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Running head WEEK THREE ASSIGNMENT .docxtoltonkendal
Running head: WEEK THREE ASSIGNMENT
1
WEEK THREE ASSIGNMENT
6
Week Three Assignment
PHI445: Personal & Organizational Ethics
Week Three Assignment
The case that I chose was Pharmaceuticals (Merck). The pharmaceutical industry is a multi-billion dollar industry that has evolved over decades developing, producing, and marketing various medications to the masses. They deal with increasing criticism in this industry due to the multiple side effects and drug interactions that occur. “In fact, research has shown that more than 100,000 deaths are caused by drug reactions each year in the United States (Null, 2010)” (Fieser, 2015). An ethical and moral dilemma for the pharmaceutical industry is that many drug companies are caught deceiving the public. The pharmaceutical industry continues to face controversy due to their advertising techniques. Pharmaceutical companies began to bypass the healthcare professionals and advertise directly to the patients. This tactic is called direct-to-consumer advertising which began in 1982. In our text is says, “Such advertising, it argued, is problematic “because of the inability of patients to understand medical information and make a rational, informed choice of medication from an array of drugs making similar claims.” The DEA was further concerned about “the messages conveyed to our youth” through such advertising” (Fieser, 2015).
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) which is the government agency that ensures the safety and effectiveness of medicines available to Americans. The FDA pushes guidance, compliance, and regulatory information onto the pharmaceutical industry. The FDA publishes regulations in the federal government’s official publication for notifying the public in accordance with the U.S. law, Executive Orders (EO) and memoranda issued by the President. The Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) has been tasked from the FDA with evaluating new drugs before they could be sold to consumers. They also oversee the type of advertising that the pharmaceutical companies use to market their products to consumers to ensure that false or misleading information is not presented.
Utilitarianism is the theory that focuses on the cost-benefit analysis which believes that and action is morally right as long as the consequences of some do not out weight the benefits of the majority. They also emphasize goodness and badness in decision making by focusing on how our actions affect human happiness. “An action is morally right if the consequences of that action are more favorable than unfavorable to everyone” (Fieser, 2015). The pharmaceutical companies contend that the drugs they create save thousands of lives worldwide on a daily basis. They live and work under a Pharmacist Code. The Pharmacist Code of Ethics and Oath ...
Chapter 3Public Health Data and Communications.docxwalterl4
Chapter 3
Public Health Data and Communications
Learning Objectives
Identify six basic types of public health data
Explain the meaning, use, and limitations of the infant mortality rate and life expectancy measurements
Explain the meanings and uses of HALEs and DALYs
Identify criteria for evaluating the quality of information presented on a website
Explain ways that perceptions affect how people interpret information
Learning Objectives
Explain the roles of probabilities, utilities, and the timing of events in combining public health data
Explain the basic principles for the construction of decision trees and their uses
Explain how attitudes, such as risk-taking attitudes, may affect decision making
Identify three different approaches to clinical decision making and their advantages and disadvantages
Vignette 1
You read that the rate of use of cocaine among teenagers has fallen by 50% in the last decade.
You wonder where that information might come from.
Vignette 2
You hear that life expectancy in the United States is now approximately 80 years.
You wonder what that implies about how long you will live and what that means for your grandmother, who is 82 and in good health.
Vignette 3
You hear on the news the gruesome description of a shark attack on a young boy from another state and decide to keep your son away from the beach.
While playing at a friend’s house, your son nearly drowns after falling into the backyard pool.
You ask why so many people think that drowning in a backyard pool is unusual when it is far more common than shark attacks.
Vignette 4
“Balancing the harms and benefits is essential to making decisions,” your clinician says.
The treatment you are considering has an 80% chance of working, but there is also a 20% chance of side effects.
“What do I need to consider when balancing the harms and the benefits?” you ask.
Vignette 5
You are faced with a decision to have a medical procedure.
One physician tells you there’s no other choice and you must undergo the procedure, another tells you about the harms and benefits and advises you to go ahead and the third lays out the options and tells you it’s your decision.
Why are there such different approaches to making decisions these days?
Questions-to-Ask (1)
What is the scope of health communications?
Where does public health data come from?
How is public health information compiled to measure the health of a population?
How can we evaluate the quality of the presentation of health information?
What factors affect how we perceive public health information?
Questions-to-Ask (2)
What type of information needs to be combined to make health decisions?
What other data needs to be included in decision making?
How do we utilize information to make health decisions?
How can we use health information to make healthcare decisions?
Table 3-1 The 6 Ss of Quantitative Sources of Public Health Data (1/3)Type
ExamplesUsesAdvantages/
DisadvantagesSingle case or small seriesC.
Running head PHYSICIAN-ASSISTED SUICIDE 1PHYSICIAN-ASSIST.docxjeanettehully
Running head: PHYSICIAN-ASSISTED SUICIDE 1
PHYSICIAN-ASSISTED SUICIDE 2
Physician-Assisted Suicide
The major I am pursuing is my Bachelors in Nursing, and with my persuasive essay I intend to convince healthcare providers in this persuasive essay that physician-assisted suicide (PAS) must be considered illegal and it should not be practiced in any hospital that values human life. I had to tell them while observing the ethical aspects and value of a human soul alongside the biblical worldview that physician assisted suicide is killing regardless of how you stage or justify the act. Doctors, before they start practicing their profession, make the vow of helping patients and help with the progression of medication. On the off chance that a patient is critically ill, they can be made comfortable with drugs like morphine that are deliberately given through IV or orally to help reduce or stop any pain or misery the patient is experiencing.
There are several reasons that support my argument. Some of them are positive while others are negative. But, since the benefits exceed the negative ones, this practice should be dismissed. For one, we ought not, as a rule, give physicians the privilege to help kill their patients. The entire history of medication has been one of improved healing or, in terminal cases, reduced pain; killing, which debases life to the point of liquidation, is the exact inverse of good and mindful medical care (Knaplund, 2010). To legalize suicide along these lines is to weaponize the therapeutic system against the very individuals to which it ought to be generally attentive. A second reason why PAS may sound interesting is that individuals believe that others ought to be put out of their misery in the event that they are in pain. Rather than having the doctors take the easy way out and simply recommend lethal drugs to the patient, I figure physicians should search for better approaches to relieve the pain. Another issue with allowing individuals to be prescribed lethal dosages of medication is that the prognosis the physician gave them could not be right. According to Brueck & Sulmasy (2019), PAS is practiced legally in three states only in the United States. Montana, Washington, and Oregon allow doctors to perform PAS under the guidelines of the Death with Dignity Act. The act contains stringent patient eligibility measures. For example, the Oregon Death with Dignity Act (ODDA) allows doctors to give a lethal dose of the drug to diagnosed fatally sick patients. The patients understand that this medication when taken will take their life within a couple of moments of taking the medication. All together for an individual to acquire this prescription as expressed before in the Death with Dignity Act, they must have a prognosis of a half-year or less, in which a patient would be considered Hospice or on Hospice care. Who is to state that what the physician or doctors said is 100 percent sure? It isn't, and ...
The business direction for HR is to be more strategic in their fu.docxrandymartin91030
The business direction for HR is to be more strategic in their function.
In your experience, do you think HR is involved with setting and implementing strategy? If yes, how and what role does HR play?
If not, what makes you believe they are not involved?
Module 1
Module 2
Module 3
Module 4
MHA506 - Health Care System Organization
X
X
X
MHA507 - Health Care Delivery Systems
X
X
X
MHM525 - Marketing in Healthcare
X
MHM502 - Health Care Finance
X
MHM514 - Health Information Systems
X
MHM522 - Legal Aspects of Health Administration
X
Running Head: MISSION HOSPITAL ANALYSIS PROJECT 1
MISSION HOSPITAL ANALYSIS PROJECT 27
Mission Hospital Analysis Project
Professor’s Name
Student’s Name
Course Title
Date
MARKET RESEARCH AND SEGMENTATION
Mission Hospital is located in Mission Viejo, California.
Mission Hospital being state of the art has 523 beds as a regional medical center and acute care in California Mission Viejo. These number of required beds is calculated as, Number of beds needed = the average number of admissions to the hospital from the hospital statistics is approximately 7560, with a mean length of stay of 30 days. The occupancy rate of the hospital was approximated as 84.17%. Therefore, the number of beds needed will be = It is one of the busiest paediatric Level 2 and adults designated in the state of California Trauma center, full range of specialist of healthcare services with teams that are highly skilled in the treatment of multitude conditions of the complex are provided in the mission hospital (Rad, & Anantatmula, 2010).
The range that is full of expertise is included in the services of neuroscience and spine, cancer care, cardiovascular, wellness and mental health, orthopaedics, and other variety of services that are specialists. Mission Hospital on the beach of Laguna provides coastal communities of South Orange with intensive care and emergency services in 24 hours (Kohlstadt, 2016). A 48-bed facility is the only area of the hospital that is paediatric for children at Mission Hospital.
Factors Affecting an Organization Externally
An organization can be affected externally by social, political, or technological. Factors that are internal lead to the success of the organization (Rad & Anantatmula, 2010). A mission sense that is clear in an organization explains its self better to the world, and positive elements can align it in each area. Leaders who can learn and communicate with an organization also externally learn from the organization and successfully communicate with it, leading to exchange ongoing ideas for both organizations to benefit and their environment. External change that is done throughout the society also brings impact to the companies, such as the sexual harassment elimination movement aims to deliver results (Rad, & Anantatmula, 2010).
Common medical conditions of seniors overall health status
A typical medical cond.
ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH
1
ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH 2
Evidence Based Practice Grant Proposal
Table of Contents
31.Purpose
42.Background
5Research objectives
6Theoretical framework
63.EBP Model
74.Proposed Change
85.Outcomes
86.Evaluation Plan
97.Dissemination Plan
9Tools to be Used
9Peer review tools for the proposal
11Grant Request
11Proposed Tasks
11Task 1: Case study- Reviewing existing literature on stigma around mental health complications
11Task 2: Interviewing clinicians that have dealt with the study topic
12Task 3: Interviewing patients of mental health
12Schedule
13Budget
148.Appendices
14a.Informed Consent
19Certificate of Consent
19Signature or Date
21b.Literature Matrix
32c.Tools and equipment to be used
34References
Grant Proposal-Assessing the role of stigma towards mental health patients in help seeking
Study problem
There are several studies that have shown that stigmatization towards mental health patients have been present throughout history and even despite the evolution in modern medicine and advanced treatment. For example, Verhaeghe et al., (2014), captures in a publication in reference to a study that he conducted that stigmatization towards mental health patients has been there even as early is in the 18th Century. People were hesitant to interact with people termed or perceived to have mental health conditions.
Stigmatization has resulted from the belief that those with mental problem are aggressive and dangerous creating a social distance (Szeto et al., 2017). Also, mental health-related stigma has become of major concern as it creates crucial barriers to access treatment and quality care since it not only influences the behaviour of the patients but also the attitude of the providers hence impacting help-seeking. Timmermann, Uhrenfeldt and Birkelund (2014), have identified stigma as a barrier that is of significance to care or help seeking while the extent to which it still remains a barrier have not been reviewed deeply. Therefore, this study will assess the role contributed by stigma in help seeking in depth. 1. Purpose
The intention of the research study is to review the association between stigma, mental illness and help seeking in order to formulate ways in which the stigma that is around mental health is done away with to enable as many people suffering from mental health complications to seek medical help.2. Background
Mental health is crucial in every stage of life. It is defined as the state of psychological well-being whereby the individual realizes a satisfactory integration instinctual drive acceptable to both oneself and his or her social setting (Ritchie & Roser, 2018). The status of mental health influences physical health, relationships, and most importantly day-to-day life. Mental health problems arise when there is a ...
This document includes three blog posts recently featured in PharmaVOICE.
The blogs focus on how enhanced access to in-depth health data is impacting an understanding of personhood, the environment around us, and the pharma operating model.
BLOG 1 (Pages 2-7)
Waves of Real Life Data Are Inundating Pharma...Can They Keep Up?
BLOG 2 (Pages 8-13)
Better understanding where and how we live will vastly improve remote patient
monitoring approaches
BLOG 3 (Pages 14-18)
5 Ways Pharma Can Be More Patient-Centered & Usher in Digital Transformation
Send me a note with your comments and feedback. Thanks for reading!
Running head: GUN CONTROL DILEMMA 1
GUN CONTROL DILEMMA 2
Gun Control Dilemma
Student's Name:
Institutional Affiliation:
Gun Control Dilemma
Today’s society has seen public shootings occur for numerous reasons. From pro-life fanatics to racist extremists, the only common ground that most of the shooters have is that they use guns to kill innocent victims. Gun control has been a controversial topic in the news, but not much has changed in regard to gun laws. Every time a news story about a new mass shooting hits the media, politicians take advantage of the event and push for tightening gun laws. However, no prominent change can be seen in regard to this matter and consequently, the news stories about mass shootings are never-ending. One would think that the increase in mass shootings would increase the number of people wanting to ban guns. Therefore, this paper recommends several small solutions that will push gun control laws and public opinion in the right direction (Ruggiero, 2012).
Strict gun control may be what the country needs to make the violence come to a standing halt. However, finding a solution to this decade-long problem is not simple. It may be easy to say that any State needs to tighten gun control laws, but doing so is an uphill battle. Gun rights advocates such as the NRA, or National Rifle Association, fight for the protection of the 2nd amendment while those who are pro-gun control disagree (Spitzer, 2017). The best option for any country is to slowly begin to impose tighter regulation on various facets of gun control rather than make a sweeping change to one aspect of it. This way, both sides may agree to a middle ground and progress will finally be made. Instead of imposing one strict solution,
Educating the public on the actual numbers behind gun-related events and statistics may be one of the easiest policies to instate. It can be predicted that this will also face little opposition, as the form of education that this paper recommends is not biased one way or the other (DeConde, 2011). Simply stating the numbers behind gun control issues may help matters sway towards stricter policies. This may be a catalyst to begin moving public opinion towards tighter gun control laws. For example, if more citizens were educated on the impact that gun control laws have had on safety in Australia, they might be more inclined to vote for stricter laws. Next, an argument that pro-gun civilians have been adamant of is that firearms are required in matters of self-defense.
Another means of tightening gun control without wreaking social havoc is to require more substantial and frequently renewed background checks. It has been cited that nearly 90% of Americans surveyed are in favour of “expanded background checks” (Davidson, 2008). However, this has ...
Running head WEEK THREE ASSIGNMENT .docxtoltonkendal
Running head: WEEK THREE ASSIGNMENT
1
WEEK THREE ASSIGNMENT
6
Week Three Assignment
PHI445: Personal & Organizational Ethics
Week Three Assignment
The case that I chose was Pharmaceuticals (Merck). The pharmaceutical industry is a multi-billion dollar industry that has evolved over decades developing, producing, and marketing various medications to the masses. They deal with increasing criticism in this industry due to the multiple side effects and drug interactions that occur. “In fact, research has shown that more than 100,000 deaths are caused by drug reactions each year in the United States (Null, 2010)” (Fieser, 2015). An ethical and moral dilemma for the pharmaceutical industry is that many drug companies are caught deceiving the public. The pharmaceutical industry continues to face controversy due to their advertising techniques. Pharmaceutical companies began to bypass the healthcare professionals and advertise directly to the patients. This tactic is called direct-to-consumer advertising which began in 1982. In our text is says, “Such advertising, it argued, is problematic “because of the inability of patients to understand medical information and make a rational, informed choice of medication from an array of drugs making similar claims.” The DEA was further concerned about “the messages conveyed to our youth” through such advertising” (Fieser, 2015).
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) which is the government agency that ensures the safety and effectiveness of medicines available to Americans. The FDA pushes guidance, compliance, and regulatory information onto the pharmaceutical industry. The FDA publishes regulations in the federal government’s official publication for notifying the public in accordance with the U.S. law, Executive Orders (EO) and memoranda issued by the President. The Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) has been tasked from the FDA with evaluating new drugs before they could be sold to consumers. They also oversee the type of advertising that the pharmaceutical companies use to market their products to consumers to ensure that false or misleading information is not presented.
Utilitarianism is the theory that focuses on the cost-benefit analysis which believes that and action is morally right as long as the consequences of some do not out weight the benefits of the majority. They also emphasize goodness and badness in decision making by focusing on how our actions affect human happiness. “An action is morally right if the consequences of that action are more favorable than unfavorable to everyone” (Fieser, 2015). The pharmaceutical companies contend that the drugs they create save thousands of lives worldwide on a daily basis. They live and work under a Pharmacist Code. The Pharmacist Code of Ethics and Oath ...
Chapter 3Public Health Data and Communications.docxwalterl4
Chapter 3
Public Health Data and Communications
Learning Objectives
Identify six basic types of public health data
Explain the meaning, use, and limitations of the infant mortality rate and life expectancy measurements
Explain the meanings and uses of HALEs and DALYs
Identify criteria for evaluating the quality of information presented on a website
Explain ways that perceptions affect how people interpret information
Learning Objectives
Explain the roles of probabilities, utilities, and the timing of events in combining public health data
Explain the basic principles for the construction of decision trees and their uses
Explain how attitudes, such as risk-taking attitudes, may affect decision making
Identify three different approaches to clinical decision making and their advantages and disadvantages
Vignette 1
You read that the rate of use of cocaine among teenagers has fallen by 50% in the last decade.
You wonder where that information might come from.
Vignette 2
You hear that life expectancy in the United States is now approximately 80 years.
You wonder what that implies about how long you will live and what that means for your grandmother, who is 82 and in good health.
Vignette 3
You hear on the news the gruesome description of a shark attack on a young boy from another state and decide to keep your son away from the beach.
While playing at a friend’s house, your son nearly drowns after falling into the backyard pool.
You ask why so many people think that drowning in a backyard pool is unusual when it is far more common than shark attacks.
Vignette 4
“Balancing the harms and benefits is essential to making decisions,” your clinician says.
The treatment you are considering has an 80% chance of working, but there is also a 20% chance of side effects.
“What do I need to consider when balancing the harms and the benefits?” you ask.
Vignette 5
You are faced with a decision to have a medical procedure.
One physician tells you there’s no other choice and you must undergo the procedure, another tells you about the harms and benefits and advises you to go ahead and the third lays out the options and tells you it’s your decision.
Why are there such different approaches to making decisions these days?
Questions-to-Ask (1)
What is the scope of health communications?
Where does public health data come from?
How is public health information compiled to measure the health of a population?
How can we evaluate the quality of the presentation of health information?
What factors affect how we perceive public health information?
Questions-to-Ask (2)
What type of information needs to be combined to make health decisions?
What other data needs to be included in decision making?
How do we utilize information to make health decisions?
How can we use health information to make healthcare decisions?
Table 3-1 The 6 Ss of Quantitative Sources of Public Health Data (1/3)Type
ExamplesUsesAdvantages/
DisadvantagesSingle case or small seriesC.
Running head PHYSICIAN-ASSISTED SUICIDE 1PHYSICIAN-ASSIST.docxjeanettehully
Running head: PHYSICIAN-ASSISTED SUICIDE 1
PHYSICIAN-ASSISTED SUICIDE 2
Physician-Assisted Suicide
The major I am pursuing is my Bachelors in Nursing, and with my persuasive essay I intend to convince healthcare providers in this persuasive essay that physician-assisted suicide (PAS) must be considered illegal and it should not be practiced in any hospital that values human life. I had to tell them while observing the ethical aspects and value of a human soul alongside the biblical worldview that physician assisted suicide is killing regardless of how you stage or justify the act. Doctors, before they start practicing their profession, make the vow of helping patients and help with the progression of medication. On the off chance that a patient is critically ill, they can be made comfortable with drugs like morphine that are deliberately given through IV or orally to help reduce or stop any pain or misery the patient is experiencing.
There are several reasons that support my argument. Some of them are positive while others are negative. But, since the benefits exceed the negative ones, this practice should be dismissed. For one, we ought not, as a rule, give physicians the privilege to help kill their patients. The entire history of medication has been one of improved healing or, in terminal cases, reduced pain; killing, which debases life to the point of liquidation, is the exact inverse of good and mindful medical care (Knaplund, 2010). To legalize suicide along these lines is to weaponize the therapeutic system against the very individuals to which it ought to be generally attentive. A second reason why PAS may sound interesting is that individuals believe that others ought to be put out of their misery in the event that they are in pain. Rather than having the doctors take the easy way out and simply recommend lethal drugs to the patient, I figure physicians should search for better approaches to relieve the pain. Another issue with allowing individuals to be prescribed lethal dosages of medication is that the prognosis the physician gave them could not be right. According to Brueck & Sulmasy (2019), PAS is practiced legally in three states only in the United States. Montana, Washington, and Oregon allow doctors to perform PAS under the guidelines of the Death with Dignity Act. The act contains stringent patient eligibility measures. For example, the Oregon Death with Dignity Act (ODDA) allows doctors to give a lethal dose of the drug to diagnosed fatally sick patients. The patients understand that this medication when taken will take their life within a couple of moments of taking the medication. All together for an individual to acquire this prescription as expressed before in the Death with Dignity Act, they must have a prognosis of a half-year or less, in which a patient would be considered Hospice or on Hospice care. Who is to state that what the physician or doctors said is 100 percent sure? It isn't, and ...
The business direction for HR is to be more strategic in their fu.docxrandymartin91030
The business direction for HR is to be more strategic in their function.
In your experience, do you think HR is involved with setting and implementing strategy? If yes, how and what role does HR play?
If not, what makes you believe they are not involved?
Module 1
Module 2
Module 3
Module 4
MHA506 - Health Care System Organization
X
X
X
MHA507 - Health Care Delivery Systems
X
X
X
MHM525 - Marketing in Healthcare
X
MHM502 - Health Care Finance
X
MHM514 - Health Information Systems
X
MHM522 - Legal Aspects of Health Administration
X
Running Head: MISSION HOSPITAL ANALYSIS PROJECT 1
MISSION HOSPITAL ANALYSIS PROJECT 27
Mission Hospital Analysis Project
Professor’s Name
Student’s Name
Course Title
Date
MARKET RESEARCH AND SEGMENTATION
Mission Hospital is located in Mission Viejo, California.
Mission Hospital being state of the art has 523 beds as a regional medical center and acute care in California Mission Viejo. These number of required beds is calculated as, Number of beds needed = the average number of admissions to the hospital from the hospital statistics is approximately 7560, with a mean length of stay of 30 days. The occupancy rate of the hospital was approximated as 84.17%. Therefore, the number of beds needed will be = It is one of the busiest paediatric Level 2 and adults designated in the state of California Trauma center, full range of specialist of healthcare services with teams that are highly skilled in the treatment of multitude conditions of the complex are provided in the mission hospital (Rad, & Anantatmula, 2010).
The range that is full of expertise is included in the services of neuroscience and spine, cancer care, cardiovascular, wellness and mental health, orthopaedics, and other variety of services that are specialists. Mission Hospital on the beach of Laguna provides coastal communities of South Orange with intensive care and emergency services in 24 hours (Kohlstadt, 2016). A 48-bed facility is the only area of the hospital that is paediatric for children at Mission Hospital.
Factors Affecting an Organization Externally
An organization can be affected externally by social, political, or technological. Factors that are internal lead to the success of the organization (Rad & Anantatmula, 2010). A mission sense that is clear in an organization explains its self better to the world, and positive elements can align it in each area. Leaders who can learn and communicate with an organization also externally learn from the organization and successfully communicate with it, leading to exchange ongoing ideas for both organizations to benefit and their environment. External change that is done throughout the society also brings impact to the companies, such as the sexual harassment elimination movement aims to deliver results (Rad, & Anantatmula, 2010).
Common medical conditions of seniors overall health status
A typical medical cond.
ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH
1
ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH 2
Evidence Based Practice Grant Proposal
Table of Contents
31.Purpose
42.Background
5Research objectives
6Theoretical framework
63.EBP Model
74.Proposed Change
85.Outcomes
86.Evaluation Plan
97.Dissemination Plan
9Tools to be Used
9Peer review tools for the proposal
11Grant Request
11Proposed Tasks
11Task 1: Case study- Reviewing existing literature on stigma around mental health complications
11Task 2: Interviewing clinicians that have dealt with the study topic
12Task 3: Interviewing patients of mental health
12Schedule
13Budget
148.Appendices
14a.Informed Consent
19Certificate of Consent
19Signature or Date
21b.Literature Matrix
32c.Tools and equipment to be used
34References
Grant Proposal-Assessing the role of stigma towards mental health patients in help seeking
Study problem
There are several studies that have shown that stigmatization towards mental health patients have been present throughout history and even despite the evolution in modern medicine and advanced treatment. For example, Verhaeghe et al., (2014), captures in a publication in reference to a study that he conducted that stigmatization towards mental health patients has been there even as early is in the 18th Century. People were hesitant to interact with people termed or perceived to have mental health conditions.
Stigmatization has resulted from the belief that those with mental problem are aggressive and dangerous creating a social distance (Szeto et al., 2017). Also, mental health-related stigma has become of major concern as it creates crucial barriers to access treatment and quality care since it not only influences the behaviour of the patients but also the attitude of the providers hence impacting help-seeking. Timmermann, Uhrenfeldt and Birkelund (2014), have identified stigma as a barrier that is of significance to care or help seeking while the extent to which it still remains a barrier have not been reviewed deeply. Therefore, this study will assess the role contributed by stigma in help seeking in depth. 1. Purpose
The intention of the research study is to review the association between stigma, mental illness and help seeking in order to formulate ways in which the stigma that is around mental health is done away with to enable as many people suffering from mental health complications to seek medical help.2. Background
Mental health is crucial in every stage of life. It is defined as the state of psychological well-being whereby the individual realizes a satisfactory integration instinctual drive acceptable to both oneself and his or her social setting (Ritchie & Roser, 2018). The status of mental health influences physical health, relationships, and most importantly day-to-day life. Mental health problems arise when there is a ...
This document includes three blog posts recently featured in PharmaVOICE.
The blogs focus on how enhanced access to in-depth health data is impacting an understanding of personhood, the environment around us, and the pharma operating model.
BLOG 1 (Pages 2-7)
Waves of Real Life Data Are Inundating Pharma...Can They Keep Up?
BLOG 2 (Pages 8-13)
Better understanding where and how we live will vastly improve remote patient
monitoring approaches
BLOG 3 (Pages 14-18)
5 Ways Pharma Can Be More Patient-Centered & Usher in Digital Transformation
Send me a note with your comments and feedback. Thanks for reading!
Running head: GUN CONTROL DILEMMA 1
GUN CONTROL DILEMMA 2
Gun Control Dilemma
Student's Name:
Institutional Affiliation:
Gun Control Dilemma
Today’s society has seen public shootings occur for numerous reasons. From pro-life fanatics to racist extremists, the only common ground that most of the shooters have is that they use guns to kill innocent victims. Gun control has been a controversial topic in the news, but not much has changed in regard to gun laws. Every time a news story about a new mass shooting hits the media, politicians take advantage of the event and push for tightening gun laws. However, no prominent change can be seen in regard to this matter and consequently, the news stories about mass shootings are never-ending. One would think that the increase in mass shootings would increase the number of people wanting to ban guns. Therefore, this paper recommends several small solutions that will push gun control laws and public opinion in the right direction (Ruggiero, 2012).
Strict gun control may be what the country needs to make the violence come to a standing halt. However, finding a solution to this decade-long problem is not simple. It may be easy to say that any State needs to tighten gun control laws, but doing so is an uphill battle. Gun rights advocates such as the NRA, or National Rifle Association, fight for the protection of the 2nd amendment while those who are pro-gun control disagree (Spitzer, 2017). The best option for any country is to slowly begin to impose tighter regulation on various facets of gun control rather than make a sweeping change to one aspect of it. This way, both sides may agree to a middle ground and progress will finally be made. Instead of imposing one strict solution,
Educating the public on the actual numbers behind gun-related events and statistics may be one of the easiest policies to instate. It can be predicted that this will also face little opposition, as the form of education that this paper recommends is not biased one way or the other (DeConde, 2011). Simply stating the numbers behind gun control issues may help matters sway towards stricter policies. This may be a catalyst to begin moving public opinion towards tighter gun control laws. For example, if more citizens were educated on the impact that gun control laws have had on safety in Australia, they might be more inclined to vote for stricter laws. Next, an argument that pro-gun civilians have been adamant of is that firearms are required in matters of self-defense.
Another means of tightening gun control without wreaking social havoc is to require more substantial and frequently renewed background checks. It has been cited that nearly 90% of Americans surveyed are in favour of “expanded background checks” (Davidson, 2008). However, this has ...
Article in Division 29's journal, psychotherapy that reviews the research on routine outcome monitoring, arguing that current efforts are at risk for repeating the history of failed efforts to improve the outcome of psychotherapy.
ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH
1
ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH 2
Evidence Based Practice Grant Proposal
Table of Contents
3
4
5
6
6
7
8
8
9
9
9
11
11
11
11
12
12
13
14
14
19
19
21
32
34
Grant Proposal-Assessing the role of stigma towards mental health patients in help seeking
Study problem
There are several studies that have shown that stigmatization towards mental health patients have been present throughout history and even despite the evolution in modern medicine and advanced treatment. For example, Verhaeghe et al., (2014), captures in a publication in reference to a study that he conducted that stigmatization towards mental health patients has been there even as early is in the 18th Century. People were hesitant to interact with people termed or perceived to have mental health conditions.
Stigmatization has resulted from the belief that those with mental problem are aggressive and dangerous creating a social distance (Szeto et al., 2017). Also, mental health-related stigma has become of major concern as it creates crucial barriers to access treatment and quality care since it not only influences the behaviour of the patients but also the attitude of the providers hence impacting help-seeking. Timmermann, Uhrenfeldt and Birkelund (2014), have identified stigma as a barrier that is of significance to care or help seeking while the extent to which it still remains a barrier have not been reviewed deeply. Therefore, this study will assess the role contributed by stigma in help seeking in depth. 1. Purpose
The intention of the research study is to review the association between stigma, mental illness and help seeking in order to formulate ways in which the stigma that is around mental health is done away with to enable as many people suffering from mental health complications to seek medical help.2. Background
Mental health is crucial in every stage of life. It is defined as the state of psychological well-being whereby the individual realizes a satisfactory integration instinctual drive acceptable to both oneself and his or her social setting (Ritchie & Roser, 2018). The status of mental health influences physical health, relationships, and most importantly day-to-day life. Mental health problems arise when there is a disruption in mental well-being.
The risk factors to mental health problems are not limited and therefore everyone is entitled to the problem irrespective of gender, economic status, and ethnic group. For example, data shows that in America one out of five individuals experience mental health problems annually; with mental disorders being recognized as the leading cause of disability not only in the United States but also globally (Ritchie & Roser, 2018). Mental health disorders are seen to be complex and of many forms such as anxiety, mood, and schizophren.
1 day agoJessica Dunne RE Discussion - Week 10COLLAPSET.docxoswald1horne84988
1 day ago
Jessica Dunne
RE: Discussion - Week 10
COLLAPSE
Top of Form
NURS 6050C: Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health
INITIAL POST
Resource Allocation for an Aging Population
Technological advances in medicine and preventative care means that Americans are living longer lives than ever before. Hayutin, Deitz, and Mitchell (2010) assert that by the year 2030 Americans over the age of 65 will account for 20% of the population. There will soon be more elderly Americans than children, and the number of working adults is expected to decrease concurrently. This shift in the population will yield significant economic, political and social challenges. Healthcare needs are also changing. Death and disability rates are declining, yet the incidence of chronic illness within the elderly population continues to rise (Hayutin, Deitz, & Mitchell, 2010). Crippen and Barnato (2011) contend that 20% of the population assume 80% of all healthcare-related costs. As much as 75% of these costs are attributable to chronic diseases (Crippen & Barnato, 2011). Revenues for healthcare are projected to decrease while expenditures are expected to increase. Healthcare providers, policymakers, and industry experts need to work towards solutions that will optimize healthcare dollars and create sustainability for future generations.
Ethical Considerations
The dynamics of healthcare are complicated; financial resources seem insignificant when making life and death decisions. Nonetheless, resources are finite, and therefore, distribution and allocation of funds must be ethical. According to Craig (2010), the theory of distributive justice requires that people with the same health needs have equitable access to all available resources. However, distributive justice also requires that the associated costs also be shared equitably. Fairness is another ethical principle that should be applied in the allocation of healthcare resources. Policies that are fair must be transparent, understandable, and there must be regulatory process to address complaints and resolve conflicts. The idea that healthcare is a human right is outlined in the declaration of independence which guarantees citizens the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The need of the patient should also be considered. A burn patient needs plastic surgery more than a patient that wants rhinoplasty (Craig, 2010).
Nurses provide the best possible care to every single patient regardless of gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, ability to pay, or age. The American Nurses Association (2012) provides ethical guidelines for nurses to employ in their practice. Provisions one, two, and three promote the principle of beneficence, and the obligation nurses have to advocate for the best interests of their patients. Provisions seven, eight, and nine focus on providing social justice for clients through practice and policy (American Nurses Association, 2012). Nurses should also promote aut.
Running Head FINDINGS USED TO MAKE PUBLIC HEALTH PLANNING AND POL.docxcowinhelen
Running Head: FINDINGS USED TO MAKE PUBLIC HEALTH PLANNING AND POLICY DECISIONS 5
Findings Used to Make Public Health Planning and Policy Decisions
Unit 4 - HA560
March 28, 2016
There has been increased concern among policy makers, scientists and communities that health is greatly affected by a number of factors that occur in a person’s lifetime and in multi levels. Prevention is sententious to curb occurrence of any disease within the population, and it has to come first even if access to quality healthcare services is provided. To adequately promote health and prevent diseases, certain policies and factors need to be addressed mostly factors that are related to health behaviors.
Social psychology is all about understanding individuals’ behavior specifically in a social setting. Basically, social psychology focuses on factors that influence people to behave in certain ways in presence of others. The two greatest contributors in the field of social psychology were Allport (1920) and Bandura (1963). To begin with, according to Allport; he argued that the interaction of individuals with others or the presence of social groups can encourage the development of certain behaviors (Kassin, 2014). This is what Allport referred to as social facilitation, in his research he identified that an audience will facilitate the performance of an actor in a well learnt and understood task; however the performance of the same actor will decrease in performance on difficult tasks which are newly learnt, and this is contributed by social inhibition. The second contributor in the field of social psychology is Bandura (1963), in his work he developed a notion that behavior in the social world could be possibly modeled, and this is what he referred to as social learning theory. He gave his explanation with three groups of children who were watching a video where in the video an adult showed aggressiveness towards a “bobo doll” and the adults who displayed such behavior were awarded by another adult or were just punished. Therefore Bandura found that children who saw the adult being rewarded were found to be more likely to imitate that adult’s behavior.
Certain theories plays important roles in health assessment, and a theory is defined as a collection of concepts in specific area of concern or interest in the world that need explanations, intervening and prediction. Theories need to be backed up with evidence that tend to explain why things will happen in relation to current situations, and followed with some actions to turn situations in certain desirable ways. Health assessment can be defined as a plan of care that recognizes specific person’s health needs and how such needs will be addressed by healthcare system or any other health institutions (Jarvis, 2008). Generally, health assessment is the evaluation of health status through examination of physical and psychological concerns after looking at the health history of the victim assess ...
Term Case Competition.Group 2Kristina CharlesMelissa Herv.docxmehek4
Term Case Competition.
Group 2:
Kristina Charles
Melissa Hervas
Dayana Lewandowski
Marcella Ortega
Daylen Torres
Maridellis Utset
November 20th, 2016
Background:
C.W. Williams Healthcare Center was started by the first African American surgeon from Charlotte’s largest hospital in 1980. His passion for the health needs of the poor and wanting to make the world a better place for those less fortunate, was his ultimate concern.
In essence, the ACA, signed into law March 2010 by President Barack Obama will focus on …
the uninsured Americans granted health insurance
provide all screenings, and services as recommended by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.
establish lower healthcare costs
enhance system productivity
Major Ruling Beneficial to C.W. Williams
The ACA provides new options and incentives to help states rebalance their Medicaid long-term care programs in favor of community-based services and supports rather than institutional care (Paradise, 2015).
Accountable Care Organizations
Group of doctors, hospitals and other health care providers who come together voluntarily to give coordinated high quality care to their Medicare patients.
The goal of Accountable Care Organizations are to avoid unnecessary duplication of services and preventing medical errors. This ultimately results in savings for the Medicare program.
Goal of ACOs
C.W. Williams and ACOs
Currently one of C.W. Williams obstacles is the consortium being formed with the state to pay for Medicaid patients. If the state agrees to partake in this, all of C.W.’s patients, that require hospitalization, will no longer have the choice of which hospital they'd like to be admitted to.
CMC has expressed an interest in the patients of C.W. Williams
Older patients of C.W. Williams prefer CMC over Presbyterian.
It’ll be easier to form an ACO since the majority will be Medicare patients and there will only be one hospital affiliation.
Patient- Centered Medical Home (PCMH)
Patient-centered medical home is a model of care that aims to transform the delivery of comprehensive primary care to children, adolescents and adults. Through this model, practices seek to improve quality, effectiveness and efficiency of the care they deliver while responding to each patient’s unique needs and preferences.
Anti-Kickback & Stark Law Implications
Anti-Kickback Statute Prohibits:
Offering, paying, soliciting or receiving anything of value to induce or reward referrals to generate Federal health care program business.
Stark Law Prohibits:
A physician from referring Medicare patients for designated health services to an entity with which the physician has a financial relationship unless an exception applies.
References
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (2015). Accountable Care Organizations (ACO). Retreived November 11, 2016, from https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Medicare-Fee-for-Service-Payment/ACO/index.html?redirect=/aco/
Harris, D.M. (2014). Contemporary Issues in H ...
MYTH OF MANAGED CARE2The myth of Managed CareMario.docxgemaherd
MYTH OF MANAGED CARE 2
The myth of Managed Care
Marion Allen
Rasmussen College
Foundations of Managed Care
May 31, 2020
Part 1: Outline
The main myth that drew my attention is that managed care is that HMOs threaten the quality of care. HMOs equal (bad) for-profit medicine. This research shall report on the validity or invalidity of this myth. From my point of view, the myth is invalid as it will be supported by the points highlighted below:
1) The goal of HMOs is to ensure that there is enough health care is available to society at the most affordable means.
2) HMOs exist as insurance set up for the cultural aspects of the people. This is due to the presence of the domineering medicinal culture in this land.
The topics in this writing shall include:
1) Fact elaboration-this will describe the fact about the myth presented here. It is factual to say that 0.89 of members of HMOs in Massachusetts are non-profit mind oriented. Most of the members here are among the excellent members of the country (Luft, 1980).
2) The impact of the myth to the public. It takes the bold citizens to refute this myth, and probably, the teenagers are in the light of successfully rebutting it. Under this topic, I shall include two subtopics which include:
2a) The impact of the myth on the teenagers
2b) The effect of the myth on the seniors. Society is made to believe in the worse managed health care.
3) The impact of the myth on the objective of HMOs (Relman & Reinhardt,1986). The main aim of HMOs is to enhance excellent health care that many citizens can afford.
4) Impact of the myth on the economy.
The following are the sub-topics under this topic:
4a) Impact on the local economy.
4b) Impact on the global economy.
Part 2: Annotated Bibliography
Christianson, J. B., Sanchez, S. M., Wholey, D. R., & Shadle, M. (1991). The HMO industry:
Evolution in population demographics and market structures. Medical Care Review, 48(1), 3-46.
The authors, Christianson et al., reviewed the topic under the HMO industry and came up with a conclusion that HMOs were in existence in the 1980s and helped in improving the lives of the citizens in the United States. They wrote that the prolonged stay of the patients in the hospitals made people include political oppositions. The contribution of these authors is useful in this research as it helps in analyzing the impact of the myth on the various individuals in society, specifically the seniors who spread political stories. It helps in determining the validity of the myth.
Luft, H. S. (1980). Assessing the evidence on HMO performance. The Milbank Memorial Fund
Quarterly. Health and Society, 501-536.
Luft is an author who contributed to the literature concerning the profit issue related to the HMOs. It is evidenced that prepaid services have been in place for a long time in the USA, and thus this constitutes the culture of health providers. In writing, this author explains how traditional medici.
Can-innovative-market-research-enhance-drug-launch-campaigns.pdfNewristics USA
Newristics is the first company to provide market research & message optimization services based on behavioral science & artificial intelligence. Our AI models are trained on more than 660 known heuristics.
n early 2020, when the novel coronavirus began to spread around the world, it became increasingly clear that the most effective way to combat the raging pandemic would be for the majority of the population to develop immunity — whether through natural infection or vaccination.
the-impact-of-social-media-on-mental-health.pdfNewristics USA
This whitepaper explores the decision heuristics that lead to completely irrational user behaviors, pertaining to the consumption and internalization of social media and its constant barrage of perfectly filtered photos, exaggerated lifestyles, and skewed validations.
understanding-Opioid-Crisis-using-decision-heuristics-science.pdfNewristics USA
This paper explores the Opioid Epidemic in an entirely new light. It puts the spotlight on a string of human decisions that triggered major market-shaping events that ultimately led to the Opioid Crisis in America.
How-did-medical-errors-becaome-the-cause-of-death-in-the-us.pdfNewristics USA
It's scary to think that your Healthcare may kill you. But that indeed is the unfortunate truth for tens of thousands of Americans, whose deaths are direct results of medical errors. While the issue is multi-faceted and involves several stakeholders, mitigating medical errors requires a closer look at the behavioral drivers involved.
transforming-message-testing-in-pharmaceutical-research.pdfNewristics USA
Market research has seen tremendous innovation in the past decade, but research techniques used for MESSAGE TESTING have not changed in a long time. It’s time message testing research got an upgrade.
In early 2020, when the novel coronavirus began to spread around the world, it became increasingly clear that the most effective way to combat the raging pandemic would be for the majority of the population to develop immunity — whether through natural infection or vaccination. After months of tireless effort, now that the vaccine has become a reality, we still find people hesitant to vaccinate.
can-ai-be-used-to-refresh-messaging-more-efficiently-for-pharma-brands.pdfNewristics USA
With the Pharma industry rapidly evolving, brand teams are realizing the need for more frequent message refreshes to stay ahead. But often marketing teams don’t have new clinical data or even customer insights to execute a message refresh. If you have nothing new to say, can you really say it differently enough to make a difference?
social_media_impact_on_mental_health_new01.pdfNewristics USA
Newristics is the first company to provide market research & message optimization services based on behavioral science & artificial intelligence. Our AI models are trained on more than 660 known heuristics.
Newristics is the first company to provide market research & message optimization services based on behavioral science & artificial intelligence. Our AI models are trained on more than 660 known heuristics.
a-futuristic-approach-to-message-testing-for-pharma-companies.pdfNewristics USA
Newristics is the first company to provide market research & message optimization services based on behavioral science & artificial intelligence. Our AI models are trained on more than 660 known heuristics.
Article in Division 29's journal, psychotherapy that reviews the research on routine outcome monitoring, arguing that current efforts are at risk for repeating the history of failed efforts to improve the outcome of psychotherapy.
ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH
1
ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH 2
Evidence Based Practice Grant Proposal
Table of Contents
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Grant Proposal-Assessing the role of stigma towards mental health patients in help seeking
Study problem
There are several studies that have shown that stigmatization towards mental health patients have been present throughout history and even despite the evolution in modern medicine and advanced treatment. For example, Verhaeghe et al., (2014), captures in a publication in reference to a study that he conducted that stigmatization towards mental health patients has been there even as early is in the 18th Century. People were hesitant to interact with people termed or perceived to have mental health conditions.
Stigmatization has resulted from the belief that those with mental problem are aggressive and dangerous creating a social distance (Szeto et al., 2017). Also, mental health-related stigma has become of major concern as it creates crucial barriers to access treatment and quality care since it not only influences the behaviour of the patients but also the attitude of the providers hence impacting help-seeking. Timmermann, Uhrenfeldt and Birkelund (2014), have identified stigma as a barrier that is of significance to care or help seeking while the extent to which it still remains a barrier have not been reviewed deeply. Therefore, this study will assess the role contributed by stigma in help seeking in depth. 1. Purpose
The intention of the research study is to review the association between stigma, mental illness and help seeking in order to formulate ways in which the stigma that is around mental health is done away with to enable as many people suffering from mental health complications to seek medical help.2. Background
Mental health is crucial in every stage of life. It is defined as the state of psychological well-being whereby the individual realizes a satisfactory integration instinctual drive acceptable to both oneself and his or her social setting (Ritchie & Roser, 2018). The status of mental health influences physical health, relationships, and most importantly day-to-day life. Mental health problems arise when there is a disruption in mental well-being.
The risk factors to mental health problems are not limited and therefore everyone is entitled to the problem irrespective of gender, economic status, and ethnic group. For example, data shows that in America one out of five individuals experience mental health problems annually; with mental disorders being recognized as the leading cause of disability not only in the United States but also globally (Ritchie & Roser, 2018). Mental health disorders are seen to be complex and of many forms such as anxiety, mood, and schizophren.
1 day agoJessica Dunne RE Discussion - Week 10COLLAPSET.docxoswald1horne84988
1 day ago
Jessica Dunne
RE: Discussion - Week 10
COLLAPSE
Top of Form
NURS 6050C: Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health
INITIAL POST
Resource Allocation for an Aging Population
Technological advances in medicine and preventative care means that Americans are living longer lives than ever before. Hayutin, Deitz, and Mitchell (2010) assert that by the year 2030 Americans over the age of 65 will account for 20% of the population. There will soon be more elderly Americans than children, and the number of working adults is expected to decrease concurrently. This shift in the population will yield significant economic, political and social challenges. Healthcare needs are also changing. Death and disability rates are declining, yet the incidence of chronic illness within the elderly population continues to rise (Hayutin, Deitz, & Mitchell, 2010). Crippen and Barnato (2011) contend that 20% of the population assume 80% of all healthcare-related costs. As much as 75% of these costs are attributable to chronic diseases (Crippen & Barnato, 2011). Revenues for healthcare are projected to decrease while expenditures are expected to increase. Healthcare providers, policymakers, and industry experts need to work towards solutions that will optimize healthcare dollars and create sustainability for future generations.
Ethical Considerations
The dynamics of healthcare are complicated; financial resources seem insignificant when making life and death decisions. Nonetheless, resources are finite, and therefore, distribution and allocation of funds must be ethical. According to Craig (2010), the theory of distributive justice requires that people with the same health needs have equitable access to all available resources. However, distributive justice also requires that the associated costs also be shared equitably. Fairness is another ethical principle that should be applied in the allocation of healthcare resources. Policies that are fair must be transparent, understandable, and there must be regulatory process to address complaints and resolve conflicts. The idea that healthcare is a human right is outlined in the declaration of independence which guarantees citizens the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The need of the patient should also be considered. A burn patient needs plastic surgery more than a patient that wants rhinoplasty (Craig, 2010).
Nurses provide the best possible care to every single patient regardless of gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, ability to pay, or age. The American Nurses Association (2012) provides ethical guidelines for nurses to employ in their practice. Provisions one, two, and three promote the principle of beneficence, and the obligation nurses have to advocate for the best interests of their patients. Provisions seven, eight, and nine focus on providing social justice for clients through practice and policy (American Nurses Association, 2012). Nurses should also promote aut.
Running Head FINDINGS USED TO MAKE PUBLIC HEALTH PLANNING AND POL.docxcowinhelen
Running Head: FINDINGS USED TO MAKE PUBLIC HEALTH PLANNING AND POLICY DECISIONS 5
Findings Used to Make Public Health Planning and Policy Decisions
Unit 4 - HA560
March 28, 2016
There has been increased concern among policy makers, scientists and communities that health is greatly affected by a number of factors that occur in a person’s lifetime and in multi levels. Prevention is sententious to curb occurrence of any disease within the population, and it has to come first even if access to quality healthcare services is provided. To adequately promote health and prevent diseases, certain policies and factors need to be addressed mostly factors that are related to health behaviors.
Social psychology is all about understanding individuals’ behavior specifically in a social setting. Basically, social psychology focuses on factors that influence people to behave in certain ways in presence of others. The two greatest contributors in the field of social psychology were Allport (1920) and Bandura (1963). To begin with, according to Allport; he argued that the interaction of individuals with others or the presence of social groups can encourage the development of certain behaviors (Kassin, 2014). This is what Allport referred to as social facilitation, in his research he identified that an audience will facilitate the performance of an actor in a well learnt and understood task; however the performance of the same actor will decrease in performance on difficult tasks which are newly learnt, and this is contributed by social inhibition. The second contributor in the field of social psychology is Bandura (1963), in his work he developed a notion that behavior in the social world could be possibly modeled, and this is what he referred to as social learning theory. He gave his explanation with three groups of children who were watching a video where in the video an adult showed aggressiveness towards a “bobo doll” and the adults who displayed such behavior were awarded by another adult or were just punished. Therefore Bandura found that children who saw the adult being rewarded were found to be more likely to imitate that adult’s behavior.
Certain theories plays important roles in health assessment, and a theory is defined as a collection of concepts in specific area of concern or interest in the world that need explanations, intervening and prediction. Theories need to be backed up with evidence that tend to explain why things will happen in relation to current situations, and followed with some actions to turn situations in certain desirable ways. Health assessment can be defined as a plan of care that recognizes specific person’s health needs and how such needs will be addressed by healthcare system or any other health institutions (Jarvis, 2008). Generally, health assessment is the evaluation of health status through examination of physical and psychological concerns after looking at the health history of the victim assess ...
Term Case Competition.Group 2Kristina CharlesMelissa Herv.docxmehek4
Term Case Competition.
Group 2:
Kristina Charles
Melissa Hervas
Dayana Lewandowski
Marcella Ortega
Daylen Torres
Maridellis Utset
November 20th, 2016
Background:
C.W. Williams Healthcare Center was started by the first African American surgeon from Charlotte’s largest hospital in 1980. His passion for the health needs of the poor and wanting to make the world a better place for those less fortunate, was his ultimate concern.
In essence, the ACA, signed into law March 2010 by President Barack Obama will focus on …
the uninsured Americans granted health insurance
provide all screenings, and services as recommended by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.
establish lower healthcare costs
enhance system productivity
Major Ruling Beneficial to C.W. Williams
The ACA provides new options and incentives to help states rebalance their Medicaid long-term care programs in favor of community-based services and supports rather than institutional care (Paradise, 2015).
Accountable Care Organizations
Group of doctors, hospitals and other health care providers who come together voluntarily to give coordinated high quality care to their Medicare patients.
The goal of Accountable Care Organizations are to avoid unnecessary duplication of services and preventing medical errors. This ultimately results in savings for the Medicare program.
Goal of ACOs
C.W. Williams and ACOs
Currently one of C.W. Williams obstacles is the consortium being formed with the state to pay for Medicaid patients. If the state agrees to partake in this, all of C.W.’s patients, that require hospitalization, will no longer have the choice of which hospital they'd like to be admitted to.
CMC has expressed an interest in the patients of C.W. Williams
Older patients of C.W. Williams prefer CMC over Presbyterian.
It’ll be easier to form an ACO since the majority will be Medicare patients and there will only be one hospital affiliation.
Patient- Centered Medical Home (PCMH)
Patient-centered medical home is a model of care that aims to transform the delivery of comprehensive primary care to children, adolescents and adults. Through this model, practices seek to improve quality, effectiveness and efficiency of the care they deliver while responding to each patient’s unique needs and preferences.
Anti-Kickback & Stark Law Implications
Anti-Kickback Statute Prohibits:
Offering, paying, soliciting or receiving anything of value to induce or reward referrals to generate Federal health care program business.
Stark Law Prohibits:
A physician from referring Medicare patients for designated health services to an entity with which the physician has a financial relationship unless an exception applies.
References
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (2015). Accountable Care Organizations (ACO). Retreived November 11, 2016, from https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Medicare-Fee-for-Service-Payment/ACO/index.html?redirect=/aco/
Harris, D.M. (2014). Contemporary Issues in H ...
MYTH OF MANAGED CARE2The myth of Managed CareMario.docxgemaherd
MYTH OF MANAGED CARE 2
The myth of Managed Care
Marion Allen
Rasmussen College
Foundations of Managed Care
May 31, 2020
Part 1: Outline
The main myth that drew my attention is that managed care is that HMOs threaten the quality of care. HMOs equal (bad) for-profit medicine. This research shall report on the validity or invalidity of this myth. From my point of view, the myth is invalid as it will be supported by the points highlighted below:
1) The goal of HMOs is to ensure that there is enough health care is available to society at the most affordable means.
2) HMOs exist as insurance set up for the cultural aspects of the people. This is due to the presence of the domineering medicinal culture in this land.
The topics in this writing shall include:
1) Fact elaboration-this will describe the fact about the myth presented here. It is factual to say that 0.89 of members of HMOs in Massachusetts are non-profit mind oriented. Most of the members here are among the excellent members of the country (Luft, 1980).
2) The impact of the myth to the public. It takes the bold citizens to refute this myth, and probably, the teenagers are in the light of successfully rebutting it. Under this topic, I shall include two subtopics which include:
2a) The impact of the myth on the teenagers
2b) The effect of the myth on the seniors. Society is made to believe in the worse managed health care.
3) The impact of the myth on the objective of HMOs (Relman & Reinhardt,1986). The main aim of HMOs is to enhance excellent health care that many citizens can afford.
4) Impact of the myth on the economy.
The following are the sub-topics under this topic:
4a) Impact on the local economy.
4b) Impact on the global economy.
Part 2: Annotated Bibliography
Christianson, J. B., Sanchez, S. M., Wholey, D. R., & Shadle, M. (1991). The HMO industry:
Evolution in population demographics and market structures. Medical Care Review, 48(1), 3-46.
The authors, Christianson et al., reviewed the topic under the HMO industry and came up with a conclusion that HMOs were in existence in the 1980s and helped in improving the lives of the citizens in the United States. They wrote that the prolonged stay of the patients in the hospitals made people include political oppositions. The contribution of these authors is useful in this research as it helps in analyzing the impact of the myth on the various individuals in society, specifically the seniors who spread political stories. It helps in determining the validity of the myth.
Luft, H. S. (1980). Assessing the evidence on HMO performance. The Milbank Memorial Fund
Quarterly. Health and Society, 501-536.
Luft is an author who contributed to the literature concerning the profit issue related to the HMOs. It is evidenced that prepaid services have been in place for a long time in the USA, and thus this constitutes the culture of health providers. In writing, this author explains how traditional medici.
Can-innovative-market-research-enhance-drug-launch-campaigns.pdfNewristics USA
Newristics is the first company to provide market research & message optimization services based on behavioral science & artificial intelligence. Our AI models are trained on more than 660 known heuristics.
n early 2020, when the novel coronavirus began to spread around the world, it became increasingly clear that the most effective way to combat the raging pandemic would be for the majority of the population to develop immunity — whether through natural infection or vaccination.
the-impact-of-social-media-on-mental-health.pdfNewristics USA
This whitepaper explores the decision heuristics that lead to completely irrational user behaviors, pertaining to the consumption and internalization of social media and its constant barrage of perfectly filtered photos, exaggerated lifestyles, and skewed validations.
understanding-Opioid-Crisis-using-decision-heuristics-science.pdfNewristics USA
This paper explores the Opioid Epidemic in an entirely new light. It puts the spotlight on a string of human decisions that triggered major market-shaping events that ultimately led to the Opioid Crisis in America.
How-did-medical-errors-becaome-the-cause-of-death-in-the-us.pdfNewristics USA
It's scary to think that your Healthcare may kill you. But that indeed is the unfortunate truth for tens of thousands of Americans, whose deaths are direct results of medical errors. While the issue is multi-faceted and involves several stakeholders, mitigating medical errors requires a closer look at the behavioral drivers involved.
transforming-message-testing-in-pharmaceutical-research.pdfNewristics USA
Market research has seen tremendous innovation in the past decade, but research techniques used for MESSAGE TESTING have not changed in a long time. It’s time message testing research got an upgrade.
In early 2020, when the novel coronavirus began to spread around the world, it became increasingly clear that the most effective way to combat the raging pandemic would be for the majority of the population to develop immunity — whether through natural infection or vaccination. After months of tireless effort, now that the vaccine has become a reality, we still find people hesitant to vaccinate.
can-ai-be-used-to-refresh-messaging-more-efficiently-for-pharma-brands.pdfNewristics USA
With the Pharma industry rapidly evolving, brand teams are realizing the need for more frequent message refreshes to stay ahead. But often marketing teams don’t have new clinical data or even customer insights to execute a message refresh. If you have nothing new to say, can you really say it differently enough to make a difference?
social_media_impact_on_mental_health_new01.pdfNewristics USA
Newristics is the first company to provide market research & message optimization services based on behavioral science & artificial intelligence. Our AI models are trained on more than 660 known heuristics.
Newristics is the first company to provide market research & message optimization services based on behavioral science & artificial intelligence. Our AI models are trained on more than 660 known heuristics.
a-futuristic-approach-to-message-testing-for-pharma-companies.pdfNewristics USA
Newristics is the first company to provide market research & message optimization services based on behavioral science & artificial intelligence. Our AI models are trained on more than 660 known heuristics.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
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Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI support
white_paper_medical_errors.pdf
1. How did medical errors
become the #3 cause of
death in the US: A
decision heuristics
science analysis.
2. sk any American what the leading
causes of death in the United States
are, and you will likely get answers
that include cancer, heart
disease, and car accidents. While heart
disease and cancer are indeed the two
leading causes of death in the United States,
medical errors are thought to be the third
most prevalent cause.¹,
²
I am careful in the usage of the word
“thought” because as of today, there is no
formal system in place to track deaths that
result from medical errors. This finding first
made waves in the public after a 1999 study
by the Institute of Medicine claimed that up to
100,000 deaths in the US are a result of
medical errors. Martin Makary and Michael
Daniel revisited this topic in 2016 and
estimated that 251,454 people die in the
United States due to medical errors. Although
this topic has been a source of contention,
with some arguing that the figures are vastly
overstated, Makary and Daniel provide
compelling evidence that this figure is likely
lower than the true range.
Currently, death certificates don’t
allow for an International Classification of
Disease, which is used by the Center for
Disease Control when compiling annual
data.³ In other words, certain causes of death,
such as death due to human and factor
systems, is not available. Despite the precise
figure, even if Makary and Daniel’s figure
were halved, it would outrank Alzheimers and
Diabetes, both of which garner major interest
from the public and research communities
through countless foundations, fundraising
initiatives, and research.
(1) Makary, Martin A. & Daniel, Michael. "Medical Error- the third leading cause of death in the US." BMJ 2016, 353:i2139
(2) Deaths: final data for 2017. National vital statistics report. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/leading-causes-of-death.htm
(3) Moriyama IM, Loy RM, Robb-Smith AHT, et al. "History of the statistical classification of diseases and causes of death." National Center
for Health Statistics, 2011.
2
3. So what is a medical error? Makary and Daniel
define medical error as follows:
Medical error has been defined as an unintended act (either of omission or commission) or one that does
not achieve its intended outcome,4
the failure of a planned action to be completed as intended (an error
of execution), the use of a wrong plan to achieve an aim (an error of planning),5
or a deviation from the
process of care that may or may not cause harm to the patient.6
Patient harm from medical error can
occur at the individual or system level.
3
(4) Leape LL. "Error in medicine." JAMA 1994; 272:1851-7. doi:10.1001/jama.1994.03520230061039 pmid:7503827.
CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
(5) Reason J. "Human Error." Cambridge University Press, 1990.
(6) Reason JT. "Understanding adverse events: the human factor." In: Vincent C, ed. Clinical risk management: enhancing patient safety.
BMJ, 2001:9-30.
A medical error has several potential
sources, and in a healthcare system as
complicated as the United States’, one can
see how it is a complex issue that, without a
formal classification system, can be
overlooked. The United States lauds itself as
the most advanced country in the world. Yet it
is difficult to reconcile these two notions
without acknowledging that perhaps our
institutions aren’t being proactive enough in
combating this unsettling pattern. While the
issue is multi-faceted and involves several
stakeholders, mitigating medical errors
requires a closer look at the behavioral drivers
involved.
In this white paper, Newristics uses decision
heuristic science to examine three areas
contributing to the perpetuation of medical
errors as they exist in the current system in the
United States, and a fourth area that we
should keep in mind as we seek to minimize
this disturbing trend.
4. 4
(7) Samuelson, W., & Zeckhauser, R. J. (1988). Status quo bias in decision making. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 1, 7-59.
(8) Walker, Matthew. Why We Sleep: Unlocking the Power of Sleep and Dreams. Scribner. 2017
The Current Environment
Part I. How did we get here?
The past often anchors our thinking in
the present, and inefficient practices
developed in the industrial age continue to
plague health care providers and patients
alike.
Status Quo Bias
Status quo bias is the concept that
humans like things to stay relatively the same
in decision-making, making us resistant to
change despite remaining in a suboptimal
experience.7
The medical community is
grounded in hierarchy and tradition, and we
can trace the origins of the modern medical
workplace culture back approximately 150
years to Dr. William Steward Halsted. He
believed doctors and residents in training
should have an unwavering commitment to
mastering their practice. Hence, the long
grueling hours common in today’s hospitals
can be traced back to the mentality Halsted
and others embraced and practiced during
the latter half of the nineteenth century.
However, Dr. Halsted was also a cocaine
addict. This enabled him to work for
prolonged periods of time without showing
signs of fatigue, relying on cocaine to power
his multi-day stints without sleep. While some
changes have been made, the system largely
resembles the mentality he promoted— 24+
hours shifts and 80+ hour weeks. And
doctors have inherited this culture that
contributes to overworked doctors, more likely
to make errors.8
Cultures are self-perpetuating and the doctor
work experience is no different. Many
experienced doctors believe that working
24+ hours straight instilled a sense of grit that
was useful in their career, making them more
likely to accept the grueling process for
training healthcare providers. In other words,
while many would argue against the process
as being the best it can possibly be, they feel
that the inherent risk of change is more
painful than the current system.
5. 5
(9) Pitz, Gordan F. (1969). An inertia effect (resistance to change) in the revision of opinion. Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue
canadienne de psychologie, 23(1), 24–33. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0082790
Mental Inertia
Another heuristic that goes
hand-in-hand with status quo bias is mental
inertia, which occurs when familiar patterns of
thinking leads to difficulty in envisioning a new
way of doing things.9
Current administrators
in the healthcare field are stuck in traditional
ways of thinking and are anchored by the
past. This is in part the status quo bias at play
– the acceptance of the current system
because of the past – but it is also distinct in
that administrators and doctors’ familiarity
with the current systems can cloud their ability
to take a new perspective and even consider
effective approaches to mitigating medical
errors.
As a thought exercise, consider if stakeholders
were asked to design an entirely new system
from the ground up. It is almost certain the
new system would want to track medical errors
and include practices that would better protect
patients and HCPs alike. But years of
experience can limit the range of creative
solutions.
6. 6
medication. These are just a few of the
examples of how our decision-making
capacity can change over the course of a
shift. Truck drivers are limited to a maximum
number of hours they can drive in a shift, and
while HCPs are technically provided a break
for a 24-hour shift, it isn’t regularly enforced.
And from an HCP’s perspective, it is difficult
to take a nap when there a patients suffering.
Ultimately, this can ultimately bring harm to
both the HCP and the patients.
The fact that the system doesn’t currently
allow for medical errors to be
comprehensively reported and tracked
opens a grey area to decision makers.
Decision Fatigue
A doctor’s grueling schedule is no secret.
The modern work schedule that emerged
out of Dr. Halsted’s mentality doesn’t sit well
with medical decision-making research.
When healthcare providers are working a 24
hour shift with no sleep, their glycogen stores
become drained. Residents working a 30 a
thirty hour shift will commit 36 percent more
serious medical errors compared to those
working 16 hours or less. After 22 hours,
human performance declines to a level of
someone who is legally drunk. It is no
wonder that a doctor or nurse can easily
administer the wrong dose or the incorrect
7. (10) Ross, Michael. & Fiore, Sicoly. "Egocentric Biases in Availability and Attribution. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology." vol.
37, no. 3, 1979. p. 322-336.
(11) Wallach, M. A., Kogan, N., & Bem, D. J. (1964). Diffusion of responsibility and level of risk taking in groups. The Journal of
Abnormal and Social Psychology, 68(3), 263–274. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0042190
7
This also feeds into diffusion of responsibility,
which, as the name implies, is when humans
take increasingly less personal responsibility
as the number of people in the group
increases.11
We can all relate to this—
school projects are ripe for diffusion of
responsibility, where each member can try to
do the minimum possible, usually leaving
one member to step up and do the work. In
this case, it is amplified on a national scale.
Dynamics such as this are examples of where
public policy can be best applied, so that all
practitioners are involved in a system of
accountability.
Egocentric Attribution
and Diffusion of Responsibility
Egocentric attribution occurs when a
person attributes successes to him or herself
and failures to others.10
The process needn’t
be conscious, and in this case, the “other” is
an abstract system, which makes assigning
blame all the easier. If a nurse or doctor
doesn’t have clear feedback, it creates an
environment where mistakes become lost in
the constant commotion that a hospital
incurs daily. Since there are several
stakeholders that are involved in the medical
field, it has grown to become a problem that
each are in favor of solving, but none feel
they can do it alone.
Part II. The Tracking System
8. (12) Disruptyx. 2011
8
The sheer task of trying to implement a
medical error tracking system can feel
overwhelming. Enormousity is when we will
abandon a task if it seems too large in
scope, leaving others in higher positions to
solve it.12
As with diffusion of responsibility,
HCPs are often overworked and likely don’t
have the time or capacity to do voluntary
practices during their shift. Some medical
errors can manifest in several different
ways, some are much harder to identify
than others. Designing and implementing a
medical error tracking system is a
multi-faceted effort that will involve
public-private partnerships and
coordination among several parties, but we
can’t expect a grass-roots campaign from
HCPs to lobby for it— they already have
their hands full working in a cumbersome
healthcare system.
Enormousity
9. (13) Hall, C.C.; Ariss, L; & Todorov, A. (2007). The Illusion of Knowledge: When More Information Reduces Accuracy
and Increases Confidence. Journal of Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. Vol. 103, p. 277-290.
9
Part III. Overestimating One’s
Abilities
The field of medical practitioners is
comprised of men and women who have
committed to serving others. They have
studied for hundreds of hours, trained for
years, and are under constant pressure from
all angles. While this grit has served them
well and put them in a position to do what
they love, it can also have deleterious
effects.
Illusion of Knowledge
Medical doctors are a natural fit for high
achievers. They go through several years
of intense academic and applied training,
which can create a dynamic in which they
routinely overestimate their own
knowledge, hence the illusion of
knowledge.13
This isn’t to say that doctors
aren’t capable, but they are still human
and for someone whose job is centered
around knowledge, it can be difficult to
admit when one is less sure of the right
path forward.
10. 10
(14) Langer, E. J. (1975). The illusion of control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 311-328.
take actions that make us feel more in
control.14
Think of the superstitious rituals
individuals fans and players will invent in
order to “help” their team win.
While illusion of control in a sports context is
harmless, in a medical context, when doctors
are overconfident in their ability to control
situations, it can result in detriment to the
patients. Previous research has shown that
doctors think their performance is consistent
throughout their shift, but in reality their
decision-making diminishes, even to the
point that their performance will eventually
reach that of a legally drunk person, as
mentioned earlier. However, being in the
moment can make it difficult to recognize
one’s state of mind.
Moreover, if taking a break is seen as a sign
of weakness, suddenly the new goal for a
doctor is working the longest without a
break, not providing the highest level of
care, which may require taking a step back
momentarily.
No person is immune to overconfidence in
one arena or another. But in the medical
care context, this can be the difference
between knowing when to take a
15-minute break, and a potentially fatal
mistake.
Overconfidence & Illusion of Control
Overconfidence is self-explanatory
and is a natural partner to illusion of control,
which is the concept that humans
overestimate our control in situations, and we
11. Harley, E.M. (2007). Hindsight bias in legal decision making. Social Cognition, 25(1), 48-63.
11
Part IV Hindsight Bias
In the pursuit to establish and
improve medical errors in the healthcare
system, hindsight bias can plague
non-practitioners. Hindsight bias occurs
when people look at an event after the fact
and make sense of it by thinking the outcome
was more predictable than it was at the
time.15
This is then followed by people
gathering facts after the outcome is known
and construct a neat narrative to make sense
of it all.
Applying this concept to healthcare, there are
certainly times where an outcome seems
more predictable after the fact than it was at
the time. And evaluating processes and new
initiatives will be crucial to distinguish what
was known at the time versus later for
medical decisions.
But practitioners and policy-makers alike
should recognize that HCPs are working
under tremendous pressure with limited time
and information. A decision that is obvious at
the time of analysis is often not as clear as it
was the time a decision was made—this
could be due to unknown information,
potentially unreliable information, or
conflicting information. Ultimately,
recognizing hindsight bias can help
stakeholders avoid post-hoc explanations
that don’t properly recognize the uncertainty
in many medical decisions, while still
supporting a system that focuses on
diminishing medical errors through analysis.
12. 12
Conclusion
Healthcare is still largely a
human-oriented operation, and medical
errors can’t be eliminated entirely, but they
can be drastically reduced. Unfortunately,
at this point in time, medical error is still a
topic of conjecture. An opaque healthcare
system obfuscates the prevalence of
medical errors, their subtypes, and the
context they tend to arise in. Therefore, the
first step forward involves implementing a
tracking system. By implementing a
tracking system, stakeholders will have
access to reliable data, from which new
initiatives can be generated and later
assessed.
The second step will involve
designing systems based on the data
gathered. The aviation industry serves as
an excellent model for how training and
protocol can significantly reduce decision
errors, benefitting all stakeholders. This
requires embracing an iterative approach
that prioritizes clarity, consistency, and
accountability. Recognizing the heuristics
discussed here will facilitate stakeholders
to better design an environment where
patient welfare stays at the center while
simultaneously benefitting all parties.