Obg

1. Human Reproductive
system
Prepared by
Mrs. Rajalakshmi, Msc (N)

2. Female Reproductive System
The female reproductive system consists of internal and
external organs.
It consists of internal and external organs.
It creates hormones and us responsible fir fertility,
menstruation and sexual activity.

3. Parts of female reproductive system
Female
reproductive
system
External genitalia Internal genitalia Accessary

4. External genitalia
Mons pubis
it is anterior part of genitalia which formed by subcutaneous addipos tissue. After
puberty filled with hair by hormone secreted by adrenal cortex.
Labia majora
it is otherwise called greater lips. It is filled with muscles. Thick fold layer
Labia minora
a small thin fold tissue situated between labia majora. It is called lesser lip. At
puberty it will close. It compared to scrotum of male.
Clitoris
it is origin superior part where the two labia minora joints to form. It is related to
penis in male.

5. 4 openings
of labia minora
Urethral opening
Vaginal opening
Opening of Bartholin’s duct/ greater
vestibular gland
Fourchette /lesser vestibular gland

6. Blood supply
Inguinal artery
Pudendal artery
Pudendal vein
Saphenous vein
Venous
drainage
Arterial
supply

7. Internal reproductive system
Uterus
Fallopian tube
Ovaries
cervix

8. uterus

9. Fallopian tube

10. ovaries

11. cervix

12. Male reproductive system
Internal
external

13. External
Penis
Scrotum
testis

15. Epididymis

16. Internal

17. Breast

18. Menstrual cycle
Menstruation is a periodic discharge of blood and mucosal tissue
due to shedding of the uterine lining (endometrium) from uterus
through vagina

19. Characteristics of menstruation
 MC starts at the age of 12-15 years.
 First occurrence of menstruation called menarche
 Permanent cessation of MC is called menopause (45-50years)
 Duration of menstrual cycle- 28 days

20. Hypothalamic –pituitary –ovarion axis
The phases of menstrual cycle and ovulation are regulated by interaction between
hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and ovaries.
The interaction involves hormones
ENDOCRINE GLAND HORMONES
Hypothalamus Gonadotropin releasing hormone
Anterior pituitary Follicle-stimulating hormone(FHS)
and luteinizing hormone
Ovaries Estrogen and progesterone

21. Phases of Menstrual cycle
Phases
Ovarian cycle
Follicular
Ovulatory
luteal
Uterine cycle
Menstrual
Proliferative
secretory

22. Components of menstrual cycle
cycle Pre-ovulation
ovulation
Post-ovulation
Ovarian cycle Follicular phase Luteal phase
Uterine cycle period proliferative Secretory phase

23. Follicular phase
It begins with menses on the first day of the menstrual cycle and ends with ovulation(Day 1
to Day 14 of 28 days cycle.
At the beginning of menstrual cycle. GnRH( pulsatile manner) FSH and LH. FSH is
responsible for the recruitment and growth of several primordial follicle.
Only one follicle on one of the ovarian reached maturity( Graafian follicle) with secrets
estrogen.
Increase in estrogen level cause
1. Negative feedback on the pituitary to stop FSH
2. The uterine lining (endometrium) to grow thicker.

24. Ovulatory phase
The estrogen peak stimulates secretion of LH, leading to the LH peak which leads to
the follicle to burst open, releasing the mature ovum, a process called ovulation.
The remaining Graafian follicle forms Corpus luteum.
Ovulation occurs on the day 14 of a 28 day cycle.
High estrogen also suppress FSH secretion so not further follicles grow.

25. LUTEAL PHASE
After ovulation, LH levels remain elevated and cause the remains of the follicle to develop
into a yellow body called corpus luteum.
In addition to producing estorgen, the corpus luteum secretes a hormone called
progesterone.
When progesterone reached a high level it inhibits the secretion of LH leads to
degeneration of the corpus luteum (if fertilization does not take place)

26. Degeneration of corpus luteum leads decrease in estrogen and
progesterone level and separation of the endometrium (menstruation)
Decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels stimulates the hypothalamus
to secrete more GnRH, a new cycle is started.
If fertilization and implantation occurs. Placenta secretes human chorionic
gonadotropin hormone (hCG) which stimulates and maintain the corpus
luteum. hCG leads to positive urine pregnancy test.

27. MENSTRUAL PHASE
First day of the menstrual cycle is marked BY the onset of menstruation
During the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle the uterine lining is shed
because of low levels of progesterone and estrogen
All the same time, a follicle is beginning to develop and starts producing.
The menstrual phase ends when the menstrual period stops on
approximately day 5

28. Proliferative phase
When estrogen levels are high enough, the endometrium begins to
regenerate.
Estrogen stimulates blood vessles in turn bring nutritients and oxygen
to the uterine lining. And it begins to grow and become thicker
The proliferative phase ends with ovulation on day 14.

29. Secretary phase
After ovulation the corpus luteum begins to produce progesterone.
This hormone causes the uterine lining to become rich in nutrients in
preparation for pregnancy.
Estrogen levels also remain high so that the lining is maintained. If
pregnancy doesn’t occur. The corpus luteum gradually degenerates and
the woman enters the ischemic phase of the menstrual cycle.

30. Ischemic phase- on days 27 and 28, estrogen and progesterone levels fall
because the corpus luteum is no longer producing them
Without these hormones to maintain the blood vessel network, the
uterine lining becomes ischemic
When the lining start slogh, the woman has come full cycle and is once
again at day 1 of the menstrual cycle.

31. CERVIX
Proliferative phase- thickened- estrogen
Secretory phase- progestrone

32. Vaginal changes
Proliferative phase-comified
Secretory phase- proliferate

33. MENSTRUAL ABNORMALITY
Anovulation
Dysmenorrhea
Hypomenorrhea
Metrorrhagia
Oligomenorrhea
Amenorrhea
Polymenorrhea

34. Menstrual hygiene
It is a process that involves to maintain hygiene and to dispose of maintain hygiene
and dispose of sanitary products. This is to be taken by the female who are
undergoing menstruation process.
Purpose
 To prevent infection
 Avoid bad order
 Provide comfort
 To provide sense of well being

35. Reusable items
Reusable cloth pads
Menstrual cups
Sed sponges
Padded panties
Blenket towel
Thinx

36. Disposable items
 Tampons
 Pedettes
 Disposable menstrual cups

37. General hygiene
 Bath regularly
 Changing napkins in every 6 hour
 Frequently wash the cloth and make it dry in sunlight to get sterilize
 Change cloth daily

38. EMBRIOLOGY
Embryology is a branch of science that is related to the formation, growth and development of embryo. It
deals with the prenatal stage of development beginning from formation of gametes, fertilization, formation
of zygote , development of embryo and fetus to the birth of a new individual.
Stages of development
Total 38-40 week
PRE-EMBRYONIC PERIOD - 1-3 WEEKS
EMBRYONIC PERIOD -4-8 WEEKS
FETAL PERIOD - 9 WEEKS- BIRTH

39. Gestational period
It starts from 1st
week to the 3rd
week after fertilization,
during which the zygote develops and forms the germ disk.
Embryonic period
It starts from the 4th
week to 8th
week during which there is
differentiation and formation of most of the tissues and organs of the body.
Fetal period
It starts from the 9th
week upto termination of pregnancy
during which there is a rapid growth of the fetus and complete development of the

40. Process of embryology
Process of embryology
Gametogenesis
Oogenesis
Spermatogenesis
Fertilization

41. GAMETOGENESIS
The process of formation and maturation of male and female gamete is known as
gametogenesis. consists of spermatogenesis and Oogenesis
Oogenesis
The process of development and maturation of ovum is known as oogenesis. Egg formation
takes place in the ovaries
Spermatogenesis
The process involved in the development and maturation of spermatids from the male germ
cells and the differentiation of spermatids into spermatozoa is called spermatogenesis

43. FERTILIZATION
It is the process of fusion of the sperma- tozoon with the mature ovum. It
begins with sperm egg collision and ends with production of a
mononucleated single cell called the zygote.
fertilization occurs in the ampullary part of the uterine tube.

44. PROCESS OF FERTALIZATION

45. Implantation / nidation/nesting :
Definition
penetration of the blastocyst into the superficial layer of the
endometrium. The endometrium after implantation is called decidua.
Time
Implantation occurs at the 6th
day after fertilization and is completed
about 11th
day.

46. Stages of implantation
 Hatching
Blastocyst gets released from zona pellucida.
 Adplantation
Blastocyst slowly “rolls” on surface align with the epithelium
 Apposition
The very first, loose connection between the blastocyst and the endometrium.
 Adhesion
The trophoblast adhere by penetrating the endometrium .
 Invasion

47. Trophoblast
Decidua
Chorion or chorionic villi
Development of inner cell mass
placenta

48. THE PLACENTA
 Placenta diameter is 15 – 20cm
 Thickness 2.5cm
 It feel spongy
 This is a feto maternal organs
 It weight 500gm

49. Parts of placenta
 It has two parts:
fetal part
maternal part
Fetal part
It develop from the chorionic sac covered by smooth amnion with the umbilical cord
attached or near its center.
Maternal part
It derived from the endometrium rough and spongy, dull red colour
The placenta and umbilical cord are a transport system for substance between the
mother and the fetus.

50. Functions of placenta
• The placenta enable the transport of oxygen, water, electrolytes and nutrition from
the maternal to fetal blood
• It also provides for excretion of carbondioxide, urea, and other waste products
• Maternal antibodies(IgG,Immunoglobulines) reaching the fetus through the
placenta.