbleupon MCD00185
26. Spirent Spirent Federal Systems Got a smartphone?
+44 1803 546325 +1 714 692 6565 Scan the QR
globalsales@spirent.com info@spirentfederal.com Code for more
www.spirent.com/positioning www.spirentfederal.com information