The document discusses different respiratory systems and digestion in animals. It describes cutaneous respiration in skin, aquatic respiration using gills with countercurrent exchange in fish, and direct respiration through tracheal tubes in insects. It also explains ruminant digestion in cows with a four-compartment stomach that allows partial chewing and microbial breakdown of grass in the rumen. Finally, it outlines human digestion involving the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas to break down and absorb food molecules.

1. HOW
ANIMALS
SURVIVE

2. Body parts and organ systems work
together in harmonious relationship to
achieve homeostasis in one’s body.
How do animals use their body parts?
Do all animals have the same organ
systems?

3. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
How do animals respire?
RESPIRATION
The exchange of respiratory gases between the external
environment and the organism’s body or cell
Different animals differ in respiratory body parts and ways
of respiration

5. CUTANEOUS RESPIRATION
(SKIN)
The Cutaneous respiration is a
form of respiration in which gas
exchange occurs through the
skin and not through the lungs
or gills.
The skin of animals that use
skin breathing is quite special.
To allow for a gaseous
exchange, it must be wet so that
both oxygen and carbon dioxide
can pass freely through it.

8. AQUATIC RESPIRATION
(GILLS)
Aquatic respiration is the process whereby
an aquatic organism exchanges respiratory
gases with water, obtaining oxygen from
oxygen dissolved in water and excreting
carbon dioxide and some other metabolic
waste products into the water.
Most fish use the countercurrent exchange
mechanism of breathing, in which the water
flows opposite the bloodstream, which in
turn increases the efficiency of the
exchange of gasses by 90%.

10. DIRECT RESPIRATION
(TRACHEA)
Direct respiration is the exchange of
environmental oxygen with the carbon
dioxide of the body cells without special
respiratory organs and without the aid of
blood. Insects have tracheal system, which
consists of a network of small tubes that
carries oxygen to the entire body.

11. DIRECT RESPIRATION
(TRACHEA)
Respiration takes place
through tracheae. Tracheae are tube
like structures that open on the sides of
their body through tiny holes
called spiracles. Each trachea is
further divided into fine tubules
called tracheoles which reach all the
parts of the body.

13. DIGESTION IN ANIMALS
(GRASS EATING)
a cow’s digestive system, or a ruminant
digestive system is that the stomach has
four separate compartments, each with a
unique function.
The four compartments allow ruminant
animals to digest grass or vegetation
without completely chewing it first.
Instead, they only partially chew the
vegetation, then microorganisms in the
rumen section of the stomach break
down the rest.

14. •Components of the Ruminant
Digestive System
• Mouth
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small Intestine
• Cecum
• Large Intestine
•The Four Components of a Cattle’s
Stomach
• Rumen
• Reticulum
• Omasum
• Abomasum

16. DIGESTION IN ANIMALS
(HUMANS)
Two major roles:
1. To break down food into smaller
usable food molecules
2. To absorb the food molecules for
further use of the body cells.
Two groups:
1. Gastrointestinal Tract/ Alimentary Canal
2. Accessory Organs

18. SALIVARY GLANDS
MOUTH
ESOPHAGUS
STOMACH
LIVER
GALL BLADDER PANCREAS
SMALL INTESTINE
LARGE INTESTINE
RECTUM
ANUS

20. Thank you for listening!!!