How Not to Get Eaten: More than 75 Incredible Animal Defenses (Wonders of Wildlife)

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About this eBook

A u t h o r J o s e t teReeves
I l l u s t r a t o r As ia Orlando
A c q u i s i t i o n sE d i t o r James Mitchem
P r o j e c tA r t
E d i t o r C h a r l o t teMilner
D e s i g n e r B e t t ina Myk l e b u s tStovne
D e s i g n a s s i s t a n c e HollyPrice,
SifN ørsko
v
P r o d u c t ion Ed itor Abi Max well
Senior Pro d u c t ion Co n t r o l l e r Francesca Sturiale
Publishing C o o r d i n a t o r Iss y
W
al s h
JacketD e s i g n e r Charlot teMilner
D e p u t y A r t D i r e c t o r MabelChan
P u b l i s h i n gD i r e c t o r SarahL a r ter
F i r s tpublished
inGreatB r i t a
i
ni
n
2
0
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Dorling KindersleyL i m i t e d
DK, OneEmbass y Gardens,
8Viadu c tGardens,
London,SW1
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The aut horised re p r e s e n t a t i v
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Dorling KindersleyV
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lag GmbH.A r n u l f s t r
.
1
2
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,
80636 Munich, Germany
T
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copyright©Jose t t e
Reeves2
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I l l u s t rations © A s ia Orlando2022
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Publisher
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Dorling KindersleyL i m i t e d
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guinRandomHouse L L
C

C
o
n
t
e
n
t
s
Clever Camouflage
S
a
f
e
rTogether
The Dead leaf disguise
Oak leaf butt erfly
Champions of camoufla
ge
Cut tlefish, algae octopus, bobt ail squid
Hiding in plain sight
… and smell
Harlequin filefish
Thelangua
ge of d
anger
Meerkats, cres t e d pigeon
Introduc
tion
H
o
w
t
od
e
t
e
c
t apreda
t
o
r

Sneaky tricks Protec tive p
arent
s
Fight!
Hover-lies
Hoverfly
Make like a snake
Ha
wk moth c at erpillar
, burrowing owl
Dead clever
Hognose snake, possum
Fr
om the ja
w
s of dea
th
Forktailblenny

Plant power
38
40
4
2
Safe shel
ters
Green lacewing, cape penduline tit
A
ttention-grabbing p
arent
s
Ringed plover
46
Plant or pebble?
Lithops
Index
Acknowledgement
s
36
44

Life c an be a dangerous business for man
y animals.
Unless they want to end up on a predator’
s menu, they
mus t develop some surviv al t actics. And there are ingenious
t a c t ics galore in the animal kingdom! While some animals
I
N
T
R
O
D
U
C
TION

And what about plants? Unable to run awa
y or kick their
enemies in the face, they’re surely helpless against herbivores!
Actually
, plants aren’t so dif ferent from animals in the wa
y
they defend themselves. From growing armour to pla
ying
mind games, they have more mo
ves than you migh
t
think – including some outright violent ones.
Do these defences alwa
ys work? W
ell, no. Animals and plants are
guzzled every da
y
, despit e their bes t ef for t s, but that’
s not such

H
o
w
t
o
d
e
t
e
c
t
apreda
t
o
r
If they want to remain uneaten, animals need to keep
an e
ye out for trouble. Or a nose, ear
, or indeed
a
n
y otherbody part…

HUMBUG
DAMSELFISH
Man
y fish (including this s tripy
,
coral reef dweller) make use of
the nostrils on their heads to
s n i f f out danger before it swims
r
i
g
h
t up to them.

LADYBIRDS
Sometimes, plant-eating goats
accidentally hoover up insects while
feeding. But lad
ybirds c an sense the
heat and humidity of mammal breath,
giving them a chance to escape!
WOODCOCK
A woodcock’
s big eyes are locat e d
far back and high up on i t s
head. Even when busy feeding,
this bird can spot a predator
(like an owl or weasel) coming
f
r
o
ma
n
y direction.

CRICKETS
A cricket has tw
o cerci
sticking out the end of
its abdomen. Each of these
antennae-like s tructures is
co
vered in hundreds of tin
y
hair s, which c an sense air
movements produced by an
y
predators trying to sneak
up on the cricket!

Anti-ca
t camoufla
ge
Stripy and spot ty t apir babies look quit e
dif ferent to their mums and dads. Y
oung
t a p irs are more vulnerable to wild cat s ,
and these markings help them blend in
with their sun-dappled forest home.
B
I
T
T
E
R
N
B
I
T
T
E
R
N
Adul
t Adul
t
t
a
p ir
t
a
p ir

B
e
c
o
m
ethereeds
Camouflage is not just about looks – sometimes you
have to act the part, t
o
o
.
W
ith its s treakybody
,
B
a
B
a

B
a
b
y
T
a
p
i
r
B
a
b
y
T
a
p
i
r

Even
B
I
R
D
-
D
r
o
p
p
i
n
g
S P
I
D
E
R
B
I
R
D
-
D
r
o
p
p
i
n
g
S P
I
D
E
R
P
a
r
d
a
l
ote
P
a
r
d
a
l
ote

Life-
sa
ving fur
Evolution has given rock pocket mice the
best chance of avoidingthebeady gaze of
hunting owls. Most of these Nor th Americ an
rodents have light-coloured fur to match
the pale rocks they live among. But some of
the mice live on black volcanic rock, and have
ev
olved darker
, bet t er-c amouflaged fur
.
Fossils pro
ve that
c a m o uflaged animals
have exist edforover
a hundred million years.
Even some dinosaurs used
this anti-predator
s t r a t egy!
R
O
C
K P
O
C
R
O
C
K P
O
C

Life-
sa
ving fur
Evolution has given rock pocket mice the
best chance of avoidingthebeady gaze of
hunting owls. Most of these Nor th Americ an
rodents have light-coloured fur to match
the pale rocks they live among. But some of
the mice live on black volcanic rock, and have
ev
olved darker
, bet t er-c amouflaged fur
.
R
O
C
K P
O
C
K
E
T
M
O
U
R
O
C
K P
O
C
K
E
T
M
O
U
C
l
e
v
e
r
C
a
m
o
u
f
l
a
g
e

N
o
w
Y
ou See Me
Oak leaf butt erflies, found in eas t e r n
and southern Asia, are beautifully
vibrant insects... some of the time.
W
i
t h their wings folded up they
definitely do not look like delicious
snacks. Unsurprisingly
, they’re also
known as dead leaf butt erflies!
The Dead
Leaf Disguise
If a predator is on the hunt for a meaty meal, a leaf is not going
to make its mouth w a t e r
, and a dead leaf is even less appealing!
No wonder some animals have gone full leaf to fool their enemies.

spot the difference
Not only do the wings appear leaf-like
in colour and shape, they have
convincing markings too. A leaf’
s midrib
(the line running down the middle) and
it s veins (the smaller lines across it s
surf ace) are f aithfully copied, while
dark splotches on the wing surface
mimic the fungus oft en found on
d e c a
ying leaves. Some butt erflies even
have markings that look like tin
y holes!

L o c ation is everything.
The butt erflies usually rest
amongst dead leaves where
their camouflage will
be mos t ef fective.

C
l
e
v
e
r
C
a
m
o
u
f
l
a
g
e

Championsof
camouflage
Moveo
ver insects, s t ep aside spiders… there’
s one
group of marine molluscs who have turned
c a m o uflage into an art form!
Quick change
Cut tlefish, squids, and octopuses are member s
of the cephalopod family
, and are famous for
being able to change their body colour and
p a t t ern within milliseconds.Theyhave
thousands (sometimes millions!) of organs
c a l led chromatophores in their skin, which
are basic ally lit tle bags full of colour
.
A cephalopod expands or contracts the
chromatophores to release this colour
or make it disappear
.

C u t tlefish and octopuses
c an change their t ex ture by
pulling in or pushing out little
bumps on their skin called
papillae, becoming smooth
or lumpy as necessary!

C
ool y
our jet
s
It’
s alw a
ys good to have a plan
B,andmany cephalopods use jet
propulsion to dramatically
e s c a pe from predators. But the
t
i
n
y algae octopus has a more
subtle t actic. T
o esc ape without
abandoning its impressive
c amouflage, this species c an
walkaw a
y from danger!

W
a
l
k
ing backwards along the seabed on t w
o of its arms,
the octopus look s like nothing more than drif ting algae.

A
l
g
a
e
A
l
g
a
e
Octopus
Octopus
C
l
e
v
e
r
c
a
m
o
u
f
l
a
ge

Hiding in
Plain Sight
…
and Smell
Man
y animals look like something their predator s find
unint eres ting, but surely the predator s will s till be able
to smell them? Sometimes... not alw a
ys.
An animal that
eats coral, like

Sleeping safel
y
When the da
y is done, the harlequin adopt s a special
sleeping position to prevent being munched in the
nigh
t. Fixing it self to the coral, it smooths back it s
fins to look less fish
y
. W
ith it s pale t ail pointing
upwards and those polka dot s on displa
y
, the harlequin
now appears more coral than fish.

S
o
c
k
e
y
e
S a
l
m
o
n
s
m
o
l
t
s
S
o
c
k
e
y
e
S a
l
m
o
n
s
m
o
l
t
s
B
u
l
l
t
r
o
u
t
B
u
l
l
t
r
o
u
t
p
a
n
e
s
e
h
o
n
e
y
b e
e
s
p
a
n
e
s
e
h
o
n
e
y
b e
e
s

Safer
Tra
vel buddie
s
Millions of young sockeye salmon (known as
smolts) migrat e from Chilko Lake in Canada to
the Pacific Ocean every spring, meeting man
y
hungry mouths along the wa
y
. But scientist s
tracking these youngst e r s found they are much
more likely to survive if the
y travel together
.
Faced with a huge group of pre
y there’
s only so
man
y the loc al predator s c an eat, and some
smolts make it through.
m
o
l
t
s
m
o
l
t
s
l
t
r
o
u
t
l
t
r
o
u
t

L
e
a
v
e no monkey behind
Whit e-f aced c apuchins live in close-knit
groups (called troops) and aren’t afraid to
f ace up to a predator
, verbally and ph
ysic ally
a t t acking it together
. T
r oop mates have been
seen rescuing one of their own from the grasp
of a boa cons trictor
, hit ting and biting the
snake before pulling the lucky monkey free!
S
p
e
S
p
e
B
o
a
C
o
n
s
t
r
i
c
t
o
r
B
o
a
C
o
n
s
t
r
i
c
t
o
r

As the whales’ defensive
circle looks a bit like
a flower – with their bodies
C
a
p
u
c
h
i
n
m
o
n
k
C
a
p
u
c
h
i
n
m
o
n
k
S
p
e
r
m
W
h
a
l
e
s
S
p
e
r
m
W
h
a
l
e
s
o
r
i
c
t
o
r
o
r
i
c
t
o
r

As the whales’ defensive
circle looks a bit like
a flower – with their bodies
S
a
f
e
r
together
C
a
p
u
c
h
i
n
m
o
n
k
e
y
s
C
a
p
u
c
h
i
n
m
o
n
k
e
y
s

h
e
a
d
s in the sand
Meerkats spend up to eight hours every da
y
digging for insects and scorpions in the
southern Afric an sand. W
ith their heads down
i
t
’
s not easy to detect predators, and there
are plenty of those about – from jackals and
w i l d c ats on the ground to eagles up above.
Luckily
, meerkat s are social creatures and
c an rely on each other to s t a
y safe.
Time t
o bol
t

Thelangua
ge
of
danger
For animals who hang out with others,
i
t
’
s only polite to share the news
that a predator is nearby
.
Guardka
t
Meerkats t ake turns to stop foraging
and go on guard (or sentinel) duty
,
typic ally w atching for danger for a few
minutes at a time before sw appingove
r
.
The sentinel climbs up to a raised position
to get a bet t er view and, if it spies
trouble, c alls out to w arn the res t of the
group. Meerkat alarm calls are incredibly
v aried and complex, of t en cont aining
information on the type of predator and

Guardka
t
Meerkats t ake turns to stop foraging
and go on guard (or sentinel) duty
,
typic ally w atching for danger for a few
minutes at a time before sw appingove
r
.
The sentinel climbs up to a raised position
to get a bet t er view and, if it spies
trouble, c alls out to w arn the res t of the
group. Meerkat alarm calls are incredibly
v aried and complex, of t en cont aining
information on the type of predator and

The song of safety
Sentinels even let the others
know when predators aren’t
around. They make soft, regular
c a l ls, which is meerkat for
‘Everything’
s fine, everyone c an
c a r ry on eating!’ This is known
as the w atchman’
s song.
M
e
e
r
k
a
t
s
e
n
t
i
n
e
l
M
e
e
r
k
a
t
s
e
n
t
i
n
e
l

CRESTED PIGEON
T
h
eA
ustralian cres t e d pigeon
warns other s by whis tling, though
not with its beak. T
w
o of its flight
are very narrow and produce a
high-pitched whistling sound as
the bird t akes to the air
. The
f a s t e r the wings flap, the fas t e r
and louder the sound is. So as one
pigeon hastily flees from a
predator
, it s fellow pigeons are
a l e r t ed to the danger and can
e s c ape too!

CRESTED PIGEON
T
h
eA
ustralian cres t e d pigeon
warns other s by whis tling, though
not with its beak. T
w
o of its flight
are very narrow and produce a
high-pitched whistling sound as
the bird t akes to the air
. The
f a s t e r the wings flap, the fas t e r
and louder the sound is. So as one
pigeon hastily flees from a
predator
, it s fellow pigeons are
a l e r t ed to the danger and can
e s c ape too!
S
a
f
e
r
together

The
Dream Team
Animals don’t even have to be the same species
to benefit from having each other around!
V
ery dif ferent creatures, each with their
own abilities, c an t eam up to achieve
a common goal… survival.
sharingthelo
ad
Several species of pistol shrimp have
developed some fish
y friendships. The

Keepingintouch
While the shrimp is feeding or doing
i m p o r t ant burrow repairs above ground,
the goby positions itself at the entrance
to keep watch. The shrimp keeps an
antenna on it s par tner at all times,
and if the goby spots a predator
nearby
, it flick s it s t ail to
let the shrimp know
.

Scuttlingto safety
The shrimp feels the warning flick and
scut tles inside! The goby ma
y follow it s
burrow-mate or continue to keep it s
b
e
a
d
y eyes on the predator
.

Goingundergr
ound
It’
s f ar too dangerous to go
wandering around in the dark, so
as the sun fades, the shrimp and
goby hunker down underground.
The shrimp even seals the entrance
so they’re safely tucked in. In the
morning, the goby stick s i t s head
through the sand to open up the

Goingundergr
ound
It’
s f ar too dangerous to go
wandering around in the dark, so
as the sun fades, the shrimp and
goby hunker down underground.
The shrimp even seals the entrance
so they’re safely tucked in. In the
morning, the goby stick s i t s head
through the sand to open up the
S
a
f
e
r
together

Defensive
dancing
Some birds roost together at night, to keep warm,
s t a
y safe, and even share information. But one
species has a particularly dazzling pre-roost routine.

b
e
d
time boogie
Before bedtime on autumn and
winter evenings, European s t a r lings
s t a r t to swoop and whirl through
the sky in a breathtaking group
dance only they know the mo
ves to.
Sometimes, more than a million birds
t a k e part! These flock s have inspired
bothawe and puzzlement amongst
humans watching down below
. How
do the s t arlings do this, and wh
y?

c
o
n
f
u
sing the enemy
‘European’
s t a rlings can
actually be found
on every continent
except Ant arctic a.

‘European’
s t a rlings can
found
Marsh
Marsh
harrier
harrier
S
a
f
e
r
together

W
a
t
e
r
f
l
e
a
s
W
a
t
e
r
f
l
e
a
s
s
t
i
c
k
l
e
b
a
c
k
s
s
t
i
c
k
l
e
b
a
c
k
s

N
a
t ural
Armour
A
n
y thing that makes an animal harder to grab and
sw allow c an only be a good thing. Spor ting some
natural armour – like a shell, shield, scales, or
spines – could mean the difference between
life and becoming lunch.
Ar
m
o
u
rto order
Some wat er fleas use armour only when they need it most.
A f t er c atching a whiff of their enemies in the wat er
, they
develop spines or helmet-like headgear! One species can
grow such impressive tail and head spines that they become
far too pointy for their dreaded predators, the three-spined
stickleback, to handle.

Dre
ssing in la
yers
The arapaima is gigantic, reaching lengths of 3m (10ft!),
but even big fish c an get gna
wed by piranhas. Not this
one, though… the arapaima has multi-la
yered sc ales for
anti-piranha protection. Each scale consist s of a hard
out er la
yer and a sof t er but tough inner one, making it
incredibly s trong. Even with their sc arily sharp t eeth,
piranhas c an’t break their w a
y through the armour
.
A
r
a
p
aima
A
r
a
p
aima

A
r
a
p
a
i
m
a
s
c
a
l
e
s
A
r
a
p
a
i
m
a
s
c
a
l
e
s

N
a
t
ural
Armour
A
r
a
p
a
i
m
a
s
c
a
l
e
s
A
r
a
p
a
i
m
a
s
c
a
l
e
s
Red-bellied
Red-bellied
Piranhas
Piranhas

B
e
c
o
m
ing
a ball
By rolling up into a ball, an animal can
protect it s sof t bits and present only
it s armour to a predator
. This is such a
successful strategy that it has evolved in
lot s of dif ferent species o
ver millions of year s.
Safescales
Of all the mammals in the world, only
theeight species of pangolin are truly
s c a ly
. They are almost completely covered
in these sharp, o
verlapping sc ales,
though a few part s – including their
throats and bellies – are s o f t er and more

P
a
n
g
o
l
i
n
P
a
n
g
o
l
i
n

Bew
are of the t
ail
A
n
y predator who does try to prise
open a pangolin ball could be on the
receiving end of a painful smack from
the animal’
s sc aly t ail!
When it isn’t enough
Sadly
, rolling into a ball does
not protect pangolins from
humans. In Asia and Africa,
pangolins are hunted for their
meat and their scales (which
are used in traditional medicine
despite having no me d i c al v alue).
If this doesn’t stop soon, the
world is in real danger of losing
these unique creatures.

The word
‘pangolin’ comes
from ‘penggulung’,
the Mala
y word for
‘one who rolls up’.

The word
‘pangolin’ comes
from ‘penggulung’,
the Mala
y word for
‘one who rolls up’.
N
a
t
ural
armour

Armour
A
r
c
h
it
e
c
t
s
What if an animal isn’t naturally
protect ed with a shell or something spiky?
Some ingenious species construct their
own armour with whatever mat erialthey
c a n get their hands (or bums) on.
egg
egg
L
A
R
V
A L
A
R
V
A

P
A
L
METTO
TOR
T
O
ISE
P
A
L
METTO
TOR
T
O
ISE
BEETLE
(adul
t)
BEETLE
(adul
t)
notsoftforlong
The palmet to tor toise beetle of the southern
USA la
ys a single egg on the frond of a
p a l m e t to plant. While she has hard wing
c ases, the bod
y of her larv a is sof t. But soon
a f t er hatching, the larva s t ar t s to do
something ex traordinary
... push poo out in
long strands to create a prot ective shield!

P
A
L
METTO
TOR
T
O
ISE
P
A
L
METTO
TOR
T
O
ISE
BEETLE
(adul
t)
BEETLE
(adul
t)

The larvae grow under
their shields, emerging as
fully-formed adults with
no more need for their
inventive armour
.
CADDISFL
Y
For the firs t few months or even years of their
lives, before transforming into flying adults,
c a d disfly larvae live underwat er in ponds
and s treams. These c an be dangerous places,
s
o
m
a
n
y c addisfly larvae construct prot ective
c a s es around their bodies using pebbles,
t w i gs, sand grains, or even snail shells,
all glued together with silk!

adul
t
Caddisfly
adul
t
Caddisfly

N
a
t
ural
armour
adul
t
Caddisfly
adul
t
Caddisfly

F
o
r e
s
t
fire
Fire salamanders c an defend themselves by squirting toxins
from their skin, a fact they advertise with their brightly
p a t t erned bodies. While it w as once believed they could
live in fire (hence their name) these amphibians actually
shelter under logs and in othershady woodland spots,
popping out only at nigh
t and on rain
y da
ys. Even in
gloom
y ligh
t, their c autionary colour s likely grab the
a t t e ntion of potential predator s.
M
o
n
a
r
c
h
b
u
t
t
e
r
f
l
y
M
o
n
a
r
c
h
b
u
t
t
e
r
f
l
y

w
a
r ning!
F
i
r
e
s
a
l a
m
a
n
d
e
r
F
i
r
e
s
a
l a
m
a
n
d
e
r

F
i
r
e
s
a
l a
m
a
n
d
e
r
F
i
r
e
s
a
l a
m
a
n
d
e
r

A whiff of danger
The hooded pitohui is one of the w
orld’
s few poisonous
birds. As well as sporting that striking look, it gives
o f f an icky stink which ma
y serve as a warning to
predators that it s skin and feather s are packed with
toxins. People who share the island of New Guinea with
the pitohui call it the rubbish bird!
B
r
o
w
n
t
r
e
e
s n
a
k
e
B
r
o
w
n
t
r
e
e
s n
a
k
e
L
e
o
p
a
r
d
L
e
o
p
a
r
d

The strat egy of sending
out an honest w arning to
predators to s t a
y awa
y i s c alled
aposematism, which comes
from the Greek words for
H
o
o
d
e
d
p
i
t
o
h
u
i
H
o
o
d
e
d
p
i
t
o
h
u
i
e
e
L
e
o
p
a
r
d
L
e
o
p
a
r
d

The strat egy of sending
out an honest w arning to
predators to s t a
y awa
y i s c alled
aposematism, which comes
from the Greek words for
W
a
r
ning!
H
o
o
d
e
d
p
i
t
o
h
u
i
H
o
o
d
e
d
p
i
t
o
h
u
i

G
a
r
d
e
n
t
i
g
e
r
m
o
t
h
G
a
r
d
e
n
t
i
g
e
r
m
o
t
h

Thenight-flying
garden tiger moth
is just one of about
11,000 species of
tiger moth!

Thorax
Thorax
Sending out
the ba
t signal
M
a
n
y bats are voracious hunter s of insect s, but they
really don’t want to be chomping down on
unpleasant-tasting, or even harmful, ones.
If only there were some w a
y of knowing
which insects to avoid…

E
a
v
e
s
d
r
oppinginsec
t
s
M
a
n
y bats hunt using echoloc ation. By sending out burs t s
of high-frequency click s and lis t ening to the echoes that
bounce back (a t echnique c alled echoloc ation), bat s c an
detect food in the darkness. And bats need lot s of food – a
single pipistrelle c an hoover up 3,000 insects in one night!
But as the bats click awa
y
, some of these insects are list ening
in. Garden tiger moths have ear s on their thorax, and c an
hear the bats heading their w a
y .
Pipistrelle
Pipistrelle

W
a
r
ning!
Pipistrelle
Pipistrelle

Bea
utifull
y
deadl
y
W
h
y blend in when you can s t and out?
Some animals t ake this mot to to
ex tremes, trus ting in their snazzy
appearance to w ard of f danger
.
Small but mighty
The poison frogs of Central and South
A m e r i c a
m
a
y b
et
i
n
y but they’re far
fromdefenceless.Many species have
toxic chemicals in their skin that make
them t as t e foul and ma
y even be lethal
to predator s. These frogs’ brigh
t
bodies act like warning beacons to those
whohuntbysight, like birds, which is
useful for all concerned – birds avoid

G
o
l
d
e
n
p
o
i
s
o
n
f
r
o
g
G
o
l
d
e
n
p
o
i
s
o
n
f
r
o
g

Poison pinchers
Poison frogs snack on toxic minibeast s like ant s
and mites, but seem to suffer no ill effe c t s .
I n s t ead, they take the poisons and store them in
their skin glands, read
y for use agains t their own
predators! Frogs kept in zoos are not poisonous
bec ause the
y don’t have the same toxic diet.
S
t
r
a
w
b
e
r
r
y
p
o
i
s
o
S
t
r
a
w
b
e
r
r
y
p
o
i
s
o

Lis
ten up
, ladie
s
Poison frogs’ bold bodies allow them to
act boldly too. They’re not afraid to go
r
r
y
p
o
i
s
o
n
f
r
o
g
r
r
y
p
o
i
s
o
n
f
r
o
g

Lis
ten up
, ladie
s
Poison frogs’ bold bodies allow them to
act boldly too. They’re not afraid to go
W
a
r
ning!

Hundreds of spider
species have evolved to
be ant impost e r s .
J
u
m
p
i
n
g
s
p
i
d
e
r
J
u
m
p
i
n
g
s
p
i
d
e
r
A
N
T
S
A
N
T
S

Sneaky Tricks
While hones ty ma
y be the bes t policy for some animals,
others seem det ermined to lie their w a
y out of becoming
a meal. Sneaky trick s c an be deplo
yed to repel, confuse
or even sc are the met aphoric al pant s of f a predator
.
W
alk the W
alk
A n t s c an be hard work to hunt, oft e n s tinging, biting
or spra
ying acid at at t acker s. But this is no ant… it’
s
a spider! The cunning arachnid t akes adv ant age of
m
a
n
y predators’ w ariness tow ards ant s by looking like
one. It even copies the wa
y theymo
ve – ants walk in
zigzags as the
y follow trails of chemic als lef t by
others, so this spider w a l k s the same wa
y
.
s
p
i
d
s
p
i
d

Fearsomel
y frill
y
T
errifying, no? A
ctually… no, not
really
. The frilled lizard of A
us tralia
and New Guinea is more of a bluffer
than a fighter
. When in danger
, i t s
best bet is to open its mouth, f an out
its neck frill, and do a bit of angry
hissing. This ma
y per suade a predator
that the lizard is too big and scary to
eat – or at least make it hesitat e ,
allowing the lizard to run aw a
y !
F
r
F
r
PiedFlyca
t
c
her
PiedFlyca
t
c
her

F
r
i
l
l
e
d
L
i
z
a
r
d
F
r
i
l
l
e
d
L
i
z
a
r
d

Hover-lies
M
a
n
y bees and wasps are armed with s tinger s that c an
be wielded in self-defence, making some predators
think t wice before at t acking. But not everything
dressed like an unappealing animal is the real deal.
The strat egy
of copying a more
dangerous or yucky animal
is known as Bat esian mimicry
,
named aft ertheVictorian
explorer Henry Bates who
s tudied this craf ty
defence.
H
o
v
e
r
f
l
y
H
o
v
e
r
f
l
y

Dresst
o d
i
s
t
r
e
ss
There are around 6,000 species of
hoverflies (also known as flower
flies), named for their habit of
hovering around flowers on the search
for nect ar and pollen. Man
y of these
harmless, s tingless insect s have
evolved a bee or wasp-like look to
put birds and other predators of f
.
W
a
s
p
W
a
s
p
H
o
v
e
r
f
l
y
H
o
v
e
r
f
l
y

Dresst
o d
i
s
t
r
e
ss
There are around 6,000 species of
hoverflies (also known as flower
flies), named for their habit of
hovering around flowers on the search
for nect ar and pollen. Man
y of these
harmless, s tingless insect s have
evolved a bee or wasp-like look to
put birds and other predators of f
.
W
a
s
p
W
a
s
p

Furr
y f
aker
Bumblebees are co
vered in thick hair
,
giving them a furry look – just like
this sneaky individual, who is nothing
more than a hoverfly wearing a bee
B
u
m
b
l
e
b
e
e
B
u
m
b
l
e
b
e
e

H
o
v
e
r
f
l
y
H
o
v
e
r
f
l
y

Make Like
a Snake
The las t thing man
y animals on the search
for a meal want to see – or hear – is
a s c ary snake. So a snake-like disguise
c an be very hand
y indeed…
When Plan A f
ails
While c amouflage c an be
useful, it’
s not foolproof
.
Thishawk moth caterpillar
usually blends in amongst the
fores t veget ation, but c an raise
its game if discoveredbya
bird or another predator
.

T h e c aterpillar
sw a
ys around and
lunges at its enemies
to appear even more
snake-like!

D
aring owl
-butterfl
y
When it’
s time to turn into an adult, a daring
o w l - b u t t erfly c a t erpillar att aches itself to a
suit able plant and sheds it s old skin. Here it
hangs within it s new
, hard skin (the chrysalis)
for a couple of week s. This c an be a vulnerable
s t a ge in its life - y o u c an ’ t e s c ape from
predators when you’re busy transforming - so
having a chrysalis which looks like a scary
snake head is a definite plus. The chrysalis
even joggles around when touched!
D
a
r
i
n
g
o
w
l
-
b
u
t
t
e
D
a
r
i
n
g
o
w
l
-
b
u
t
t
e

R
a
t tlesnake
R
a
t tlesnake
D
a
r
i
n
g
o
w
l
-
b
u
t
t
e
r
f
l
D
a
r
i
n
g
o
w
l
-
b
u
t
t
e
r
f
l
B
U
R
R
O
W
INGOWL
Burrowing owls nest underground,
o f t e n in old rodent burrows. They
facemany enemies, including cat s ,

R
a
t tlesnake
R
a
t tlesnake
s
n
e
a
k
y
t
r
i
c
k
s
B
U
R
R
O
W
INGOWL
Burrowing owls nest underground,
o f t e n in old rodent burrows. They
facemany enemies, including cat s ,

Dead Clever
While it ma
y seem risky
, some animals in danger pret end
to be dead! All sor t s of animals have been known to do

POSSUM
I
f
g
r
a
b
b
e
d b
y
a
p
r
e
d
a
t
o
r
,
a
p
o
s
s
u
mm
a
y
t
o
p
p
l
e o
v
e
r
,
d
r
o
o
l
, w
e
e
,
p
o
o
,
a
n
d
r
e
l
e
a
s
e s
t
i
n k
y
f
l
u
i
df
r
o
m
i
t
sa
n
a
l
g
l
a
n
d
s
. H
a
s
t
h
e
p
o
o
r
a
n
i
m
a
lf
a
i
n
t e
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h s
h
o
c
k
, o
r
i
s
i
t
a
l
lp
a
r
t
o
f
a
c
u
n
n
i
n
gp
l
a
n
t
o
c
o
n
f
u
s
e a
n
d
d
i
s
g
u
s
t i
t s
e
n
e
m
y
?
N
o
b
o
d
y k
n
o
w
s
f
o
r
s
u
r
e
!B
u
t
s
o
m
e
t
i
m
e
s t
h
e
d
e
a
t
h
a
c
t
d
o
e
s
s
e
e
m
t
o
p
u
t
t
h
e
p
r
e
d
a
t
o
r o
f
f
(
p
e
r
h
a
p
s i
t
’
s
t
h
e
s
m
e
l
l
)
. P
o
s
s
u m
s
a
r
e
s
o
f
a
m
o
u
s
f
o
r
t
h
i
sa
n
t
i
-
p
r
e
d
a
t
o
r t a
c
t
i
c t
h
a
tp
l
a
y
i
n
gd
e
a
d
i
s
o
f t e
n
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
‘
p
l
a
y i
n
g
p
o
s
s
u
m
’
.

h
o
g
n
o
s
e s
n
a
k
e
h
o
g
n
o
s
e s
n
a
k
e

Scientist s have
observed young hognose
snakes pla
ying dead,
suggesting they’re born
willing and able to defend
themselves this wa
y
.

Scientist s have
observed young hognose
snakes pla
ying dead,
suggesting they’re born
willing and able to defend
themselves this wa
y
.
Sneaky
tricks

D
e
s
e
r
t
k
a
n
g
a
r
o
o
r a
t
D
e
s
e
r
t
k
a
n
g
a
r
o
o
r a
t

Gymnastica
tt
a
c
k
A deser t kangaroo rat ma
y seem like an easy
meal for a rat tlesnake lying in w ait, but this
feisty rodent has a secret weapon – tw
o, in
fact. As the hunt e r s trikes, the rat leaps
a n d t wi s t s in the air
, kicks the snake aw a
y
with it s huge hind legs, and bounds of f
.
Speed, power
, and agility are crucial if the
rat is to avoid being pumped full of venom.

F
o
u
l fulmars
Northern fulmar s vomit on their enemies,
shooting out stinky stomach oil for up to 3m (10ft)
F
or birds of pre
y this isn’t jus t unpleasant but
potentially dangerous too – splatt eredallover
their feather s, the oily goo c an seriously hamper
their ability to fly
. Both chick s and
adults alike practise defence by vomit.
The name ‘fulmar’
means ‘foul gull’ in
the Old Norse
language.

N
o
r
t
h
e
r
n
F
u
l
m
a
r
N
o
r
t
h
e
r
n
F
u
l
m
a
r

Fight!
N
o
r
t
h
e
r
n
F
u
l
m
a
r
N
o
r
t
h
e
r
n
F
u
l
m
a
r

F
o
r
k
F
o
r
k
F
r
o
mt
h
e
J
a
w
s o
f
D
e
a
th
An animal that finds it self in the mouth of another ma
y
be forgiven for giving up and accepting it s inevit able
doom. But life isn’t o
ver till it’
s o
ver – and some animals
c a n s t age spectacular
, last-minut efight b a c k s.

Forktail blennies are
part of the poison-
fang blenny family
.
F
o
r
k
t
a
i
l
b
l
e
n
n
y
F
o
r
k
t
a
i
l
b
l
e
n
n
y

Forktail blennies are
part of the poison-
fang blenny family
.
y
y

Iftheblenny gets sucked
up into a bigger fish
’
s
mouth, there’
s really only
one thing to do…
G
r
o
u
p
e
r
G
r
o
u
p
e
r

FIGHT!
G
r
o
u
p
e
r
G
r
o
u
p
e
r

B
e
w
a re of
t
h
e
B
o
t
t
om
W
a
r
ning predators to ba c k o f f is all very well,
but what’
s an animal to do if it s enem
y jus t isn’t
g e t t ing the message? If needed, bottoms
c a n become dangerous weapons.
F
o
x
F
o
x

read
y
, aim, fire!
A skunk c an spra
y s tinky liquid out of it s
bot tom and into a predator’
s f ace. The
noxious chemic al cockt ail is brewed in the
t w o glands situated either side of the
anus. When it’
s read
y to fire, a skunk will
usually point it s rear at the predator
, lif t
it s t ail, and t wis t it s head round to t ake
aim. The liquid is then discharged with
great force through nozzles sticking out
from the anus. The skunk c an spra
y pret ty
accurately from about 3m (10f t
)
a
w a
y !

P
I
N
A
C
A
TE
BEETLE
Some pinacate beetles (known as
deser t s tink bugs) also adopt the
bum-in-the-air technique. As with
the spott ed skunk s, their crobatics
alone ma
y make enemies back awa
y
.
If not, the beetles shoot irritating
chemic als out of their back sides.
But some predators have learned to
deal with this defence – a hungry
grasshopper mouse will quickly
sho
ve a beetle’
s bum in the ground
before the spra
y c an be deplo
yed.
S
p
o
t
t
e
d
s
k
u
n
k
S
p
o
t
t
e
d
s
k
u
n
k

P
I
N
A
C
A
TE
BEETLE
Some pinacate beetles (known as
deser t s tink bugs) also adopt the
bum-in-the-air technique. As with
the spott ed skunk s, their crobatics
alone ma
y make enemies back awa
y
.
If not, the beetles shoot irritating
chemic als out of their back sides.
But some predators have learned to
deal with this defence – a hungry
grasshopper mouse will quickly
sho
ve a beetle’
s bum in the ground
before the spra
y c an be deplo
yed.
FIGHT!

C
a
t
e
r
p
i
l
l
a
r
C
a
t
e
r
p
i
l
l
a
r

THE GREA
T
E
S
C
A
P
E
There’
s no shame in esc aping from trouble, especially
if that trouble look s hungry
. From sprinting at high
speed to bouncing down a mountain, there are all
s o r t s of exit strat egies in the animal kingdom.
D
i
g
t
o safety
A a r d v arks spend their da
ys in huge burrows which
c an reach 13m (4
2f t) in length. If an aardv ark comes
across a predator above ground it dives into a nearby
burrow – or speedily digs a new one. Using its powerful
c
l
a
w
s like shovels, the aardvar k c an be underground

Mul
ti-purp
o
se mandible
s
T
r
a p
-
j
a
w ants have massive jaws ( c alled mandibles),
h
a
n
d
y for rapidly grabbing prey
. Some of these
ants use them for esc aping from their own fearsome
P
R
O
N
G
H
O
R
N
P
R
O
N
G
H
O
R
N

Ca
t
ch me if y
ou can
The pronghorn is North Americ a
’
s f a s t e s t land
animal. Thanks to it s huge lungs and hear t it
c a n hit 95kph (60mph), easily outsprinting
predators. It probably evolved this speed to
e s c a pe American c h e e t ahs – these wild cats are
n o w e x tinct, but the pronghorn thrive, running
rings around the much slower wolves and co
yot e s .
W
o
l
f
W
o
l
f

The
grea
t
E
s
c
a
p
e
W
o
l
f
W
o
l
f

Running
on w
a
ter
Thanks to their super speed and fant a s t ic
feet, basilisk lizards have the ability to
make the seemingly impossible, possible.
T
o
e
s
c
a
les
T
o
e
s
c
a
les

F
a
n t
a sticfeet
A basilisk has powerful hind legs
with long, scaly toes. Those toe
s c a les spread out when the basilisk
hits the w a t e r
, forming a fringe
around the feet. This creates a
large surface area and s tops the
lizard from sinking immediately
.
Dropandrun
In the fores t s of Latin Americ a,
basilisks c an o f t en be found
resting on branches abovea
pond or stream. They remain
vigilant for snakes sneaking
up the tree, and birds of prey
above.Ifthe
y sense danger the
y
head righ
t for the w at er
, and
s t a r t to run along the surface!

B
a
s
i
l
i
s
k
l
i
z
a
r
d
B
a
s
i
l
i
s
k
l
i
z
a
r
d

r
d
r
d
All four species
of basilisk lizard
c a n run on wat er
to esc ape danger
.

All four species
of basilisk lizard
c a n run on wat er
to esc ape danger
.
The
grea
t
e
s
c
a
p
e

R
o
l
l
i
n
g
out of
d
a
n
g
e
r
Y
ou don’t alw a
ys need incredible
running speed to be an excellent
esc ape ar tis t. Sometimes, let ting
gravity do the hard work is the
safest s trateg
y
.
The egg of doom!
A female pompilid wasp (also known as a spider wasp)
is quite c apable of digging a spider out of itshidey

D
u
n
ed
wellers
W
i
t hin a burrow in the sloping dunes of the Namib
deser t in southern Afric a, the golden wheel spider
spends it s da
ys shelt ering from the sun and s t a
ying
out of trouble. But sometimes trouble breaks in…

Insects that la
y their
eggs on or inside the
bodies of others are
c a l led parasitoids.
PEBBLETO
AD
Pebble toads can only be found on the summits o f t w
o
flat-topped mount ains in V
enezuela, South Americ a.
Thesetiny amphibians have to get creative to escape
the predatory spiders who share their mount aintop homes.
When facing danger
, a toad folds up its legs and rolls off
the edge of the mountain like a pebble… bounce, bounce,
bouncing awa
y from the hairy grasp of its nemesisabove!

The
grea
t
e
s
c
a
p
e
The
grea
t
e
s
c
a
p
e

t
axi f
or one
Some flyingfish can glide for
around 400m (1300ft) – roughly
the length of four football fields
– but they need to do a bit of
work to keep up the momentum. If
a fish st a r t s todescendseaw ard
too soon, it dunks the lower fork
of its t ail into the wat er again
for another quick wiggle. This is
c alled ‘t axiing’ and pro
vides
enough thrust for the fish to
c a r ry on gliding.

F
l
y
i
n
g
f
i
s
h
F
l
y
i
n
g
f
i
s
h

t
a
k ing off
If pur sued by a predator
, a flyingfish
power s tow ards the surf ace like a fish
y
torpedo with its ‘wings’ tucked up
against it s side. As it sb
o
d
y b u r s t s free
of the sea, the long, lower fork of its
t a i l o f t en remains underw a t e r
. The fish
wiggles it s t ail vigorously for an ex tra
boos t, unfurls it s wings, and begins to
fly above the waves!
Fl
ying
withoutwings
The sea c an be a dangerous place, so it’
s no surprise
that some sea-dwellers are keen to leave it
behind... by flying out of there! Sor t of
.

Makingasacrifice
The voluntary shedding of a
bod
y bit is c alled autotom
y and
is seen in all sor t s of animals,
from spiders to sea s t ars, mice
to octopuses. Lizards are
particularly well-known for this
s t r a t eg
y
. The North Americ an
five-lined skink, like man
y of it s
lizard cousins, is willing and able
to lose it s t ail to save it s life.

L
e
a
v ing
b
i
t
s behind
Before escaping, cert ain animals leave a
part of themselves behind – an arm, leg,
t a i l, even a patch of skin!

F
i
v
e
-
l
i
n
e
d
s
k
i
n
k
s
a
r
e
b
o
r
n
w
i
t
h
b
r
i
g
h
t
b
l
u
e
tail
s
,
b
u
t
t
h
e
c
o
l
o
u
r
d
u
l
l
s
w
i
t
h
a
g
e
.
F
F

F
I
S
H
-
S
C
A
L
E
G
E
C
K
O
Off
t
h
e
e
a
s
t
c
o
a
s t
o
f
A
f
r
i
c a
,
o
n
M
a
d
a
g
a
s
c
a
r
a
n
d
t
h
e
C
o
m
o
r
o
I
s
l
a
n
d
s
, l
i
v
ea
g
r
o
u
po
f
l
i
z
a
r
d
s
w
i
t
h
a
v
e
r
ys
p
e
c
i
a
l p
a
r
ty
t
r
i
c
k
. I
f
a
f
i
s
h
-
s
c
al
e
g
e
c
k
oi
s
g
r
a
b
b
e
d
, i
t
s
s
c
a
l
e
s
a
n
d
s
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
k
i
nb
e
n
e
a
t
h
s
l
i
d
e o
f f
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
e
d
a
t
o
r
’
s
m
o
u
t
h
!
T
h
e
g
e
c
k
or
u
n
sa
w
a
y
a
n
d
c
a
n
s
o
o
n
r
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t e
i
t s
l
i
f
e
-
s
a
v
i
n
g s
u
i
t
.
F i v
e
-
l
i
n
e
d
s
k
i
n
k
F i v
e
-
l
i
n
e
d
s
k
i
n
k

F
I
S
H
-
S
C
A
L
E
G
E
C
K
O
Off
t
h
e
e
a
s
t
c
o
a
s t
o
f
A
f
r
i
c a
,
o
n
M
a
d
a
g
a
s
c
a
r
a
n
d
t
h
e
C
o
m
o
r
o
I
s
l
a
n
d
s
, l
i
v
ea
g
r
o
u
po
f
l
i
z
a
r
d
s
w
i
t
h
a
v
e
r
ys
p
e
c
i
a
l p
a
r
ty
t
r
i
c
k
. I
f
a
f
i
s
h
-
s
c
al
e
g
e
c
k
oi
s
g
r
a
b
b
e
d
, i
t
s
s
c
a
l
e
s
a
n
d
s
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
k
i
nb
e
n
e
a
t
h
s
l
i
d
e o
f f
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
e
d
a
t
o
r
’
s
m
o
u
t
h
!
T
h
e
g
e
c
k
or
u
n
sa
w
a
y
a
n
d
c
a
n
s
o
o
n
r
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t e
i
t s
l
i
f
e
-
s
a
v
i
n
g s
u
i
t
.
The
grea
t
e
s
c
a
p
e
k
k

P
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
ve
p
arent
s
Would your parents prot ect you if a tiger barged in looking
for a snack? Y
ou c an count on it! Humans are not alone in
feeling an urge to prot ect their children. From pro
viding the
perfect shelter to chasing of f predators, man
y animals put
lots of time and e f fort into keeping their youngst e r s safe.
Movinghouse
A
dult cheet ahs ma
y be top hunt er s, but their tin
y
cubs are oft en in danger of being eat en by bigger
animals. Predators might s n i f f them out if they
spend too long in one place, so every few da
ys
a c h e e t ah mum grabs her cubs and carries them
to a new den, one at a time.

F
i
e
l
d
f
a
r
e
F
i
e
l
d
f
a
r
e

P
ointy p
arent
s
The word ‘rhinoceros’ means ‘horn-nosed’,
and rhinos have either one or tw
o of these
pointy additions to their snouts. A female
rhino only has a single calf at a time
and is fiercely protective of it, using her
impressive weaponry to prevent predators
like lions and h
yenas from get ting too close.
Rhino horn is
made from keratin,
the same subs t ance
found in our hair
and nails!

L
i
o
n
L
i
o
n
R
h
i
n
o
c
e
r
o
s
R
h
i
n
o
c
e
r
o
s

P
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
v
e
p
a
r
e
n
t
s
L
i
o
n
L
i
o
n
o
c
e
r
o
s
o
c
e
r
o
s

SAFE
CAPE PENDULINE TIT
The nest of southern A f r i c a
’
s c a pe penduline tit
cont ains a very special feature – a large f alse
entrance that leads only to a dead end, convincing
an
y predator s who barge in that there’
s nobod
y
home! The real ‘door’ is just above the fake one.
Once the parent birds have pushed it open with
their feet and slipped inside, the secret entrance
closes behind them.

G
r
e
e
n
l
a
c
e
w
i
n
g
e
g
g
s
G
r
e
e
n
l
a
c
e
w
i
n
g
e
g
g
s

n
l
e
w
i
n
g
e
g
g
s
n
l
e
w
i
n
g
e
g
g
s

Scientis t s in German
y have
created their own synthetic
silk based on the super silk of
the green lacewing. T
aking
inspiration from nature like

A
v
o
i ding ant
s
Ant s and other predator s ma
y not even notice
the eggs hanging there, and what they don’t
notice they can’t eat! Some female lacewings
also smear their s t alk s with oily liquid to
ensure their of fspring s t a
y ex tra safe - while
the larvae suck this up aft er hatching, ant s
find the oil irrit ating to w alk on.

P
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
v
e
p
a
r
e
n
t
s
ANT
ANT

A
t
t ention-grabbing
p
arent
s
Some birds are well-known for trying to drag a predator’
s
a t t e ntion awa
y from their young ones… and on to
themselves. Meet the ringed plover!
R
i
n
g
e
d
P
l
o
v
R
i
n
g
e
d
P
l
o
v

R
i
n
g
e
d
P
l
o
v
e
r
R
i
n
g
e
d
P
l
o
v
e
r
R
i
n
g
e
d
p
l
o
v
e
r
R
i
n
g
e
d
p
l
o
v
e
r

R
i
n
g
e
d
p
l
o
v
e
r
e
g
g
s
R
i
n
g
e
d
p
l
o
v
e
r
e
g
g
s

beachbabi
e
s
Nes tled in a scrape on a sand
y or rocky beach,
the speckled eggs of the ringed plover are
p r e t ty well camouflaged. Even plover chicks
blend in with the background. But a fox on
the hunt is sure to disco
ver them if it get s
close enough. While it’
s risky nes ting out in
the open like this, there is one benefit – a
plover parent can easily spot a predator
approaching and swing into action.
f
o
l
l
ow me!
Good timing is crucial. Mo
ve too lat e and the
fox migh
t notice the eggs or chick s. A
t the
r
i
g
h
t moment, the adult bobs aw a
y from
the nest and begins to flutt er it s wings
helplessly or drag one along the ground as

F
o
x
F
o
x
R
i
n
g
e
d
p
l
o
v
e
r
c
h
i
c
k
R
i
n
g
e
d
p
l
o
v
e
r
c
h
i
c
k

P
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
v
e
p
a
r
e
n
t
s
F
o
x
F
o
x
R
i
n
g
e
d
p
l
o
v
e
r
c
h
i
c
k
R
i
n
g
e
d
p
l
o
v
e
r
c
h
i
c
k

Plant
p
o
w
e
r
Animals aren’t the only ones able to repel,
trick, or at t ack their enemies. Plant s are
cons t antly under threat from hungry
herbivores, and have developed man
y
s t a
ying-alive strat egies.
C
l
o
s
ed
f
orbusine
ss
Mimosa pudica is sometimes called the
sensitive or touch-me-not plant thanks
to it s ingenious defence t actic. When

longwing
longwing
butterfly
butterfly
Anti-egg defence
The longwing but t erfly has to la
y her eggs on a
passion flower
, and the passion flower has to s top
her if it want s to avoid being overrun by hungry
c a t erpillars. As b u t t erflies won’t la
y in a spot
P
a
s
s
P
a
s
s

Anti-egg defence
on a
P
a
s
s
i
o
n
f
l
o
w
e
r
P
a
s
s
i
o
n
f
l
o
w
e
r

A
m
a
z
o
n
w
a
t
e
r
l
i
l
y
A
m
a
z
o
n
w
a
t
e
r
l
i
l
y

M
a
n
a
tee
M
a
n
a
tee
Nibble if y
ou d
are
A
t over 2m (6½ft) across, the leaves of the Amazon
w a t e r lily – the largest w a t er lily in the world –
c an comfor t ably serve as chair s for humans. But keep
your bum awa
y from the undersides of these gigantic
floating pads… the
y’re co
vered in pointy spines to
defend against nibbler s lurking beneath the w a t e r
,
like fish and manatees.

P
l
a
n
t
p
o
w
e
r
M
a
n
a
tee
M
a
n
a
tee

Plant or pebble?
I
t
’
s not just animals who can fool their enemies
with their appearance. Some plants are expert s in
the art of c amouflage too, masquerading as objects
the local herbivores are likely to ignore.

juicyt
ar
get
s
In the rocky desert s of southern Afr i c a, stones lit t e r the
landsc ape. But some of these apparent s tones are mere
pret ender s… some are actually lithops. Lithops are known as
succulent s (meaning ‘juicy’), bec ause their thick leaves are
perfect for storing mois ture. This could make them prime
t a r gets for herbivores craving both a snack and a drink,
so it’
s a good job these plant s are mas t er s of disguise.

bl
ooming l
ovel
y
The only time a lithops looks more plant-like
than stone-like is when a single flower blooms
from the slit between the tw
o leaves. Aft er
the flower has f aded, it’
s time for a change

Plant
s and ant
s
f
o
r
e ver
F
or a plant, an inv asion of insect s could
spell trouble. But not all insects want to
chew plant s to death – some c an even
protect them from their wor s t enemies.
Helpfulhousema
te
s
Some trees on the Afric an sav anna have a
hard time against elephant s. These hef ty
herbivores are well capable of devouring
even very thorn
y plant s, and c an push whole
treesover!F
o r tunately
, the whistling thorn
ac acia has man
y live-in ant bod
yguards…
and they do not st and f
o
r
a
n
y nonsense.

Each tree can
house around
90,000 ants!

B I T T E RSWEET
NIGHTSHADE
When a bitt e r s weet nightshade plant is
nibbled, it bleeds! Rather than blood,
it leak s droplet s of nect ar
, which soon
a t t ract sugar-loving ants. The ants
slurp up the nectar and, in return, act
as protector s.They hunt down the flea
beetle larv ae trying to burrow their w a
y
into the plant, and even at t ack slugs to
stop these nibblers in their track s!

Ants
on
aWhist
ling
thor
naca
c
i
a
Ants
on
aWhist
ling
thor
naca
c
i
a

P
l
a
n
t
p
o
w
e
r
Ants
on
aWhist
ling
thor
naca
c
i
a
Ants
on
aWhist
ling
thor
naca
c
i
a

Chemical
w
e
a
p
o
n
s
M
a
n
y plants are loaded with toxic chemicals
t h a t c an put off – and sometimes even
kill! – their herbivorous foes.
Tiny threa
t
s
Conifer is the name given to a group of
non-flowering plants, including pine and
sprucetrees.Many grow to huge heights
and live to a ripe old age, but even migh
ty
conifers c an face danger from the tiniest
of sources. Bark beetles burrow into the
bark, forming tunnels in which the
y la
y
their eggs. When the larvaehatchthey
Bark Beetles
Bark Beetles

N
o
r
w
a
y
s
p
r
u
c
e
N
o
r
w
a
y
s
p
r
u
c
e

r
w
a
y
s
p
r
u
c
e
r
w
a
y
s
p
r
u
c
e

B
e
w
are of the ooze
Man
y conifer s rely on resin to defend
themselves from destruction. This liquid
is creat ed and s tored at pressure so when
a tree is wounded – by a burrowing
beetle, for example – this sticky liquid
oozesout.Resin is toxic to the beetles
a n d c an even drown these invaders! Once
outside the tree the resin hardens,
sealing the wound like a plast er
.

These plants are
named aft er their
cones – ‘conifer’
means‘cone-bearer’.
Insect trapped
Insect trapped
in amber
in amber

P
l
a
n
t
p
o
w
e
r
These plants are
named aft er their
cones – ‘conifer’
means‘cone-bearer’.
Insect trapped
Insect trapped
in amber
in amber

c
a
r
p
e
g
g
c
a
r
p
e
g
g
C
o
m
m
o
n
c
a
r
p
C
o
m
m
o
n
c
a
r
p

Eggsontour
Ducks and other w a t e rbirds love to guzzle fish
eggs, and ma
y be responsible for spreading
themfromonebody of wat er to another! As
c a r p eggs make their wa
y through ducks’
digestive sys t e m s, most are des t
r
o
y ed… but
a few can hatch into baby fish even aft er
being pooed out. This could explain wh
y fish
m
y
s t e r iously pop up in isolated ponds
and lakes.
M
a
l
l
a
r
d
M
a
l
l
a
r
d

fish
ed… but
er
M
a
l
l
a
r
d
M
a
l
l
a
r
d

S
u
r
v
i
v
al
Some animals and plants have mas t e r ed
the art of surviving (and even thriving!)
a f t e r being eaten, whether by returning
the wa
y they went in or enduring the
rough passage from mouth to bum…
R
o
h
d
e
’
s
l
e
a
f
f
r
o
g
R
o
h
d
e
’
s
l
e
a
f
f
r
o
g

Shutting the door
Someseaandfreshw a t e r snails can make
it through their fish
y predator s in one
piece. A snail simply retracts its sof t bi t s
into its shell and seals the entrance with
the operculum, a handy door-like disc. All
tucked up like this inside it s armour
, the
snail is bett er prot e c t ed from the fish
’
s
digestive juices.
S
e
a
s
n
a
i
l
S
e
a
s
n
a
i
l

Sur
viv
al
Shutting the door
Someseaandfreshw a t e r snails can make
it through their fish
y predator s in one
piece. A snail simply retracts its sof t bi t s
into its shell and seals the entrance with
the operculum, a handy door-like disc. All
tucked up like this inside it s armour
, the
snail is bett er prot e c t ed from the fish
’
s
digestive juices.
S
e
a
s
n
a
i
l
S
e
a
s
n
a
i
l

(Don’t) feel the burn
Inside the fruit s of spicy chilli plant s are tin
y
seeds full of c apsaicin, the chemic al which gives

Other seed
spreaders include
fish, lizards, and
tor toises. Seeds ma
y
actually have a bett er
chance of growing aft er
journeying through
an animal!

FRUITBA
T
F
r
u
i
t
b
a
t
s
g
u
z
zleva
r
i
o
u
s
f
r
u
i
t
s
,
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
f
i
g
s
a
n
d
g
u
a
v
a
s
,s
p
i
t
t
i
n
g
o
u
t
s
o
m
e
s
e
e
d
s
w
h
i
l
e
s
w
a
l
l
o
w
i
ng
o
t
h
e
r
s
.
B
y
t
h
e
t
i
m
e
t
h
e
s
w
a
l
l
o
w
e
d
s
e
e
d
s
p
o
p
o
u
t
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
e
n
d
t
h
e
b
a
t
s
areoft e
n
m
i
d
-
a
i
r
,
f
a
r
a
w a
y f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
a
r
e
n
t
p
l
a
n
t
!
U
n
f
o
r
t
u
n
a
t e
l
y
,
l
o
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
vita
l
s
e
e
d
d
i
s
p
e
r
s
ers
a
r
e
t
h
r
e
a
t
e
n
e
d
w
i
t
h
e
x t
i
n
c
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
i
f
w
e
l
o
s
e
t
h
e
b
a
t s
w
e
m
a
y
j
u
s t
l
o
s
e
s
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
l
a
n
t s
t
o
o
.
Fig
Fig

A
a a r d v a r k s 5 0
a c r o b a t i c s 4 9
a l a r m c a l l s 1 8
a l g a e o c t o p u s e s 1 3
A m a z o n w a t e r l i l i e s 6 7
a m b e r 7 3
a n t l i o n s 5 1
a n t s 3 6 , 5 1 , 6 3 , 7 0 – 7 1
a p h i d l i o n s 6 3
a p o s e m a t i s m 3 1
a r a p a i m a s 2 5
a r m a d i l l o l i z a r d s 2 6
a r m o u r 2 4 – 2 9
a u t o t o m
y 5 8
B
b a r k b e e t l e s 7 2
b a s i l i s k l i z a r d s 5 2 – 5 3
B a t e s i a n m i m i c r y 3 8
p l o v e r s 6 4 – 6 5
s t a r l i n g s 2 2 – 2 3
w o o d c o c k 7
b i t t e r n s 8
b i t t e r s w e e t n i g h t s h a d e 7 1
b l e n n i e s 4 6 – 4 7
b o a c o n s t r i c t o r s 1 7
b o b c a t s 4 4
b o m b a r d i e r b e e t l e s 7 4
b r o k e n - w i n g d i s p l a
y 6 5
b u m b l e b e e s 3 9
b u r r o w - p l u g g e c k o s 2 4
b u r r o w i n g o w l s 4 1
b u t t e r f l i e s
l o n g w i n g b u t t e r f l i e s 6 6
m o n a r c h b u t t e r f l i e s 3 0
o a k l e a f b u t t e r f l i e s 1 0 – 1 1
o w l - b u t t e r f l i e s 4 1
p e a c o c k b u t t e r f l i e s 3 7
C
Index

D
d a n c e r o u t i n e s 2 2 – 2 3
D a r w i n , C h a r l e s 1 0
d e a d , p l a
y i n g 4
2 – 4 3
d e s e r t k a n g a r o o r a t s 4 4
d i n o s a u r s 9
d u c k s 4
2 , 7 4
E
e c h o l o c a t i o n 3 3
e g g s 2 8 , 5 4 , 6 2 – 6 3 , 6 4 – 6 5 , 6 6 ,
72, 7 4
e l e c t r i c e e l s 4 5
e l e p h a n t s 7 0 , 7 1
e vo l u t i o n 9
, 1 0
e x o s k e l e t o n s 2 6
f o r k t a i l b l e n n i e s 4 6 – 4 7
f o x e s 4 4 , 4 8 , 6 5
f r i l l e d l i z a r d s 3 7
f r o g s 4
2
p o i s o n f r o g s 3 4 – 3 5
R
o h d e ’
s l e a f f r o g s 7 5
f r u i t b a t s 7 7
G
g e c k o s
b u r r o w - p l u g g e c k o s 2 4
f i s h - s c a l e g e c k o s 5 9
g o a t s 7
g o b i e s 2 0 – 2 1
g o l d e n p o i s o n f r o g s 3 4 – 3 5
g o l d e n w h e e l s p i d e r s 5 4 – 5 5
g r a s s h o p p e r m i c e 4 9
g r o u p e r s 4 7
H

a r m a d i l l o l i z a r d s 2 6
b a s i l i s k l i z a r d s 5 2 – 5 3
f r i l l e d l i z a r d s 3 7
g e c k o s 2 4 , 5 9
s k i n k s 5 8 – 5 9
T
e x a s h o r n e d l i z a r d s 4 4
l o n g - e a r e d o w l s 3 6
l o n g w i n g b u t t e r f l i e s 6 6
M
m a n a t e e s 6 7
m a r s h h a r r i e r s 2 3
m a s q u e r a d e 1 0
m e e r k a t s 1 8 – 1 9
m i c e 9
, 4 9
, 5 8
M i m o s a P u d i c a 6 6
m o n a r c h b u t t e r f l i e s 3 0
m o t h s
haw k m o t h s 4 0
t i g e r m o t h s 3 2 , 3 3
m u r m u r a t i o n s 2 2 – 2 3
N, O
n e o n f l y i n g s q u i d 5 6
n o r t h e r n f u l m a r s 4 5
p l o v e r s 6 4 – 6 5
p o i s o n f r o g s 3 4 – 3 5
p o m p i l i d w a s p s 5 4
p o o 9
, 2 8 , 2 9
, 4
2 - 4 3 , 6 0 , 7 4 , 7 7
p o r c u p i n e s 3 1
p o s s u m s 4
2
p r e d a t o r d e t e c t i o n 6 – 7
p r o n g h o r n s 5 1
p s a m m o p h o r y 6 7
R
r a c c o o n s 5 8
r a t t l e s n a k e s 4 1 , 4 4
r e i n d e e r 6 – 7
r e s i n 7 3
r h i n o c e r o s e s 6 1
r i n g e d p l o v e r s 6 4 – 6 5
r o c k p o c k e t m i c e 9
R
o h d e ’
s l e a f f r o g s 7 5
S
s a l a m a n d e r s 3 0
s a l m o n 1 6
s e a l s 6
s e e d s 7 6 – 7 7

s t i n g e r s 3 8
s t i n g i n g n e t t l e s 7
2
s t i n k b u g s 2 8 , 4 9
s t r a w b e r r y p o i s o n f r o g s 3 5
s u c c u l e n t s 6 8 – 6 9
T
t a i l , s h e d d i n g 5 8 – 5 9
t a p i r s 8
T
e
x a s h o r n e d l i z a r d s 4 4
t h o r n b u g s 6 1
t i g e r m o t h s 3 2 , 3 3
t o a d s 5 5 , 7 4
t o r t o i s e s 7 7
t o x i n s a n d v e n o m 3 0 , 3 2 , 3 3 ,
3 4 , 3 5 , 4 6 , 4 7
, 7
2 , 7 3
AbouttheAuthor
J O S E T TE REEVES
writ er and editor from Lanc ashire.
Her firs t book w as Got to Dance
story about a dancing monkey
. This
is her debut non-fiction book and
i s a t ad more scientific. She also
writes shor t s tories and articles
for children’
s magazines.

AbouttheAuthor
J O S E T TE REEVES
is a nature-loving
writ er and editor from Lanc ashire.
Her firs t book w as Got to Dance , a
story about a dancing monkey
. This
is her debut non-fiction book and
i s a t ad more scientific. She also
writes shor t s tories and articles
for children’
s magazines.

Acknowledgment
s
The publisher would lik
e to thank the following for their kind
permission to repr
oduce their photographs:
(
K
e
y
:a-above; b-below/bottom; c-centre; f-far; l-left; r
-right; t-top)
2 Dorling Kindersley : Asia Orlando 2022 (bl). 3 Dorling Kindersley
Orlando 2022 (tl); Asia Orlando 2022 (br). 4-5 Dorling Kindersley:
Orlando 2022 (t); Asia Orlando 2022 (b). 6-7 Dorling Kindersley:
Orlando 2022 (illustrations). 6AlamyStockPhoto: NatureP
ictur
eLibrary /
AlexMustard(cl). naturepl.com: AlexMustar
d (cr). 7naturepl.com:
Vyn(tr);
Andy Sands (cb). Shutterstock.com: MariemilyPhotos(bl).
Alamy Stock Photo: JuniorsBildarchivGmbH/F382(tr). GettyImages/
iStock: merlinpf (clb). 8-9 Dorling Kindersley: Asia Orlando 2022.
Alamy Stock Photo: Rick & Nora Bowers (br); Genevieve V
allee(cl).
Alamy Stock Photo: David Carillet (c). 10-11 Dorling Kindersley:
Orlando2022. 11AlamyStockPhoto: P
ally (bl); sablin (c). 12-13 Dorling
Kindersley: Asia Orlando 2022 (illustr
ations). 12AlamyStockPhoto:
NatureP
ictur
eLibrary/WildW
onders of Europe/Pitkin(b).
Stock Photo: NatureP
ictur
eLibrary(c). naturepl.com: Doug P
errine (bl).
14-15 Alamy Stock Photo: Richardom. 15 Dorling Kindersley:
Orlando2022(r). 16-17 Dorling Kindersley: Asia Orlando 2022.
P
a
t
r
i ckJEndres/www
.AlaskaPhotoGraphics.com: (tl). Shutterstock.
com: feathercollector(clb). 17AlamyStockPhoto: NatureP
ictur
eLibrary /
T
o n
y
W
u(
c
l
)
. GettyImages: Moment / Kryssia Campos (tr). 18 Dorling
Kindersley: Asia Orlando 2022. 19AlamyStockPhoto: MindenPictur
es /
BIA/GregOakley(crb). naturepl.com: Klein & Hubert. 20-21AlamyStock
Photo: StocktrekImages,
Inc.
/ BruceShafer(b). 22-23 Alamy Stock Photo:
ArterraP
ictur
eLibrary / Arndt Sven-Erik (t). Dorling Kindersley:
Orlando 2022 (illustration). 23GettyImages: Gary Chalker (clb).
Dreamstime.com: K
e
nGriffiths(br). Science Photo Library:
Laforsch(cla). 24-25 Dorling Kindersley: Asia Orlando 2022.

Dreamstime.com: MateeNuserm(cla). 50-51 Dorling Kindersley:
Orlando 2022 (illustrations). 51Dreamstime.com: Orionmystery(br).
Images / iStock: FRANKHILDEBRAND(tl). 52naturepl.com:
52-53 Alamy Stock Photo: NatureP
ictur
eLibrary / Bence Mate (t).
ations). 54-55 Dorling Kindersley:
Orlando 2022 (illustrations). 54AlamyStockPhoto:
Michael & P
a
tricia F
ogden (crb). 55AlamyStockPhoto:
Michael & P
a
tricia F
ogden. 56AlamyStockPhoto: AnthonyPie
r
c
e
;
Anthony
P
i
e
r
ce(bc). 57AlamyStockPhoto: P
ally (bl). Dorling Kindersley:
Orlando2022(cr). 58-59 Dorling Kindersley: Asia Orlando 2022
(illustrations). Dreamstime.com: Dwiputra18 (t). 60AlamyStockPhoto:
NatureP
ictur
eLibrary / Anup Shah (bl). GettyImages:
(
c
r
)
. 60-61 Dorling Kindersley: Asia Orlando 2022 (illustr
ations).
Stock Photo: Svetlana F
oote (cr); Geor
ge Gr
all (bl). Dorling Kindersley:
Orlando 2022 (bc,
clb). 62-63 Alamy Stock Photo:
Bannister(t). Dorling Kindersley: Asia Orlando 2022 (illustr
ations).
Larson: (tl). 64naturepl.com: P
a ul Hobson; Winfried Wisniewski (cr
a
)
.
Dorling Kindersley: Asia Orlando 2022 (r). naturepl.com:
(
t
c
)
. 66-67 Dorling Kindersley: Asia Orlando 2022.
Organica(bl). Science Photo Library: Geoff Kidd(cra).
Andreistanescu (br). 68-69 Dorling Kindersley:
(illustrations). 68AlamyStockPhoto: A
f
r
i
P
ics.com(cla).
iStock: Stramyk(b). 69AlamyStockPhoto: imageBROKER / Guenter Fischer
(
t
)
. 70-71 Dorling Kindersley: Asia Orlando 2022 (illustr
ations).
(
t
)
. 72-73 Dorling Kindersley: Asia Orlando 2022.
Bos11 (tr); Chon Kit Leong (bc). 73AlamyStockPhoto:
Hecker
. Dreamstime.com: R
oman P
opov (cr). 74-75 Dorling Kindersley:
AsiaOrlando2022. 74AlamyStockPhoto: blickwinkel / Har
tl (tc).
com: NatureP
r
o
duction(clb). 75NatureInS
tock: T
h
i
j
s van den Burg (clb).
naturepl.com: W
i
l
d
W
onders of Europe/Lundgren(cr).
ations). Dreamstime.com:
:Asia
Asia
Asia
Gerrit
8
9
10
Asia
13Alamy
Asia
16 ©
Dorling
Asia
24
Christian
25Alamy

MateeNuserm(cla). 50-51 Dorling Kindersley: Asia
51Dreamstime.com: Orionmystery(br). Getty
FRANKHILDEBRAND(tl). 52naturepl.com: IngoArndt(cl).
NatureP
ictur
eLibrary / Bence Mate (t). Dorling
54-55 Dorling Kindersley: Asia
54AlamyStockPhoto: MindenPictur
es /
55AlamyStockPhoto: MindenPictur
es /
56AlamyStockPhoto: AnthonyPie
r
c
e
;
Anthony
P
ally (bl). Dorling Kindersley: Asia
58-59 Dorling Kindersley: Asia Orlando 2022
Dreamstime.com: Dwiputra18 (t). 60AlamyStockPhoto:
GettyImages: 500px/Vitor Dubinkin
Asia Orlando 2022 (illustr
ations). 61Alamy
Dorling Kindersley: Asia
62-63 Alamy Stock Photo: Avalon.red/Anthony
ations). 62Leslie
P
a ul Hobson; Winfried Wisniewski (cr
a
)
. 65
Asia Orlando 2022 (r). naturepl.com: D
a
v
i
d
W
oodfall
Asia Orlando 2022. 66AlamyStockPhoto:
Geoff Kidd(cra). 67Dreamstime.com:
68-69 Dorling Kindersley: Asia Orlando 2022
68AlamyStockPhoto: A
f
r
i
P
ics.com(cla). GettyImages/
69AlamyStockPhoto: imageBROKER / Guenter Fischer
ations). TheoGroen:
Asia Orlando 2022. 72Dreamstime.com:
73AlamyStockPhoto: blickwinkel/F
.
R
oman P
opov (cr). 74-75 Dorling Kindersley:
74AlamyStockPhoto: blickwinkel / Har
tl (tc). naturepl.
75NatureInS
tock: T
h
i
j
s van den Burg (clb).
W
i
l
d
W
onders of Europe/Lundgren(cr). 76-77 Dorling
Dreamstime.com: LoriMartin

How Not to Get Eaten: More than 75 Incredible Animal Defenses (Wonders of Wildlife)

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