1. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

2. FORMS OF REPRODUCTION
1. Sexual reproduction
2. Asexual reproduction
a. Budding
 A new individual is formed as an outgrowth or bud on an older
organism (e.g. cnidarians, sponges, bryozoans & tunicates)
a. Fission
 An individual divides into two halves, usually equal, after which each
grows to the original form.
 The nucleus divides, and then the cytoplasm. (e.g. protozoans)
a. Sporulation
 Nucleus divides repeatedly and then the cytoplasm subdivides so
that a part of it surrounds each of the many daughter nuclei (e.g.
paramecium)
a. Fragmentation
 An individual breaking into parts, each part is capable of growing into
a complete individual (e.g.flatworms)
a. Vegetative reproduction

3. Classification of organisms based on the
sex organ/s present:
• Monoecious
 If both male and female reproductive systems are in one
individual.
 flatworms and earthworms.
• Dioecious
 The sexes are separate, that is, an individual may only have
one of the male or female reproductive systems.
 Nematodes, arthropods, and other invertebrates, and all
vertebrates.
 Hermaphrodite
 Applied to monoecious species and also to occasional
abnormal individuals of dioecious species that contain both
male and female systems.

4. • Some animals (gastropods and oysters)
change sex during the course of their
life:
• Protandry
 if the sperm are produced before the eggs.
• Protogyny
 if eggs are produced before the sperm.

5. HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
A. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
- Production of female gametes
- Receives sperm and provides a milieu where
fertilization of the egg by sperm can take place.
- Provides for the development of the embryo.
- Production of the female hormone to control
development of female secondary sexual
characteristics.

6. PARTS & FUNCTIONS
1. Ovaries
2. Oviducts/fallopian tubes
3. Uterus/womb
4. Vagina
5. Vulva
a. Clitoris
b. Urethral opening
c. Labia majora
d. Labia minora
e. Vaginal orifice

8. VULVA

9. FEMALE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Events in Menstrual Cycle:
• Menstruation
Sloughing away of the compact and spongy
layers of the endometrium by bleeding.
• Ovulation
 release of the oocyte from the follicle.

10. Phases of Menstrual Cycle
a. Flow/Menstrual phase (menstruation)
 Time of uterine bleeding
 This indicates that egg has not been fertilized.
 This lasts for an average of 4 (3-7) days.
a. Follicular Growth phase
 Growth of follicles
 Under the influence of FSH, the ovarian follicle develops and produces the hormone
estrogen. As estrogen increases, the uterine linings thicken. T
 This phase lasts for 8-10 days.
 Ovulation marks the end of this phase.
a. Luteal/Secretory phase
 Production of the corpus luteum (yellow body) which secretes progesterone.
 At this stage, estrogen and progesterone prepares the uterine wall for the fertilized
egg.
 This phase lasts for 13-14 days.
 If there is no fertilization, corpus luteum atrophies and progesterone decreases
resulting to flow phase.

14. • Menarche
 onset of menses.
• Menopause or climacteric
 cessation of menses.

15. MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN SYSTEM
• FUNCTIONS:
 production of male gametes.
 transfer of male gametes to female
reproductive system.
 production of male hormones which control
the development of male secondary sex
characteristics.

17. PARTS AND FUNCTION
1. Testis (pl. testes)
Male gonads or reproductive organs.
Paired oval glandular structure within an external sac
(scrotum) which is continuous with the abdominal cavity.
 During birth, the testis descend from the abdominal cavity to
the scrotum which is initially continuous with the abdominal
cavity through the inguinal canal. After descent, the inguinal
canal normally closes when connective tissues pug it.
 Cryptorchidism
 the condition in which the testes fail to descend into the
scrotum.
 Hernia
 A condition in which a loop of intestine tangle into the scrotum
when the connective tissues plugging the inguinal canal break
which usually happens when the individual is doiung a
strenuous activity such as lifting of heavy objects.

18. • Castration
 removal of testes.
• Eunuch
 the term for a person whose testes
have been removed.

19. PARTS AND
FUNCTION
 Two Functional Parts of
Testes:
a. Seminiferous
tubules
 Produce sperms.
a. Interstitial cells
 Produce the
male sex
hormone
testosterone.

20. 2. Duct System
a. Epididymis
 Coiled tube on the surface of
the testes which act as
storage of sperm cells.
 Sperms are routinely stored
here for a maximum of one
month and are released from
the epididymis during
ejaculation.
a. Vas deferens
b. Urethra

21. PARTS AND
FUNCTION
3. Accessory organs
 produce seminal fluid which
combines with sperms to form
the semen.
a.Seminal vesicle
b.Prostate gland
c.Cowper’s gland
4. Penis
Male copulatory organ.
The tip is covered with a fold
of thin skin called foreskin or
prepuce which is surgically
removed by circumcision.

23. FUNCTIONS OF SEMINAL FLUIDS
• Serve as vehicle for the transport of sperm.
• Lubricates the passage of the sperm.
• Buffers or protects sperm, from the harmful
effects of acids in the female genital tract.
• Contains sugar (mostly fructose) which
sperms can use as source of energy.
•

24. Composition and Source of Seminal Fluid
• The following structures secrete the
substances that together make up the
seminal fluid and semen.
– testes and epididymis (secretion contributes about
5% of the seminal fluid)
– seminal vesicles (secretion contributes 30%)
– prostrate gland (secretion contributes the bulk of the
seminal fluid which is about 60%)
– bulbourethral gland glands (secretion constitutes less
than 5% of the volume)

25. GAMETOGENESIS
• TYPES
 Spermatogenesis
 production of sperm cells.
 Oogenesis
 production of female gamete or egg
cell.

26. FERTILIZATION
• TYPES:
 External fertilization
 common among aquatic animals like fishes
and amphibians.
 Internal fertilization
 common among terrestrial animals like
mammals, birds, reptiles and a few aquatic
animals, such as sharks.

27. • Zygote
 the resulting cell from the union of sperm
cell and egg cell.
• Embryo
 the term for the zygote that has undergone
one cell division that soon be implanted in
the uterus and remains there during the
ensuring 9 months of pregnancy.
• Gestation
 the other term of pregnancy.
• Parturition

28. ESTROUS CYCLE
• comprises the recurring physiologic changes
that are induced by reproductive hormones in
most mammalian placental females.
• start after puberty in sexually mature females
and are interrupted by anestrous phases or
pregnancies.
• typically estrous cycles continue until death.
• some animals may display bloody vaginal
discharge, often mistaken for menstruation,
also called a "period".

29. Differences from the menstrual
cycle
• animals that have estrous cycles reabsorb the
endometrium if conception does not occur during that
cycle while animals that have menstrual cycles shed the
endometrium through menstruation instead.
• In species with estrous cycles, females are generally only
sexually active during the estrus phase of their cycle This
is also referred to as being "in heat." In contrast, females
of species with menstrual cycles can be sexually active at
any time in their cycle, even when they are not about to
ovulate.

30. Four phases
• Proestrus
 one or several follicles of the ovary are starting to grow.
 this phase can last as little as one day or as long as 3 weeks,
depending on the species.
 Under the influence of estrogen the lining in the uterus
(endometrium) starts to develop.
 Some animals may experience vaginal secretions that could be
bloody. The female is not yet sexually receptive.
• Estrus
 female is sexually receptive ("in heat“)
 A signal trait of estrus is the lordosis reflex, in which the animal
spontaneously elevates her hindquarters.
 In some species, the vulvae are reddened.
 Ovulation may occur spontaneously in some species (e.g. cow),
while in others it is induced by copulation (e.g. cat).

31. • Metestrus
 During this phase, the signs of estrogen stimulation subside and the
corpus luteum starts to form.
 The uterine lining begins to secrete small amounts of progesterone.
 This phase typically is brief and may last 1 to 5 days. In some
animals bleeding may be noted due to declining estrogen levels.
• Diestrus
 is characterised by the activity of the corpus luteum that produces
progesterone.
 In the absence of pregnancy the diestrus phase (also termed pseudo-
pregnancy) terminates with the regression of the corpus luteum.
 The lining in the uterus is not shed, but will be reorganised for the next cycle.
• Anestrus
 sexual cycle rests. This is typically a seasonal event and controlled by light
exposure through the pineal gland that releases melatonin.
 induced by time of year, pregnancy, lactation, significant illness, and possibly
age.

32. SOME FUNCTIONAL PROBLEMS OF THE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• Impotence - The inability of a male to produce or maintain an
erection.
• Hypogonadism - A lack of function of the gonads, in regards to
either hormones or gamete production.
• Ectopic pregnancy - When a fertilized ovum is implanted in any
tissue other than the uterine wall.
• Hypoactive sexual desire disorder - A low level of sexual desire
and interest.
• Female sexual arousal disorder - A condition of decreased,
insufficient, or absent lubrication in females during sexual activity
• Premature ejaculation - A lack of voluntary control over
ejaculation.

33. BIRTH CONTROL METHODS
• Intrauterine device (IUD)
 is a small device that is placed in the uterus to prevent pregnancy.
• Use of pills
• Barrier methods
a. Diaphragm/cervical cap
b. Condom
c. Spermicides
d. Suppository
• Tubal ligation
• Vasectomy
• Coitus interruptus
• Fertility awareness (periodic abstinence or natural family
planning)

34. FIN……………………