House of Coins Museum - Bogota, Colombia
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The Coin Museum is definitely one of Bogota's best, most original museums. Here's a quick overview tour of just some of what's in store for visitors.
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The History Of Money
Bartering of livestock began around 9,000-6,000 BC as one of the earliest forms of exchange. Around 1200 BC in China, shells became the first official form of money used. Ancient Chinese coins from around 1000 BC had holes in the middle so they could be strung together more easily. Around 500 BC, coins made of silver emerged as the earliest coins, first appearing in the region of Lydia, now Turkey. Paper currency developed in China in the 9th-15th centuries but excessive printing led to inflation. Gold became the global monetary standard starting in 1816 but many countries abandoned it during the Great Depression in the 1930s. Digital payments may eventually replace physical currency.
History of colonial money
When colonists first arrived in New England, they faced hardships including a lack of money. Colonial exports were often bartered for English goods instead of paid for with coins. This arrangement was unpopular with colonists. Various forms of money emerged to fill the need, including wampum, commodity money, foreign coins, and paper bills of credit issued by colonies. However, these alternative currencies often faced problems of being difficult to transport, prone to counterfeiting, or issued in excessive amounts, reducing their value. A stable currency system was not achieved until the 1860s.
Spain - history of coins
The document traces the origins and evolution of coins from ancient times to modern day. It begins with the origins of coins in Lydia in the 8th century BC as a way to simplify tax collection. The Greeks then spread the use of coins around the Mediterranean between the 7th-6th centuries BC, minting coins with symbols representing their polis. Coins then arrived in the Iberian Peninsula through colonization and trade, with the Romans introducing coins like the sestertius during their rule of Hispania. Islamic coins circulated during the rule of Al-Andalus from the 8th-15th centuries AD, before the Catholic Monarchs standardized Spanish coinage in 1497. This led to famous
Mankind’s relationship with money
Money, in itself, is nothing – it is a symbol. It can be a shell, a metal coin, or a piece of paper with a historic image on it. The value that people place on the symbol has nothing to do with the physical value of money.
Money derives its value by being a medium of exchange, a unit of measurement and a storehouse for wealth.
Ramesside Shipwrecks
The document discusses two shipwrecks from the Late Bronze Age Mediterranean - Cape Gelidonya from around 1200 BCE and Uluburun from the late 14th century BCE. It describes the cargoes found on each ship, which provide evidence of trade networks between the Aegean, Cyprus, Egypt, and the Levantine coast. The Uluburun shipwreck in particular contained a large variety of goods, such as ingots, weapons, glass, and pottery, indicating it was carrying commodities from multiple places and cultures around the Mediterranean on an established trade route. Analysis of the artifacts suggests the ship was Canaanite or Cypriot and heading to the Aegean with goods transported
Press Release – April 7, 2009 Tentative Agreement to Sell Nalunaq ...
1) The Federal Reserve Bank of New York serves as guardian for the gold reserves of over 60 foreign governments and international organizations, storing over 266 million troy ounces of gold worth around $90 billion.
2) Gold has historically been used as a store of value and medium of exchange, and the gold standard tied currencies to gold until the early 1970s.
3) Foreign entities store their gold reserves at the New York Fed for its security in one of the largest underground gold vaults, convenient services, and location in a major financial hub.
The gold-rush
The Australian gold rushes began in 1851 when gold was discovered in New South Wales by Edward Hargraves. This sparked mass migration to Australia from around the world, fueling a dramatic population increase. Harsh living conditions on the goldfields led to tensions and rebellion, culminating in the Eureka Stockade uprising in 1854. While the gold rushes declined by the 1900s, they transformed Australia by establishing major cities, increasing wealth and diversity. Gold mining remains an important industry today.
Recommended
The History Of Money
Bartering of livestock began around 9,000-6,000 BC as one of the earliest forms of exchange. Around 1200 BC in China, shells became the first official form of money used. Ancient Chinese coins from around 1000 BC had holes in the middle so they could be strung together more easily. Around 500 BC, coins made of silver emerged as the earliest coins, first appearing in the region of Lydia, now Turkey. Paper currency developed in China in the 9th-15th centuries but excessive printing led to inflation. Gold became the global monetary standard starting in 1816 but many countries abandoned it during the Great Depression in the 1930s. Digital payments may eventually replace physical currency.
History of colonial money
When colonists first arrived in New England, they faced hardships including a lack of money. Colonial exports were often bartered for English goods instead of paid for with coins. This arrangement was unpopular with colonists. Various forms of money emerged to fill the need, including wampum, commodity money, foreign coins, and paper bills of credit issued by colonies. However, these alternative currencies often faced problems of being difficult to transport, prone to counterfeiting, or issued in excessive amounts, reducing their value. A stable currency system was not achieved until the 1860s.
Spain - history of coins
The document traces the origins and evolution of coins from ancient times to modern day. It begins with the origins of coins in Lydia in the 8th century BC as a way to simplify tax collection. The Greeks then spread the use of coins around the Mediterranean between the 7th-6th centuries BC, minting coins with symbols representing their polis. Coins then arrived in the Iberian Peninsula through colonization and trade, with the Romans introducing coins like the sestertius during their rule of Hispania. Islamic coins circulated during the rule of Al-Andalus from the 8th-15th centuries AD, before the Catholic Monarchs standardized Spanish coinage in 1497. This led to famous
Mankind’s relationship with money
Money, in itself, is nothing – it is a symbol. It can be a shell, a metal coin, or a piece of paper with a historic image on it. The value that people place on the symbol has nothing to do with the physical value of money.
Money derives its value by being a medium of exchange, a unit of measurement and a storehouse for wealth.
Ramesside Shipwrecks
The document discusses two shipwrecks from the Late Bronze Age Mediterranean - Cape Gelidonya from around 1200 BCE and Uluburun from the late 14th century BCE. It describes the cargoes found on each ship, which provide evidence of trade networks between the Aegean, Cyprus, Egypt, and the Levantine coast. The Uluburun shipwreck in particular contained a large variety of goods, such as ingots, weapons, glass, and pottery, indicating it was carrying commodities from multiple places and cultures around the Mediterranean on an established trade route. Analysis of the artifacts suggests the ship was Canaanite or Cypriot and heading to the Aegean with goods transported
Press Release – April 7, 2009 Tentative Agreement to Sell Nalunaq ...
1) The Federal Reserve Bank of New York serves as guardian for the gold reserves of over 60 foreign governments and international organizations, storing over 266 million troy ounces of gold worth around $90 billion.
2) Gold has historically been used as a store of value and medium of exchange, and the gold standard tied currencies to gold until the early 1970s.
3) Foreign entities store their gold reserves at the New York Fed for its security in one of the largest underground gold vaults, convenient services, and location in a major financial hub.
The gold-rush
The Australian gold rushes began in 1851 when gold was discovered in New South Wales by Edward Hargraves. This sparked mass migration to Australia from around the world, fueling a dramatic population increase. Harsh living conditions on the goldfields led to tensions and rebellion, culminating in the Eureka Stockade uprising in 1854. While the gold rushes declined by the 1900s, they transformed Australia by establishing major cities, increasing wealth and diversity. Gold mining remains an important industry today.
Age of exploration
The Age of Exploration took place between the 15th and 17th centuries, as many European countries sent explorers to discover new lands, find trade routes, seek treasure, and gain territory. During this time, much of the world was mapped and many civilizations came into contact with each other. Explorers were motivated by factors like trade, gold, science, land claims, and personal challenge. Notable early explorers included the Vikings like Erik the Red and Leif Erikson, while modern space exploration seeks to advance scientific research and human understanding of the universe.
A brief history of currency
Bartering was one of the earliest forms of currency, where goods and services were directly exchanged between individuals. Cowrie shells then became prevalent as currency in China around 1200 BC. Around 1000 BC, the Chinese began manufacturing metal currency out of copper and bronze, which evolved into coins. The Greeks, Macedonians and Persians then refined coin making, using precious metals like silver, which became the standard around 500 BC. Paper currency was first developed in China in 118 BC using leather and then paper, but its overuse led to devaluation. Modern concepts of currency continue to change with the rise of electronic payments.
the history of money and banking in Southy Africa
The history of money in South Africa began with early indigenous tribes using items like beads, shells, and whale teeth for bartering and as a medium of exchange. Later, iron ingots and pieces became commonly used as money. During colonial times in the 1600s, coins from various European countries circulated. The first paper money, called rix-dollars, was printed in 1782 but rapidly declined in value. Sterling currency from Britain then became more commonly used. In the Transvaal region, gold coins and pounds were minted starting in the late 1800s due to the region's rich gold deposits. Control of minting gradually transferred to the South African government.
The History of Money
Bartering was the original form of exchange before money was developed. Livestock, shells, and beads were some of the early forms of commodity money. Money needs to serve as a medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account. King Croesus created the first coins of gold and silver in 561 BC. Paper currency was first issued in China in 806 AD but led to inflation. Various commodities served as forms of money throughout history. Goldsmith notes marked the early use of banknotes in England in the 1600s. The US established its own currency systems after gaining independence.
moneythingy-111106004618-phpapp02.pdf
Bartering was the earliest form of exchange, followed by the use of livestock, shells, and beads as a medium of exchange. The first coins were created in Lydia in 561 BC, and paper currency was first issued in China in 806 AD. Throughout history, various commodities served as money including wampum, gold, and "Continentals" issued during the Revolutionary War. The US established the dollar and a national bank system in the late 18th century.
Roman city dig, session 10, 2012: Late empire Roman coins, by Andrew Walsh
This document discusses the Roman Empire during the Late Empire period from the 3rd to 5th centuries AD. It describes economic and political instability during the "Crisis of the Third Century" that led Diocletian to split the empire into eastern and western sections. Constantine legalized Christianity and emperors attempted to address currency issues through reforms but faced challenges from coin clipping, debasing, and changing monetary standards.
bronze age.pptx
This document summarizes information about the Bronze Age, including its timeline of approximately 3500-1200 BCE, key characteristics like the development of bronze alloy and early writing/urbanization. It discusses the archaeologist V.Gordan Childe and his studies. Several Bronze Age civilizations are also outlined, such as the Sumerians in Mesopotamia, Minoans in Crete, Cycladic and Helladic cultures in the Aegean islands/mainland. The document concludes by noting that scholars believe a combination of natural disasters like droughts and earthquakes, along with famine and invasions, likely contributed to the collapse of major Bronze Age societies.
Asian Maritime Trade before 1500
To cover over 2 millennium of maritime trade, in the Middle East, India, SE Asia and China under 50 slides, can only give us the briefest gleam into the course of history. To get the benefit of the slides, you will need to set aside some time to read through the contents (This is a very wordy document. It takes time to read). Our perceptions on the maritime contacts are changing too. The discovery in particular of dozens of ancient shipwrecks in Southeast Asia has built up a picture of the historic trade and the technology.I hope in these few slides, would help to understanding an aspect of human civilization on Earth.
Too often our own ego-centric interest becomes a source of our own ignorance.
Freemasonry 201 the lost treasure of the knights templar
The document discusses a theory that the fabled treasure of the Knights Templar, which went missing in the 14th century after the order was suppressed, may be buried on Oak Island off the coast of Nova Scotia. Extensive excavation efforts over two centuries have found booby traps and tunnels designed to flood the excavation site with water, suggesting the treasure is well protected. The Knights Templar had the means, motive and engineering skills to construct such an elaborate system, and may have buried the treasure on Oak Island before fleeing persecution.
Report on HISTORY OF MONEY IN CHINA
history of money, history of china money, chinese money history, money history, report on history of money, History of money by TAYYAB FAROOQ (TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY), world oldest history about money, china coins and cloth money history, intorduction to history of money
Demonitisation
1) Currency has evolved significantly over thousands of years, starting with ancient forms of commodity money like cattle and gold in India as early as 7000 BC.
2) Ancient coins began to emerge in India as early as 1500 BC, taking the form of punch-marked coins issued by different kingdoms and empires. Paper money was first developed in China in the 7th century AD.
3) Coins continued to evolve and spread across kingdoms in India, taking on regional designs and scripts. The Mauryan Empire issued silver karshapanas, while the Gupta dynasty depicted kings on the obverse and deities on the reverse of coins between the 4th-6th centuries AD.
History ofmoney
The document traces the history of money from its origins in barter systems to modern currencies. It discusses how livestock and commodities like cowry shells were some of the earliest forms of money. Coins made of precious metals like silver emerged around 500 BC in places like Libya and Turkey. Paper money was first developed in China and later adopted in Europe. Modern currencies have evolved from coins and banknotes to include electronic payments and credit cards.
Asian Maritime Trade before 1500 v2.0
In 2.0 version of the presentation, I have added several slides on the Srivijaya and of the Chola Empire and reconstruction of the Borobudur ship.
To cover over 2 millennium of maritime trade, in the Middle East, India, SE Asia and China under 50 slides, can only give us the briefest gleam into the course of history. To get the benefit of the slides, you will need to set aside some time to read through the contents. Our perceptions on the maritime contacts are changing too. The discovery in particular of dozens of ancient shipwrecks in Southeast Asia has built up a picture of the historic trade and the technology.
The voyage of the Chinese mariner Zhenghe and his voyages to the Indian Ocean. Until recently it is relatively unknown in the West. When I get started, I found that these spectacular Zhenghe's voyages were only the last brilliant chapter of the Asian Maritime book, before the arrival of the European by sea. As I dig deeper, I discovered dozen of shipwrecks and the achievements went far into the past.
The Srivijaya was the Asian equivalent of the European maritime power, like Venice. Their power was based on the control of the sea-lanes, with a series of ports and they rarely ventured into the hinterlands. This and other powers in Southeast Asia were in turned seeded by an even older maritime power in south India, the Cholas Empire. From India the journey took me further west to the lands of the Arab and Persian, the maritime world of Sinbad the Sailor. Until the arrival of the European and before the development of the Chinese maritime network in the Tang Dynasty, Arab dhows sailed across the ocean and the seas from ends to ends, linking distance people of China to the European. At last, I arrived in Alexandria, the ancient trading hub of the Mediterranean world, a bridge between the East with the West.
In the slides, I have included three incidences of overseas traders being massacred in Chinese history. This is not to put black marks on an otherwise successful Chinese civilisation, but to remind ourselves how history have been sanctified one way or another. History should be a honest account of the past, without distortions and omissions. History is the witness. I hope in these few slides, would help to understanding an aspect of human civilization on Earth. Too often our own ego-centric interest becomes a source of our own ignorance.
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The document summarizes aspects of religion, politics, social class, and fashion during the Middle Ages in Europe. It discusses how Christianity became the dominant religion and how the lives of people were dominated by the Church. It describes the causes and objectives of the Crusades to regain control of Jerusalem from Muslims. It also outlines the feudal system of power and the emergence of religious knight orders like the Templars, Hospitallers, and Teutonic Knights during the Crusades. Finally, it provides details on Gothic jewelry styles, gemstone cutting techniques, and popular jewelry items in the late Middle Ages like brooches, belts, and enameling.
PowerPoint: My Money and Its Development
Money refers to assets that function as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value, while currency is a physical form of money like coins and banknotes used in a particular country. Early civilizations used barter systems and commodity money like gold coins, but these had problems leading to the development of fiat currency not backed by commodities. Modern forms of money include paper currency, credit money in accounts, and digital currencies as society has moved to more abstract representations of value over physical commodities.
Columbus Had A Map
A few years ago, while working at an ad agency in Toronto, after telling a co-worker about my interest in history, and specfically "the mysteries of history", he challenged me to write a movie about one story in particular: the fact that Columbus did not simply decide to sail across the ocean blue to see what was on the other side of the world, but he had a map - one he had obtained from a sea captain. We now know Vikings had explored North America's eastern shores, and it is likely the Chinese had likewise explored the West Coast, long before 1492. I thought, based on what I had read, that the story of Columbus and his various voyages would make a great movie.
Christopher columbus
Christopher Columbus set sail in 1492 to find a western route to India, hoping to access valuable trade goods like gold, silver, spices and silk more quickly than traveling east. While Columbus believed the earth was round, he incorrectly landed in the Americas rather than India. Columbus thought he had reached Asia but had actually discovered a new continent unknown to Europeans at the time.
The Great Pyramid and the Bible (Antediluvian ship near Viminacium.pdf
"The largest ship, 15 meters long and 2.65 meters wide, was found at a depth of about seven meters below the surface of the earth, and Roman graves end at a depth of two meters! That is why it is currently impossible to say from which chronological period the vessels originate. They were found in the same area as the million-year-old mammoth remains, at a depth of 19-20 meters. According to that analogy, the ships would come from a period of 70,000 years ago, which is impossible. That's why we sent their exceptionally well-preserved oak wood for age analysis using the C-14 method, as well as others, because we found ourselves in front of a big and completely mysterious discovery." (Archeologist prof. dr. Miomir Korac)
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Age of exploration
The Age of Exploration took place between the 15th and 17th centuries, as many European countries sent explorers to discover new lands, find trade routes, seek treasure, and gain territory. During this time, much of the world was mapped and many civilizations came into contact with each other. Explorers were motivated by factors like trade, gold, science, land claims, and personal challenge. Notable early explorers included the Vikings like Erik the Red and Leif Erikson, while modern space exploration seeks to advance scientific research and human understanding of the universe.
A brief history of currency
Bartering was one of the earliest forms of currency, where goods and services were directly exchanged between individuals. Cowrie shells then became prevalent as currency in China around 1200 BC. Around 1000 BC, the Chinese began manufacturing metal currency out of copper and bronze, which evolved into coins. The Greeks, Macedonians and Persians then refined coin making, using precious metals like silver, which became the standard around 500 BC. Paper currency was first developed in China in 118 BC using leather and then paper, but its overuse led to devaluation. Modern concepts of currency continue to change with the rise of electronic payments.
the history of money and banking in Southy Africa
The history of money in South Africa began with early indigenous tribes using items like beads, shells, and whale teeth for bartering and as a medium of exchange. Later, iron ingots and pieces became commonly used as money. During colonial times in the 1600s, coins from various European countries circulated. The first paper money, called rix-dollars, was printed in 1782 but rapidly declined in value. Sterling currency from Britain then became more commonly used. In the Transvaal region, gold coins and pounds were minted starting in the late 1800s due to the region's rich gold deposits. Control of minting gradually transferred to the South African government.
The History of Money
Bartering was the original form of exchange before money was developed. Livestock, shells, and beads were some of the early forms of commodity money. Money needs to serve as a medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account. King Croesus created the first coins of gold and silver in 561 BC. Paper currency was first issued in China in 806 AD but led to inflation. Various commodities served as forms of money throughout history. Goldsmith notes marked the early use of banknotes in England in the 1600s. The US established its own currency systems after gaining independence.
moneythingy-111106004618-phpapp02.pdf
Bartering was the earliest form of exchange, followed by the use of livestock, shells, and beads as a medium of exchange. The first coins were created in Lydia in 561 BC, and paper currency was first issued in China in 806 AD. Throughout history, various commodities served as money including wampum, gold, and "Continentals" issued during the Revolutionary War. The US established the dollar and a national bank system in the late 18th century.
Roman city dig, session 10, 2012: Late empire Roman coins, by Andrew Walsh
This document discusses the Roman Empire during the Late Empire period from the 3rd to 5th centuries AD. It describes economic and political instability during the "Crisis of the Third Century" that led Diocletian to split the empire into eastern and western sections. Constantine legalized Christianity and emperors attempted to address currency issues through reforms but faced challenges from coin clipping, debasing, and changing monetary standards.
bronze age.pptx
This document summarizes information about the Bronze Age, including its timeline of approximately 3500-1200 BCE, key characteristics like the development of bronze alloy and early writing/urbanization. It discusses the archaeologist V.Gordan Childe and his studies. Several Bronze Age civilizations are also outlined, such as the Sumerians in Mesopotamia, Minoans in Crete, Cycladic and Helladic cultures in the Aegean islands/mainland. The document concludes by noting that scholars believe a combination of natural disasters like droughts and earthquakes, along with famine and invasions, likely contributed to the collapse of major Bronze Age societies.
Asian Maritime Trade before 1500
To cover over 2 millennium of maritime trade, in the Middle East, India, SE Asia and China under 50 slides, can only give us the briefest gleam into the course of history. To get the benefit of the slides, you will need to set aside some time to read through the contents (This is a very wordy document. It takes time to read). Our perceptions on the maritime contacts are changing too. The discovery in particular of dozens of ancient shipwrecks in Southeast Asia has built up a picture of the historic trade and the technology.I hope in these few slides, would help to understanding an aspect of human civilization on Earth.
Too often our own ego-centric interest becomes a source of our own ignorance.
Freemasonry 201 the lost treasure of the knights templar
The document discusses a theory that the fabled treasure of the Knights Templar, which went missing in the 14th century after the order was suppressed, may be buried on Oak Island off the coast of Nova Scotia. Extensive excavation efforts over two centuries have found booby traps and tunnels designed to flood the excavation site with water, suggesting the treasure is well protected. The Knights Templar had the means, motive and engineering skills to construct such an elaborate system, and may have buried the treasure on Oak Island before fleeing persecution.
Report on HISTORY OF MONEY IN CHINA
history of money, history of china money, chinese money history, money history, report on history of money, History of money by TAYYAB FAROOQ (TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY), world oldest history about money, china coins and cloth money history, intorduction to history of money
Demonitisation
1) Currency has evolved significantly over thousands of years, starting with ancient forms of commodity money like cattle and gold in India as early as 7000 BC.
2) Ancient coins began to emerge in India as early as 1500 BC, taking the form of punch-marked coins issued by different kingdoms and empires. Paper money was first developed in China in the 7th century AD.
3) Coins continued to evolve and spread across kingdoms in India, taking on regional designs and scripts. The Mauryan Empire issued silver karshapanas, while the Gupta dynasty depicted kings on the obverse and deities on the reverse of coins between the 4th-6th centuries AD.
History ofmoney
The document traces the history of money from its origins in barter systems to modern currencies. It discusses how livestock and commodities like cowry shells were some of the earliest forms of money. Coins made of precious metals like silver emerged around 500 BC in places like Libya and Turkey. Paper money was first developed in China and later adopted in Europe. Modern currencies have evolved from coins and banknotes to include electronic payments and credit cards.
Asian Maritime Trade before 1500 v2.0
In 2.0 version of the presentation, I have added several slides on the Srivijaya and of the Chola Empire and reconstruction of the Borobudur ship.
To cover over 2 millennium of maritime trade, in the Middle East, India, SE Asia and China under 50 slides, can only give us the briefest gleam into the course of history. To get the benefit of the slides, you will need to set aside some time to read through the contents. Our perceptions on the maritime contacts are changing too. The discovery in particular of dozens of ancient shipwrecks in Southeast Asia has built up a picture of the historic trade and the technology.
The voyage of the Chinese mariner Zhenghe and his voyages to the Indian Ocean. Until recently it is relatively unknown in the West. When I get started, I found that these spectacular Zhenghe's voyages were only the last brilliant chapter of the Asian Maritime book, before the arrival of the European by sea. As I dig deeper, I discovered dozen of shipwrecks and the achievements went far into the past.
The Srivijaya was the Asian equivalent of the European maritime power, like Venice. Their power was based on the control of the sea-lanes, with a series of ports and they rarely ventured into the hinterlands. This and other powers in Southeast Asia were in turned seeded by an even older maritime power in south India, the Cholas Empire. From India the journey took me further west to the lands of the Arab and Persian, the maritime world of Sinbad the Sailor. Until the arrival of the European and before the development of the Chinese maritime network in the Tang Dynasty, Arab dhows sailed across the ocean and the seas from ends to ends, linking distance people of China to the European. At last, I arrived in Alexandria, the ancient trading hub of the Mediterranean world, a bridge between the East with the West.
In the slides, I have included three incidences of overseas traders being massacred in Chinese history. This is not to put black marks on an otherwise successful Chinese civilisation, but to remind ourselves how history have been sanctified one way or another. History should be a honest account of the past, without distortions and omissions. History is the witness. I hope in these few slides, would help to understanding an aspect of human civilization on Earth. Too often our own ego-centric interest becomes a source of our own ignorance.
History: Middle Ages
The document summarizes aspects of religion, politics, social class, and fashion during the Middle Ages in Europe. It discusses how Christianity became the dominant religion and how the lives of people were dominated by the Church. It describes the causes and objectives of the Crusades to regain control of Jerusalem from Muslims. It also outlines the feudal system of power and the emergence of religious knight orders like the Templars, Hospitallers, and Teutonic Knights during the Crusades. Finally, it provides details on Gothic jewelry styles, gemstone cutting techniques, and popular jewelry items in the late Middle Ages like brooches, belts, and enameling.
PowerPoint: My Money and Its Development
Money refers to assets that function as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value, while currency is a physical form of money like coins and banknotes used in a particular country. Early civilizations used barter systems and commodity money like gold coins, but these had problems leading to the development of fiat currency not backed by commodities. Modern forms of money include paper currency, credit money in accounts, and digital currencies as society has moved to more abstract representations of value over physical commodities.
Columbus Had A Map
A few years ago, while working at an ad agency in Toronto, after telling a co-worker about my interest in history, and specfically "the mysteries of history", he challenged me to write a movie about one story in particular: the fact that Columbus did not simply decide to sail across the ocean blue to see what was on the other side of the world, but he had a map - one he had obtained from a sea captain. We now know Vikings had explored North America's eastern shores, and it is likely the Chinese had likewise explored the West Coast, long before 1492. I thought, based on what I had read, that the story of Columbus and his various voyages would make a great movie.
Christopher columbus
Christopher Columbus set sail in 1492 to find a western route to India, hoping to access valuable trade goods like gold, silver, spices and silk more quickly than traveling east. While Columbus believed the earth was round, he incorrectly landed in the Americas rather than India. Columbus thought he had reached Asia but had actually discovered a new continent unknown to Europeans at the time.
The Great Pyramid and the Bible (Antediluvian ship near Viminacium.pdf
"The largest ship, 15 meters long and 2.65 meters wide, was found at a depth of about seven meters below the surface of the earth, and Roman graves end at a depth of two meters! That is why it is currently impossible to say from which chronological period the vessels originate. They were found in the same area as the million-year-old mammoth remains, at a depth of 19-20 meters. According to that analogy, the ships would come from a period of 70,000 years ago, which is impossible. That's why we sent their exceptionally well-preserved oak wood for age analysis using the C-14 method, as well as others, because we found ourselves in front of a big and completely mysterious discovery." (Archeologist prof. dr. Miomir Korac)
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English as a foreign language learners come in a variety of personalities and learning styles. This presentation briefly explores how a range of teaching materials can help language students
Prof Larry M. Lynch ed s presentation
Larry M. Lynch is a teacher of English as a Foreign Language at the Santiago de Cali University in Cali, Colombia with more than two decades of teacher training experience in EFL / ESL
Fast track English Language Teaching for Tutors
A brief overview of English language teaching for prospective teachers and tutors who wish to know about breaking into private tutoring for English as a foreign language learners
Writing a high scoring exam essay or composition
This document discusses the importance of developing writing competency for EFL learners. It notes that both teachers and students need to improve their writing skills for education, employment, communication, and personal growth. The document then provides several quotes about the value of writing and reading. It outlines some keys to competent writing, such as analyzing the topic, outlining, and using an organized format. The document also discusses different approaches to writing, such as product-based and process-based models. Finally, it provides details on the five-paragraph essay structure and gives assignments for teachers to develop reading and writing workshops.
Introduction to academic writing
Academic writing introduction presentation for English language teacher trainees at the Santiago de Cali University in Cali, Colombia
Use fernhoodled english to make learning fun
This document presents expressions from "Fernhoodled English" and Pennsylvania Dutch that can be used to make learning English fun. It provides examples of convoluted grammatical forms, specialized vocabulary, proverbs, and advice expressions. The document encourages contacting the author for more information on using these types of expressions in English language teaching.
Listening comprehension development in EFL Learners
techniques used in developing listening comprehension skills in English as a foreign language students at the Santiago de Cali University in Cali, Colombia
New years traditions of latin america 2014
This document summarizes several New Year's traditions celebrated in Colombia and other Latin American countries. Some of the traditions include eating 12 grapes at midnight for good luck, wearing or using the color yellow for good fortune in the new year, hiding potatoes under the bed and feeling around to find them without looking for luck, and decorating homes with sheaves of wheat for prosperity. Children also dress up as devils and dance in the streets to earn coins and bring good fortune door-to-door. Special New Year's meals often include lechona (roast stuffed pig) and tamales wrapped in banana leaves. Major cities also illuminate their main streets to celebrate.
Avoiding teacher burnout usc 2016
The document discusses avoiding teacher burnout. It defines a language teacher as a person who teaches language using methodology, knowledge of language and materials, and an in-depth understanding of grammar and language history. It notes that EFL teachers often face large class sizes, limited resources, and mixed-ability students. A quiz is provided to help teachers determine if they are at risk of burnout, which can be caused by lack of preparation, autonomy, student behavior issues, or lack of support. Suggestions to prevent burnout include taking proper breaks, relaxing, giving students more autonomy, and trying new activities. Teachers are assigned to read articles and watch videos on related topics and write about any burnout experiences.
Professional teacher development wk3 USC 2016
English language teacher training course part 3 at the Santiago de Cali University in Cali, Colombia with strategies for earning better salary, recognition and responsability
Formation of English Language Teachers USC 2016
First of a three-part series in English Language Teacher Development in the Santiago de Cali University . Cali, Colombia
Ccca presentation 2015 using 21st century digital tools
Using smart phones in English language classes as an aid to teaching and learning EFL or ESL, Cell phones on!
Grey amazonas toefl exam preparation course program
This document describes a TOEFL exam preparation course that uses a five-step approach to guarantee students' success. The course evaluates students' initial English skills, develops the four key competencies tested on the TOEFL exam, provides test-taking strategies practice, and conducts a post-evaluation. Lessons apply techniques like content-based instruction and task-based learning. The course covers each TOEFL exam section through activities like listening to audio, analyzing grammar structures in context, reading various materials, and developing five-paragraph essays. The experienced instructor is available for support, and the program adapts materials to individual student needs while maintaining an English-only policy.
Exploring the mangrove swamps of jurubida
Nature lover's will delight in the exquisite pleasures of our tour of the Mangoves in Jurubira, located in the Choco region of Colombia's Pacific ocean coast. Included with your stay at Posada Jurubira near Nuqui. Also available are fishing, beach hiking excursions, volcanic thermal hot springs, swimming, snorkeling, salt and fresh water fishing among other nature.based activities in and around the rain forest.
Thermal pools day trip
Soothe away your aches, pains, cares and troubles in a natural volcanic hot spring located near Jurubira in the heart of Colombia's Choco region on the Pacific ocean coast. Tours assure your safety and comfort while you experience nature in full in unspoiled rain forest.
Jurubida vacation 2016
Jurubira in the heart of Colombia's Choco region is a garden spot ideal for your next vacation. Great for a variety of beach, rain forest and related sctivities. A photograher's, fisherman's and nature lover's dream. Near Nuqui on the Pacific coast.
Teaching English Grammar: Comparative expressions using animals
Looking for a new, unique way to teach comparative expressions in English? Check out these slides featuring comparative expressions using animals. Your learners will love these dynamic slides. Be sure to read the accompanying text articles too for more English grammar information you can use in your EFL classroom.
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Creative, dynamic elt materials for teaching english
Creative, dynamic elt materials for teaching english
Listening comprehension development in EFL Learners
Listening comprehension development in EFL Learners
Ccca presentation 2015 using 21st century digital tools
Ccca presentation 2015 using 21st century digital tools
Grey amazonas toefl exam preparation course program
Grey amazonas toefl exam preparation course program
Teaching English Grammar: Comparative expressions using animals
Teaching English Grammar: Comparative expressions using animals
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09 Days Tour To Skardu(By Road): Skardu Ambassador Tours
The 09 Days Tour to Skardu by road offers a breathtaking journey through some of Pakistan’s most spectacular landscapes. Skardu, nestled in the heart of the Karakoram mountain range, is renowned for its stunning vistas, crystal-clear lakes, and rugged terrain.
一比一原版(毕业证书)马来西亚双威大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(毕业证书)马来西亚双威大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
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三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(毕业证书)马来西亚双威大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(毕业证书)马来西亚双威大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(毕业证书)马来西亚双威大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(毕业证书)马来西亚双威大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
ghmc zones and circle and why they are needed
The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) plays a pivotal role in the administration and development of Hyderabad
American Airlines Name Change Policy Highlights.pptx
With the American Airlines name change policy, you can alter the incorrect name on your flight ticket/boarding pass without any fuss. Therefore, it’s essential to understand the major guidelines before requesting a name change/correction. However, if you still encounter any issues, you can navigate to the AA website or approach the airline over the phone. Additionally, you can talk with a flight expert at +1-866-738-0741 to get your problem fixed in a few minutes.
一比一原版(UST毕业证)圣托马斯大学毕业证如何办理
UST毕业证offer【微信95270640】☀《圣托马斯大学毕业证购买》GoogleQ微信95270640《UST毕业证模板办理》加拿大文凭、本科、硕士、研究生学历都可以做,二、业务范围：
★、全套服务：毕业证、成绩单、化学专业毕业证书伪造《圣托马斯大学大学毕业证》Q微信95270640《UST学位证书购买》
文凭办理流程：
1客户提供办理信息：姓名生日专业学位毕业时间等（如信息不确定可以咨询顾问：微信95270640我们有专业老师帮你查询）；
2开始安排制作毕业证成绩单电子图；
3毕业证成绩单电子版做好以后发送给您确认；
4毕业证成绩单电子版您确认信息无误之后安排制作成品；
5成品做好拍照或者视频给您确认；
6快递给客户（国内顺丰国外DHLUPS等快读邮寄）。
7完成交易删除客户资料
高精端提供以下服务：
一：圣托马斯大学圣托马斯大学硕士学位证成绩单全套材料从防伪到印刷水印底纹到钢印烫金
二：真实使馆认证（留学人员回国证明）使馆存档
三：真实教育部认证教育部存档教育部留服网站可查
四：留信认证留学生信息网站可查
五：与学校颁发的相关证件1:1纸质尺寸制定（定期向各大院校毕业生购买最新版本毕,业证成绩单保证您拿到的是鲁昂大学内部最新版本毕业证成绩单微信95270640）
A.为什么留学生需要操作留信认证?
留信认证全称全国留学生信息服务网认证,隶属于北京中科院。①留信认证门槛条件更低,费用更美丽,并且包过,完单周期短,效率高②留信认证虽然不能去国企,但是一般的公司都没有问题,因为国内很多公司连基本的留学生学历认证都不了解。这对于留学生来说,这就比自己光拿一个证书更有说服力,因为留学学历可以在留信网站上进行查询!
B.为什么我们提供的毕业证成绩单具有使用价值？
查询留服认证是国内鉴别留学生海外学历的唯一途径但认证只是个体行为不是所有留学生都操作所以没有办理认证的留学生的学历在国内也是查询不到的他们也仅仅只有一张文凭。所以这时候我们提供的和学校颁发的一模一样的毕业证成绩单就有了使用价值。乌龟和王八贼头贼脑的倒也逗人喜爱日上三竿时山娃总爱窜进自家瓜棚里跟小伙伴们坐着聊天聊着聊着便忍不住往瓜田里逡巡一番抱起一只硕大的西瓜用石刀劈开抑或用拳头砸开每人抱起一大块就啃啃得满嘴满脸猴屁股般的红艳大家一个劲地指着对方吃吃地笑瓜裂得古怪奇形怪状却丝毫不影响瓜味甜丝丝的满嘴生津遍地都是瓜横七竖八的活像掷满了一地的大石块摘走二三只爷爷是断然发现不了的即便发现爷爷也不恼反而教山娃辨认孰熟孰嫩孰甜孰淡水
How Safe Is Manta Ray Night Snorkeling In Kona
Discover the exhilarating world of manta ray night snorkeling in Kona, Hawaii. Led by expert guides, participants witness these majestic creatures feeding on plankton under mesmerizing underwater lights. With stringent safety measures, environmental responsibility, and emergency preparedness, enjoy this unique adventure responsibly and securely with trusted tour operators.
定制(cardiff学位证书)英国卡迪夫大学毕业证本科学历原版一模一样
原版定制【微信:bwp0011】《(cardiff学位证书)英国卡迪夫大学毕业证本科学历》【微信:bwp0011】成绩单 、雅思、外壳、留信学历认证永久存档查询，采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信bwp0011】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信bwp0011】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
Southwest Airlines Low Fare Calendar: The Ultimate Guide
Travelling doesn't have to be expensive, especially with tools like the Southwest Airlines Low Fare Calendar at your disposal. This guide will take you through everything you need to know about using this feature to snag the best deals on your flights. Whether you're a seasoned traveller or planning your first trip, this guide will ensure you get the most out of your budget.
Colombia Historical Tour - savvytravelers
Discover Colombia's history with a specialized historical tour by Savvy Travelers!
Frontier Airlines at Boston Logan International Airport (BOS) Comprehensive G...
Frontier Airlines at Boston Logan International Airport (BOS) Comprehensive G...AirportCityTerminals Terminals
Traveling with Frontier Airlines through Boston Logan International Airport offers a budget-friendly and efficient experience. With the modern facilities at Terminal C, extensive services, and amenities provided by Frontier, passengers can enjoy a comfortable journey. Whether you're a frequent flyer or a first-time traveler, this guide aims to help you navigate BOS with ease and make the most of your trip.What Should You Expect On Austin's History Tour
Explore Austin's dynamic history and cultural tapestry on a captivating journey. From its origins as Texas' capital to architectural marvels like the Texas State Capitol and cultural hubs such as the Driskill Hotel. Dive into its diverse heritage, legendary music scene, key historical moments, natural beauty, and vibrant culinary delights.
What Budget-Friendly Attractions Does San Antonio Offer For Families
A list of budget-friendly things that families can do in San Antonio! Dive into its rich history and vibrant culture at iconic landmarks like the Alamo. Explore colorful Market Square and stroll along the scenic River Walk. Enjoy family-friendly fun at Brackenridge Park and capture breathtaking views at the Tower of the Americas—all without breaking the bank!
Bahrain Visa For Indians, Complete Process
Our Bahrain Visa PowerPoint Presentation offers a detailed and comprehensive guide to the Bahrain visa application process. It is designed to assist travelers, travel agents, and businesses in navigating the various visa types, including tourist, business, work, student, and family visas. Each section provides an in-depth look at eligibility criteria, required documents, and step-by-step application procedures. Additionally, the presentation includes valuable tips for avoiding common application mistakes, an overview of processing times, and details on fees and payment methods. This presentation aims to ensure a smooth and successful visa application experience, making travel to Bahrain as seamless as possible.
What Is The United Airlines Change Name Policy?
Passengers who request name modification after the risk-free period have to pay the United Airlines name change fee. Furthermore, in some cases, travelers have to pay the difference in fare if applicable. The airline doesn’t permit you to make other modifications (date change, fare classes, time, etc) under the name correction policy. Moreover, before you proceed, you must get all related information comprehensively. For that, you can call the consolidation desk at +1-800-865-1848 and get instant response.
Inca Trail to Machu Picchu An Unforgettable Adventure
The Inca Trail to Machu Picchu is an unforgettable adventure, blending stunning natural beauty with rich history. Over four days, trekkers traverse diverse landscapes, from lush cloud forests to high mountain passes, encountering ancient Inca ruins along the way. Each step brings you closer to the awe-inspiring sight of Machu Picchu, revealed at sunrise from the Sun Gate. The journey is challenging but incredibly rewarding, offering a profound sense of accomplishment. With its combination of breathtaking scenery and cultural significance, the Inca Trail to Machu Picchu is a must-do for those seeking an extraordinary adventure in Peru.
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House of Coins Museum - Bogota, Colombia
- 1. HOUSE of COINS MUSEUM Bogota, Colombia
- 2. During the Colonial Period of Colombia and other developing regions, a way of exchanging value in trading needed to be established
- 3. Barter and Gold were soon widely accepted
- 4. Bags of gold dust or gold nuggets were difficult to measure and not precise in size or weight …
- 5. … so small stamped ingots or coins were produced to make controlling the weight or amount easier to disperse when trading
- 6. an early period stamped gold
- 7. As coin minting presses became larger …
- 8. … with more precise minting dies and …
- 10. … likewise, coins became more sophisticated with standardized text and images denoting their origin, weight and the government
- 13. … becoming larger, faster, more powerful and more spophisticated with passing
- 14. Governments produced standardized weights to verify coin shipment quantity. This is a 12.5 kilogram weight from 1629 Spain
- 15. For transporting large amounts of gold and metal coins aboard ships or across land, the three-lock strong box was invented for safe keeping. Each key was held by a different person so no one person could open the box
- 16. Alonso Turrillo de Yerba, Army Captain, engineer, and financier was one such person so entrusted by the Spanish government
- 17. Even more sophisticated safes developed in the
- 18. By the mid-1800s to early 1900s, safes featured multiple combination locks, and all metal, fire proof construction for storing gold, stamped coins and the dies used to produce them.
- 19. Now you can relax in the Coin Museum courtyard
- 20. To learn more, take the tour Photos and presentation by: Prof. Larry M. Lynch proflmlynch@gmail.com