The document discusses human reproduction, examining the differences and similarities in male and female anatomy, the processes of ovulation and sperm production, and the mechanics of conception and birth. It highlights the hormonal control over reproductive functions and explores sexually transmitted infections (STIs), their symptoms, treatments, and preventive measures. The conclusion emphasizes that abstinence is the best method to prevent STIs and that condoms do not offer complete protection against all STIs.

1. Human Reproduction
♀ ♂♀ ♂

2. Battle of the sexes!!!
Are males and
females all that
different?
Well…..
Yes
And
No!

3. Anatomy
Male Female

4. Similarities
2 pouches
Testicles
Ovaries
Start out inside body
Testicles “descend” before birth
Fetus begins with “starter parts” that
could develop into either gender.

5. Around 7th
Week…
Baby’s body is “told” by DNA to become
either male or female.
“Unused” parts disintegrate
“Used” parts continue development

6. Male or Female???
DNA determines baby’s gender
XX = Female
XY = Male
Depends on which egg & sperm get
together.
Father determines baby’s gender.

7. Anatomy – similarities
Function – VERY different!
Male
Uncomplicated
Produce sperm
2-4 MILLION
every day
Female
Very Complicated!
One egg
Once a month
Careful coordination
of hormones & body
Timing perfect!

8. Females
Ovaries
2 pouches
Contain ova
Born with all of her eggs (~ 400,000)
Use up ~500
Won’t run out!
Ovulation
One egg released from ovary to oviduct
(fallopian tube)

10. 10

11. After Ovulation
Egg pushed along by cilia
Few days travel time to arrive in uterus
Cervix – Opening between uterus & vagina
Normally tiny
At birth – muscles pull open (dilation) cervix to
allow baby to pass through = Labor

12. Menstrual Cycle
Complex combination of 10-12
chemicals (hormones)
Usually one egg once a month
All about timing!!!
Uterus must be ready when egg gets there
in case it was fertilized
If no fertilization, tear down lining of uterus
and rebuild for next month

13. 28-Day Cycle (average)
Three Stages
1. Tear Down
2. Rebuild
3. Extra nutrients/blood for potential baby
No Baby?
Back to #1

14. Chemicals (hormones)
Regulate events in the
body
Estrogen
Progesterone
Many others

15. 15
Estrogen
Estrogen is responsible for
the secondary sex
characteristics and the sex
drive in females. It spurs
the onset of puberty and is
responsible for
OVULATION.

16. 16
Progesterone
Progesterone builds up the
lining of the uterus called
the endometrium in
preparation for the fertilized
ovum

17. Day 1
First menstrual blood & tissue
No baby = breaks down lining of uterus
5-7 days of blood/tissue exits body
Pre-Ovulation

18. ~Day 14
Ovulation = Egg released
Temp spikes slightly
Most fertile in next few days!
Able to get pregnant
Egg gets fertilized while traveling through
oviduct.
Post-Ovulation

20. If fertilized…
Zygote begins to divide as it travels
through oviduct
Implants into lining of uterus

21. If not fertilized…
Egg travels through oviduct to uterus
Exits body with blood and tissues
during menstruation

22. Birth Control Pills
“Trick” body into thinking it’s pregnant
Extra hormones
No ovulation occurs
No ovulation = no egg = no fertilization = no baby!
No hormones taken for 7 days = menstruation

23. Male
Testes
Produce 2-4 million sperm every day
Outside body – why?
Sperm like temps 1-2° cooler than body temp
Vas Deferens
Tube sperm travel through
Vasectomy
Cut/tie off tube – sperm can’t get out!

24. Semen
Contains
300-500 million sperm
Sperm food
pH buffers
Allows sperm to survive for a couple of
days inside female’s body (hostile
environment)

25. What is sperm?
Then…
Used to think it was a tiny human
inside each cell
Spermists vs. Ovists
Do you remember this?

26. Now…
Contains Several
Parts:
Head
Chemical to
dissolve egg
goo
Dad’s genetic
information
(DNA)
Mitochondria
Energy
Tail
Swimming

27. 27
Sperm
The microscopic cells produced by the male's
testicles which can fertilize the female's ovum.
They are tiny, living cells 100 times smaller than a
pencil dot. (the smallest cell in a mans body
Enough sperm would fit on the head of a pin to re-
populate the earth if each sperm fertilized an egg.
It is destroyed by warm body temperature, acidic
environment.
It can survive in a women’s body for 5-8 days.
Any sperm not ejaculated are passed in the urine.

28. Prostate Gland
Adds non-sperm stuff to semen
pH buffers
Nourishment
Cancer very common
Slower-growing (usually)
Surgery for removal

29. Bulbourethral gland
Adds lubricant to aid travel of semen
through the urethra

30. Conception/Fertilization

31. Conception/Fertilization
Ejaculation
Release of 300-500 million sperm
Egg needs to be in oviduct
Sperm to egg, not an easy task
Go wrong direction : 2 paths – only 1 leads to an
egg
Get attacked by female’s white blood cells
Acidic environment
Current

32. Once egg is located…
Dissolve protective goo surrounding
egg
One gets through – enters egg
Instant biochemical change in zygote
No more sperm allowed in

33. Zygote begins development
Time Lapse
Development

34. Implants in uterine lining
Endometrium= outer lining of uterus
Becomes placenta
Uses mother’s nutrients
Continues development

35. Fetal Development
Anmion
Membrane surrounding baby
Contains amniotic fluid
Breaks just before birth = “water broke”
Amniotic Fluid
The “water” – surrounding baby
Buoyant cradle for baby
Protection
Free movement

37. Fetal Dev (cont’d)
Umbilical Cord
Blood vessels from placenta to baby
Mom’s & baby’s blood do not circulate
together!
Can have 2 different blood types
Diffusion

39. Birth
Labor – muscles used to open cervix
Baby flips upside down
Head first!
Feet first = Breech (bad)
Cesarian Section (“C-section”) surgical removal
of baby
After baby is born mom delivers
placenta (“afterbirth”) that detaches
from uterus

40. Breastfeeding
Most nutritious option for baby
Milk changes as baby grows
Antibodies from mom create immunity
for baby
Studies have shown correlation
between breastfeeding and higher
intelligence in baby.
Bond w/baby is stronger

41. Twins/Multiple Births
Two types
Monozygotic
From one egg
Identical
Dizygotic
From two eggs
Fraternal
Not identical

42. Identical twins
One zygote
Splits in 2
Same exact DNA
Nature’s clones

43. Fraternal Twins
2 separate eggs get fertilized
with 2 different sperm cells
More than one egg got released
during ovulation
Siblings
Can be sisters
Brothers
Brother and sister
Tends to run in families

44. Conjoined Twins
Used to be called “Siamese” twins
First well known case was in Siam
Identical twins that never completely
separated during development
Sometimes can be separated,
depending on what is shared.

46. 46
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Sexually
Transmitted
Infections

47. 47
STDs
STDs are diseases and infections which
are capable of being spread from person
to person through:
sexual intercourse
oral-genital contact or in non-sexual ways.
IV drug

48. 48
Symptoms
What are the symptoms? How would I
know if I have been infected?
Sores (either painful or painless)
Blood in urine
Burning sensation when urinating
Rashes
Itching
Bumps
Warts
Unusual discharge

49. 49
What is a Sexually
Transmitted Infection or STI?
STI’s are infections that are spread
from person to person through intimate
sexual contact.
STI’s are dangerous because they are
easily spread and it is hard to tell just
by looking who has an STI.
1 in 4 sexually active teens has an STI.

50. 50
Common STI’s
Chlamydia
Gonorrhea
Genital Herpes
(HSV-2)
Genital Warts
(HPV)
Hepatitis B
HIV and AIDS
Pubic Lice
Syphilis
Trichomoniasis

51. 51
What’s the difference between STDs and
STIs?
STDs are Sexually Transmitted Diseases
while STIs are Sexually Transmitted
Infections. STIs are transmitted through
sexual activity and as a result of the infection,
these STIs can become STDs overtime. This
process is dependent on numerous factors:
genetics, immunity, environment, individual
make-up, continual exposure, treatment, the
possibility of multiple STIs, continual sexual
activity without protection.
51

52. 52
Chlamydia
Caused by bacteria called Chlamydia
Trachoma.
Chlamydia is one of the most common
sexually transmitted infections.
Chlamydia is curable.
Your healthcare provider will give you
antibiotics for treatment.
Anyone with whom you’ve had sex will
also need to be treated

53. 53
Gonorrhea
Caused by a bacteria known as
Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Gonorrhea is treatable.
Your healthcare provider will give you
antibiotics for treatment.
Anyone with whom you’ve had sex will
also need to be treated

54. 54
Genital Herpes (HSV-2)
HSV-2 is caused by the herpes virus.
You can still get HSV-2 even when you
use a condom.
After contracting the herpes virus you
will have it FOREVER. There is NO
cure.
A doctor can prescribe antiviral
medication to help control recurring
outbreaks and clear up painful sores.

55. 55
Genital Warts (HPV)
Genital warts are caused by human
papillomavirus (HPV).
There is NO cure for the virus. You may
have more outbreaks and you can spread
the virus to anyone you have sex with.
You can still get HPV even when you use
a condom.
Some warts can be dissolved with special
medication or the doctor can “freeze”
them off with a special chemical.

56. 56
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis is a disease of the liver.
Hepatitis B is transmitted person to person
through blood and body fluids.
There is no treatment for the virus after it
has been contracted.
The only treatment is prevention:
Abstain from sex
Always use latex condoms
Avoid contact with other people’s blood
Get immunized

57. 57
HIV and AIDS
AIDS is one of the most deadly
diseases in history.
AIDS is caused by HIV (Human
immunodeficiency virus).
HIV destroys the body’s defense
system (the immune system).
Thousands of teens in the U.S. become
infected each year.

58. 58
How do you get HIV?
HIV can be transmitted from an infected
person to another person through
blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast
milk.
People who have another STD are at
higher risk for contracting HIV during
sex with infected partners.

59. 59
How do people know they
have HIV?
Many people do not know they have it.
Symptoms may not appear for up to 10
years.
Some people may feel and look healthy
for years while they are infected with
HIV.
It is possible to infect others with HIV,
even if the person has absolutely no
symptoms.

60. 60
Symptoms of AIDS
Extreme weakness
and fatigue
Rapid weight loss
Frequent fevers with
not explanation
Heavy sweating at
night
Swollen lymph glands
Minor infections that
cause skin rashes
and mouth, genital,
and anal sores.
White spots in the
mouth or throat
Chronic diarrhea
A cough that won’t go
away
Short-term memory
loss

61. 61
How is HIV treated?
There is NO cure.
If you think you or your partner may
have HIV or AIDS you need to see a
healthcare provider who can do blood
tests.
Prevention is the only way to protect
yourself from contracting the virus.

62. Pubic Lice (Crabs)
Pubic lice are tiny insects that can crawl from
the pubic hair of one person to the pubic hair of
another person during sex.
You will be prescribed or told to buy medication
that kills the lice and their eggs.
You will also need to dry clean or use very hot
water to wash all of your bedding, towels, or
recently worn clothing to kill the lice.
Tell your partner.
Pubic lice can be spread even when you use a
condom

63. 63
Syphilis
Caused by bacteria called Trepenoma
pallidum.
If not treated Syphilis can be very dangerous
and can cause brain damage and other
serious health problems.
If you are diagnosed as having the disease
you can be treated with antibiotics.
Anyone with whom you’ve had sex will also
need to be treated

64. 64
Trichomoniasis
Sometimes called “trich” it is a parasite that
can be passed from person to person during
sexual intercourse.
One of the most common STD’s
Can be passed on via damp towels,
washcloths, and bathing suits if someone
has the parasite.
If you have the disease your healthcare
provider will give you antibiotics.
Anyone with whom you’ve had sex will also
need to be treated.

65. 65
What Happens if I don’t get
treated?
If you have an STD and don’t get
treatment you can have some long-term
effects such as:
Infertility (Unable to have babies)
Cancer
Long-term pain
Can pass disease from mother to baby
Death

66. 66
What do I do if I have
symptoms?
If you think you have an STI you need to see
a healthcare provider for treatment.
If you feel nervous about getting checked for
STDs, take a few deep breaths and try to
relax. You may be shy about having doctors
and nurses look at your genitals. The tests
are usually quick, and it may help to
remember that the nurses and doctors are
there to help you, and do this kind of test all
the time.

67. 67
Prevention is the Key
Abstinence, not having sex, is the best
way to protect yourself.
It is possible to get an STD even
without having intercourse through skin-
to-skin contact.

68. 68
Conclusion
It is much easier to prevent an STI than to
cure one.
The ONLY way to prevent STI’s is to abstain
from ALL types of sexual intercourse.
Condoms do not always protect you from
STI’s such as HSV-2, HPV, and Pubic Lice.
Remember, just because you and your
partner may be monogamous with each other,
the risk of getting an STI is increased by the
number of previous sexual partners either
partner has had.

69. 69
How well do you know the 63 people you
had sex with last night?

70. 70
References
www.iwannaknow.org
www.kidshealth.org
www.lib.uiowa.edu
www.healthac.org
www.afraidtoask.com
www.herpes-coldsores.com/std/pictures
www.nehc.med.navy.mil/hp/images/std
_pictures
SOME OF THE STI information was Developed by Bridget Robinson, RN, BSN,SNM
University of Kansas School of Nursing HETC Project-This powerpoint has additions