This document provides an overview of key aspects of academic articles, including their purpose, structure, style, and formatting. Scholarly articles are written by experts to share original research and analysis with other researchers. They undergo peer review and use formal language. The typical structure includes an abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and references sections. Academic articles are intended to contribute new knowledge to a field and be written for other professionals using a formal tone without first-person pronouns or unnecessary adverbs. They also adhere to a specific formatting style like APA.
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RSCH 600 Research Proposal writing
RESEARCH PROPOSAL - PART 1: INTRODUCTION, REVIEW OF LITERATURE, PROBLEM STATEMENT,
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Due at the end of week 7 (Sunday February 28, 2021 at midnight)
You need to conduct some research related to your own interests or to serve the interests of some organization
(employer/client/sponsor). Before you start writing a formal proposal, you (or your employer/client/sponsor) would like to
gather some information about the problem as well as understand its importance.
Choose your research topic thoughtfully and submit the topic of your research proposal for approval the latest by the end of
Week 3 (Sunday January 31, 2021 at midnight). You can find the submission box in Week 3.
This part of your research proposal should be roughly 7-9 pages (excluding cover page, references and annex) and written
in paragraphs, report format. All citations and references for this course are to be done in the APA style.
HERE ARE THE KEY PARTS OF THIS PART OF THE PROPOSAL (PART 1):
Title of your research
Make it intriguing – (BUT LESS THAN 120 CHARACTERS)
Introduction/Background
Provide a brief description of what the proposed research topic is about, why is it important and how you came to be
interested in it.
Literature Review
The purpose of this assignment is to develop skills in finding and analyzing valid literary resources for your research.
The review should be written in an integral / synthetic style, and NOT as an annotated bibliography.
Please note: Use in-text citations to reference all ideas, concepts, text, and data that are not your own. If you make a
statement, back it up with a reference!
• Research a minimum of 15 relevant business-related literature sources (focus on material available in digital
format only for this course). Carefully choose your 15 "keepers" that are clearly related to your study. (Note: you
might need to find 30 to “keep” only 15).
• Identify major common themes encountered in the selected literature sources. For each theme, create its own
subsection within the literature review.
• For each theme / subsection of the literature review, explain the opinions of the authors and show their
similarities, differences, methods of acquisition of data, methods of data analysis and other pertinent information.
State how the reviewed research results relate to your proposed study.
• Identify the gaps in the literature and explain what needs to be done to move forward in your research.
Statement of the Problem
Detail the problem that you are considering. Explain:
• How are you defining and delimiting the specific area of the research?
• What is the gap that will be addressed by this research?
• What it is that you hope to learn by conducting this research?
• Discuss the anticipated outcomes and benefits to the researcher, the organization, or society.
Research Questions
Provide focused ...
1 RSCH 600 Research Proposal writing RESEAAbbyWhyte974
1
RSCH 600 Research Proposal writing
RESEARCH PROPOSAL - PART 1: INTRODUCTION, REVIEW OF LITERATURE, PROBLEM STATEMENT,
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Due at the end of week 7 (Sunday February 28, 2021 at midnight)
You need to conduct some research related to your own interests or to serve the interests of some organization
(employer/client/sponsor). Before you start writing a formal proposal, you (or your employer/client/sponsor) would like to
gather some information about the problem as well as understand its importance.
Choose your research topic thoughtfully and submit the topic of your research proposal for approval the latest by the end of
Week 3 (Sunday January 31, 2021 at midnight). You can find the submission box in Week 3.
This part of your research proposal should be roughly 7-9 pages (excluding cover page, references and annex) and written
in paragraphs, report format. All citations and references for this course are to be done in the APA style.
HERE ARE THE KEY PARTS OF THIS PART OF THE PROPOSAL (PART 1):
Title of your research
Make it intriguing – (BUT LESS THAN 120 CHARACTERS)
Introduction/Background
Provide a brief description of what the proposed research topic is about, why is it important and how you came to be
interested in it.
Literature Review
The purpose of this assignment is to develop skills in finding and analyzing valid literary resources for your research.
The review should be written in an integral / synthetic style, and NOT as an annotated bibliography.
Please note: Use in-text citations to reference all ideas, concepts, text, and data that are not your own. If you make a
statement, back it up with a reference!
• Research a minimum of 15 relevant business-related literature sources (focus on material available in digital
format only for this course). Carefully choose your 15 "keepers" that are clearly related to your study. (Note: you
might need to find 30 to “keep” only 15).
• Identify major common themes encountered in the selected literature sources. For each theme, create its own
subsection within the literature review.
• For each theme / subsection of the literature review, explain the opinions of the authors and show their
similarities, differences, methods of acquisition of data, methods of data analysis and other pertinent information.
State how the reviewed research results relate to your proposed study.
• Identify the gaps in the literature and explain what needs to be done to move forward in your research.
Statement of the Problem
Detail the problem that you are considering. Explain:
• How are you defining and delimiting the specific area of the research?
• What is the gap that will be addressed by this research?
• What it is that you hope to learn by conducting this research?
• Discuss the anticipated outcomes and benefits to the researcher, the organization, or society.
Research Questions
Provide focused ...
1
RSCH 600 Research Proposal writing
RESEARCH PROPOSAL - PART 1: INTRODUCTION, REVIEW OF LITERATURE, PROBLEM STATEMENT,
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Due at the end of week 7 (Sunday February 28, 2021 at midnight)
You need to conduct some research related to your own interests or to serve the interests of some organization
(employer/client/sponsor). Before you start writing a formal proposal, you (or your employer/client/sponsor) would like to
gather some information about the problem as well as understand its importance.
Choose your research topic thoughtfully and submit the topic of your research proposal for approval the latest by the end of
Week 3 (Sunday January 31, 2021 at midnight). You can find the submission box in Week 3.
This part of your research proposal should be roughly 7-9 pages (excluding cover page, references and annex) and written
in paragraphs, report format. All citations and references for this course are to be done in the APA style.
HERE ARE THE KEY PARTS OF THIS PART OF THE PROPOSAL (PART 1):
Title of your research
Make it intriguing – (BUT LESS THAN 120 CHARACTERS)
Introduction/Background
Provide a brief description of what the proposed research topic is about, why is it important and how you came to be
interested in it.
Literature Review
The purpose of this assignment is to develop skills in finding and analyzing valid literary resources for your research.
The review should be written in an integral / synthetic style, and NOT as an annotated bibliography.
Please note: Use in-text citations to reference all ideas, concepts, text, and data that are not your own. If you make a
statement, back it up with a reference!
• Research a minimum of 15 relevant business-related literature sources (focus on material available in digital
format only for this course). Carefully choose your 15 "keepers" that are clearly related to your study. (Note: you
might need to find 30 to “keep” only 15).
• Identify major common themes encountered in the selected literature sources. For each theme, create its own
subsection within the literature review.
• For each theme / subsection of the literature review, explain the opinions of the authors and show their
similarities, differences, methods of acquisition of data, methods of data analysis and other pertinent information.
State how the reviewed research results relate to your proposed study.
• Identify the gaps in the literature and explain what needs to be done to move forward in your research.
Statement of the Problem
Detail the problem that you are considering. Explain:
• How are you defining and delimiting the specific area of the research?
• What is the gap that will be addressed by this research?
• What it is that you hope to learn by conducting this research?
• Discuss the anticipated outcomes and benefits to the researcher, the organization, or society.
Research Questions
Provide focused ...
1 RSCH 600 Research Proposal writing RESEAAbbyWhyte974
1
RSCH 600 Research Proposal writing
RESEARCH PROPOSAL - PART 1: INTRODUCTION, REVIEW OF LITERATURE, PROBLEM STATEMENT,
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Due at the end of week 7 (Sunday February 28, 2021 at midnight)
You need to conduct some research related to your own interests or to serve the interests of some organization
(employer/client/sponsor). Before you start writing a formal proposal, you (or your employer/client/sponsor) would like to
gather some information about the problem as well as understand its importance.
Choose your research topic thoughtfully and submit the topic of your research proposal for approval the latest by the end of
Week 3 (Sunday January 31, 2021 at midnight). You can find the submission box in Week 3.
This part of your research proposal should be roughly 7-9 pages (excluding cover page, references and annex) and written
in paragraphs, report format. All citations and references for this course are to be done in the APA style.
HERE ARE THE KEY PARTS OF THIS PART OF THE PROPOSAL (PART 1):
Title of your research
Make it intriguing – (BUT LESS THAN 120 CHARACTERS)
Introduction/Background
Provide a brief description of what the proposed research topic is about, why is it important and how you came to be
interested in it.
Literature Review
The purpose of this assignment is to develop skills in finding and analyzing valid literary resources for your research.
The review should be written in an integral / synthetic style, and NOT as an annotated bibliography.
Please note: Use in-text citations to reference all ideas, concepts, text, and data that are not your own. If you make a
statement, back it up with a reference!
• Research a minimum of 15 relevant business-related literature sources (focus on material available in digital
format only for this course). Carefully choose your 15 "keepers" that are clearly related to your study. (Note: you
might need to find 30 to “keep” only 15).
• Identify major common themes encountered in the selected literature sources. For each theme, create its own
subsection within the literature review.
• For each theme / subsection of the literature review, explain the opinions of the authors and show their
similarities, differences, methods of acquisition of data, methods of data analysis and other pertinent information.
State how the reviewed research results relate to your proposed study.
• Identify the gaps in the literature and explain what needs to be done to move forward in your research.
Statement of the Problem
Detail the problem that you are considering. Explain:
• How are you defining and delimiting the specific area of the research?
• What is the gap that will be addressed by this research?
• What it is that you hope to learn by conducting this research?
• Discuss the anticipated outcomes and benefits to the researcher, the organization, or society.
Research Questions
Provide focused ...
Support hypotheses or research questionsmarc cataluna
"RRL" typically stands for "Related Literature" or "Review of Related Literature." It's a section commonly found in academic papers, research proposals, or theses. In the RRL section, the author provides a review and synthesis of existing literature relevant to the topic of their study.
Support hypotheses or research questionsmarc cataluna
"RRL" typically stands for "Related Literature" or "Review of Related Literature." It's a section commonly found in academic papers, research proposals, or theses. In the RRL section, the author provides a review and synthesis of existing literature relevant to the topic of their study.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2. Scholarly (academic) article
• Scholarly (academic) articles are written by researchers or
experts in a field in order to share the results of their original
research or analysis with other researchers and students.
• These articles often go through a process known as peer review
where the article is reviewed by a group of experts in the field
International platform for scholarly writers
4. Features of academic articles
1. Written by experts of researchers/academic staff;
2. Technical or specialized formal language;
3. Written for professionals;
4. Often - charts, graphs, and diagrams;
5. Long (5+ pages) ...
6. Bibliography (references) included.
5. The style & format of academic articles
• Formal & semi-formal register (no colloquialisms & slang words)
• Professional jargon (very often)
• NO Phrasal verbs & literary metaphors;
• NO pronoun ‘I’ - Refer to yourself in the third person
• NO adverbs used for ‘stylistic purposes’ & aesthetic effect.
• NO Repetition/redundancy;
• NO bullet points
6. The structure
• Abstract - summarizes the whole article;
• Introduction - establishes the context for the research: the research problem, the
importance of the research, and the question or hypothesis;
• Methods/methodology - descriptions of the method(s) used in doing the
research;
• Results section reports the outcomes of the research procedure;
• Discussion interprets the results, explaining them and comparing them to the results
of other experiments.
• Conclusion focuses the reader on what is important about the research, its
contribution to the larger area of study.
• References lists the sources used in the article.
7. 1. Abstract (100-200 words)
Abstract is NOT an introduction!
An abstract is a concise summary of your work. It serves two
purposes:
• To help potential readers determine the relevance of your paper
for their own research;
• To communicate your key findings to those who don’t have
time to read the whole paper.
8. 1. Abstract: a brief summary of your work
Background – 2-3 sentences with general information about the subject. It provides a smooth
transition to the next section.
Goals* & hypothesis* - defining the purpose of your research. What practical or theoretical
problem does the research respond to, or what research question did you aim to answer? After
identifying the problem, state the objective of your research. Use verbs like investigate, test, analyze
or evaluate to describe exactly what you set out to do. (*written in the present or past simple tense)
Methods* -This part should be a description of what you did in one or two sentences (*use past
simple tense as this section refers to completed actions);
Results* - summarize the main research results. (*this part of the abstract can be in the present or
past simple tense.)
Conclusions* - That’s the “lesson” part of the abstract: it should convey outcomes of the study.
what is your answer to the problem or question? The reader should finish with a clear
understanding of the central point that your research has proved or argued. (*Written in the
present simple tense).
Keywords: pick up 5-7 words that reflect the most important ideas/concepts of the research.
9. 2. Introduction: ‘What and What for?’ section
Provides background
information about the topic
of research, with reasoning
for why the study is being
done;
Comments on topicality of
research.
Includes
hypothesis/research
question(s);
Includes Aims (aka goals)
What do I want to achieve
in my research?
Includes
Objectives (aka tasks)
How? What way?
Read more
10. 2. Introduction
• Research question
What you are seeking is to identify a problem, issue or area
which you can research through a single question/small group of
questions. For example: How did Company X and Company Y
develop their successful marketing campaigns …?
• A hypothesis is a statement that can be proved or disproved
It is simply a question that is styled as a statement, which you set
out to prove or disprove:
Marketing campaigns of Company Y & Company X were
successful because….(you state your point to prove it in the
subsequent sections)
11. 2. Introduction: goals /aka aims
• When ready, morph your research question(s) into an
aim(s)/goal(s):
An aim is the precise statement of what you intend to find out/do.
For example:
A research question such as Who has done it …? could be
morphed into:
“The aim of this study is to identify, define and describe who was
responsible for [crime]”.
NB: The aim/goal of your research is to find the answer to the research
question!
12. 2. Introduction: objectives /aka tasks
• Specify your research tasks/objectives.
Whereas the aim/goal specifies what your study will answer, research
tasks/objectives specify how your study will answer it, i.e.,
“To analyze all the Records of prisoners dated by […]
To select all the names marked with ‘conditional early release from
punishment’[..]
NB: Tasks/objectives are ‘the detailed instructions’ on how to achieve
aims/goals.
13. Research question (RQ) & hypothesis (H):
Example
For example, if you are studying the effects of sleep on reflexes, you
might formulate the following research question:
RQs - Is maximum efficiency achieved after eight hours of sleep? What
are the effects of sleep on reflexes? (= the question)
H - ?
e.g.,: Maximum reflex efficiency is achieved after eight hours of sleep.
(the statement).
14. Aims/goals & tasks/objectives: example
Aim:
• To understand the contribution that local governments make to national
level energy policy.
Objectives:
• Conduct a survey of local politicians to solicit responses.
• Conduct desk-research of local government websites to create a database
of local energy policy.
• Interview national level politicians to understand the impact these local
policies have had.
15. 3. Methods – ‘How?’ section
DESCRIBES HOW THE STUDY
WAS DONE
COMMENTS ON
THE DETAILS OF THE
RESEARCH (INCL. SET-UP
AND HOW DATA WAS
COLLECTED.)
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
METHODS – MORE
OBJECTIVE
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
METHODS – LESS OBJECTIVE
MIXED METHODS (A
COMBINATION OF BOTH)
16. 3. Methods: Quantitative research methods
• Based on statistics;
• Expressed in numbers/ graphs;
• Used to test/confirm theories and assumptions. This type of research
can be used to establish generalizable facts about a topic.
Common quantitative methods include
• Surveys/polls with closed-ended questions ( limited number of answers e.g.,
‘multiple choice’ quiz);
• Experiments;
• Observations recorded as numbers.
Try https://www.ferendum.com/ to create a poll & share it.
18. 3. Methods: Qualitative research methods
• Based on personal observations/interpretations;
• Expressed in words;
• Makes you gather insights on topics that are not understood/discovered
properly.
Common qualitative methods are:
• Interviews/surveys with open-ended questions (free form);
• Observations described in words;
• In-depth literature reviews that explore concepts and theories.
20. Quantitative research Qualitative Research
Focuses on testing theories/hypotheses Focuses on exploring ideas and formulating a
theory or hypothesis
Analyzed through statistical analysis Analyzed by summarizing and interpreting
Mainly expressed in numbers, graphs and tables Mainly expressed in words
Closed (multiple choice) questions Open-ended questions, discussions
Key terms: testing, measurement, objectivity,
replicability
Key terms: understanding, context, complexity,
subjectivity
21. 4. Results: ‘Look here!’ section
Presentation of the data you’ve collected.
This section often includes charts, tables and graphs (if your
method is quantitative) or interview’s results (if you’ve picked
up a qualitative method).
Present the information objectively – no preliminary
conclusions in this section!
22. 5. Discussion: ‘So What?’ section
the analysis of the
data you’ve collected
The analysis of how
the study relates to
existing knowledge of
the topic.
Evaluate whether the
results of your study
answered the research
question / proved the
hypothesis stated in
your introduction.
23. 6. Conclusion: The ‘Wrapping up’ section
(sometimes merged with ‘discussion’)
Wrap up the article
by discussing how
your study adds to
the existing
knowledge on the
topic
Outline potential
research for further
studies
The conclusion is
intended to help the
reader understand
why your research
should matter to
them after they have
finished reading the
paper.
A conclusion is not
merely a re-
statement of your
research
problem/question….
…..but a synthesis of
key points.
24. 7. References – APA formatting style
• List of resources (articles, books, journals, etc.) that authors consulted when
developing their research.
• For further information on APA formatting, visit Academic writing1 course page for
the previous (FALL 2020) term and touch up your memory.
Please follow the link:
https://estudijas.rtu.lv/course/view.php?id=133305¬ifyeditingon=1
and find the section ‘APA formatting’. If you cannot access it, text me +371 29524008.
25. Instructions
Step 1: Create a ‘skeleton’:
Formulate your hypothesis/research question(s);
Set your aims/goals and tasks/objectives;
Pick up the research method & conduct the
preliminary research (e.g., conduct a survey);
Write a brief outline and upload it by April 27.
26. Instructions
Conduct
For a qualitative method, conduct
surveys/interviews with open-ended questions
(free discussions etc,).
Use
For a quantitative method, use free software i.e.,
https://www.ferendum.com/ to create a survey
with close-ended questions (i.e., ‘multiple
choice’).
Don’t forget
to identify your research method (qualitative vs
quantitative or both)
Include at least 3 in-text citations (+references);
Stick to APA formatting style
Step 2
Start writing your article
(max: 1500 words + references; min: ---) Abstract
included
27. Instructions
Step 3
When ready, write an abstract
(150 words) summarizing all the
key points/sections of your work
& add 5-7 keywords in italics.
Be ready with your first draft by
May 19. Use peerreview.lv
platform to upload it (at least 30
min BEFORE the lecture).
28. Additional info: Hypothesis & research statement
• A hypothesis is a statement that can be proved or disproved. It is more
often used in quantitative research and predicts the relationship
between variables.
= ‘Question in a form of a statement’ or ‘the statement called into
question’
• A thesis/research statement is a direct sentence that summarizes the
main claim of research.
= ‘A short one-sentence summary of what the research is about/intends to
prove’. It is more often used in qualitative research.