Singapore has transformed from having one-third of residents living in slums to having over 90% homeownership through its public housing policy led by HDB. The policy provides heavily subsidized housing to increase affordability and homeownership. However, the policy faces criticisms such as overreliance on CPF savings for housing risks retirement security, and cooling measures restrict foreign talent. Rising property prices also risk speculative bubbles and eroding the work ethic. Overall the policy has largely achieved its goals but faces challenges in equitable treatment of groups like singles and foreigners.
Housing is one of the most intractable policy challenges around the world. In Singapore however, it has been hailed as a success, with 80% of Singaporeans living in public housing. So, how did Singapore do it?
Write up is an attempt to define and decipher , policy adopted by Singapore for providing housing in the island. Policy defines the system adopted in the island with land ownership vesting with state, houses being construct by Housing Development Board and leased for 99 years to the citizens. It also brings out limitations of the system.
The Housing Development Board (HDB) is responsible for providing public housing in Singapore. It was established in 1960 to address the housing shortage, with over 90% of Singaporeans then living in slums. HDB develops new public housing estates, upgrading existing units, and redeveloping older apartments. It provides highly subsidized housing to Singaporeans based on eligibility criteria like citizenship, income limits, and not owning private property. While HDB operates at a net deficit covered by annual government grants, its public housing program has achieved a home ownership rate of 90.1%, the highest in the world, benefiting the Singaporean economy.
Despite its relatively small land and unpromising outlook as a nation, Singapore progressed from a third world status in the 1960s to one of the highest income countries in the world today. Singapore has achieved a great and remarkable success in the housing sector; its successful development has been thanks to far-sighted and careful management of the economy by the government as well as well established policies.
Public Private Partnership in Affordable HousingJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation is an attempt to showcase the need and methods of promoting public sector involvement in the Housing to achieve the goal of housing for all by 2022
National housing & habitat policy priyankPRIYANK JAIN
This document outlines India's national housing policies and initiatives to address the growing need for affordable urban housing. It discusses the evolution of housing policies since 1988 and the current urban housing shortage of over 26 million homes. Major government programs described include the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, Interest Subsidy Scheme for Housing the Urban Poor, Affordable Housing in Partnership modification to JNNURM, and the upcoming Rajiv Awas Yojana aimed at a "Slum Free India". The document emphasizes the need for partnerships across different levels of government and private sectors to achieve the goal of "Affordable Housing For All".
Housing Policies and Programs - Indian and InternationalJIT KUMAR GUPTA
The document discusses two housing models: the Haryana model of affordable rental housing in India and the Singapore public housing model.
The Haryana model aims to provide affordable rental housing for low-income workers by having private developers set aside 15% of units in new projects for the housing board to purchase and rent out below market rate. It establishes a management system to select tenants and maintain the units.
The Singapore model is recognized globally for its public housing system that has resulted in 80% homeownership. Key factors are state ownership of land leased to the housing agency HDB, limiting ownership to subsidized units, using compulsory savings accounts to fund mortgages, allowing resale of units after 5 years to
Singapore has transformed from having one-third of residents living in slums to having over 90% homeownership through its public housing policy led by HDB. The policy provides heavily subsidized housing to increase affordability and homeownership. However, the policy faces criticisms such as overreliance on CPF savings for housing risks retirement security, and cooling measures restrict foreign talent. Rising property prices also risk speculative bubbles and eroding the work ethic. Overall the policy has largely achieved its goals but faces challenges in equitable treatment of groups like singles and foreigners.
Housing is one of the most intractable policy challenges around the world. In Singapore however, it has been hailed as a success, with 80% of Singaporeans living in public housing. So, how did Singapore do it?
Write up is an attempt to define and decipher , policy adopted by Singapore for providing housing in the island. Policy defines the system adopted in the island with land ownership vesting with state, houses being construct by Housing Development Board and leased for 99 years to the citizens. It also brings out limitations of the system.
The Housing Development Board (HDB) is responsible for providing public housing in Singapore. It was established in 1960 to address the housing shortage, with over 90% of Singaporeans then living in slums. HDB develops new public housing estates, upgrading existing units, and redeveloping older apartments. It provides highly subsidized housing to Singaporeans based on eligibility criteria like citizenship, income limits, and not owning private property. While HDB operates at a net deficit covered by annual government grants, its public housing program has achieved a home ownership rate of 90.1%, the highest in the world, benefiting the Singaporean economy.
Despite its relatively small land and unpromising outlook as a nation, Singapore progressed from a third world status in the 1960s to one of the highest income countries in the world today. Singapore has achieved a great and remarkable success in the housing sector; its successful development has been thanks to far-sighted and careful management of the economy by the government as well as well established policies.
Public Private Partnership in Affordable HousingJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation is an attempt to showcase the need and methods of promoting public sector involvement in the Housing to achieve the goal of housing for all by 2022
National housing & habitat policy priyankPRIYANK JAIN
This document outlines India's national housing policies and initiatives to address the growing need for affordable urban housing. It discusses the evolution of housing policies since 1988 and the current urban housing shortage of over 26 million homes. Major government programs described include the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, Interest Subsidy Scheme for Housing the Urban Poor, Affordable Housing in Partnership modification to JNNURM, and the upcoming Rajiv Awas Yojana aimed at a "Slum Free India". The document emphasizes the need for partnerships across different levels of government and private sectors to achieve the goal of "Affordable Housing For All".
Housing Policies and Programs - Indian and InternationalJIT KUMAR GUPTA
The document discusses two housing models: the Haryana model of affordable rental housing in India and the Singapore public housing model.
The Haryana model aims to provide affordable rental housing for low-income workers by having private developers set aside 15% of units in new projects for the housing board to purchase and rent out below market rate. It establishes a management system to select tenants and maintain the units.
The Singapore model is recognized globally for its public housing system that has resulted in 80% homeownership. Key factors are state ownership of land leased to the housing agency HDB, limiting ownership to subsidized units, using compulsory savings accounts to fund mortgages, allowing resale of units after 5 years to
role of state and market in housing delivery for low income groupsvikashsaini78
The document summarizes the role of the state, private sector, housing cooperatives, and financial institutions in providing housing for low-income groups in India. It discusses how early government programs from the 1950s-1980s primarily benefited higher income groups and failed to address the acute housing shortage. While the private sector now provides 84% of housing, most housing for the poor is informal and illegal as land is acquired at low cost. More recently, policies have aimed to enable affordable housing for all income groups through strengthening private and cooperative housing as well as expanding access to housing finance.
To provide Housing for all by 2022 in India, the government of India needs to develop the housing finance sector, Housing and Housing finance go hand in hand. In this section, we study the growth of housing finance sector in India since independence.
Housing is considered affordable when total housing costs do not exceed 30% of a household's monthly income. This includes rent/mortgage payments and utilities. Affordable housing must preserve existing affordable units, make housing more affordable and available, promote diversity, and help families build wealth while linking to supportive services and balanced growth. Factors limiting affordable housing production include land and construction costs, zoning laws, and community reaction. Housing policies must promote healthy families and communities. Examples of policies include the Local Housing Allowance in the UK and rental assistance programs in the United States. While rural housing is assumed to be affordable, costs of living can be high with lower incomes.
Inadequate Urban Housing continues to plague Nigeria. Various efforts in the past has been concentrated around government control or entirely private sector provision, the prevailing result has been inadequate delivery where government directly contracts out housing schemes, and expensive housing where intervention by private enterprise.
Our proposal to the government in the article submitted, is to create conducive climate for private investment in housing provision. If government makes it cheaper for private business to develop housing, their deliveries will be cheap and withing reach of the lower income earners.
National housing & habitat policy priyankPriyank Jain
The document summarizes the salient features of India's National Housing and Habitat Policy. It discusses key points such as:
- The goal of the policy is to provide affordable housing for all, with a focus on urban poor. It promotes public-private partnerships and involvement of various stakeholders.
- Important initiatives include the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, Interest Subsidy Scheme for Housing the Urban Poor, and Affordable Housing in Partnership program.
- The policy emphasizes security of tenure, basic services and entitlements for scheduled castes, tribes, backward classes and minorities within urban poor communities.
- Moving forward, it recommends boosting social housing programs and
Housing Affordability and Livability Presentation - November 4 2014MayorEdMurray
Mayor Murray's Housing Affordability and Livability Advisory Committee convened for the first time on November 4, 2014. Here is the data presentation committee members received as background for the work they will be doing over the course of their time together.
A Policy Guide to Rental Housing in Developing Countries. Quick Policy Guide ...Oswar Mungkasa
This document provides an overview of rental housing in developing countries. It discusses that while hundreds of millions live in rental housing, governments have largely neglected the rental sector. It notes that rental housing takes many forms, from penthouses to slums, and is provided by both private and public landlords. The document also highlights common myths about rental housing, such as the notions that everyone prefers homeownership and that renting is inequitable. It argues that a healthy rental sector should be an integral part of a well-functioning housing system.
Only a few markets in the MENA region are addressing their housing issues. A mix of delivery models from traditional design and build to the development of Public Private Partnerships are being used while the definition of Affordable / Social Housing varies significantly among markets within the MENA region.
This paper establishes that widespread home ownership & development cannot be achieved without a robust financial system achieved by effective link between residential mortgages and the long term financial markets. The paper also addresses Governments long term and short to medium term policies optimal goals to provide affordable and comfortable housing for all that needs it.
Anisha lalu housing policy of maharashtraANISHALALU1
The document summarizes the key points of the Maharashtra State Housing Policy and Action Plan from 2015. It outlines the objectives of providing affordable housing for lower-income groups through strategies like increasing land availability, incentivizing public-private partnerships, and redeveloping existing areas. The policy reviews the previous 2007 policy and sets targets to build over 1.9 million new affordable homes by 2022 through continuous land banking, interest-only housing loans, and optimizing current land usage.
National Housing and Habitat Policy, 2007-IndiaJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Framing Policies remains integral part of government commitment, operations, functioning and management. Policies framed focus on critical issue facing state/country, define agenda and options for approaching them in realistic and rational manner to remove all roadblocks and create supporting/enabling environment, to achieve the goals defined in the said policies. Considering role and impotence of housing in the physical, environmental, economic and social development including employment generation, industrial growth, promoting quality of life and ensuring welfare of individuals and communities, providing adequate and appropriate housing for all has been the objective which all governments want to achieve as part of national agenda. Housing, as one of the basic/critical necessities of human living, remains most dynamic, always evolving and devolving, never static and never finite. Housing and Habitat Policy framed by the Government of India, remains the first ever housing policy which is urban centric and focuses exclusively on urban housing. Framed in the year 2007 , outlining the prevailing status of urban housing in the country including shortage of housing, policy defines the need, goal , aims besides defining the role and responsibilities of parastatal and other agencies operating at central, state and local levels to achieve the goal of -Housing for all. Policy also outlines the functions to be performed by the agencies involved in research and development of evolving appropriate construction technologies and financial institutions to ensure flow of adequate funds in the housing sector. Text also analysis, critically and objectively, the need for rationalizing the policy to make it more focused, effective and efficient.
The document discusses affordable housing in India. It defines affordable housing based on income level, dwelling unit size, and affordability (housing costs not exceeding 30% of income). Demand is driven by rapid urbanization and a growing middle class. However, supply faces constraints like high land and construction costs. The government, developers, and financial institutions all have roles to play in increasing affordable housing through measures like subsidies, increased development rights, and loans respectively. Overall 24.71 million housing units are required to fulfill the current shortage, with over 99% of demand from low-income groups. An investment of Rs. 600,000 crore is estimated to meet this need.
The document discusses several key issues related to affordable housing:
1) Affordable housing shortages negatively impact millions of Americans who spend over 30% of their income on housing costs.
2) Factors like housing quality, location, cost, and sustainability must be considered to ensure housing remains affordable over decades.
3) A lack of affordable housing can negatively impact public health and children's development through increased stress and frequent moving.
Introduction to Housing: Housing And Delivery ProcessesAllona Alejandre
The document provides an introduction to housing in the Philippines. It discusses that housing varies for individuals based on factors like age, family, and geography. It also notes that the Philippines faces a huge demand for affordable housing units due to its growing population. Several government agencies are involved in housing delivery, including the National Housing Authority, Home Development Mutual Fund, and Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council. The government aims to address the housing backlog through regulations, production of housing units, financing programs, and infrastructure development. However, challenges remain as rapid urbanization continues to outpace the government's ability to provide adequate housing and relocation assistance.
Problem of urban housing, slums and there solutionsaayush koolwal
Homelessness is a complex problem caused by several factors like shortage of housing, lack of entitlement to land and housing, and personal circumstances of homeless people. Some of the main issues that contribute to homelessness in India are shortage of housing in urban areas, lack of entitlement to land which leads to squatting, lack of entitlement to existing housing, and financial difficulties that prevent people from affording housing. While government schemes aim to provide housing, fast urbanization continues to strain resources and lead to issues like overcrowding in housing. Congestion in urban housing has negative economic, health, social and environmental consequences for cities. Various government schemes have been implemented to tackle the problems of housing shortage, but challenges remain in fully addressing issues around
The document discusses affordable housing in India and defines key terms. It provides context on India's growing population and rapid urbanization, which is driving increased demand for housing. There is currently a shortage of over 18 million housing units in India. While developers have primarily focused on luxury housing, there is a need to address housing for lower-income groups. The government has launched various initiatives to promote affordable housing and achieve "Housing for All by 2022." However, affordable housing faces challenges including lack of available and affordable land and financing options.
Know about "Housing for all scheme by the Government" from Pratik Chandiwal's presentation - Employee Engagement Activity in form of Live Webinar conducted by Amura for its employees.
The document discusses the global need for affordable housing and challenges in meeting this need. It notes that the right to adequate housing is enshrined in international law but remains unfulfilled for many. The global population is projected to grow significantly by 2025 and 2035, increasing the need for affordable housing by over 1 billion people. Major challenges include inability to keep up with rapid urbanization, limited budgets, and construction difficulties in rural areas. Innovative policies, construction systems, technologies, and financing models are needed to make housing prices affordable for more people worldwide.
Law and Regulations for Private and Retail Banking (Asia-Pacific, Hong Kong),...Raul A. Lujan Anaya
Notes on Certificate Course (Postgrad.) in Banking, Corporate and Finance Law: Law and Regulations for Private and Retail Banking (Hong Kong, Asia-Pacific), in the University of Hong Kong, First Semester of 2014.
How can commercial and policy-transfer relations be improved nowadays between these two Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs), which have historically acted as partners and rivals, in a current context of growing global interaction and competition?
role of state and market in housing delivery for low income groupsvikashsaini78
The document summarizes the role of the state, private sector, housing cooperatives, and financial institutions in providing housing for low-income groups in India. It discusses how early government programs from the 1950s-1980s primarily benefited higher income groups and failed to address the acute housing shortage. While the private sector now provides 84% of housing, most housing for the poor is informal and illegal as land is acquired at low cost. More recently, policies have aimed to enable affordable housing for all income groups through strengthening private and cooperative housing as well as expanding access to housing finance.
To provide Housing for all by 2022 in India, the government of India needs to develop the housing finance sector, Housing and Housing finance go hand in hand. In this section, we study the growth of housing finance sector in India since independence.
Housing is considered affordable when total housing costs do not exceed 30% of a household's monthly income. This includes rent/mortgage payments and utilities. Affordable housing must preserve existing affordable units, make housing more affordable and available, promote diversity, and help families build wealth while linking to supportive services and balanced growth. Factors limiting affordable housing production include land and construction costs, zoning laws, and community reaction. Housing policies must promote healthy families and communities. Examples of policies include the Local Housing Allowance in the UK and rental assistance programs in the United States. While rural housing is assumed to be affordable, costs of living can be high with lower incomes.
Inadequate Urban Housing continues to plague Nigeria. Various efforts in the past has been concentrated around government control or entirely private sector provision, the prevailing result has been inadequate delivery where government directly contracts out housing schemes, and expensive housing where intervention by private enterprise.
Our proposal to the government in the article submitted, is to create conducive climate for private investment in housing provision. If government makes it cheaper for private business to develop housing, their deliveries will be cheap and withing reach of the lower income earners.
National housing & habitat policy priyankPriyank Jain
The document summarizes the salient features of India's National Housing and Habitat Policy. It discusses key points such as:
- The goal of the policy is to provide affordable housing for all, with a focus on urban poor. It promotes public-private partnerships and involvement of various stakeholders.
- Important initiatives include the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, Interest Subsidy Scheme for Housing the Urban Poor, and Affordable Housing in Partnership program.
- The policy emphasizes security of tenure, basic services and entitlements for scheduled castes, tribes, backward classes and minorities within urban poor communities.
- Moving forward, it recommends boosting social housing programs and
Housing Affordability and Livability Presentation - November 4 2014MayorEdMurray
Mayor Murray's Housing Affordability and Livability Advisory Committee convened for the first time on November 4, 2014. Here is the data presentation committee members received as background for the work they will be doing over the course of their time together.
A Policy Guide to Rental Housing in Developing Countries. Quick Policy Guide ...Oswar Mungkasa
This document provides an overview of rental housing in developing countries. It discusses that while hundreds of millions live in rental housing, governments have largely neglected the rental sector. It notes that rental housing takes many forms, from penthouses to slums, and is provided by both private and public landlords. The document also highlights common myths about rental housing, such as the notions that everyone prefers homeownership and that renting is inequitable. It argues that a healthy rental sector should be an integral part of a well-functioning housing system.
Only a few markets in the MENA region are addressing their housing issues. A mix of delivery models from traditional design and build to the development of Public Private Partnerships are being used while the definition of Affordable / Social Housing varies significantly among markets within the MENA region.
This paper establishes that widespread home ownership & development cannot be achieved without a robust financial system achieved by effective link between residential mortgages and the long term financial markets. The paper also addresses Governments long term and short to medium term policies optimal goals to provide affordable and comfortable housing for all that needs it.
Anisha lalu housing policy of maharashtraANISHALALU1
The document summarizes the key points of the Maharashtra State Housing Policy and Action Plan from 2015. It outlines the objectives of providing affordable housing for lower-income groups through strategies like increasing land availability, incentivizing public-private partnerships, and redeveloping existing areas. The policy reviews the previous 2007 policy and sets targets to build over 1.9 million new affordable homes by 2022 through continuous land banking, interest-only housing loans, and optimizing current land usage.
National Housing and Habitat Policy, 2007-IndiaJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Framing Policies remains integral part of government commitment, operations, functioning and management. Policies framed focus on critical issue facing state/country, define agenda and options for approaching them in realistic and rational manner to remove all roadblocks and create supporting/enabling environment, to achieve the goals defined in the said policies. Considering role and impotence of housing in the physical, environmental, economic and social development including employment generation, industrial growth, promoting quality of life and ensuring welfare of individuals and communities, providing adequate and appropriate housing for all has been the objective which all governments want to achieve as part of national agenda. Housing, as one of the basic/critical necessities of human living, remains most dynamic, always evolving and devolving, never static and never finite. Housing and Habitat Policy framed by the Government of India, remains the first ever housing policy which is urban centric and focuses exclusively on urban housing. Framed in the year 2007 , outlining the prevailing status of urban housing in the country including shortage of housing, policy defines the need, goal , aims besides defining the role and responsibilities of parastatal and other agencies operating at central, state and local levels to achieve the goal of -Housing for all. Policy also outlines the functions to be performed by the agencies involved in research and development of evolving appropriate construction technologies and financial institutions to ensure flow of adequate funds in the housing sector. Text also analysis, critically and objectively, the need for rationalizing the policy to make it more focused, effective and efficient.
The document discusses affordable housing in India. It defines affordable housing based on income level, dwelling unit size, and affordability (housing costs not exceeding 30% of income). Demand is driven by rapid urbanization and a growing middle class. However, supply faces constraints like high land and construction costs. The government, developers, and financial institutions all have roles to play in increasing affordable housing through measures like subsidies, increased development rights, and loans respectively. Overall 24.71 million housing units are required to fulfill the current shortage, with over 99% of demand from low-income groups. An investment of Rs. 600,000 crore is estimated to meet this need.
The document discusses several key issues related to affordable housing:
1) Affordable housing shortages negatively impact millions of Americans who spend over 30% of their income on housing costs.
2) Factors like housing quality, location, cost, and sustainability must be considered to ensure housing remains affordable over decades.
3) A lack of affordable housing can negatively impact public health and children's development through increased stress and frequent moving.
Introduction to Housing: Housing And Delivery ProcessesAllona Alejandre
The document provides an introduction to housing in the Philippines. It discusses that housing varies for individuals based on factors like age, family, and geography. It also notes that the Philippines faces a huge demand for affordable housing units due to its growing population. Several government agencies are involved in housing delivery, including the National Housing Authority, Home Development Mutual Fund, and Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council. The government aims to address the housing backlog through regulations, production of housing units, financing programs, and infrastructure development. However, challenges remain as rapid urbanization continues to outpace the government's ability to provide adequate housing and relocation assistance.
Problem of urban housing, slums and there solutionsaayush koolwal
Homelessness is a complex problem caused by several factors like shortage of housing, lack of entitlement to land and housing, and personal circumstances of homeless people. Some of the main issues that contribute to homelessness in India are shortage of housing in urban areas, lack of entitlement to land which leads to squatting, lack of entitlement to existing housing, and financial difficulties that prevent people from affording housing. While government schemes aim to provide housing, fast urbanization continues to strain resources and lead to issues like overcrowding in housing. Congestion in urban housing has negative economic, health, social and environmental consequences for cities. Various government schemes have been implemented to tackle the problems of housing shortage, but challenges remain in fully addressing issues around
The document discusses affordable housing in India and defines key terms. It provides context on India's growing population and rapid urbanization, which is driving increased demand for housing. There is currently a shortage of over 18 million housing units in India. While developers have primarily focused on luxury housing, there is a need to address housing for lower-income groups. The government has launched various initiatives to promote affordable housing and achieve "Housing for All by 2022." However, affordable housing faces challenges including lack of available and affordable land and financing options.
Know about "Housing for all scheme by the Government" from Pratik Chandiwal's presentation - Employee Engagement Activity in form of Live Webinar conducted by Amura for its employees.
The document discusses the global need for affordable housing and challenges in meeting this need. It notes that the right to adequate housing is enshrined in international law but remains unfulfilled for many. The global population is projected to grow significantly by 2025 and 2035, increasing the need for affordable housing by over 1 billion people. Major challenges include inability to keep up with rapid urbanization, limited budgets, and construction difficulties in rural areas. Innovative policies, construction systems, technologies, and financing models are needed to make housing prices affordable for more people worldwide.
Law and Regulations for Private and Retail Banking (Asia-Pacific, Hong Kong),...Raul A. Lujan Anaya
Notes on Certificate Course (Postgrad.) in Banking, Corporate and Finance Law: Law and Regulations for Private and Retail Banking (Hong Kong, Asia-Pacific), in the University of Hong Kong, First Semester of 2014.
How can commercial and policy-transfer relations be improved nowadays between these two Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs), which have historically acted as partners and rivals, in a current context of growing global interaction and competition?
The document provides an analysis of Queensland state's budget for the 2011-2012 fiscal year. It summarizes the state's revenues and expenses for 2010-2011 and 2011-2012. Total revenues increased from $38.5 billion in 2010-2011 to $38.1 billion in 2011-2012, mainly from higher Commonwealth grants. Total expenses rose from $4.4 billion to $6.4 billion respectively, mainly due to increases in superannuation benefit payments and borrowing costs. The budget format focuses on economic planning and performance but could benefit from being more transparent on program justifications and shortcomings.
This document is a conceptual essay by student Raul Alejandro Lujan Anaya exploring how globalization affects domestic policymaking, specifically in Hong Kong. The essay argues that globalization has significantly influenced policymaking beyond just economic areas by facilitating cultural, social, and ideological exchanges worldwide. It asserts that globalization was a factor in social movements in Hong Kong in the 1960s that pushed the government to consider human rights and that ongoing issues around national security and education point to globalization's continuing impact on challenging authorities and policies in Hong Kong today.
This document discusses democracy and political reform in Hong Kong. It provides background on Hong Kong's political system and struggle for universal suffrage. Key points include:
1) Hong Kong has a semi-democratic political structure designed to work under authoritarian guidelines from Basic Law. This clashes with the democratic ambitions of its people.
2) The document outlines Hong Kong's development of democratic ambitions before and after the 1997 handover from Britain to China.
3) There is an ongoing struggle for universal suffrage, with promises of suffrage being continuously postponed, frustrating pan-democratic groups. Election reforms are a complex six-step process that is difficult to achieve.
Entropía (Social) Global y Desarrollo Sustentable: Un Enfoque Histórico-Compa...Raul A. Lujan Anaya
Proyecto para aprobar la materia de Filosofía del Derecho (calificada con honores, 100/100):
Tesina de 40 cuartillas (+21,000 palabras) en la cual he desarrollado una noción económica y social acerca del concepto de Desarrollo Sustentable, y llevado a cabo un estudio de cómo dicha noción ha evolucionado a lo largo de la historia, su impacto en la ciencia jurídica y cómo ha de ser garantizado como derecho fundamental del hombre y deber de las naciones...
The document discusses the 5 Ps of marketing - product, price, promotion, place, and people. It explains that considering these key marketing elements can help strategically position a business and its products and services in the market. Each of the 5 Ps is then defined in more detail, with examples of how a restaurant could apply them to target families as their customer market.
5 Ps of strategy - strategic management - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
Professor Henry Mintzberg articulated the "5 Ps of strategy" which are: plan, ploy, position, pattern, and perspective. Understanding strategy as a plan, ploy, position, pattern, or perspective is important according to Mintzberg. The document discusses Professor Henry Mintzberg's conceptualization of the "5 Ps of strategy" as different ways of viewing strategy.
High-rise commercial buildings are icons of modern society that symbolize the power of commerce. They add a third dimension to cities. For businesses, having an office in an attractive high-rise building provides advantages like better customer confidence and corporate identity. A high-rise is defined as a building over 35 meters tall, constructed using a structural frame and elevators. High-rises are classified by style and have various structural forms determined by factors like human scale, climate and cost. Their loads come from gravity, weather, and human use. Core elements include stairs, elevators, and utilities that provide vertical circulation and access.
The document outlines the agenda and objectives for a marketing presentation on a new affordable housing project called Casamagna Township located on the outskirts of Pune, India. The summary includes:
1) An overview of the project including its location, type of housing, amenities, and target price range.
2) A discussion of the Pune real estate market analysis which finds it is one of India's fastest growing cities with high demand for affordable flats from young professionals.
3) The objective to capture 15% market share and sell 100 homes by 2012 for the new project.
Housing Affordability for the Next Generation in Hong KongEric Stryson
Housing in Hong Kong is the city’s single most important policy concern. Hong Kong recently became the most unaffordable major housing market in the world – it would take a skilled service worker 18.5 years to afford a 60 square-meter apartment near the city center.
According to government projections, the overall housing demand will reach one million units by 2046, requiring an overall land supply of 1,670 hectares (around 1.5% of the total land area of Hong Kong). Hong Kong, unlike most major cities, has a large amount of public housing. Approximately half of Hong Kong's population currently rents or owns an apartment constructed by the government. Such housing was built in the 1960s in response to a housing crisis, caused by an influx of migrants from Mainland China.
Hong Kong has not constructed any major new public housing projects since the early 2000s. Waiting lists for public housing can extend for over five years, leaving people to rely on an expensive private market.
The Hong Kong government set a five-year target to construct 140,000 public housing units, but is unlikely to achieve that target. Based on the land currently earmarked for public housing, there will still be a shortage of 44,000 public housing units.
This document compares public rental housing (PRH) and rent allowance (RA) approaches to providing housing assistance in Hong Kong. It discusses several parameters of comparison including quality, rent burden, choice, equity, cost and politics/stability. Regarding quality, PRH provides better quality housing units compared to the typically substandard private units rented under RA. For rent burden, rental charges are much lower in PRH, while RA recipients often pay high rent relative to small private unit sizes. The document provides examples of rental charges for PRH units in Shek Kip Mei estate and photos showing the quality differences between PRH and private units.
GEOG 320 Resources And Environmental Management.docx4934bk
The document provides an overview of Palmerston North City Council's (PNCC) existing planning framework as it relates to housing. It reviews PNCC's housing-relevant plans and strategies. It also reviews national and international literature on planning tools to support housing development. The document recommends that PNCC adopt a policy, strategy, or action plan to articulate its approach to housing supply. This will help guide decisions under New Zealand's Resource Management Act and Local Government Act and ensure PNCC's housing objectives are met.
This document summarizes housing policies in India from the 1950s to present. It discusses the four phases of policy development: 1) 1950s-1970s focusing on welfare, 2) 1970s-1980s targeting weaker sections, 3) 1980s-2000s emphasizing financing over physical housing, 4) last 10-12 years promoting private sector participation and a reduced government role. Key policies and programs discussed include the National Housing Policy, National Urban Housing & Habitat Policy, Model State Affordable Housing Policy, Draft National Urban Rental Housing Policy, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana, Rajiv Awas Yojana, National Rural Livelihoods Mission. The overarching goal of current policies
This summary provides an overview of an academic paper that analyzes Hong Kong as an entrepreneurial city. The paper applies a Schumpeterian analysis to understand how Hong Kong pursues innovative strategies to maintain its economic competitiveness. It identifies three defining features of entrepreneurial cities: pursuing competitive strategies, doing so actively and strategically, and promoting an entrepreneurial discourse. The paper examines Hong Kong's history of entrepreneurial strategies and how they have adapted over time, most recently in response to its role in Greater China and the global economy. New projects aim to unite economic interests around technology and services.
This document discusses and compares the Regional Spatial Strategies (RSS) implemented by the Labour government and the Localism Bill (Big Society) introduced by the coalition government in 2010. The RSS aimed to provide sustainable development strategies over 15-20 years but faced issues of being expensive, complex and attracting public opposition. The Localism Bill abolished top-down regional planning and aims to empower local communities and authorities to make planning and housing decisions tailored to local needs and aspirations. The document argues that the localism approach will lead to more efficient development and infrastructure, increased community engagement in the planning process, and better utilization of public funds.
ASSESSMENT OF THE BALANCED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT COMPLIANCE IN THE PHILIPPINE...Gus Agosto
This study examines the compliance of balanced housing development program in Cebu
City, its contribution in housing the poor and in urban development. In particular, the paper
sought to know what modalities were availed in the compliance, how it fares to the housing
backlog of the city, and what its role in urban development. It focuses on the 52 compliance
projects of real estate developers in Cebu City for the period of 2003 to 2014. The study
found out that there are 1,525 house and lot units, 871 lots or a total area of 81,723.4 square
meters provided as proof of compliance; the common mode of compliance is through
development of a socialized housing equivalent to either 20% of the total project area or 20%
of the total cost of the main project. The balanced housing compliance in Cebu City is a
dismal contribution in providing affordable housing to the poor. The developer’s choice of
mode of compliance was premised not only to comply, but to profit. Balanced housing
development was implemented in the narrow context of providing “shelter”, not in urban
development. In longer perspective, balanced housing development should inspire us towards
the path of a sustainable and balanced community.
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1) It outlines the basic economic principles of housing demand and supply and how equilibrium price is determined.
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Social housing in taiwan background, analysis, and issuesOURsOURs
We shared this powerpoint in International Social Housing Festival in Amsterdam.
https://socialhousingfestival.com/events/social-housing-ground-zero-east-asian-experiences-dutch-background/
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
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How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
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Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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1. CITY UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG
COMPARATIVE PUBLIC POLICY
Dr. Richard Walker
SECOND ASSIGNMENT:
Policy Transfer Proposal and Analysis
LUJAN ANAYA, Raul Alejandro
Student No. 52915639
Semester A/ 2012-2013
December 2012
2. Policy Transfer Proposal and Analysis
Topic of Interest: Transfer of the Extensive Housing System (EHS), from Singapore to
Hong Kong.
The object of this work is to undertake an analysis on the implementation feasibility of
policies adopted in Singapore (SG) in the housing field, to the reality of policy-making
in Hong Kong (HK/ HKSAR), undertaking a one-way transfer evaluation, previous
comparison between equivalent policy tools adopted in both City-States (ie.: the EHS
adopted in SG within the last four decades, vs. the Home Ownership Scheme, HOS,
currently adopted in the HKSAR), in the light of contextual matters (mainly of space
and time) which both States have been facing in common.
It’s important to notice that the matter of housing ownership is a relevant field for
comparative study in policy-making between both City-States… Especially in Hong
Kong, the issue of housing ownership insufficiency has drawn particular attention on
international grounds, when we consider the fact that this City-State has its’ reputation
on the line as a Global City: one competitive in matter of international trade and
finance, an example of multicultural coexistence, and a panacea of socio-economical
development, thus deserving to be placed as one of top-tier urban areas around the
planet, pretty much like New York, London, Shanghai, Tokyo, and precisely Singapore
(among others) [1]; at the same time it has been facing serious problems of social and
spatial inequality, which can be seen on specific issues to be effectively attended, such
as: nonstop demand for acquiring permanent household and proportionally increasing
numbers of people in waiting lists to enter subsidized home schemes, permanent or
3. temporary (the majority of them in urgent need), among other; in relation with a hostile
market where acquiring Real Estate property by own right has become a ludicrous
luxury which can only be afforded by the rich.
As mentioned before, we would have to consider that both SG and the HK governments
had common challenges to face (mainly in the historical and demographic dimensions),
such as:
a) Both of them used to be British colonies, and now these two operate as free-market
economies. Likewise, both of them have risen up as two cities of international
projections for trade and finance, and two gravity centers of “technocratic”
governance (understand this concept, as the rule and policy-making of technician-
managers under the principles of ‘small government’ and ‘efficient management’:
officers and civil servants which have been “encouraged to be entrepreneurial and
to cut through the red tape” to achieve the goals of the State [2]) in Southeast Asia;
b) In a time of 40-50 years ago, both of them had a substantial percentage of citizens
facing poor living conditions and governments fell short to provide housing supply,
according to actual demands;
c) High numbers of density population: SG possesses a population of approximately 5
million inhabitants living in an urban area of almost 700 square kilometers (sq.km),
while figures in HK are of approx. 7 million people living in an area of almost 1,100
sq.km;
d) Medium income population: the average income per capita in Singapore is of
approximately US$29,610.00 per annum, while that of Hong Kong is of
approximately US$27,000.00-28,000.00 per annum (according to official figures
from the CSD, by year 2010) [3], indeed SG has managed to continue increasing the
4. average of income per capita of its population;
e) Around the decades of 1960 and 1970, both of them started implementing their
public housing-ownership programs (in fact, SG started earlier, in the year of 1964,
short before its’ formal independence, while HK started in the year of 1976 after the
constitution of its Housing Authority, HA);
f) In addition to the circumstances before mentioned, it’s also worth saying that both
SG and HK governments implemented their housing ownership policy programs as
tools for gaining political legitimacy from their people (even when the motifs in
each case have been different).
Then, having such challenges standing there for several decades, both governments in
HK and SG have been historically concerned about satisfying one important need of
their people: to enjoy property of household by own right… To the extent, for instance,
that in Singapore, rather more than being a mere social demand, it’s been seen more as
a specific right (in the legal extent of the word) to which citizens are entitled to: to live
in a dignified household that conforms an essential part of their personal (and family)
wealth.
Though implementing similar models of offering housing ownership through the
subsidized sale of public flats, both City-States adopted their policies under different
approaches: while Hong Kong adopted an (orthodox) decentralized approach:
facilitating a hybrid scheme of offering means-tested subsidies for both permanent and
temporary housing (under the HOS and Public Rental Housing, PRH, programs
respectively), and allowing both the public sector (through the HA) and private sectors
5. to serve the housing demand and provide the services, under equal conditions;
Singapore went for an innovative decentralized approach, as follows…
Beginning from the first years of the implementation of the EHS, the SG government
acquired vast extensions of the land at under-market prices from private developers, and
constituting itself as the biggest, unchallenged, landlord. Also, the government adopted
measures in order to control the costs in housing production (such as the supply of the
building materials for construction)… In addition, the government adopted a very
unique combination of policy tools (using Christopher Hood’s NATO approach), be
them:
a) Nodal (information), such as a widespread and continuous promotion of the values
and ideas that would uphold the implementation of such innovative model in its
time, both locally (same directed to citizens as government propaganda, or to
scholars and policy-analysts as an academic case of study) and on international
grounds;
b) Authority (regulation), such as the development of new laws, such as the Land
Acquisition Act (which nowadays remains under force), and other official decrees
and ordinances, which would serve as a normative frame for the design and
effective implementation-enforcement of the policy;
c) Treasury (financial), such as the constitution of centralized funds (like the Central
Provident Fund, CPF), the reduction of tax bases and the implementation of a
culture of employment under which common workers were motivated (or mostly
compelled) to enter into a contributions scheme, and also the government entered
into agreements and covenants with the private financial sector in order to provide
credit tools to citizens which would aid them in acquiring a place they could call
6. home (loans and mortgages of easy access);
d) Organizational (administrative) such as the implementation of a radical urban
reform (the redevelopment of the vast territorial extensions acquired for residential
purposes), the creation of a central authority competent on housing affairs (the
Housing Development Board, HDB, equivalent to the now HKSAR’s HA), and
restricting the provision of public rental housing schemes most exclusively to the
lowest layers in the social pyramid (citizens whose incomes drop to amounts below
SG$1,500.00 per month, which would be equivalent to US$1,230.00);
With such combination of policy tools, which in the end was described to be
“phenomenally successful” (Ramesh, 2003) [4], Singapore’s policy motto in this field
was to having achieved a quality “Home Owning Society”, which rose from a cipher of
a total of 29% in 1970, to more than 90% (by the decades of 2000 and 2010) of overall
resident population [5]… On the other hand, the decentralization scheme for housing
provision in the HKSAR got stuck in achieving to enhance the number of its home-
owning population: according to statistics of the the Census and Statistics Department
(CSD) between years 2006 and 2009, approximately 50% of total population in HK
held ownership on private housing, and 20% held ownership over subsidized-sale flats
from HA [6]: then, what about solving the situation of the other 30% of resident
population, which has found itself in the need of sticking to the Public Rental Housing
(PRH) and temporary programs, implemented by the HA, as their means to satisfy (or
better said, palliate) their need of acquiring permanent housing by themselves? (!)…
What can Hong Kong learn from its cousin Singapore, in order to solve the situation of
that remaining 30%?
7. As main strategic advantages of the EHS model implemented by the SG government,
we can find the following:
1. It has reinforced a culture of self-sufficiency: starting with promoting employment
in collaboration with the business sectors, attracting foreign investment, and
promoting the values of self-sufficiency in saving and investing to attend their basic
needs, thus reducing reliance of citizens on public welfare;
2. As an innovative policy project in its time, it’s been considered by many scholars in
the field, as one important milestone in the establishment and consolidation of the
recent Asian Welfare Model during the last 3 decades of the XX century, and which
has been influenced by the social and historical values upheld in policy-making
processes and institutions of most East Asian nations, such as the (Confucian) ideals
of conforming self-sufficient communities and strong family nuclei;
3. By strengthening the domestic financial sector, as the government entered into
agreements with the banking corporations and finance houses for facilitating loans
and mortgages, it created a profitable market in which all parties (corporations,
government and citizens) gain proportional benefit from a fair scheme where
“everyone wins”;
4. In the reality dimension of policy-making, the project achieved outstanding success,
that it caused astonishment and caught the eye of policy-makers and scholars in the
international community, to the extent that even nowadays, it has become an
example to the world (“too big to be ignored”).
On the other hand, we can find the following disadvantages, which can make the model
very complex, and non-operant to policy-making in the HKSAR:
1. The model requires a mostly authoritarian and centralized control, “with major
8. decisions on savings rate, savings allocation, land use, housing production, and
housing prices being largely determined by the government” [7];
2. It has caused a crowd-out of private investment, the weakening of private
developers, and in general, of the domestic corporate sector [8];
3. It has created a constant need for the government, to control inflation and fixing
prices in the Real Estate market;
4. It has created a problem of “asset-rich, cash-poor” citizens, which means that
citizens have found themselves in the need of providing a high percentage of their
income, into the contributions scheme of the CPF (and to pay their housing credits
and mortgages as well), in detriment of the liquidity in their wealth, and diminishing
their capacity to respond effectively to other needs or contingencies that may
eventually present, such as unemployment or health illness conditions;
5. Transparency issues, because, as the government entered into agreements with the
financial sector and insurance companies for the facilitation of credit tools, and
investment of monies in the centralized funds, the economic dimension of the policy
is handled at the discresion of third parties whose interests are not clearly related to
those of the major stakeholders (government and society), in what we may call a
“black box” experiment: in which outcomes may be uncertain; likewise, it’s well
known in the media and academy forums, that politicians and policy-makers in SG
aren’t transparency-friendly neither open to criticism, so it’s very unlikely that they
would be willing to disclose information on the processes implemented and
outcomes achieved in the operation of housing policies.
In addition to the previous comparison of strategic advantages and disadvantages about
the EHS policy model from SG, we should take into account, for the case of Hong
9. Kong, the fact that, even when there have been subsidies and incentives granted to
common citizens (mostly middle-income) under the HOS program implemented by the
HA, the housing ownership model in the HKSAR has been affected by the PRH
policies, which by matter of law and polity, have been required to coexist in balance, so
the government can’t change the current framework so swiftly, by setting up restrictions
in the means-test system for entering the PRH scheme (specifically by matter of
income), as the Singaporean government did. Also, and in the light of increasing
demand for entering into both temporary and permanent housing schemes, it would be
certainly unlikely that the HA would allow applicants in waiting lists, to apply as twice
or more, as the SG government has lifted such restriction… In this specific case, we can
observe one more typical case of path dependence prevailing for the implementation
and operation of housing policies in Hong Kong.
As specific lessons to be learned from the Singapore experience regarding EHS, for
adapting into the practical dimension of policy operation in the HKSAR, we may find
the following:
1. A government-centered scheme may lower the costs on development of lands,
relying on scale economy (as it’s been happening not only in SG, but in other
nearby countries, as Brunei [9], which have been facing a new paradigm: an
increasing demand of small family nuclei and young singletons seeking to acquire
household of their own), for as the market would continue to expand and
operational efficiency is achieved, it would result feasible to reduce the costs of
newer units (flats) produced; in contrast, any core problems coming from within the
government (such as corruption issues, or procedural inefficiency), may increase
negative effects on policy economy;
10. 2. At some extent, concentrating the allocation of resources coming from compulsory
savings schemes into centralized funds (as both the CPF in SG, and the MPF in HK)
for the operation of housing ownership programs, may bring economic efficiency in
providing the relevant public services, but we should also consider that priorities of
the government in operating policy programs in one field may also enter in conflict
with the needs of citizens: as we’ve seen in the case of SG, compelling workers to
contribute into the CPF with substantially higher percentages of their income, may
affect liquidity in citizens’ wealth (affecting their response capacity to other
contingencies); and similarly, concentrating more revenue resources from the public
funds into the housing field may affect the provision of other welfare facilities, such
as those concerning healthcare, unemployment and retirement, among other;
3. Also, in contrast to what the SG government has done, letting banking and
insurance companies invest funds coming from the CPF savings in the “black box”
experiment previously mentioned, the HKSAR government could consider
providing grants (even when minimal), using the resources from the MPF in-hand;
4. The HDB in recent years, implemented a new plan named “Built to Order” (BTO),
which may be used as a reference to achieve balance between supply and demand in
the housing market, as the SG government realized that if it continued developing
lands for housing purposes indiscriminately, considering that in recent years, more
than 90% of overall resident citizenship has achieved to live within a household of
their own, market inefficiency (excess in housing stock) would drive the concerning
authority to cancel the EHS, causing inflation of Real Estate prices and hurting the
local economy;
5. Subsidies and loans granted by the HKSAR government to facilitate access to the
domestic HOS may be granted under a means-test system, in order to relieve
11. pressure derived from limitations in supply and demand, such as limited capital
resources and increasing ownership numbers.
In addition to the specific lessons that HK may learn from the SG experience, and
considering the issue of path dependence mentioned a couple paragraphs above (the fact
that the HOS program needs to coexist with the PRH in legal and political synchrony),
success in the implementation and running of the domestic policies can only be
measured according to the balance achieved between both temporary (PRH) and
permanent (HOS) housing provision programs, and not merely by the amount of people
acquiring units from the HOS program.
To summarize, by undertaking one final assessment (revisiting the NATO approach) on
how can policy tools from Singapore be applied in this policy transfer proposal to
reality in Hong Kong, we found the following:
a) Nodal: The promotion of the housing policy-model in SG has been successful in
domestic and international grounds; in contrast, it’s unlikely that certain policy
aspects would be friendly received by: as it’s happened in the case of the compelling
contributions scheme, since it’s well known that HK people aren’t very fond of
entering into enhanced contribution schemes, as it has happened in the case of the
Mandatory Provident Fund (MPF), in which many employees in the HKSAR
haven’t found themselves willing to provide more than the compulsory 5% [10] in
current terms of the MPF;
b) Authority: New regulations and decrees would be relatively easy to implement; in
contrast, the outstanding legislation in matter of Housing in the HKSAR would
require major amendments which would be time consuming, and would represent a
12. slow process for carrying out the consultations and reeducating both citizenship and
civil servants in getting used to new frameworks, not to mention that the interests of
the Central Government in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) must be
considered as well;
c) Treasury: The implementation would be favorable to the economic interests of
lower and middle income average households, and even convenient for banks and
financial houses, because they would have thousands of new customers; in contrast,
it would carry unmeasurable costs at government level, which may affect revenue,
and cause damages and liabilities to private business developers and within the
public sector, as I’ll explain furtherly;
d) Organization: It would bring a substantial enlargement in the public sector of the
HKSAR, which in the end would be a double-edge sword, representing on one
hand, more menpower in the civil service working to attend this social need, but
bringing collateral effects of costs in both policy economy and economic policy.
As preliminary to conclusion, we could tell from our presentation that, at least from a
theoretical point of view, the prospect of transferring permanent housing ownership
policy implemented in SG, specifically the EHS program, seems to be a good idea,
however in practice it would result very much less feasible, for it would result in
unmeasurable costs, since the HKSAR government, nowadays doesn’t possess enough
capacity, menpower, or economic might to centralize (even monopolize) the housing
market… Indeed, this has also become a very much politicized topic, since from a
historical point of view, the SG government made a smart move in implementing an
adventurous project, in a time when social and economic conditions worldwide weren’t
as complex as today, and when most governments around the globe were big enough to
13. afford intervening in markets and implementing gradual changes: today it would result
suicidal, considering a current context of quick shifts in economic conditions, and
tighter interdependence in finance and trade between States and business personae
around the world, as these two are the most tasty fruits reaped from the Globalization
phenomenon, thus right now would be “too late” for the Hong Kong government to
make such a risky move…
Why a risky move? Because importing the disadvantages of the SG model, would not
only affect the government in its economy and capacity, but also damage the Real
Estate market and eventually affect foreign investment: private developers are some of
the most relevant actors and stakeholders in the policy field, as we can observe that
direct intervention by the SG government has caused substantial inefficiencies in their
domestic market (monopolization, lack of innovation and transparency): an undesirable
outcome when it comes to the fact that public development in the HKSAR is pegged, or
at least proportional, to growth in the local business sector, and which would represent a
wrongful lesson which none of the relevant stakeholders: the government (along with
the Central Government of the PRC), representatives of the business sector, middle
income citizens, and on a lesser extent, NGO’s, is prepared to learn the hard way.
As conclusion, and providing a “best-guess” approach, let’s say, if the model was
feasible for being implemented in the HKSAR, we can take the chance to do a
projection under which, within the following 8 to 10 years, we may expect a substantial
reduction in waiting lists for people intending to enter public housing schemes
(temporary) by around 60-70% (considering a current figure of approx. 300,000
applicants, from which an estimate of 200,000 find themselves in urgent need); at the
14. same time, it may be possible to extend the number of home-owning population in
Hong Kong, from 20% to 30-35% of total residents in Hong Kong (with an overall
projection of almost 7.8 million people by early 2020’s [11])… In the end, most
probably our transfer proposal will be another idea that shall remain in paper, even
when it’s “worth spreading”; however it certainly was a very interesting topic for
academic discussion.
Thank you for your Attention!
15. References and Remittances List:
[1] “Global City”; Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_city
[2] Scott, Ian. The Public Sector in Hong Kong: Policy, Government, People. Hong
Kong University Press (2010), p. 58;
[3] “Hong Kong, the Facts: Population”; Hong Kong Government Factsheets:
http://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/population.pdf
[4] Sock-Yong Phang; The Singapore Model of Housing and the Welfare State;
Singapore Management University, School of Economics (2007); p. 15:
http://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1595&context=soe_research&
sei-
redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.hk%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3
Dj%26q%3Dsingapore%2Bmodel%2Bhousing%2Bwelfare%2Bstate%26source%3Dw
eb%26cd%3D1%26ved%3D0CCwQFjAA%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fink.lib
rary.smu.edu.sg%252Fcgi%252Fviewcontent.cgi%253Farticle%253D1595%2526conte
xt%253Dsoe_research%26ei%3DyNitUJ6gA_CXiQeooYHYAg%26usg%3DAFQjCN
HILXGcx4oZDxo1mQphm_LLdukVRw%26sig2%3DKAkQ821xDqQ_vPuUPZzonQ#
search=%22singapore%20model%20housing%20welfare%20state%22
[5] Ibid., p. 15;
[6] “Housing in Hong Kong”; Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_in_Hong_Kong
[7] Sock-Yong Phang; The Singapore Model of Housing and the Welfare State;
Singapore Management University, School of Economics (2007); p. 39 (Link referred
in number [4]);
[8] Ibid., p. 39;
[9] “Economies of Scale: A superlative housing scheme gets under way”; Oxford
Business Group:
http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/news/economies-scale-superlative-housing-
scheme-gets-under-way
[10] “Hong Kong, the Facts: Mandatory Provident Fund”; Hong Kong Government
Factsheets:
http://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/mpf.pdf
16. [11] Hong Kong Population Projections 2007-2036 (July 16, 2007):
http://gia.info.gov.hk/general/200707/16/P200707160137_0137_29676.pdf
Bibliography, Support Material and Additional References:
• Scott, Ian. The Public Sector in Hong Kong: Policy, Government, People. Hong
Kong University Press (2010): Chapters 3, 10;
• Howlett, Michael. Designing Public Policies: Principles and Instruments. Routledge,
New York (2011): Chapters 4, 9;
• Sock-Yong Phang; The Singapore Model of Housing and the Welfare State;
Singapore Management University, School of Economics (2007) (Link referred
before);
• Fong, Peter K.W. A Comparative Study of Public Housing Policies in Hong Kong
and Singapore. Hong Kong University, Centre of Urban Studies and Urban
Planning (1989) [From HKU Scholars’ Hub: http://hub.hku.hk/]
• Wong, Lili. United Nations Public Service Award: Singapore’s Home Ownership
Program (PPT Presentation). Housing and Development Board;
• “Squatters no More: Singapore Social Housing”; Global Urban Development
Magazine:
http://www.globalurban.org/GUDMag07Vol3Iss1/Yuen.htm
• “Hong Kong’s Land Policy: A Recipe for Social Trouble”; Hong Kong Journal
(2011):
http://www.hkjournal.org/archive/2011_spring/3.htm