Research Methods Spring 2020 – Research proposal Points 0.docxverad6
Research Methods Spring 2020 – Research proposal
Points:
0
1
2
3
Introduction
APA Format
Not APA format
Tried APA format
Mostly APA, some errors
Good APA format
Literature Review
No real review of the existing literature
Minimal review. It’s not clear how cited lit relates to your research
Decent review of the current literature on your topic. Have at least 3 references that directly relate to your research question
Good review of the current literature on your topic. Have at least 5 references that directly relate to your research question
Hypotheses
Hypotheses not mentioned or it’s not a testable hypothesis
Hypotheses stated at the end of intro. Hypotheses don’t really follow from literature or don’t entirely make sense
Hypotheses that follow from the literature. Hypotheses are testable and directional.
Well thought out and interesting hypotheses based on the literature – testable and directional.
Methods
Participants
Very little thought into participant selection
Clearly state how data will be collected – e.g. what’s the population. How would you obtain a sample from that population
Clearly state how data will be collected, state the population, include a sample size determination based on the literature
Well thought out sample size determination based on the literature – clearly state the population and a feasible method for collecting data from that population.
Procedure – research design
Little info about procedure
Not a clear procedure
Stated research design that tests the hypotheses
Procedure section clearly lays out research design. The research design provides a good test of the hypotheses
Procedure - Materials
No or little info about materials
Vague info about materials
Materials (e.g. measures, manipulations) make sense given the hypotheses and research design. Measures clearly labeled as independent or dependent variables.
Well thought out materials. Materials selected make sense given the hypotheses and research design and thought was put into controls variables and choosing measures that are well-established. Measures clearly labeled as independent or dependent variables.
Proposed analyses
No info about proposed analyses
Include proposed analyses, but they don’t make sense given the hypotheses
Proposed analyses make sense given the hypotheses.
Well thought out statistical analyses given hypotheses. Analyses take into consideration all measures and manipulations in the study.
Total (out of 21)
http://pss.sagepub.com/
Psychological Science
http://pss.sagepub.com/content/24/1/112
The online version of this article can be found at:
DOI: 10.1177/0956797612457392
2013 24: 112 originally published online 12 November 2012Psychological Science
David R. Kille, Amanda L. Forest and Joanne V. Wood
Tall, Dark, and Stable : Embodiment Motivates Mate Selection Preferences
Published by:
http://www.sagepublications.com
On behalf of:
Association for Psychological Science
can be found at:Psych.
Research Methods Spring 2020 – Research proposal Points 0.docxdebishakespeare
Research Methods Spring 2020 – Research proposal
Points:
0
1
2
3
Introduction
APA Format
Not APA format
Tried APA format
Mostly APA, some errors
Good APA format
Literature Review
No real review of the existing literature
Minimal review. It’s not clear how cited lit relates to your research
Decent review of the current literature on your topic. Have at least 3 references that directly relate to your research question
Good review of the current literature on your topic. Have at least 5 references that directly relate to your research question
Hypotheses
Hypotheses not mentioned or it’s not a testable hypothesis
Hypotheses stated at the end of intro. Hypotheses don’t really follow from literature or don’t entirely make sense
Hypotheses that follow from the literature. Hypotheses are testable and directional.
Well thought out and interesting hypotheses based on the literature – testable and directional.
Methods
Participants
Very little thought into participant selection
Clearly state how data will be collected – e.g. what’s the population. How would you obtain a sample from that population
Clearly state how data will be collected, state the population, include a sample size determination based on the literature
Well thought out sample size determination based on the literature – clearly state the population and a feasible method for collecting data from that population.
Procedure – research design
Little info about procedure
Not a clear procedure
Stated research design that tests the hypotheses
Procedure section clearly lays out research design. The research design provides a good test of the hypotheses
Procedure - Materials
No or little info about materials
Vague info about materials
Materials (e.g. measures, manipulations) make sense given the hypotheses and research design. Measures clearly labeled as independent or dependent variables.
Well thought out materials. Materials selected make sense given the hypotheses and research design and thought was put into controls variables and choosing measures that are well-established. Measures clearly labeled as independent or dependent variables.
Proposed analyses
No info about proposed analyses
Include proposed analyses, but they don’t make sense given the hypotheses
Proposed analyses make sense given the hypotheses.
Well thought out statistical analyses given hypotheses. Analyses take into consideration all measures and manipulations in the study.
Total (out of 21)
http://pss.sagepub.com/
Psychological Science
http://pss.sagepub.com/content/24/1/112
The online version of this article can be found at:
DOI: 10.1177/0956797612457392
2013 24: 112 originally published online 12 November 2012Psychological Science
David R. Kille, Amanda L. Forest and Joanne V. Wood
Tall, Dark, and Stable : Embodiment Motivates Mate Selection Preferences
Published by:
http://www.sagepublications.com
On behalf of:
Association for Psychological Science
can be found at:Psych ...
Grit, Resilience & Agency in Sportspersons and NonSportspersonsinventionjournals
Physical fitness results from regular physical activity, whichever form it may be in. The benefits of physical fitness towards the development of mental health and vice versa have been well-researched. The current study aims to study the difference in the levels of agency, resilience and grit in sportsperson and nonsportsperson and also seeks to establish the relationship between agency, resilience and grit. Agency refers to the belief of an individual in his ability to bring change in his life. Resilience refers to rebounding after facing the obstacles that hinder the path to achievement of goal. Grit has been referred to as the perseverance of goals over long-term in spite of failure and adversity. It was hypothesized that sportsperson will show higher levels of grit, resilience and agency as compared to the non-sportsperson. It was found that non-sportsperson exhibited higher levels of grit, resilience and agency as compared to sportsperson; however the difference was not found significant except in the case of agency.
This study investigated how locus of control beliefs moderate the effects of stress. The researchers hypothesized that internals would be less affected by stress than externals through two mechanisms: 1) Internals perceive more control over negative life events and 2) Internals make better use of social support. College students reported on negative life events, perceived control, social support received, and psychological symptoms. Preliminary analyses found externals received more social support than internals but locus of control was not related to negative events, depression, or anxiety. The researchers will further examine how locus of control influences perceptions of control over events and the stress-buffering effects of social support.
This study tested the hypothesis that positive emotions build personal resources over time through loving-kindness meditation. Researchers randomly assigned 139 working adults to either begin a loving-kindness meditation practice or a control group. Those who meditated experienced increases in daily positive emotions, which led to gains in personal resources like mindfulness, life satisfaction, and social support. In turn, increased resources predicted improved well-being, as shown by less depressive symptoms. The findings provide experimental evidence that positive emotions generated through meditation can accumulate over time to strengthen important personal qualities and relationships.
Desires and Decisions - A look into how positive emotions influence decision ...Shiva Kakkar
In the past few years the field of emotions has increasingly attracted the attention of researchers. A major reason for this is the ability of emotions to influence human motivation and actions by influencing the cognitive processes of the brain (Latham, 2007). Research by Kahneman and Tversky (1973) has for long suggested that not all human decisions are rational in nature. A significant part of irrational decision making can be attributed to the play of emotions in human beings. Thus, it is interesting to see how emotions interfere with the thinking process of individuals. The paper specifically attempts to view the effect of positive emotions i.e. feeling of happiness, joy and/or enthusiasm on the decision making process in human beings. In order to achieve this, two opposite scientific views in the form of a critique and a refutation are presented to understand the utility of positive emotions in decision making.
This document summarizes research on providing social and psychological support to research teams working in polar regions. It discusses the importance of positive emotions in expanding thought, building personal resources, and reducing the impact of stress. It also covers theories of subjective well-being, optimism, resilience, and goals. The document recommends selecting team members who are psychologically equipped based on these factors. It also suggests ways to increase resilience, such as creating positive work environments that foster flow states and changing attribution styles. Social influence and compliance theories are discussed to help diverse cultural groups work efficiently as a team.
Cross-Cultural Psychological Capital, Occupational Stress and Organizational ...Emmanuel Segui
This study examines the relationship between psychological capital (PsyCap), occupational stress, and organizational socialization in a cross-cultural context. It hypothesizes that: 1) PsyCap will moderate the relationship between diversity (mono vs multi-cultural groups) and stress, 2) PsyCap will moderate the relationship between diversity and socialization, and 3) stress will negatively impact socialization. To test this, participants will be assigned to mono- or multi-cultural groups and complete a task. PsyCap, stress, and socialization will be measured before and after. Results will be analyzed using ANOVA to understand the impact of PsyCap on stress and socialization across cultural contexts. Findings could help organizations implement Psy
Research Methods Spring 2020 – Research proposal Points 0.docxverad6
Research Methods Spring 2020 – Research proposal
Points:
0
1
2
3
Introduction
APA Format
Not APA format
Tried APA format
Mostly APA, some errors
Good APA format
Literature Review
No real review of the existing literature
Minimal review. It’s not clear how cited lit relates to your research
Decent review of the current literature on your topic. Have at least 3 references that directly relate to your research question
Good review of the current literature on your topic. Have at least 5 references that directly relate to your research question
Hypotheses
Hypotheses not mentioned or it’s not a testable hypothesis
Hypotheses stated at the end of intro. Hypotheses don’t really follow from literature or don’t entirely make sense
Hypotheses that follow from the literature. Hypotheses are testable and directional.
Well thought out and interesting hypotheses based on the literature – testable and directional.
Methods
Participants
Very little thought into participant selection
Clearly state how data will be collected – e.g. what’s the population. How would you obtain a sample from that population
Clearly state how data will be collected, state the population, include a sample size determination based on the literature
Well thought out sample size determination based on the literature – clearly state the population and a feasible method for collecting data from that population.
Procedure – research design
Little info about procedure
Not a clear procedure
Stated research design that tests the hypotheses
Procedure section clearly lays out research design. The research design provides a good test of the hypotheses
Procedure - Materials
No or little info about materials
Vague info about materials
Materials (e.g. measures, manipulations) make sense given the hypotheses and research design. Measures clearly labeled as independent or dependent variables.
Well thought out materials. Materials selected make sense given the hypotheses and research design and thought was put into controls variables and choosing measures that are well-established. Measures clearly labeled as independent or dependent variables.
Proposed analyses
No info about proposed analyses
Include proposed analyses, but they don’t make sense given the hypotheses
Proposed analyses make sense given the hypotheses.
Well thought out statistical analyses given hypotheses. Analyses take into consideration all measures and manipulations in the study.
Total (out of 21)
http://pss.sagepub.com/
Psychological Science
http://pss.sagepub.com/content/24/1/112
The online version of this article can be found at:
DOI: 10.1177/0956797612457392
2013 24: 112 originally published online 12 November 2012Psychological Science
David R. Kille, Amanda L. Forest and Joanne V. Wood
Tall, Dark, and Stable : Embodiment Motivates Mate Selection Preferences
Published by:
http://www.sagepublications.com
On behalf of:
Association for Psychological Science
can be found at:Psych.
Research Methods Spring 2020 – Research proposal Points 0.docxdebishakespeare
Research Methods Spring 2020 – Research proposal
Points:
0
1
2
3
Introduction
APA Format
Not APA format
Tried APA format
Mostly APA, some errors
Good APA format
Literature Review
No real review of the existing literature
Minimal review. It’s not clear how cited lit relates to your research
Decent review of the current literature on your topic. Have at least 3 references that directly relate to your research question
Good review of the current literature on your topic. Have at least 5 references that directly relate to your research question
Hypotheses
Hypotheses not mentioned or it’s not a testable hypothesis
Hypotheses stated at the end of intro. Hypotheses don’t really follow from literature or don’t entirely make sense
Hypotheses that follow from the literature. Hypotheses are testable and directional.
Well thought out and interesting hypotheses based on the literature – testable and directional.
Methods
Participants
Very little thought into participant selection
Clearly state how data will be collected – e.g. what’s the population. How would you obtain a sample from that population
Clearly state how data will be collected, state the population, include a sample size determination based on the literature
Well thought out sample size determination based on the literature – clearly state the population and a feasible method for collecting data from that population.
Procedure – research design
Little info about procedure
Not a clear procedure
Stated research design that tests the hypotheses
Procedure section clearly lays out research design. The research design provides a good test of the hypotheses
Procedure - Materials
No or little info about materials
Vague info about materials
Materials (e.g. measures, manipulations) make sense given the hypotheses and research design. Measures clearly labeled as independent or dependent variables.
Well thought out materials. Materials selected make sense given the hypotheses and research design and thought was put into controls variables and choosing measures that are well-established. Measures clearly labeled as independent or dependent variables.
Proposed analyses
No info about proposed analyses
Include proposed analyses, but they don’t make sense given the hypotheses
Proposed analyses make sense given the hypotheses.
Well thought out statistical analyses given hypotheses. Analyses take into consideration all measures and manipulations in the study.
Total (out of 21)
http://pss.sagepub.com/
Psychological Science
http://pss.sagepub.com/content/24/1/112
The online version of this article can be found at:
DOI: 10.1177/0956797612457392
2013 24: 112 originally published online 12 November 2012Psychological Science
David R. Kille, Amanda L. Forest and Joanne V. Wood
Tall, Dark, and Stable : Embodiment Motivates Mate Selection Preferences
Published by:
http://www.sagepublications.com
On behalf of:
Association for Psychological Science
can be found at:Psych ...
Grit, Resilience & Agency in Sportspersons and NonSportspersonsinventionjournals
Physical fitness results from regular physical activity, whichever form it may be in. The benefits of physical fitness towards the development of mental health and vice versa have been well-researched. The current study aims to study the difference in the levels of agency, resilience and grit in sportsperson and nonsportsperson and also seeks to establish the relationship between agency, resilience and grit. Agency refers to the belief of an individual in his ability to bring change in his life. Resilience refers to rebounding after facing the obstacles that hinder the path to achievement of goal. Grit has been referred to as the perseverance of goals over long-term in spite of failure and adversity. It was hypothesized that sportsperson will show higher levels of grit, resilience and agency as compared to the non-sportsperson. It was found that non-sportsperson exhibited higher levels of grit, resilience and agency as compared to sportsperson; however the difference was not found significant except in the case of agency.
This study investigated how locus of control beliefs moderate the effects of stress. The researchers hypothesized that internals would be less affected by stress than externals through two mechanisms: 1) Internals perceive more control over negative life events and 2) Internals make better use of social support. College students reported on negative life events, perceived control, social support received, and psychological symptoms. Preliminary analyses found externals received more social support than internals but locus of control was not related to negative events, depression, or anxiety. The researchers will further examine how locus of control influences perceptions of control over events and the stress-buffering effects of social support.
This study tested the hypothesis that positive emotions build personal resources over time through loving-kindness meditation. Researchers randomly assigned 139 working adults to either begin a loving-kindness meditation practice or a control group. Those who meditated experienced increases in daily positive emotions, which led to gains in personal resources like mindfulness, life satisfaction, and social support. In turn, increased resources predicted improved well-being, as shown by less depressive symptoms. The findings provide experimental evidence that positive emotions generated through meditation can accumulate over time to strengthen important personal qualities and relationships.
Desires and Decisions - A look into how positive emotions influence decision ...Shiva Kakkar
In the past few years the field of emotions has increasingly attracted the attention of researchers. A major reason for this is the ability of emotions to influence human motivation and actions by influencing the cognitive processes of the brain (Latham, 2007). Research by Kahneman and Tversky (1973) has for long suggested that not all human decisions are rational in nature. A significant part of irrational decision making can be attributed to the play of emotions in human beings. Thus, it is interesting to see how emotions interfere with the thinking process of individuals. The paper specifically attempts to view the effect of positive emotions i.e. feeling of happiness, joy and/or enthusiasm on the decision making process in human beings. In order to achieve this, two opposite scientific views in the form of a critique and a refutation are presented to understand the utility of positive emotions in decision making.
This document summarizes research on providing social and psychological support to research teams working in polar regions. It discusses the importance of positive emotions in expanding thought, building personal resources, and reducing the impact of stress. It also covers theories of subjective well-being, optimism, resilience, and goals. The document recommends selecting team members who are psychologically equipped based on these factors. It also suggests ways to increase resilience, such as creating positive work environments that foster flow states and changing attribution styles. Social influence and compliance theories are discussed to help diverse cultural groups work efficiently as a team.
Cross-Cultural Psychological Capital, Occupational Stress and Organizational ...Emmanuel Segui
This study examines the relationship between psychological capital (PsyCap), occupational stress, and organizational socialization in a cross-cultural context. It hypothesizes that: 1) PsyCap will moderate the relationship between diversity (mono vs multi-cultural groups) and stress, 2) PsyCap will moderate the relationship between diversity and socialization, and 3) stress will negatively impact socialization. To test this, participants will be assigned to mono- or multi-cultural groups and complete a task. PsyCap, stress, and socialization will be measured before and after. Results will be analyzed using ANOVA to understand the impact of PsyCap on stress and socialization across cultural contexts. Findings could help organizations implement Psy
Article
Social Identity Reduces Depression by
Fostering Positive Attributions
Tegan Cruwys1, Erica I. South1, Katharine H. Greenaway1,
and S. Alexander Haslam1
Abstract
Social identities are generally associated with better health and in particular lower levels of depression. However, there has been
limited investigation of why social identities protect against depression. The current research suggests that social identities reduce
depression in part because they attenuate the depressive attribution style (internal, stable, and global; e.g., ‘‘I failed because I’m
stupid’’). These relationships are first investigated in a survey (Study 1, N ¼ 139) and then followed up in an experiment that
manipulates social identity salience (Study 2, N ¼ 88). In both cases, people with stronger social identities were less likely to
attribute negative events to internal, stable, or global causes and subsequently reported lower levels of depression. These studies
thus indicate that social identities can protect and enhance mental health by facilitating positive interpretations of stress and
failure. Implications for clinical theory and practice are discussed.
Keywords
depression, social identity, multiple group membership, attribution, failure, mental health
We cannot live only for ourselves.
A thousand fibers connect us with our fellow men.
—Herman Melville, Moby Dick
Humans have an innate need for social connections that are vital for
health and happiness in life (Baumeister & Leary, 1995; Cohen &
Wills, 1985). When this need is not met—when the ‘‘thousand
fibers’’ in Melville’s (1851) quote are reduced to a few or
none—people are at risk of reduced well-being and even mental ill-
ness. In fact, depression—the leading cause of disability worldwide
(World Health Organization, 2012)—commonly arises when a per-
son lacks social connections (Cacioppo, Hawkley, & Thisted,
2010; Cacioppo, Hughes, Waite, Hawkley, & Thisted, 2006).
Although extensive prior work has documented the fact that
social connectedness and social identities are critical to mental
health and reduced rates of depression, it remains unclear why
this is the case (Cruwys, Haslam, Dingle, Haslam, & Jetten,
2014; Jetten, Haslam, Haslam, Dingle, & Jones, 2014). We
address this research gap in the present work. What exactly do
social identities do, psychologically, that makes them so protec-
tive for mental health? In answering this question, we propose a
novel mechanism through which social identities can protect peo-
ple against depression, that is, reduced depressive attributions.
Social Identity and Depression
A growing body of literature demonstrates that social identities
are a key psychological resource that is protective for health
generally (Haslam, Jetten, Postmes, & Haslam, 2009; Jetten,
Haslam, & Haslam, 2012) and against depression in particular
(Cruwys et al., 2013; Cruwys, Haslam, Dingle, Haslam, et al,
2014; Cruwys, Haslam, Dingle, Jetten, et al., 2.
This paper explores attribution theory and the importance of individual attribution styles. It discusses how attribution styles can influence one's interpretation of positive and negative events and shape responses to environmental cues. The paper reviews literature showing links between negative attribution styles and poorer academic performance, health outcomes, immune functioning, and mental health. Cultural factors like individualism/collectivism and religious beliefs may help determine one's attribution style. The actor-observer asymmetry also provides insight into positive attribution styles.
The document discusses subjective well-being and the factors that influence interpersonal aspects of well-being. It defines subjective well-being as a person's cognitive and affective evaluations of their life. It then discusses several factors that influence interpersonal well-being, including positive response, expression of gratitude, self-disclosure, sharing experiences, and attachment style between an individual and caregiver. Finally, it notes that secure attachment styles tend to have more positive effects on relationships than insecure styles.
1. The document explores how social identity processes may play an important role in cognitive appraisal of stress. A survey was administered to 163 students measuring personality, coping strategies, social support, and gender. Students rated scenarios as more stressful if they were student-specific versus general.
2. Females and those reporting higher levels of emotion-focused coping rated scenarios as more stressful, regardless of whether the scenarios were student-specific or general. No other relationships were found between the predictor variables and ratings of stressfulness.
3. The findings suggest that social identity may not impact cognitive appraisal of stress as expected based on self-categorization theory. Gender and emotion-focused coping were the only significant predictors of perceived
This document is a thesis presented by Sarah Kenehan to fulfill requirements for a BA Honours degree in psychology from Maynooth University. The thesis explores the effect of rule order manipulation on implicit self-esteem as measured by the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP). Forty-one undergraduate students participated in the study and were split into two groups where the order of rules presented in the IRAP was varied. Preliminary results showed some differences between groups, especially for self-positive and other-positive trial types, but these differences were not statistically significant. The findings suggest that implicit responding on the IRAP may be influenced by rule order effects.
CheckPointGoal SelectionUsing the information presented in Ch. 7.docxbissacr
This document summarizes a chapter about personal goals and well-being. It discusses how goals provide purpose and direction for behavior. Well-defined, attainable goals are linked to well-being, while unrealistic or conflicting goals can cause distress. The chapter examines what goals are, how they are measured and organized, and how they relate to needs, values and culture. It explores how intrinsic and extrinsic goals may differently impact well-being. The "matching hypothesis" proposes that goals most contribute to well-being when a person's resources and strengths align with and support their goals. In short, this chapter analyzes how and why personal goals influence happiness and life satisfaction.
The Reduction of Anxiety on the Ability to Make DecisionsAbbie Frank
A research study I had done in my Cognition psychology class to look at the reduction of anxiety using yoga and animal assisted therapy and the affects they can have on decision making.
1) The study examined the relationship between individual variation in emotional responses to visual stimuli and neuropsychological performance and brain structure in 26 older normal subjects.
2) Subjects who experienced negative emotions more intensely performed relatively worse on tests of executive function like the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Those who experienced positive emotions more intensely performed relatively worse on the Rey Complex Figure Test assessing visual-spatial skills.
3) Volume of frontal lobe gray matter was not significantly associated with intensity of emotional responses, possibly due to lack of variation in this educated sample. Differences in executive function were associated with variation in emotional experience.
Negative priming effects on cognitive dissonanceRachel Wallace
This study examined the effects of priming and cognitive dissonance related to alcohol statistics. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: a control group that did not view statistics, an accurate statistics group, or an exaggerated statistics group that viewed falsified statistics. All participants completed pre- and post-surveys on alcohol opinions and activities. It was hypothesized that those exposed to exaggerated statistics would experience more cognitive dissonance, leading to dishonest self-reports, and that all groups' opinions would change after viewing statistics. Descriptive statistics showed differences in reported alcohol use and opinions across groups. Further statistical analyses were limited due to software access issues.
Psychological Empowerment and Empathy as Correlates of ForgivenessAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The study explores Psychological Empowerment and Empathy as Correlates of Forgiveness.
The two variables are regarded to have influence on the decision one makes to forgive another. The study aimed
at examining the relationships between psychological empowerment and forgiveness, empathy and forgiveness
and to identify which one of the two,Psychological Empowerment or Empathy, is the more powerful predictor of
forgiveness. The study took a survey design with a sample of 350 drawn from a population of university students
using a self-administered questionnaire with four sections: Personal information, Psychological empowerment
scale, Toronto Empathy questionnaire, and the Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS). Data analysis employed
Pearson’s product moment correlation and regression analysis to test hypotheses. The results show significant
relationships between psychological empowerment and forgiveness as well as empathy and forgiveness.
Empathy was found to be the more powerful predictor of forgiveness.
KEY WORDS: Psychological empowerment, empathy, forgiveness
This document discusses a study that examined how an exercise intervention aimed at increasing physical activity affected self-efficacy and anxiety levels in college students. The study involved 18 students who completed self-report measures of self-efficacy and anxiety before and after engaging in a 7-week exercise program of walking 3 times per week for 20 minutes. The results showed no significant changes in self-efficacy or anxiety levels as the exercise intervention progressed. While previous research has found links between exercise, increased self-efficacy, and decreased anxiety, this particular study was unable to establish relationships between the variables through the exercise intervention tested.
Resiliency in African American College StudentsMichelle Norman
This document summarizes a research study on factors related to resilience among African Americans. It outlines the background, variables, research questions, hypotheses, methodology, results, and implications of the study. The study examined relationships between racism-related stress, rejection sensitivity, Africultural coping strategies, and subjective well-being/flourishing in a sample of 186 African American college students. Results found that higher racism-related stress correlated with higher rejection sensitivity and negative affect. Africultural coping strategies like spiritual and collective coping correlated with higher subjective well-being. The discussion suggests counselors working with African Americans should consider culture-specific coping strategies.
Hadi Alnasir
Research Proposal
Independent variable 1: Sex
Independent variable 2: anxiety
Dependent variable: Stress
Question #1
My first independent variable (sex) and my dependent variable (stress) are related. Men and
women tend to experience stress differently. Similarly, men and women react differently to
stress.
I expect women to score higher than men on the dependent variable. Women suffer more stress
compared to men. A 2010 study discovered that women are more likely to experience an
increase in stress levels as compared to men. Women are also more likely to report emotional
and physical symptoms of stress compared to men (APA, 2012). The stress gap between men
and women is because their stress response is different. Women have a different hormonal
system that usually causes them to react more emotionally and become more fatigued.
Similarly, women are exposed to more stress-related factors since they assume several roles in
their daily life.
Question #2
My second independent variable (anxiety) is related to my dependent variable (stress). Anxiety
and stress can both cause severe physical and mental health issues, such as depression, muscle
tension, substance abuse, personality disorders, and insomia (Powell & Enright, 2015). Both are
emotions and normal responses that can become disruptive and overwhelming to day-to-day
life. They can interfere with important aspects of life, such as work, relationships,
responsibilities, and school.
An increase in anxiety can increase stress levels. Research indicates that excessive anxiety can
lead to stress-related symptoms such as difficulty concentrating, insomnia, irritability, muscle
tension, and fatigue. Individuals can manage their anxiety and stress with relaxation techniques.
This includes breathing exercises, yoga, physical activity, art therapy, meditation, and massage.
References
APA. (2012). 2010 Stress in America: Gender and Stress. Retrieved from:
https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2010/gender-stress
Powell, T., & Enright, S. (2015). Anxiety and stress management. Routledge.
Running Head: GENDER AND STRESS AS PREDICTORS OF DEPRESSION
Gender and Stress as Predictors of Depression
Zae’Cari Nelson
California Baptist University
Gender and Stress as Predictors of Depression 1
Gender and Stress as Predictors of Depression
More than 17 million adults in the United States experience the ill effects of depression,
making it perhaps the most well-known mental illness in the U.S.A. Depression influences an
expected one out of 15 adults. What's more, one out of six individuals will encounter depression
in their life (What is Depression?). There are a mind-boggling number of elements that can
prompt depressive symptoms in male and female individuals, one of which is held to be a rise in
stress hormone disturban ...
This study examined the relationship between self-compassion and psychological well-being. It consisted of two studies. Study 1 investigated whether self-compassion protects against anxiety when facing an ego threat, such as describing a weakness in a mock job interview. It found that higher self-compassion was linked to less anxiety after this task, whereas self-esteem did not provide the same protection. Study 1 also found that higher self-compassion was associated with less use of first-person singular pronouns and more use of communal language in responses. Study 2 examined whether increases in self-reported self-compassion over one month were associated with greater psychological well-being.
Autocompaixao e autojulgamento em adolescentesCátia Rodrigues
This study examined how self-compassion moderates the relationship between low self-esteem and mental health in adolescents over time. The researchers assessed self-esteem, self-compassion, and mental health in 2448 Australian high school students in 9th grade and again in 10th grade. Based on prior research and theory, they hypothesized that among students with high self-compassion, low self-esteem would be less strongly associated with poorer mental health outcomes over time. Statistical analyses found support for this hypothesis, such that self-compassion buffered the negative effects of low self-esteem on changes in mental health during the study period. The findings suggest fostering self-compassion in adolescents may help reduce
Spiritual Well-Being and Parenting Stress in Caring for Children with Neuro-D...inventionjournals
Caregivers of children’s with neuro-developmental disorders face challenges starting from resistance and denial, and such challenges may be likely to impact their Well-being. The present study explores the relations between spiritual well-being and parenting stress when parents faced with a crisis like caring for children with neurodevelopmental disorders. A convenient sample of 38 parents who reared 3 to 12-year-old children diagnosed with neurodevelopmental issues was part of the study. Parental Stress Index -Short Form (PSI/SF; Abidin, 1995) and the Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS; Ellison & Paloutzian, 2009) were used to obtain a measure of the variables chosen. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to find out the significance of relations between spiritual well-being and parenting stress. Also, thesignificance of themean difference between the gender groups in relation tospiritual well-being and parenting stress was analysed using Independent Sample‘t’ test. Findings reveal a significant negative correlation between spiritual wellbeing and parenting stress, and it also shows that there is no gender difference in relation to parenting stress and spiritual well-being among parents. The findings indicate that spiritual wellbeing might act as a buffer of parental stress and can play the role of a protective factor against parenting stress for life challenges. It also shows that there might be no gender differences in parents’ experience of stress and spiritual wellbeing, but slight mean differences show a higher stress and spiritual wellbeing among mothers than fathers.
Christian Schussele Men of ProgressOil on canvas, 1862Coope.docxtroutmanboris
Christian Schussele Men of Progress
Oil on canvas, 1862
Cooper Union, New York, New York
Transfer from the National Gallery of Art; gift of Andrew W. Mellon, 1942
NPG.65.60
Edward Sorel, “People of Progress” 1999, Cooper Union, New York, New York
Syllabus
The clerks of the Department of State of the United States may be called upon to give evidence of transactions in the Department which are not of a confidential character.
The Secretary of State cannot be called upon as a witness to state transactions of a confidential nature which may have occurred in his Department. But he may be called upon to give testimony of circumstances which were not of that character.
Clerks in the Department of State were directed to be sworn, subject to objections to questions upon confidential matters.
Some point of time must be taken when the power of the Executive over an officer, not removable at his will, must cease. That point of time must be when the constitutional power of appointment has been exercised. And the power has been exercised when the last act required from the person possessing the power has been performed. This last act is the signature of the commission.
If the act of livery be necessary to give validity to the commission of an officer, it has been delivered when executed, and given to the Secretary of State for the purpose of being sealed, recorded, and transmitted to the party.
In cases of commissions to public officers, the law orders the Secretary of State to record them. When, therefore, they are signed and sealed, the order for their being recorded is given, and, whether inserted inserted into the book or not, they are recorded.
When the heads of the departments of the Government are the political or confidential officers of the Executive, merely to execute the will of the President, or rather to act in cases in which the Executive possesses a constitutional or legal discretion, nothing can be more perfectly clear than that their acts are only politically examinable. But where a specific duty is assigned by law, and individual rights depend upon the performance of that duty, it seems equally clear that the individual who considers himself injured has a right to resort to the laws of his country for a remedy.
The President of the United States, by signing the commission, appointed Mr. Marbury a justice of the peace for the County of Washington, in the District of Columbia, and the seal of the United States, affixed thereto by the Secretary of State, is conclusive testimony of the verity of the signature, and of the completion of the appointment; and the appointment conferred on him a legal right to the office for the space of five years. Having this legal right to the office, he has a consequent right to the commission, a refusal to deliver which is a plain violation of that right for which the laws of the country afford him a remedy.
To render a mandamus a proper remedy, the officer to whom it is directed must be one to who.
Christian EthicsChristian ethics deeply align with absolutism. E.docxtroutmanboris
Christian Ethics
Christian ethics deeply align with absolutism. Ethical absolutism claims that moral principles do exist. According to Christians, God created moral absolutes. These absolutes can be seen in God’s revelation. God’s special and general revelation reveal his moral truths. This does not mean that only Christians can understand moral truths. Because humans are made in God’s image, they can recognize moral truths even if they do not believe in God
[1]
. These absolutes were instated by God. Therefore, they apply to all of humanity. This worldview is in direct opposition to the idea of relativism. Christian ethics cannot be viewed through a relativistic point of view. According to relativism, there is no moral truths. There is no absolute distinction between right and wrong within this way of thinking. Right and wrong can be decided by individuals or groups of people. Cultures decide what is right for themselves and their way of life. Even individuals have the ability to decide their own personal moral code. This can seem somewhat reasonable at times. Some things that were considered moral or immoral in the past are viewed differently today. Even with this understanding, Christians deny the idea of relativism. Christians hold to the belief that moral truths come from God. Therefore, these truths do not change. God himself never changes; therefore, his moral truths remain the same. According to Christian ethics, mankind is expected to hold to the moral absolutes mandated by God himself. This understanding is not compatible with relativism. Relativism makes no place of a God. From a relativistic point of view, mankind decides their own morality. Right and wrong are not fixed. In Christian ethics, right and wrong are permanently decided by the God of the universe.
The subjective aspects of Christian ethics can look similar to relativism. The areas that are somewhat subjective in Christian aspects are referred to as the liberties of a Christian. There are some matters that are not said to be morally wrong in the Bible. Some see these issues to be wrong; therefore, they are. Others do not find certain issues to be morally wrong. These individuals are claiming their Christian liberty. One of these issues is drinking alcohol. Some Christians believe that ingesting any amount of alcohol is morally wrong. According to the idea of Christian liberty, it would be wrong for the individuals who hold to this belief to drink alcohol. Others do not have this conviction and are not doing wrong by consuming alcohol. On the surface, the idea of Christian liberty can seem to be related to relativism, but upon closer inspection these ideas are not closely related. Christian liberty is a Biblical concept that harmonize well with the overall message of the Bible. Relativism is nowhere found in the Bible. The Bible is clear that there are universal moral laws. These laws are placed upon humanity by God himself. There are some areas where the Bible remain.
More Related Content
Similar to httppss.sagepub.comPsychological Science httppss
Article
Social Identity Reduces Depression by
Fostering Positive Attributions
Tegan Cruwys1, Erica I. South1, Katharine H. Greenaway1,
and S. Alexander Haslam1
Abstract
Social identities are generally associated with better health and in particular lower levels of depression. However, there has been
limited investigation of why social identities protect against depression. The current research suggests that social identities reduce
depression in part because they attenuate the depressive attribution style (internal, stable, and global; e.g., ‘‘I failed because I’m
stupid’’). These relationships are first investigated in a survey (Study 1, N ¼ 139) and then followed up in an experiment that
manipulates social identity salience (Study 2, N ¼ 88). In both cases, people with stronger social identities were less likely to
attribute negative events to internal, stable, or global causes and subsequently reported lower levels of depression. These studies
thus indicate that social identities can protect and enhance mental health by facilitating positive interpretations of stress and
failure. Implications for clinical theory and practice are discussed.
Keywords
depression, social identity, multiple group membership, attribution, failure, mental health
We cannot live only for ourselves.
A thousand fibers connect us with our fellow men.
—Herman Melville, Moby Dick
Humans have an innate need for social connections that are vital for
health and happiness in life (Baumeister & Leary, 1995; Cohen &
Wills, 1985). When this need is not met—when the ‘‘thousand
fibers’’ in Melville’s (1851) quote are reduced to a few or
none—people are at risk of reduced well-being and even mental ill-
ness. In fact, depression—the leading cause of disability worldwide
(World Health Organization, 2012)—commonly arises when a per-
son lacks social connections (Cacioppo, Hawkley, & Thisted,
2010; Cacioppo, Hughes, Waite, Hawkley, & Thisted, 2006).
Although extensive prior work has documented the fact that
social connectedness and social identities are critical to mental
health and reduced rates of depression, it remains unclear why
this is the case (Cruwys, Haslam, Dingle, Haslam, & Jetten,
2014; Jetten, Haslam, Haslam, Dingle, & Jones, 2014). We
address this research gap in the present work. What exactly do
social identities do, psychologically, that makes them so protec-
tive for mental health? In answering this question, we propose a
novel mechanism through which social identities can protect peo-
ple against depression, that is, reduced depressive attributions.
Social Identity and Depression
A growing body of literature demonstrates that social identities
are a key psychological resource that is protective for health
generally (Haslam, Jetten, Postmes, & Haslam, 2009; Jetten,
Haslam, & Haslam, 2012) and against depression in particular
(Cruwys et al., 2013; Cruwys, Haslam, Dingle, Haslam, et al,
2014; Cruwys, Haslam, Dingle, Jetten, et al., 2.
This paper explores attribution theory and the importance of individual attribution styles. It discusses how attribution styles can influence one's interpretation of positive and negative events and shape responses to environmental cues. The paper reviews literature showing links between negative attribution styles and poorer academic performance, health outcomes, immune functioning, and mental health. Cultural factors like individualism/collectivism and religious beliefs may help determine one's attribution style. The actor-observer asymmetry also provides insight into positive attribution styles.
The document discusses subjective well-being and the factors that influence interpersonal aspects of well-being. It defines subjective well-being as a person's cognitive and affective evaluations of their life. It then discusses several factors that influence interpersonal well-being, including positive response, expression of gratitude, self-disclosure, sharing experiences, and attachment style between an individual and caregiver. Finally, it notes that secure attachment styles tend to have more positive effects on relationships than insecure styles.
1. The document explores how social identity processes may play an important role in cognitive appraisal of stress. A survey was administered to 163 students measuring personality, coping strategies, social support, and gender. Students rated scenarios as more stressful if they were student-specific versus general.
2. Females and those reporting higher levels of emotion-focused coping rated scenarios as more stressful, regardless of whether the scenarios were student-specific or general. No other relationships were found between the predictor variables and ratings of stressfulness.
3. The findings suggest that social identity may not impact cognitive appraisal of stress as expected based on self-categorization theory. Gender and emotion-focused coping were the only significant predictors of perceived
This document is a thesis presented by Sarah Kenehan to fulfill requirements for a BA Honours degree in psychology from Maynooth University. The thesis explores the effect of rule order manipulation on implicit self-esteem as measured by the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP). Forty-one undergraduate students participated in the study and were split into two groups where the order of rules presented in the IRAP was varied. Preliminary results showed some differences between groups, especially for self-positive and other-positive trial types, but these differences were not statistically significant. The findings suggest that implicit responding on the IRAP may be influenced by rule order effects.
CheckPointGoal SelectionUsing the information presented in Ch. 7.docxbissacr
This document summarizes a chapter about personal goals and well-being. It discusses how goals provide purpose and direction for behavior. Well-defined, attainable goals are linked to well-being, while unrealistic or conflicting goals can cause distress. The chapter examines what goals are, how they are measured and organized, and how they relate to needs, values and culture. It explores how intrinsic and extrinsic goals may differently impact well-being. The "matching hypothesis" proposes that goals most contribute to well-being when a person's resources and strengths align with and support their goals. In short, this chapter analyzes how and why personal goals influence happiness and life satisfaction.
The Reduction of Anxiety on the Ability to Make DecisionsAbbie Frank
A research study I had done in my Cognition psychology class to look at the reduction of anxiety using yoga and animal assisted therapy and the affects they can have on decision making.
1) The study examined the relationship between individual variation in emotional responses to visual stimuli and neuropsychological performance and brain structure in 26 older normal subjects.
2) Subjects who experienced negative emotions more intensely performed relatively worse on tests of executive function like the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Those who experienced positive emotions more intensely performed relatively worse on the Rey Complex Figure Test assessing visual-spatial skills.
3) Volume of frontal lobe gray matter was not significantly associated with intensity of emotional responses, possibly due to lack of variation in this educated sample. Differences in executive function were associated with variation in emotional experience.
Negative priming effects on cognitive dissonanceRachel Wallace
This study examined the effects of priming and cognitive dissonance related to alcohol statistics. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: a control group that did not view statistics, an accurate statistics group, or an exaggerated statistics group that viewed falsified statistics. All participants completed pre- and post-surveys on alcohol opinions and activities. It was hypothesized that those exposed to exaggerated statistics would experience more cognitive dissonance, leading to dishonest self-reports, and that all groups' opinions would change after viewing statistics. Descriptive statistics showed differences in reported alcohol use and opinions across groups. Further statistical analyses were limited due to software access issues.
Psychological Empowerment and Empathy as Correlates of ForgivenessAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The study explores Psychological Empowerment and Empathy as Correlates of Forgiveness.
The two variables are regarded to have influence on the decision one makes to forgive another. The study aimed
at examining the relationships between psychological empowerment and forgiveness, empathy and forgiveness
and to identify which one of the two,Psychological Empowerment or Empathy, is the more powerful predictor of
forgiveness. The study took a survey design with a sample of 350 drawn from a population of university students
using a self-administered questionnaire with four sections: Personal information, Psychological empowerment
scale, Toronto Empathy questionnaire, and the Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS). Data analysis employed
Pearson’s product moment correlation and regression analysis to test hypotheses. The results show significant
relationships between psychological empowerment and forgiveness as well as empathy and forgiveness.
Empathy was found to be the more powerful predictor of forgiveness.
KEY WORDS: Psychological empowerment, empathy, forgiveness
This document discusses a study that examined how an exercise intervention aimed at increasing physical activity affected self-efficacy and anxiety levels in college students. The study involved 18 students who completed self-report measures of self-efficacy and anxiety before and after engaging in a 7-week exercise program of walking 3 times per week for 20 minutes. The results showed no significant changes in self-efficacy or anxiety levels as the exercise intervention progressed. While previous research has found links between exercise, increased self-efficacy, and decreased anxiety, this particular study was unable to establish relationships between the variables through the exercise intervention tested.
Resiliency in African American College StudentsMichelle Norman
This document summarizes a research study on factors related to resilience among African Americans. It outlines the background, variables, research questions, hypotheses, methodology, results, and implications of the study. The study examined relationships between racism-related stress, rejection sensitivity, Africultural coping strategies, and subjective well-being/flourishing in a sample of 186 African American college students. Results found that higher racism-related stress correlated with higher rejection sensitivity and negative affect. Africultural coping strategies like spiritual and collective coping correlated with higher subjective well-being. The discussion suggests counselors working with African Americans should consider culture-specific coping strategies.
Hadi Alnasir
Research Proposal
Independent variable 1: Sex
Independent variable 2: anxiety
Dependent variable: Stress
Question #1
My first independent variable (sex) and my dependent variable (stress) are related. Men and
women tend to experience stress differently. Similarly, men and women react differently to
stress.
I expect women to score higher than men on the dependent variable. Women suffer more stress
compared to men. A 2010 study discovered that women are more likely to experience an
increase in stress levels as compared to men. Women are also more likely to report emotional
and physical symptoms of stress compared to men (APA, 2012). The stress gap between men
and women is because their stress response is different. Women have a different hormonal
system that usually causes them to react more emotionally and become more fatigued.
Similarly, women are exposed to more stress-related factors since they assume several roles in
their daily life.
Question #2
My second independent variable (anxiety) is related to my dependent variable (stress). Anxiety
and stress can both cause severe physical and mental health issues, such as depression, muscle
tension, substance abuse, personality disorders, and insomia (Powell & Enright, 2015). Both are
emotions and normal responses that can become disruptive and overwhelming to day-to-day
life. They can interfere with important aspects of life, such as work, relationships,
responsibilities, and school.
An increase in anxiety can increase stress levels. Research indicates that excessive anxiety can
lead to stress-related symptoms such as difficulty concentrating, insomnia, irritability, muscle
tension, and fatigue. Individuals can manage their anxiety and stress with relaxation techniques.
This includes breathing exercises, yoga, physical activity, art therapy, meditation, and massage.
References
APA. (2012). 2010 Stress in America: Gender and Stress. Retrieved from:
https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2010/gender-stress
Powell, T., & Enright, S. (2015). Anxiety and stress management. Routledge.
Running Head: GENDER AND STRESS AS PREDICTORS OF DEPRESSION
Gender and Stress as Predictors of Depression
Zae’Cari Nelson
California Baptist University
Gender and Stress as Predictors of Depression 1
Gender and Stress as Predictors of Depression
More than 17 million adults in the United States experience the ill effects of depression,
making it perhaps the most well-known mental illness in the U.S.A. Depression influences an
expected one out of 15 adults. What's more, one out of six individuals will encounter depression
in their life (What is Depression?). There are a mind-boggling number of elements that can
prompt depressive symptoms in male and female individuals, one of which is held to be a rise in
stress hormone disturban ...
This study examined the relationship between self-compassion and psychological well-being. It consisted of two studies. Study 1 investigated whether self-compassion protects against anxiety when facing an ego threat, such as describing a weakness in a mock job interview. It found that higher self-compassion was linked to less anxiety after this task, whereas self-esteem did not provide the same protection. Study 1 also found that higher self-compassion was associated with less use of first-person singular pronouns and more use of communal language in responses. Study 2 examined whether increases in self-reported self-compassion over one month were associated with greater psychological well-being.
Autocompaixao e autojulgamento em adolescentesCátia Rodrigues
This study examined how self-compassion moderates the relationship between low self-esteem and mental health in adolescents over time. The researchers assessed self-esteem, self-compassion, and mental health in 2448 Australian high school students in 9th grade and again in 10th grade. Based on prior research and theory, they hypothesized that among students with high self-compassion, low self-esteem would be less strongly associated with poorer mental health outcomes over time. Statistical analyses found support for this hypothesis, such that self-compassion buffered the negative effects of low self-esteem on changes in mental health during the study period. The findings suggest fostering self-compassion in adolescents may help reduce
Spiritual Well-Being and Parenting Stress in Caring for Children with Neuro-D...inventionjournals
Caregivers of children’s with neuro-developmental disorders face challenges starting from resistance and denial, and such challenges may be likely to impact their Well-being. The present study explores the relations between spiritual well-being and parenting stress when parents faced with a crisis like caring for children with neurodevelopmental disorders. A convenient sample of 38 parents who reared 3 to 12-year-old children diagnosed with neurodevelopmental issues was part of the study. Parental Stress Index -Short Form (PSI/SF; Abidin, 1995) and the Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS; Ellison & Paloutzian, 2009) were used to obtain a measure of the variables chosen. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to find out the significance of relations between spiritual well-being and parenting stress. Also, thesignificance of themean difference between the gender groups in relation tospiritual well-being and parenting stress was analysed using Independent Sample‘t’ test. Findings reveal a significant negative correlation between spiritual wellbeing and parenting stress, and it also shows that there is no gender difference in relation to parenting stress and spiritual well-being among parents. The findings indicate that spiritual wellbeing might act as a buffer of parental stress and can play the role of a protective factor against parenting stress for life challenges. It also shows that there might be no gender differences in parents’ experience of stress and spiritual wellbeing, but slight mean differences show a higher stress and spiritual wellbeing among mothers than fathers.
Similar to httppss.sagepub.comPsychological Science httppss (20)
Christian Schussele Men of ProgressOil on canvas, 1862Coope.docxtroutmanboris
Christian Schussele Men of Progress
Oil on canvas, 1862
Cooper Union, New York, New York
Transfer from the National Gallery of Art; gift of Andrew W. Mellon, 1942
NPG.65.60
Edward Sorel, “People of Progress” 1999, Cooper Union, New York, New York
Syllabus
The clerks of the Department of State of the United States may be called upon to give evidence of transactions in the Department which are not of a confidential character.
The Secretary of State cannot be called upon as a witness to state transactions of a confidential nature which may have occurred in his Department. But he may be called upon to give testimony of circumstances which were not of that character.
Clerks in the Department of State were directed to be sworn, subject to objections to questions upon confidential matters.
Some point of time must be taken when the power of the Executive over an officer, not removable at his will, must cease. That point of time must be when the constitutional power of appointment has been exercised. And the power has been exercised when the last act required from the person possessing the power has been performed. This last act is the signature of the commission.
If the act of livery be necessary to give validity to the commission of an officer, it has been delivered when executed, and given to the Secretary of State for the purpose of being sealed, recorded, and transmitted to the party.
In cases of commissions to public officers, the law orders the Secretary of State to record them. When, therefore, they are signed and sealed, the order for their being recorded is given, and, whether inserted inserted into the book or not, they are recorded.
When the heads of the departments of the Government are the political or confidential officers of the Executive, merely to execute the will of the President, or rather to act in cases in which the Executive possesses a constitutional or legal discretion, nothing can be more perfectly clear than that their acts are only politically examinable. But where a specific duty is assigned by law, and individual rights depend upon the performance of that duty, it seems equally clear that the individual who considers himself injured has a right to resort to the laws of his country for a remedy.
The President of the United States, by signing the commission, appointed Mr. Marbury a justice of the peace for the County of Washington, in the District of Columbia, and the seal of the United States, affixed thereto by the Secretary of State, is conclusive testimony of the verity of the signature, and of the completion of the appointment; and the appointment conferred on him a legal right to the office for the space of five years. Having this legal right to the office, he has a consequent right to the commission, a refusal to deliver which is a plain violation of that right for which the laws of the country afford him a remedy.
To render a mandamus a proper remedy, the officer to whom it is directed must be one to who.
Christian EthicsChristian ethics deeply align with absolutism. E.docxtroutmanboris
Christian Ethics
Christian ethics deeply align with absolutism. Ethical absolutism claims that moral principles do exist. According to Christians, God created moral absolutes. These absolutes can be seen in God’s revelation. God’s special and general revelation reveal his moral truths. This does not mean that only Christians can understand moral truths. Because humans are made in God’s image, they can recognize moral truths even if they do not believe in God
[1]
. These absolutes were instated by God. Therefore, they apply to all of humanity. This worldview is in direct opposition to the idea of relativism. Christian ethics cannot be viewed through a relativistic point of view. According to relativism, there is no moral truths. There is no absolute distinction between right and wrong within this way of thinking. Right and wrong can be decided by individuals or groups of people. Cultures decide what is right for themselves and their way of life. Even individuals have the ability to decide their own personal moral code. This can seem somewhat reasonable at times. Some things that were considered moral or immoral in the past are viewed differently today. Even with this understanding, Christians deny the idea of relativism. Christians hold to the belief that moral truths come from God. Therefore, these truths do not change. God himself never changes; therefore, his moral truths remain the same. According to Christian ethics, mankind is expected to hold to the moral absolutes mandated by God himself. This understanding is not compatible with relativism. Relativism makes no place of a God. From a relativistic point of view, mankind decides their own morality. Right and wrong are not fixed. In Christian ethics, right and wrong are permanently decided by the God of the universe.
The subjective aspects of Christian ethics can look similar to relativism. The areas that are somewhat subjective in Christian aspects are referred to as the liberties of a Christian. There are some matters that are not said to be morally wrong in the Bible. Some see these issues to be wrong; therefore, they are. Others do not find certain issues to be morally wrong. These individuals are claiming their Christian liberty. One of these issues is drinking alcohol. Some Christians believe that ingesting any amount of alcohol is morally wrong. According to the idea of Christian liberty, it would be wrong for the individuals who hold to this belief to drink alcohol. Others do not have this conviction and are not doing wrong by consuming alcohol. On the surface, the idea of Christian liberty can seem to be related to relativism, but upon closer inspection these ideas are not closely related. Christian liberty is a Biblical concept that harmonize well with the overall message of the Bible. Relativism is nowhere found in the Bible. The Bible is clear that there are universal moral laws. These laws are placed upon humanity by God himself. There are some areas where the Bible remain.
Christian Ethics BA 616 Business Ethics Definiti.docxtroutmanboris
Christian Ethics
BA 616 Business Ethics
Definition of Christian Ethics
A system of values based upon the Judeo/Christian Scriptures
Principles of behavior in concordance with the behaviors of Christian teachings
Standards of thought and behavior as taught by Jesus.
Discussion
What are some of the “ethical” attributes presented in the teachings of Jesus?
What are some ethical attributes presented in the teachings of other religious persons?
Quotes about Christian Ethics
Quotes on Christian Ethics
Recognize the value of work
“And when you reap the harvest of your land, you shall not reap your field right up to its edge, nor shall you gather the gleanings after your harvest. You shall leave them for the poor and for the sojourner: I am the Lord your God.” (Leviticus 23:22).
Do not give the poor the food, rather allow the poor to work for themselves
Discussion
What are examples of the value of work?
Today, some U.S. state governors are trying to get those “able bodied” individuals to work for welfare. They are meeting great resistance politically, why do you think this is?
The value of work
Confirmed by Elton Mayo
Fulfills social, psychological and economic needs of the individual
“If a man will not work, he shall not eat” (2 Thessalonians 3:10)
Christian Ethics
The fruit of a people that have inwardly committed their lives to Christ and are outwardly aligning their actions with His teachings.
“May the favor of the Lord our God rest on us; establish the work of our hands for us— yes, establish the work of our hands” (Psalms. 90:17).
Employees with a Christian Code of Ethics
Welcome accountability
Happy to show their efforts
A system of checks and balances
Sees possible training moment
Fosters collaboration with management
“Those who work their land will have abundant food, but those who chase fantasies have no sense” (Proverbs 12:11)
Employees with a Christian Code of Ethics
Not motivated by greed
Work is its own reward
Measure success in a non-monetary way
Seek payment for the work they do
Money is second to obedience
“Whatever you do, work at it with all your heart, as working for the Lord, not for human masters” (Colossians 3:23).
Employees with a Christian Code of Ethics
Are highly productive
Are work focused
Work hard throughout the day
Find value in completing assigned tasks
Understand that they are there to work
“Diligent hands will rule, but laziness ends in forced labor” (Proverbs 12:24).
Employees with a Christian Code of Ethics
Have a strong work ethic
Believe in a Biblical perspective of work
Reliable
Recognize the value of work
Relate their job to their faith
“All hard work brings a profit, but mere talk leads only to poverty” (Proverbs 14:23)
Employees with a Christian Code of Ethics
Bring a cooperative spirit to the workplace
Supportive of management
Strong contribu.
CHPSI think you made a really good point that Howard lacks poli.docxtroutmanboris
CH/PS
I think you made a really good point that Howard lacks political aspects-especially for presidency. I have no heard his speeches quite yet (since I tend to stray away from politics altogether because people are so aggressive), do you think he is a great leader-type and is he charismatic at all? Great leaders, especially for presidency, should be honest, charismatic, and not only cater to the audience's needs but to the entire country's needs without sugar coating things.
Also, I am not sure what you mean by "In order to improve his leadership style, Jeff should change his model of carrying out business activities. This is because it can be copied and imitated by other companies (Mauri, 2016)".- how can it be imitted by other companies? In what way?
Do you think Jeff Bezos is a bad leader? and why?
CH/AR
I found your comparison of Howard Schultz and Jeff Bezos interesting and compelling. When I was looking at the list of leaders to select from, it was staggering to me how many of the corporate leaders have run or are planning to run for political office. I'm not sure, given our current political environment, that running a large corporation is the right background and experience for the leader of the United States. We'll see what happens in the next year and a half!
Amazon is an amazing, transformative company to watch. I work in the financial services industry and one of our leaders recently described our competition not as other financial services firms but as Amazon. Financial services firms pretty much all offer the same products and services and at a very reasonable price point. Amazon, however, has excelled in service delivery. I would imagine that at sometime in the future, Amazon will partner with a financial service firm to deliver products and services. I'll admit that I was and still am skeptical about Amazon's purchase of Whole Foods, but Bezos seems to be up for trying just about anything.
In your analysis of the two leaders, you didn't mention directly the challenges faced by either the leaders or the organization. Last year, Starbucks was all over the news regarding the incident involving two African American gentlemen and how they were treated by a manger at Starbucks. I'm curious how you or others in the class through about how Schultz led the organization through that crisis. Bezos, as well, has not been immune to controversy with his recent affair and divorce becoming public. How do the personal lives and behaviors of leader impact the organizations they lead? Should it matter?
SO
The first leader I chose to research is Sundar Pichai, the CEO of Google. Sundar began to show in interest in technology at an early age, and eventually earned a degree in Metallurgy, and an M.B.A from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. He then began working at Google in 2004 as the head of product management and development (Shepherd). From there, he assisted in the development of many different departme.
Chosen brand CHANELStudents are required to research a fash.docxtroutmanboris
Chosen brand:
CHANEL
Students are required to research a fashion brand of their choice and analyze its positioning strategy in the market.
● The report will assess students’ ability to collect data, in an efficient manner and use this data to scrutinise the marketing aspects of a fashion brand.
● The report will be covering the following subjects:
1. Analysis Of The Macro And Micro-environment of the brand.
2. Positioning Strategy Of The Brand: Target Customer(Pen Portrait)
3. Competitor Analysis.
4. Critical evaluation of the marketing communications strategy of the brand
supporting the development of the individual report, using relevant PRIMARY and SECONDARY RESEARCH.
NB: Please kindly devise a survey (Google forms) and make up some responses to it so as to then incorporate PRIMARY results into the report. Thanks
see attached file
word count: 2000 words
.
Chose one person to reply to ALBORES 1. Were Manning’s acti.docxtroutmanboris
Chose one person to reply to:
ALBORES
1. Were Manning’s actions legal under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, and what are the possible penalties for violating the act?
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act states (1977) “It shall be unlawful for any issuer...to offer, payment, promise to pay, or authorization of the payment of any money, or offer, gift, promise to give... “. Manning assumed the duty of an issuer because he attended dinner with the prime minister to discuss the contract. Then, Manning offered to fly the prime minister to New York, which he then promised to pay for all of the prime minister's expenses. However, according to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (1977) a promise or offer is acceptable if the expense was ”reasonable and bona fide expenditure, such as travel and lodging expenses, incurred by or on behalf of a foreign official… was directly related to the promotion, demonstration, or explanation of products or services”. Manning promised to fly out the prime minister because he wanted to “discuss business further” (UMUC, 2019). Further, Manning used company funds to take the prime minister to luxurious activities and restaurants because he wanted to retain the contract from the prime minister.
Even though Manning did not directly give money to the prime minister, he authorized payment for the prime minster’s two-week stay, which did not involve discussing the contract. Out of the two weeks, business was only conducted for a day. In addition, Manning can be held responsible for bribing the customs officials at Neristan. According to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (1977), it is unlawful to influence “any act or decision of such foreign official in his official capacity... omit to do any act in violation of the lawful duty of such official”. Manning influenced the customs officials because Manning gave each custom official $100 to clear the shipment. Custom officials act on behalf of the Neristan government and sometimes require large shipments to be inspected. Manny will likely be held responsible for offering payment to the customs officials in exchange for expediting the company’s shipment.
If Manning violated the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, he could face imprisonment. Also, the company may have to pay the penalty. The penalty for violating the act is “a fine of up to $2 million per violation. Likewise, an individual may face up to five years in prison and/or a fine of $250,000 per violation of the anti-bribery provision” (Woody, 2018, p. 275).
2. Were Manning’s actions legal under the UK Bribery Act and what are the possible penalties for violating the act?
Based on the UK Bribery Act (2010), an individual is guilty of bribing an official if “intention is to influence F (government official) in F's capacity as a foreign public official...intend to obtain or retain business, or an advantage in the conduct of business.”. Manning bribed the prime minister because he stated: “If, after we are done conducting busi.
Choosing your literary essay topic on Disgrace by J. M. Coetzee .docxtroutmanboris
Choosing your literary essay topic on
Disgrace
by J. M. Coetzee is the first step to writing your literary analysis paper.
After reading the novel, you should be able to decide in which direction you'd like to take your paper.
Topics/ approaches
(Focus on only one of the following, though some may overlap):
Analyze one of the minor characters, such as Petrus.
Example
: Analyze not only the chosen characters' personality but also what role they played in advancing the overall theme of the novel.
The protagonist's conflict, the hurdles to be overcome, and how he resolves it.
Examples:
It could be hope for change, both in South Africa and in David Lurie. OR: the disgrace David Lurie has suffered over the affair with a student and how that matches the disgrace South Africa has suffered through apartheid.
The function of setting to reinforce theme and characterization.
Example
: post-apartheid South Africa is a setting arguably more important than anything else in the novel. Your outside sources would be a bit of history concerning apartheid.The use of literary devices to communicate theme: imagery, metaphor, symbolism, foreshadowing, irony
Symbolism in the novel--
Examples:
Determine if David Lurie represents the old, white authorities of South Africa, while Lucy represents the new white people of South Africa. OR: Analyze what dogs symbolize in this story. Another example: What is symbolized by the opera David Lurie is writing on Byron?
Careful examination of one or more central scenes and its/their crucial role in plot development, resolution of conflict, and exposition of the theme.
Example:
Analyze one or more scenes in which hope that change for the better is possible through a character's remorse and subsequent action, for example, the scene in which David Lurie apologizes to the parents OR the scene in which Lucy gets raped.
The possible issue to be addressed in introduction or conclusion:
Characteristics that make the work typical (or atypical) of the period, the setting, or the author that produced it. For this information, you must go to a library database (you must read "How to Access Miami Dade Databases" if you don't know how) or a valid search site, such as Google Scholar (there is often a fee for this one).
Do
not
open or close with biographical material on the author. Biographical material is important as it influences the author’s writing only and should not be a focus of your paper.
Guidelines for Literary Essay
Be aware that you will be writing about a novel, which in its broadest sense is any extended fictional narrative almost always in prose, in which the representation of character is often the focus. Good authors use the elements of fiction, such as plot, theme, setting etc. purposefully, with a very clear goal in mind. One of the paths to literary analysis is to discover what the author's purpose is with each of his choices. Avoid the problem th.
Choosing your Philosophical Question The Final Project is an opp.docxtroutmanboris
Choosing your Philosophical Question
The Final Project is an opportunity for you to investigate one of the discussion questions to a much greater degree than in the forums. For your Final Project you will choose a philosophical question (stage 1), conduct an analysis of the claims and arguments relevant to the question by reading the primary texts of the philosopher (stage 2), and then take a position on the chosen question and offer an argument in support of your position (stage 3).
For this first stage of your Final Project assignment, (a) choose a question that appears as a discussion question (listed below, with some exceptions). You may choose one that you have previously begun to answer in the discussion forums, or one that you have yet to consider, then (b) explain briefly why you are interested in exploring this philosopher, the primary text and the question further. Submit this assignment on a Word .docx.
Week Four: Philosopher: Thomas Aquinas, Primary Text: Summa Theologica, Part 1, Question 2, Article 1-3
Q1. Does God really exist?
Question to write on, and answer the question fully in all its parts. Be mindful of the question. You are making a claim about something and offering support for it. Try to use examples from the Primary Texts you have read and/or your own experiences in that support.
DISCUSSION QUESTION CHOICE #1: Philosophy of Religion. Study Aquinas' five "ways" of demonstrating God's existence in the learning resources then engage in the study of ontology by examining your belief in God:
Answer the question: Does God really exist?
Use Aquinas and your own reasoning in your argument.
Kreeft, Peter. A Shorter Summa: The Essential Philosophical Passages of St. Thomas Aquinas'
Summa Theologica, Ignatius Press (San Francisco, 1993), chapter II.
Summa Theologica, Part 1, Question 2, Articles 1-3
The Existence of God
Because the chief aim of sacred doctrine is to teach the knowledge of God, not only as He is in
Himself, but also as He is the beginning of things and their last end, and especially of rational
creatures, as is clear from what has been already said, therefore, in our endeavor to expound this
science, we shall treat: (1) Of God; (2) Of the rational creature’s advance towards God; (3) Of
Christ, Who as man, is our way to God.
In treating of God there will be a threefold division: For we shall consider (1) Whatever concerns
the Divine Essence; (2) Whatever concerns the distinctions of Persons; (3) Whatever concerns the
procession of creatures from Him
Concerning the Divine Essence, we must consider: (1) Whether God exists? (2) The manner of His
existence, or, rather, what is not the manner of His existence; (3) Whatever concerns His
operations — namely, His knowledge, will, power.
Concerning the first, there are three points of inquiry: (1) Whether the proposition “God exists” is
self-evident? (2) Whether it is demonstrable? (3) Whether God exists?-
FIRST ARTICLE
Whether the Existence .
Choosing Your Research Method in a NutshellBy James Rice and.docxtroutmanboris
Choosing Your Research Method in a Nutshell
By James Rice and Marilyn K. Simon
Research Method Brief Type
Action research Participatory ‐ problem identification, solution,
solution review
III
Appreciative inquiry Helps groups identify solutions III, IV
Case Study research Group observation to determine how and why a
situation exists
III
Causal‐comparative research Identify causal relationship among variable that
can't be controlled
IV
Content analysis Analyze text and make inferences IV
Correlational research Collect data and determine level of correlation
between variables
I
Critical Incident technique Identification of determining incident of a critical
event
III
Delphi research Analysis of expert knowledge to forecast future
events
I, IV
Descriptive research Study of "as is" phenomena I
Design based research/ decision analysis Identify meaningful change in practices II
Ethnographic Cultural observation of a group
Evaluation research Study the effectiveness of an intervention or
program
IV
Experimental research Study the effect of manipulating a variable or
variables
II
Factor analysis Statistically assess the relationship between large
numbers of variables
I
Grounded Theory Produce a theory that explains a process based on
observation
III, IV
Hermeneutic research Study the meaning of subjects/texts (exegetics is
text only) by concentrating on the historical
meaning of the experience and its developmental
and cumulative effects on the individual and society
III
Historical research historical data collection and analysis of person or
organization
IV
Meta‐analysis research Seek patterns in data collected by other studies and
formulate principals
Narrative research Study of a single person's experiences
Needs assessment Systematic process of determine the needs of a
defined demographic population
Phenomenography Answer questions about thinking and learning
Phenomenology Make sense of lived experiences of participants
regarding a specified phenomenon.
III, IV
Quasi‐experimental Manipulation of variables in populations without
benefit of random assignment or control group.
II
Q‐method A mixed‐method approach to study subjectivity ‐
patterns of thought
I
Regression‐discontinuity design (RD) Cut‐off score assignment of participants to group
(non‐random) used to study effectiveness of an
intervention
II
Repertory grid analysis Interview process to determine how a person
interprets the meaning of an experience
I
Retrospective record review Study of historic data collected about a prior
intervention (both effected and control group)
II
Semiology Studies the meaning of symbols II, III
Situational analysis Post‐modernist approach to grounded theory
(holistic view rather than isolated variables) by
studying lived experiences around a phenomenon
Trend Analysis research Formulate a f.
Choose two of the systems (education, work, the military, and im.docxtroutmanboris
Choose
two
of the systems (education, work, the military, and immigration). Explain how they fit into the domain of social work and the social justice issues social workers should be aware of in these systems.
How does the education, military, workplace, or immigration system rely on social workers?
What is one social justice issue found in education, the military, the workplace, or immigration that influences the practice of social work?
.
Choose two disorders from the categories presented this week.C.docxtroutmanboris
Choose
two disorders from the categories presented this week.
Create
a 15- to 20-slide Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentation that includes the following:
Describes the disorders and explains their differences
Discusses how these disorders are influenced by the legal system
Discusses how the legal system is influenced by these disorders
Include
a minimum of two peer-reviewed sources.
Format
your presentation consistent with APA guidelines.
Submit
your assignment.
*3 slides on How is the legal system influenced by schizophrenia with speaker notes*
.
Choose ONE of the following topics Length 750-900 words, .docxtroutmanboris
Choose
ONE
of the following topics
Length:
750-900 words, double spaced, 12 pt. font
Identify the different forms of religious groups that are comprised in the typology outlined by the classic sociologists of religion. Explain the basic characteristics of each and provide examples.
Establish a distinction between the popular misuses of the term "myth" and its meaning in the scholarly context of Religious Studies. Explain the functions of myth according to the scholar Joseph Campbell.
.
Choose one of the following topicsAmerica A Narrative.docxtroutmanboris
Choose
one
of the following topics
America: A Narrative History
notes Thomas Jefferson's election to the presidency set the tone of "republican simplicity". In what ways was this still true in 1850 following the "Market Revolution" and in what ways was it not?
Connect the technological improvements in water transportation of the early 19th century to the territory acquired in the LA Purchase.
.
Choose one of the following topics below. Comparecont.docxtroutmanboris
Choose
one
of the following topics below.
Compare/contrast the role women played in Puritan Society in colonial Massachusetts with their role in the Great Awakening of the 18th century.
Why is the Declaration of Independence considered historically as a product of the Age of Enlightenment?
500 words
.
Choose one of the following topics below. Comparecon.docxtroutmanboris
Choose
one
of the following topics below.
Compare/contrast the role women played in Puritan Society in colonial Massachusetts with their role in the Great Awakening of the 18th century.
Why is the Declaration of Independence considered historically as a product of the Age of Enlightenment?
requirement of this assignment
Write a 500 word essay
.
Choose one of the states of RacialCultural Identity Development.docxtroutmanboris
Choose one of the states of Racial/Cultural Identity Developmental Model and reflect on how you will intervine with a client in that stage.
Stages:
Conformity
Dissonance and Appreciating
Resistance and immersion
Introspection
Integrative Awareness
.
Choose one of the following topicsNative AmericansWomenEnvi.docxtroutmanboris
Choose
one of the following topics:
Native Americans
Women
Environment
Latin Americans
Sexual liberation
Read
at least three different newspaper articles between 1968 and 1980 that cover important changes affecting your topic. In the University Library, use the ProQuest
®
historical newspaper archive (available under
General Resources > ProQuest >
Advanced Search
>
Search Options
>
Source Type
), which includes the following major newspapers, among others:
New York Times
Washington Post
Wall Street Journal
Los Angeles Times
Christian Science Monitor
Write
a 700- to 1,050-word paper in which you describe the status of the chosen group or idea and how that group or idea was affected by the changes brought about during the 1960s. Include information gleaned from the newspaper articles as well as other material.
.
Choose one of the following films for review (with faculty’s appro.docxtroutmanboris
Choose
one of the following films for review (with faculty’s approval). Put yourself in the movie by choosing one character to follow. What cultural issues would you face? What are cultural challenges? Write a short paper describing the film and your observations. Present your findings in class.
•
Secret Lives of Bees
•
Chocolate
•
Under the Same Moon
•
Maid in Manhattan
•
Walk in the Clouds
•
Get Rich or Die Trying (Gang Culture
) "I like this one"
•
Mu
lan
•
Mississippi Burning
•
A Time to Kill - "
I Also like this one
"
•
Only Fools Rush In
.
Choose and complete one of the two assignment options.docxtroutmanboris
Choose
and
complete
one of the two assignment options:
Option 1: Forecasting Comparison Presentation
Identify
a state, local, or federal policy that impacts your organization or community.
Create
an 8- to 10-slide Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentation in which you complete the following:
Describe how forecasting can be used to implement this policy and highlight any limitations of the usage of forecasting.
Compare and contrast the different forms of forecasting used to aid decision-makers when evaluating policy outcomes.
Discuss the types of information needed to ensure forecasts are accurate.
Analyze the relationship between forecasting, monitoring of observed policy outcomes, and normative futures in goals and agenda setting.
Include
speaker notes with each slide. The presentation should also contain and at least four peer-reviewed references from the University Library.
I live in Lawrence, KS if you can find a policy within this community.
.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
1. http://pss.sagepub.com/
Psychological Science
http://pss.sagepub.com/content/24/1/112
The online version of this article can be found at:
DOI: 10.1177/0956797612457392
2013 24: 112 originally published online 12 November
2012Psychological Science
David R. Kille, Amanda L. Forest and Joanne V. Wood
Tall, Dark, and Stable : Embodiment Motivates Mate Selection
Preferences
Published by:
http://www.sagepublications.com
On behalf of:
Association for Psychological Science
can be found at:Psychological ScienceAdditional services and
information for
4. Bowlby (1988) proposed that the attachment system
evolved to provide infants with a sense of safety and security,
especially in stressful times. As Ainsworth demonstrated
(1979), infants left in an uncertain environment seek out their
caregivers, who provide a sense of security and stability.
Because adult relationships have also been shown to serve as a
source of security (Collins & Feeney, 2000), we hypothesized
that adults who experience physical instability will, like infants
who encounter an uncertain environment, seek security from
relationship partners and will therefore be attracted to poten-
tial romantic partners who promise psychological stability
(Chappell & Davis, 1998).
Note that we made opposing predictions for perceptions
and preferences: We expected that physical instability would
lead people to perceive less stability in other people’s relation-
ships, but to prefer more stability-promoting traits in their own
potential relationship partners. Broadly speaking, we extended
embodied-cognition research by (a) studying the effects of
physical instability; (b) examining preferences for potential
mates, in response to researchers’ call for important and
“action-
relevant” outcomes (Meier, Schnall, Schwarz, & Bargh, 2012,
p. 711); and (c) distinguishing between cognitive and motiva-
tional effects.
Method
Forty-seven romantically unattached undergraduates (25 men,
22 women; mean age = 21.08 years) were randomly assigned
to either a physically unstable condition or a physically stable
condition. In the physically unstable condition, participants sat
at a slightly wobbly table and chair: The wobble was achieved
by shortening two of the chair’s nonadjacent legs by approxi -
mately ¼ in. and securing a small pebble to the bottom of one
5. table leg. In the physically stable condition, participants sat at
an identical, but stable, table and chair. We administered
demographic and filler questionnaires to ensure that partici -
pants had experienced the furniture’s instability (or stability)
before they completed the dependent measures.
To determine whether physical instability—like other
somatic cues (e.g., warmth)—can affect people’s perceptions,
we asked participants to judge other people’s relationship sta-
bility. Participants rated the likelihood that the marriages of
four well-known couples (e.g., Barack and Michelle Obama:
married 19 years, two children) would break up in the next 5
years (1 = extremely unlikely to dissolve, 7 = extremely likely
to dissolve). We reverse-scored and averaged responses to cre-
ate an index of perceived stability (α = .60).
Participants indicated their preferences for various traits in
a potential romantic partner (1 = not at all desirable, 7 =
extremely desirable). We included traits that would provide a
sense of psychological stability (trustworthy, reliable) or
instability (spontaneous, adventurous), as well as traits with
less relevance to instability (loving, good with money, funny,
supportive). Pilot testing (n = 27), and a linear contrast,
Corresponding Author:
David R. Kille, Department of Psychology, University of
Waterloo, 200
University Ave. West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
E-mail: [email protected]
Tall, Dark, and Stable: Embodiment
Motivates Mate Selection Preferences
David R. Kille, Amanda L. Forest, and Joanne V. Wood
University of Waterloo
Received 3/27/12; Revision accepted 6/17/12
6. Short Report
at OhioLink on February 14, 2013pss.sagepub.comDownloaded
from
http://pss.sagepub.com/
Embodiment Motivates Mate Preferences 113
confirmed that the stability traits were perceived as providing
more psychological stability, safety, and security (1 = rela-
tively unstable, 9 = relatively stable) than the stability-neutral
traits, which were, in turn, rated as providing more stability
than the instability traits (stability traits: M = 8.23, SD = 1.30;
stability-neutral traits: M = 7.51, SD = 1.31; instability traits:
M = 4.50, SD = 1.67), F(1, 26) = 101.81, p < .001. We reverse -
scored the instability-trait items and created two composites:
preference for stability traits (vs. instability traits; α = .50) and
preference for stability-neutral traits (α = .65). Finally, we
assessed participants’ moods (e.g., annoyed, happy; 1 = not at
all, 9 = a great deal).
Results
A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that, as
predicted, participants in the physically unstable condition
perceived less stability in other people’s relationships (M =
4.80, SD = 1.12) than did participants in the physically stable
condition (M = 5.55, SD = 0.84), F(1, 43) = 6.28, p = .016,
ηp
2 = .13 (Fig. 1). These results suggest that physical instabil-
ity activates the concept of instability more broadly.
More important, physical instability affected preferences:
7. A one-way ANOVA revealed that participants in the physi-
cally unstable condition reported a greater desire for stability
traits in a partner (M = 5.00, SD = 0.78) than did participants
in the physically stable condition (M = 4.38, SD = 0.72), F(1,
45) = 8.18, p = .006, ηp
2 = .15 (see Fig. 1). No differences
between conditions emerged in preference for stability-neutral
traits, F < 1, or in mood, except that participants in the physi -
cally unstable condition felt happier than participants in the
physically stable condition, F(1, 40) = 4.44, p = .041, ηp
2 =
.10. Two analyses regressing preferences and perceptions onto
happiness and condition indicated that happiness was unre-
lated to either outcome (ts < 1).
Discussion
Our study confirms that subtle bodily experiences affect not
only people’s perceptions of others, but also their preferences in
others: Participants who experienced physical instability per -
ceived less stability in other people’s relationships and desired
more stability in their own potential partners than did partici -
pants who did not experience such instability. Moreover, pilot
testing suggested that participants in the physically unstable
condition did not simply prefer more positive traits; using a
Likert-type scale (1 = relatively negative/undesirable/not very
fun, 9 = relatively positive/desirable/very fun), 24 participants
rated the traits in the stability composite as being marginally
less positive (M = 7.19, SD = 0.94) than the traits in the
stability-
neutral composite (M = 7.44, SD = 0.81), t(23) = 1.89, p = .071.
Consequently, we concluded that physical instability altered
participants’ motivation to seek psychological stability rather
than their motivation to seek positively valenced traits.
8. Mate selection is often viewed as a process that reflects
long-term goals rather than in-the-moment psychological
needs. The present study suggests that mate preferences may
shift with transient bodily states created by the physical envi -
ronment. By examining the important outcome of preferences
in mate selection (Meier et al., 2012), this study extends previ -
ous findings suggesting that the physical world can affect pref-
erences for movie genres (Hong & Sun, 2012) and cleansing
products (Zhong & Liljenquist, 2006). We suspect that previ -
ously studied physical states may also motivate mate selec-
tion: For example, given that physical dirtiness is linked to
moral impurity (see Lee & Schwarz, 2011), examining dating
profiles in a physically dirty environment might motivate peo-
ple to seek out moral puritans. Additionally, because perceived
power is associated with feeling tall (Duguid & Goncalo,
2012), feeling short—as when seated in a lowered chair—
could increase the attractiveness of high-status mates.
Our results also suggest that embodied cues can affect
motivation, because participants’ preferences (for stability)
likely reflected their goals (to achieve stability). Insofar as
goals and motivational states are represented as cognitive
structures (Kruglanski et al., 2002), those structures should be
represented—much like any other cognition—through senso-
rimotor information (Barsalou, 2008). Indeed, we suspect that
one reason cognition may become embodied is to ensure that
one’s needs—which may arise from physical states—are met
through goal pursuit. Embodied motivation, then, is a fruitful
avenue for future research.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Vanessa K. Bohns, Richard P. Eibach, and
John G.
Holmes for their invaluable comments on an earlier draft, and
Alix
9. Collins and Lindsay Stehouwer for their assistance in
conducting this
research.
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.50
6.00
6.50
7.00
Perceptions of Stability Preference for Stability
R
at
in
g
Physically Stable Condition
Physically Unstable Condition
Fig. 1. Mean perception of other people’s relationship stability
and
10. mean preference for stability (vs. instability) traits in a
potential mate as
a function of physical stability condition. Error bars represent
standard
errors of the mean.
at OhioLink on February 14, 2013pss.sagepub.comDownloaded
from
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114 Kille et al.
Declaration of Conflicting Interests
The authors declared that they had no conflicts of interest with
respect to their authorship or the publication of this article.
Funding
This research was supported by a Social Sciences and
Humanities
Research Council of Canada grant awarded to Joanne V. Wood.
References
Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1979). Infant-mother attachment.
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choice,
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motivation
works. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Hong, J., & Sun, Y. (2012). Warm it up with love: The effect of
physi-
cal coldness on liking of romance movies. Journal of Consumer
Research, 39, 293–306.
Kruglanski, A. W., Shah, J. Y., Fishbach, A., Friedman, R.,
Chun,
W. Y., & Sleeth-Keppler, D. (2002). A theory of goal systems.
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M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology
(Vol. 34, pp. 331–378). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Lee, S. W. S., & Schwarz, N. (2011). Wiping the slate clean:
Psycho-
logical consequences of physical cleansing. Current Directions
in
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ment in social psychology. Topics in Cognitive Science, 4, 705–
716. doi: 10.1111/j.1756-8765.2012.01212.x
Williams, L. E., & Bargh, J. A. (2008). Experiencing physical
warmth
influences interpersonal warmth. Science, 322, 606–607.
Zhong, C.-B., & Liljenquist, K. (2006). Washing away your
sins:
Threatened morality and physical cleansing. Science, 313,
1451–
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at OhioLink on February 14, 2013pss.sagepub.comDownloaded
from
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moving averageFile name: best homesUse this worksheet to
analyze the best homes case study.The data is entered into 60
rows. One row for each month.The forecasting model can be
entered into the columns.1Jan 118402Feb 118803Mar
1111204Apr 1112005May 1111206Jun
111120122001016.77July 111080122801023.38Aug
111000126001050.09Sept 11960128401070.010Oct
111000130001083.311Nov 11920132801106.712Dec
11960135201126.713Jan 12920137601146.714Feb
121200140001166.715Mar 121360142401186.716Apr
121360144001200.017May 121400146001216.718Jun
121360147601230.019July 121320151201260.020Aug
121240153601280.021Sept 121200156401303.322Oct
121160160001333.323Nov 121120162001350.024Dec
27. data.
Questions for the case
1. What forecasting methods should the company consider?
Please justify.
2. Use the classical decomposition method to forecast average
demand for 2016 by month. What is your forecast of monthly
average demand for 2016?
3. Best Homes is also collecting sales projections from each of
its regions for 2016? What role should these additional sales
projections play, along with the forecast from question 2 in
determining the final national forecast?
I hope this helps
If not we can have an adobe session with your team tomorrow
Sunday April 12, 2020 or any other time that is convenient
Regards,
Santosh Sambare
Best Homes, Inc.: Forecasting
28. Background
Best Homes is a new home construction company based in
Kansas City, Missouri. They build only residential and new
homes throughout the United States. They have expanded the
Midwest and the West coast and to the south, starting in 1945
the East coast. They build all types of new residential housing,
from low-end to high-end housing in the market. Best Homes
was a private company until 1958 when the initial public
offering began. The company started small but expanded to one
of the largest home builders in the United States. The case
presents monthly sales data from 2011 to 2015. This data is
representative of home builders since we estimated the sales of
Best Homes based on a 4% market share of the total sales of
new homes in the U.S. from the U.S. Census web site. Thus,
the trend and seasonality are in line with U.S. home sales in
total. The case explains the problem facing Best Homes in terms
of annual planning and the S&OP process. Forecasting is put in
the context of how the forecast will be used. Also, sales
projections are being gathered from the field, and the case asks
students to reconcile those with the forecasts based on historical
data. Best Homes competes on the basis of their outstanding
brand reputation. Their reputation is gained by building quality
houses at competitive prices. The cost per square foot of the
house is comparable to that of its competitors, but its design
and interior finish are excellent. This provides an advantage
that competitors can't find. Show after completion of the
building, including the installation of inner walls, floors,
windows, siding, cabinets and timber works, to provide a
beautiful home. Use part-time or contract for other parts that are
not marked upon completion. However, workers who perform
foundations, rough walls, roofs, wiring and piping. In each of
these areas, however, they employ more than 60 percent of ful l-
time workers. All new employees, part-time or contract
employees are assigned full-time employees and receive quality
control training for their work during the first six months.
29. Objective
Financing uses this to forecast the company's overall revenue
and to prepare estimates of revenue and balance sheet forecasts
along with quarterly income estimates. Marketing uses monthly
forecasts to plan sales forecasts, employment plans, sales
incentives and sales targets. Operations and supply chains use
forecasts for sales and operational planning (S & OP) planning
processes. S & OP is performed for annual forecasts and
updated monthly to coordinate sales forecasts and resulting
employment plans for new, contracted and part-time employees.
Along with the expected dismissal. Each month, the S & OP
process starts with an updated rolling forecast every 12 months.
The employment plan and the start of housing construction are
then set up next month and planned for the next three months.
The plan also includes a purchase plan for materials used in
construction. Housing. Monthly updates may require adjusting
both the capacity and inventory of new homes. All features,
including finance, marketing, sales, operations, and HR,
participate in the S & OP process. The first part of the planning
process is to predict the demand for new homes every month.
Shows the number of detached houses built by Best Homes
every month. This data is a forward forecast for all of 2016.
Predicting average monthly demand alone in the future is not
enough. Actual demand may be significantly higher or lower
than average. As a result, you should also predict standard or
average absolute deviations. The monthly production level of
the new house is set to average demand. In addition, if demand
exceeds the average, secure a safe inventory of new homes.
With three months of lead time to build a new house, all
inventory and production levels should expect three months of
lead time. This shows an important prediction for both
30. predictions.
1. What forecasting methods should the company consider?
Please justify.
· The company should use time series method
· It suitable for not much data and based on seasonal patterns
· According to the calculation the 12 months moving average.
· The advantages of this method are easy to understand, and the
moving average can smooth the estimate that makes the
company see the trend.
· The moving average can be calculated by using the previous
sale and calculate the average.
1
Jan 11
840
2
Feb 11
880
3
Mar 11
1120
4
Apr 11
1200
5
May 11
1120
40. 71
Nov 16
72
Dec 16
2. Use the classical decomposition method to forecast average
demand for 2016 by month. What is your forecast of monthly
average demand for 2016?
· As a result, the blue trend is a sale forecast and the orange
trend is calculated sale with the 12 months moving average
· The linear function from the sale itself is y = 11.758x+1003.4
where r-square is 0.5888
· The linear function from 12 months moving average is
12.442x+925.28 where r-square is 0.9504
· R-square can describe How accurate of the function which has
value between 0-100%
41. · When we compare the 12 months average r-square with the
sale r-square the 12 months average r-square is more accurate
· The company should use 12 months moving average function
y=12.442x+925.28 where x is a month order start from January
2011 to forecast monthly average demand for 2016
X
Month
MOV AVG FCT
61
Jan 16
1684.4
62
Feb 16
1696.8
63
Mar 16
1709.2
64
Apr 16
1721.7
65
May 16
1734.1
42. 66
Jun 16
1746.6
67
July 16
1759.0
68
Aug 16
1771.5
69
Sept 16
1783.9
70
Oct 16
1796.3
71
Nov 16
1808.8
72
Dec 16
1821.2
3. Best Homes is also collecting sales projections from each
of its regions for 2016? What role should these additional sales
projections play, along with the forecast from question 2 in
determining the final national forecast?
Year
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Moving average total
12075
43. 13867
15659
17450
19242
21034
Growth rate
15%
13%
11%
10%
9%
· The sale growth rate has dropped since 2012. If the company
focus only number of sales which is growth overtime will start
to lose market competitive.
· This comparison of growth rate will lead to discussion of
developing the company’s marketing, operation, finance, and
human resource.
· However, the sale projection from all region will help
assuming the overall demand forecast it help to manage the
reasonable inventory which can prevent over operation cost and
inventory cost.
Moving Average 12 Preceding Months
SALES
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60