International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This paper is a mathematical study for finding the amount of solar radiation on the surface of the
Photovoltaic (PV) system affected due to the variation in the slope (tilt angle) of the PV system along with the
background theory of the attenuation of the solar radiation. The power density is maximum when the solar moduleabsorbing
surface is perpendicular to the sun and in all other cases module power is always lesser than the incident
power. Hence extra addition of panels with fixed tilt is no longer economical viable when electricity demand
increases. Theoretical estimation of solar radiation on the slope of the PV surface from the radiation available on
the horizontal surface is evaluated and the results are presented on the basis of the data available and proposed
mathematical model for the calculation of the total amount of solar radiation on tilted surface.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This paper is a mathematical study for finding the amount of solar radiation on the surface of the
Photovoltaic (PV) system affected due to the variation in the slope (tilt angle) of the PV system along with the
background theory of the attenuation of the solar radiation. The power density is maximum when the solar moduleabsorbing
surface is perpendicular to the sun and in all other cases module power is always lesser than the incident
power. Hence extra addition of panels with fixed tilt is no longer economical viable when electricity demand
increases. Theoretical estimation of solar radiation on the slope of the PV surface from the radiation available on
the horizontal surface is evaluated and the results are presented on the basis of the data available and proposed
mathematical model for the calculation of the total amount of solar radiation on tilted surface.
Predictive Analysis of Global Solar Radiation in Awka Using Statistical Error...ijtsrd
Information on the accessibility of solar radiation at a location is an imperative factor in choosing appropriate solar energy system and devices for several applications. Sunshine hours, rainfall, cloud cover, atmospheric pressure data measured in Awka 06.20°N, 07.00°E , Anambra state for a period of nine 2005– 2013 were used to create Angstrom type regression equations models for estimating the global solar radiation received on a horizontal surface in Awka. The results of the correlation were also tested for error using statistical test methods of the mean bias error, MBE, root mean square error, RMSE, and mean percentage error, MPE, to calculate the performance of the models. It was perceived that combination of parameters could be used to estimate the total solar radiation incident on a location. Nwokoye, A. O. C | Mbadugha, A. O "Predictive Analysis of Global Solar Radiation in Awka Using Statistical Error Indicators" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41310.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comphysics/nanotechnology/41310/predictive-analysis-of-global-solar-radiation-in-awka-using-statistical-error-indicators/nwokoye-a-o-c
Ozone and Aerosol Index as radiation amplification factor of UV index over Eg...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Operational Data Fusion Framework for Building Frequent Land sat-Like ImageryKaashivInfoTech Company
An operational data fusion framework was built to generate dense time-series Landsat-like images by fusing MODIS data products and Landsat imagery.
The spatial and temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model (STARFM) was integrated in the framework. Compared with earlier implementations of the STARFM, several improvements have been incorporated in the operational data fusion framework.
These include viewing an- gular correction on the MODIS daily bidirectional reflectance, precise and automated coregistration on MODIS and Landsat paired images, and automatic selection of Landsat and MODIS paired dates. Three tests that use MODIS and Landsat data pairs from the same season of the same year, the same season of two different years, and different seasons from adjacent years were performed over a Landsat scene in northern India using the integrated STARFM operational framework.
The results show that the accuracy of the predicted results depends on the data consistency between the MODIS nadir bidirectional-reflectance- distribution-function-adjusted reflectance and Landsat surface reflectance on both the paired dates and the prediction dates.
When MODIS and Landsat reflectances were consistent, the max- imum difference of the predicted results for all Landsat spectral bands, except the blue band, was about 0.007 (or 5.1% relatively). However, differences were larger (0.026 in absolute and 13.8% in relative, except the blue band) when two data sources were inconsistent.
In an extreme case, the difference for blue-band reflectancewasaslargeas0.029(or39.1%relatively).Case studies focused on monitoring vegetation condition in central India and the Hindu Kush Himalayan region. In general, spatial and tem- poral landscape variation could be identified with a high level of detail from the fused data. Vegetation index trajectories derived from the fused products could be associated with specific land cover types that occur in the study regions.
The operational data fusion framework provides a feasible and cost-effective way to build dense time-series images at Landsat spatial resolution for cloudy regions.
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Comparative Study of Selective Locations (Different region) for Power Generat...ijceronline
The sun is the primary source of energy. The sun, which is the largest member of the solar system,is a sphere of intensely hot gaseous matter having a diameter of 1.30 x 109 m, and at an average distance 1.495 x 1011 from the earth. An definite knowledge of the solar radiation distribution at a particular geographical location is of huge importance for the progress and development of many solar energy devices and for estimates of their performance as well as install new solar power plant. In this study, the measured or estimate data of global solar radiation on a horizontal surface and number of Bright Sunshine Hours (BSH) for Gujarat was analyzed of different locations. The solar energy potential (BSH) of several locations in Gujarat is received by compiling data from Agricultural Universities,Anand, S.K.Nagar, Navsari and Junagadh. These Universities are located in different region central Gujarat,North Gujarat,South Gujarat and Saurashtra respectively. Forecasting of power generation from weibull probability density function. Measured data put in the equation of weibull probability density function and find out shape parameter and scale parameter. After apply the Statistical test Corelation-coefficient (R2 ) and analysis the data for preference of selective locations.
EMPLOYING MULTI CORE ARCHITECTURE TO OPTIMIZE ON PERFORMANCE, FOR APPROACH IN...IAEME Publication
Cloud detection is an important task in meteorological application. Cloud information is especially important for now-casting purposes [1] and as an input for different satellite based estimation of atmospheric and surface parameters [2 -4]. The solar energy is the principal source of energy in the solar system. Clouds have high reflectance and absorption property which is used to distinguish them with land, water or sea area. There is critical demand to develop application, which can calculate the presence of cloud by using the available satellite image processing data, so that prediction of radiated solar energy can be optimised and energy budget can be predicted more easily.
Estimation of Solar Radiation over Ibadan from Routine Meteorological Parameterstheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Predictive Analysis of Global Solar Radiation in Awka Using Statistical Error...ijtsrd
Information on the accessibility of solar radiation at a location is an imperative factor in choosing appropriate solar energy system and devices for several applications. Sunshine hours, rainfall, cloud cover, atmospheric pressure data measured in Awka 06.20°N, 07.00°E , Anambra state for a period of nine 2005– 2013 were used to create Angstrom type regression equations models for estimating the global solar radiation received on a horizontal surface in Awka. The results of the correlation were also tested for error using statistical test methods of the mean bias error, MBE, root mean square error, RMSE, and mean percentage error, MPE, to calculate the performance of the models. It was perceived that combination of parameters could be used to estimate the total solar radiation incident on a location. Nwokoye, A. O. C | Mbadugha, A. O "Predictive Analysis of Global Solar Radiation in Awka Using Statistical Error Indicators" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41310.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comphysics/nanotechnology/41310/predictive-analysis-of-global-solar-radiation-in-awka-using-statistical-error-indicators/nwokoye-a-o-c
Ozone and Aerosol Index as radiation amplification factor of UV index over Eg...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Operational Data Fusion Framework for Building Frequent Land sat-Like ImageryKaashivInfoTech Company
An operational data fusion framework was built to generate dense time-series Landsat-like images by fusing MODIS data products and Landsat imagery.
The spatial and temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model (STARFM) was integrated in the framework. Compared with earlier implementations of the STARFM, several improvements have been incorporated in the operational data fusion framework.
These include viewing an- gular correction on the MODIS daily bidirectional reflectance, precise and automated coregistration on MODIS and Landsat paired images, and automatic selection of Landsat and MODIS paired dates. Three tests that use MODIS and Landsat data pairs from the same season of the same year, the same season of two different years, and different seasons from adjacent years were performed over a Landsat scene in northern India using the integrated STARFM operational framework.
The results show that the accuracy of the predicted results depends on the data consistency between the MODIS nadir bidirectional-reflectance- distribution-function-adjusted reflectance and Landsat surface reflectance on both the paired dates and the prediction dates.
When MODIS and Landsat reflectances were consistent, the max- imum difference of the predicted results for all Landsat spectral bands, except the blue band, was about 0.007 (or 5.1% relatively). However, differences were larger (0.026 in absolute and 13.8% in relative, except the blue band) when two data sources were inconsistent.
In an extreme case, the difference for blue-band reflectancewasaslargeas0.029(or39.1%relatively).Case studies focused on monitoring vegetation condition in central India and the Hindu Kush Himalayan region. In general, spatial and tem- poral landscape variation could be identified with a high level of detail from the fused data. Vegetation index trajectories derived from the fused products could be associated with specific land cover types that occur in the study regions.
The operational data fusion framework provides a feasible and cost-effective way to build dense time-series images at Landsat spatial resolution for cloudy regions.
http://kaashivinfotech.com/
http://inplanttrainingchennai.com/
http://inplanttraining-in-chennai.com/
http://internshipinchennai.in/
http://inplant-training.org/
http://kernelmind.com/
http://inplanttraining-in-chennai.com/
http://inplanttrainingchennai.com/
Comparative Study of Selective Locations (Different region) for Power Generat...ijceronline
The sun is the primary source of energy. The sun, which is the largest member of the solar system,is a sphere of intensely hot gaseous matter having a diameter of 1.30 x 109 m, and at an average distance 1.495 x 1011 from the earth. An definite knowledge of the solar radiation distribution at a particular geographical location is of huge importance for the progress and development of many solar energy devices and for estimates of their performance as well as install new solar power plant. In this study, the measured or estimate data of global solar radiation on a horizontal surface and number of Bright Sunshine Hours (BSH) for Gujarat was analyzed of different locations. The solar energy potential (BSH) of several locations in Gujarat is received by compiling data from Agricultural Universities,Anand, S.K.Nagar, Navsari and Junagadh. These Universities are located in different region central Gujarat,North Gujarat,South Gujarat and Saurashtra respectively. Forecasting of power generation from weibull probability density function. Measured data put in the equation of weibull probability density function and find out shape parameter and scale parameter. After apply the Statistical test Corelation-coefficient (R2 ) and analysis the data for preference of selective locations.
EMPLOYING MULTI CORE ARCHITECTURE TO OPTIMIZE ON PERFORMANCE, FOR APPROACH IN...IAEME Publication
Cloud detection is an important task in meteorological application. Cloud information is especially important for now-casting purposes [1] and as an input for different satellite based estimation of atmospheric and surface parameters [2 -4]. The solar energy is the principal source of energy in the solar system. Clouds have high reflectance and absorption property which is used to distinguish them with land, water or sea area. There is critical demand to develop application, which can calculate the presence of cloud by using the available satellite image processing data, so that prediction of radiated solar energy can be optimised and energy budget can be predicted more easily.
Estimation of Solar Radiation over Ibadan from Routine Meteorological Parameterstheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Sørg alltid for å få nok søvn før du starter på en lang kjøretur.Vær sikker på at bilen er i førsteklasses stand, at dekkene har nok luft og at bensintanken er full. Også i tåke blir sikten dårligere, og da bør du unngå forbikjøringer.
URL:http://www.nokiantyres.no/innovativt-arbeide/sikkerhet/billige-dekk/
Dossier informativo sobre el año escolar 2015-2016 en Irlanda, Cork.English Options
Como funciona el sistema educativo en Irlanda. Ventajas del sistema educativo irlandés. Función de nuestro coordinador local.Normas de conducta para los estudiantes.
Population Vulnerability Assessment Around Alpg Storage And Distribution Faci...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Noen tips om sikker kjøring, husk varseltrekant og refleksvest, fyll opp tanken før det er for sent, fyll på luft i dekkene, Sjekk batteriet.
URL:http://www.nokiantyres.no/forhandler/finn/
Concevoir un discours de l'ouverture à la conclusion avec les tips qu'il faut. Contactez-nous sur: interactivemadagascaratgmail.com pour des formations sur la negotiation; team building.
In this work, we have developed a comparison between solar radiation values
measured in Morocco and values estimated by two theoretical models proposed in the
literature by various researchers. The selected site is the synoptic station of the city of
Fez in Morocco, in which meteorological and radiometric data are continuously
collected. For the two chosen theoretical models, the first model is the Barbaro et al
(1977) and Davies el al (1975) model for direct and diffuse rays respectively, based
on the kasten (1980) model for the determination of the Linke turbidity values as an
atmospheric turbidity parameter. The second model differs from the first by using the
Ineichen and Perez (2002) model using atmospheric transmittance for the
determination of the atmosphere turbidity, the transmittance values will be calculated
using the Schillings et al. (2004) model. Comparing the two models applied to the case
of Morocco resulted in the decision that the model of Ineichen and Perez (2002) is
best suited to the climatic conditions in Morocco with the lowest normalized square
error of 7%, taking into account the locals climatic conditions of the site investigated
Good daylighting and shading design in urban outdoors not only provides a comfortable luminous environment, but also delivers energy savings and
comfortable environments for surroundings, particularly in the hot arid climate. Yet, it can lead to a reduction in the daylight availability leading to visual
discomfort. According to the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA, 2000, 2011), it is essential that daylight effects be considered in
any space where daylight is admitted, even if it is not exploited as a light source, in order to reduce the need for artificial lighting. Therefore, an analysis
of solar access and shading is necessary for to assure visual comfort underneath the shading tents. This paper attempts to investigate seven different
shading scenarios addressing the solar radiation access underneath, in compliance with ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2007 recommendations,
by employing DIVA, which is an integration of Radiance and DAYSIM with thermal load simulation using Energy Plus within [1].
This paper is meant to give a brief outlook on the potential of solar energy in Sudan and how to calculate it. First, the procedure of calculating the total irradiance based on real weather data is highlighted and the amount of energy generated per year is then calculated. Second, the orientation of a PV module on the capital city of Khartoum is discussed as well as the implication of the local weather on the module efficiency. Finally, the amount of electricity needed to satisfy the national demand is given based on these calculations and considering other losses in the system.
Studying the factors affecting solar power generation systems performance ( S...IJERA Editor
Solar energy is a huge, clean and renewable source of energy. It is also available everywhere on the earth. However, there are many technical and economic difficulties need to be solved so that solar energy becomes a strong competition against the traditional energy sources. Energy from the sun can be used successfully in electric power generation systems. Depending on the climate conditions and the use of a properly designed, installing and maintained system can meet a large demand in this request. Work plane for this research will include many steps, the first step will include an introduction to solar energy. The second step will be a short review of the solar energy availability, geometry, fields of applications and the largest commercial application of solar energy is the solar thermal power generation. In addition, the most common types of solar thermal power plants, the solar field, heat transfer fluid and the power conversion system types will be explained in detail. The third step, a simple analysis for the solar thermal power plant will be explained in order to predict the optimum conditions leading to maximum performance. Discussions of results will be the fourth step. The last step a conclusion and recommendation for future work will also be included.
Modeling Of a Bucket Air Cooler by Using Solar EnergyIJMER
In a conventional energy sources day to day decreasing in their energy levels. Going green and conservation as much energy as possible has become the focal point in their eyes of the world. There are many sources of energy available to us that will conserve our natural resources and decrease on harmful emissions that are destroying our environment. Many energy sources available in world like
hydro electrical, thermal, mechanical, solar, tidal, bio gas, wave, wind, geothermal, ocean thermal energy. Many incentives are now available to individuals and industries who implement the use of this ecofriendly environment through in this direction we are selected solar energy is main sources.Our design and construction of a bucket air cooler by using solar energy is new alternative to
conventional energy sources. We set out to create an air cooler that does not create any harmful
emissions in environment and provide no pollution in the surrounding. The solar power as the main energy sources to help in the project work. It is providing to cooling the enclosed space and also measured the temperature levels of before and after in absorbed enclosed space.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Modeling Of a Bucket Air Cooler by Using Solar EnergyIJMER
In a conventional energy sources day to day decreasing in their energy levels. Going green
and conservation as much energy as possible has become the focal point in their eyes of the world.
There are many sources of energy available to us that will conserve our natural resources and decrease
on harmful emissions that are destroying our environment. Many energy sources available in world like
hydro electrical, thermal, mechanical, solar, tidal, bio gas, wave, wind, geothermal, ocean thermal
energy. Many incentives are now available to individuals and industries who implement the use of this
ecofriendly environment through in this direction we are selected solar energy is main sources.
Our design and construction of a bucket air cooler by using solar energy is new alternative to
conventional energy sources. We set out to create an air cooler that does not create any harmful
emissions in environment and provide no pollution in the surrounding. The solar power as the main
energy sources to help in the project work. It is providing to cooling the enclosed space and also
measured the temperature levels of before and after in absorbed enclosed space
Forecasting long term global solar radiation with an ann algorithmmehmet şahin
and energy-efficient buildings, solar concentrators, photovoltaic-systems and a site-selection of sites for future
power plants). To establish long-term sustainability of solar energy, energy practitioners utilize versatile
predictive models of G as an indispensable decision-making tool. Notwithstanding this, sparsity of solar sites,
instrument maintenance, policy and fiscal issues constraint the availability of model input data that must be
used for forecasting the onsite value of G. To surmount these challenge, low-cost, readily-available satellite
products accessible over large spatial domains can provide viable alternatives. In this paper, the preciseness of
artificial neural network (ANN) for predictive modelling of G is evaluated for regional Queensland, which
employed Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land-surface temperature (LST) as an
effective predictor. To couple an ANN model with satellite-derived variable, the LST data over 2012–2014 are
acquired in seven groups, with three sites per group where the data for first two (2012–2013) are utilised for
model development and the third (2014) group for cross-validation. For monthly horizon, the ANN model is
optimized by trialing 55 neuronal architectures, while for seasonal forecasting, nine neuronal architectures are
trailed with time-lagged LST. ANN coupled with zero lagged LST utilised scaled conjugate gradient algorithm,
and while ANN with time-lagged LST utilised Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. To ascertain conclusive results,
the objective model is evaluated via multiple linear regression (MLR) and autoregressive integrated moving
average (ARIMA) algorithms. Results showed that an ANN model outperformed MLR and ARIMA models
where an analysis yielded 39% of cumulative errors in smallest magnitude bracket, whereas MLR and ARIMA
produced 15% and 25%. Superiority of an ANN model was demonstrated by site-averaged (monthly) relative
error of 5.85% compared with 10.23% (MLR) and 9.60 (ARIMA) with Willmott's Index of 0.954 (ANN), 0.899
(MLR) and 0.848 (ARIMA). This work ascertains that an ANN model coupled with satellite-derived LST data
can be adopted as a qualified stratagem for the proliferation of solar energy applications in locations that have
an appropriate satellite footprint.
Comparative Studies of the Measured and Predicted Values of Global Solar Radi...YogeshIJTSRD
This study was aimed at utilizing the monthly mean values of global solar radiation, sunshine hours, rainfall, wind speed, atmospheric pressure and cloud cover to develop an empirical equation for estimation global solar radiation on a horizontal surface for Awka 6.2 °N, 7.0 °E for nine year period 2005 – 2013 . The regression constants were obtained using regression analysis and the predicted values of global solar radiation calculated. The measured values of global solar radiation were compared with the predicted using different models. The result showed that the deviations were minimal. Validation of the results was tested using MBE, RMSE and MPE. The values of R and R2 were also determined for each model. Of all these meteorological parameters sunshine hours, rainfall, wind speed, atmospheric pressure and cloud cover used in this study only sunshine hours was found to have a direct correlation with global solar radiation. Result obtained show that all the models except model 4 were in good agreement with the measured global solar radiation considering their MBE, RMSE and MPE values. However, considering the RMSE, models 5 and 6 gave better predictions of R which indicate that about 94.8 of variation in the monthly mean solar radiation on a horizontal surface can be accounted for by the models. Therefore, either model 5 or model 6 can be used for predicting global solar radiation for Awka and other locations with similar climate conditions. Nwokoye, A. O. C. | Mbadugha, A. O. "Comparative Studies of the Measured and Predicted Values of Global Solar Radiation for Awka, Nigeria using Selected Seven Models" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43919.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/43919/comparative-studies-of-the-measured-and-predicted-values-of-global-solar-radiation-for-awka-nigeria-using-selected-seven-models/nwokoye-a-o-c
This paper reviews in brief about solar radiation and pyranometer to measure the same.In order
to assess the availability of solar energy arriving on the earth, measurement of solar radiation at some locations
is essential. From measurements, empirical models are developed to predict the availability of solar energy at
other locations.[8] The common, commercial pyranometer design uses a thermopile, setting up a voltage
proportional to the radiation based on temperature readings. This necessitates temperature
compensation.Using photovoltaic silicon cells, instead of thermocouples, the global irradiance as well as its
direct and diffuse components to great accuracy can be measured. Pyranometer is basically just comprised of
two solar cells and a voltage amplifier.
Design and implementation of smart electronic solar tracker based on ArduinoTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Demand of energy increases in the global and exponential exhaustion is favored of resources by
fossil fuel for electricity production with the new systems development. Compared with all other remainder
energies, the specialist sun energy is the most bountiful energy and it's typically easy to be changed into
electrical energy. The main thing of using solar panel is to produce electrical energy from sun's energy but
the optimum energy can be generated by tracking solar panel due to the sun movement from east to west.
The problem can be solved by proposed systems where the sun tracking by solar panel that based on high
intensity of sun ray. This paper concentrates on tracking the sun by using servo motor coupled with solar
panel. So that, the largest quantity of sun light at the incident panel along the day at any time is better than
that for method of fixed panel array which is less efficient. The microcontroller Arduino (mode UNO) was
programmed by using C++ language while the track of sun light processing was implemented by using
light depending resistor (LDR), Chip IC H-bridge and microcontroller Arduino (UNO) circuits have been
designed by using Proteus software. By circuit design and sun tracking control process, the cost reduction
has been improved and high amount of energy was saved when implemented this system.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4
Hottel's Clear Day Model for a typical arid city - Jeddah
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org ||Volume 4 Issue 6|| June 2015 || PP.32-37
www.ijesi.org 32 | Page
Hottel’s Clear Day Model for a typical arid city - Jeddah
Ahmad Islahi1
, Saani Shakil1
, Mostafa Hamed2
1,2
Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
ABSTRACT : Saudi Arabia falls under the arid region and receives high intensity solar radiation throughout
the year. Hottel’s clear day model (proposed in 1976)is very suitable for Jeddah city since it has comparatively
high visibilty and has a low altitude of 12 m. This paper implements Hottel’s model for Jeddah and gives a clear
comparison between the experimental values( obtained through TMY data)and the calculated values. This
model is significant and notable for remote areas and developing countries which does not have sophisticated
equipments for solar insolation calculation.
KEYWORDS – direct normal radiation, Hottel’s clear day model, solar energy,
Nomenclature
θz solar zenith angle Ih,d global diffuse horizontal solar
irradiance, W/m2
A Altitude Ion direct extraterrestrial normal irradiance,
W/m2
B radiation distribution index IT solar irradiance on the tilted surface,
W/m2
a, b terms that account for the incident angle on
the sloped surface
IT,b direct-normal (beam) component of
solar irradiance on the tilted surface,
W/m2
F1 circumsolar coefficient IT,d diffuse component of solar irradiance on
the tilted surface, W/m2
F2 brightness coefficient IT,d,iso isotropic diffuse component of solar
irradiance on the tilted surface, W/m2
TF tilt factor IT,d,cs circumsolar diffuse component of solar
irradiance on the tilted surface, W/m2
I0 extraterrestrial irradiance, W/m2
IT,d,hb horizontal brightening diffuse
component of solar irradiance on the
tilted surface, W/m2
Isc solar constant, W/m2
IT,d,g reflected ground diffuse component of
solar irradiance on the tilted surface,
W/m2
Ibn direct-normal solar irradiance, W/m2
m relative optical air mass,
Ih global horizontal solar irradiance, W/m2
Rb variable geometric factor which is a
ratio of tilted and horizontal solar beam
irradiance,
Ih,b direct-normal component of solar irradiance
on the horizontal surface, W/m2
F11, f12,
f13, f21,
f22, f23
statistically derived coefficients derived
from empirical data for specific
locations as a function of e
2. Hottel’s Clear Day Model for a typical arid city - Jeddah
www.ijesi.org 33 | Page
I. INTRODUCTION
Solar radiation is the main driving force for the Earth’s weather and climate. It is also the prime source
for renewable energy technologies. Solar energy technologies can satisfy the current energy demand and at the
same time reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. It follows from scientific and engineering research
within the field that accurate terrestrial solar radiation data and derived models can improve the detection of
long-term climate change, the validation of Earth radiation budget estimates, and the deployment of solar energy
systems. But, accurate assessment of solar energy at the Earth’s surface is difficult due to spatial, temporal and
angular variability. These variations emphasise the need for localised solar radiation measurements and
models[1].The power from the sun intercepted by the earth is approximately 1.8 x 1011
MW, which is many
thousands of times larger than the present consumption rate on the earth of all commercial energy sources. Solar
energy could supply all the present and future energy needs of the world on a continuing basis. This makes it
one of the most promising of the unconventional energy sources. Solar energy has two other factors in the favor.
Firstly, unlike fossil fuels and nuclear power, it is environmentally clean source of energy. Secondly, it is free
and available in adequate quantities in almost all parts of the world where people live. Also it has no heavy
mechanical section and is free from noise [2].
The modeling of the clear sky irradiance components of solar radiation is necessary in many
applications of solar energy (systems design and simulation, control process of the accuracy of radiometers, data
quality control, gaps filling process, etc.), as well as in routine engineering practice (e.g., the peak cooling load
of buildings is determined for a hot, cloudless, summer day.) A number of models of varying complexity have
been proposed in the literature, spanning from simple empirical formulae to highly sophisticated spectral codes
[3]. Solar irradiance is defined as the amount of electromagnetic energy incident on a surface per unit time and
per unit area. The energy emitted by the Sun passes through space until it is intercepted by planets, other
celestial objects, or interstellar gas and dust. Solar irradiance includes extraterrestrial irradiance and surface
irradiance. Extraterrestrial irradiance refers to the upper bound irradiance which is not affected by the
aerosphere and weather conditions but depends on the Earth’s rotation and revolution. Extraterrestrial irradiance
is related to the latitude, the Sun elevation angle, date and the time of the day [4].
The different types of solar radiation models are listed below
Isotropic sky (1942)
Klucher (1979).
Hay and Davies (1980).
Reindl (1990).
Muneer (1997).
Perez et al. (1987).
Perez et al. (1990).
1.2. Solar Radiation Models
The Total solar irradiation [5] for a surface at an angle is given by the sum of the beam component
from direct irradiation and the diffuse component. The complete equation containing all diffuse components for
Total solar irradiance is given by the equation
(1)
1.2.1 Isotropic sky model
The isotropic sky model [6, 7] is the simplest model that assumes all diffuse radiation is uniformly
distributed over the sky dome and that reflection on the ground is diffuse. For surfaces tilted by an angle b from
the horizontal plane, total solar irradiance can be written as
(2)
1.2.2 Klucher model
Klucher [8] found that the isotopic model gave good results for overcast skies but underestimates
irradiance under clear and partly overcast conditions, when there is increased intensity near the horizon and in
the circumsolar region of the sky. The model developed by Klucher gives the total irradiation on a tilted plane as
shown in the equation below
3. Hottel’s Clear Day Model for a typical arid city - Jeddah
www.ijesi.org 34 | Page
(3)
where F' is a clearness index given by
(4)
The first of the modifying factors in the sky diffuse component takes into account horizon brightening;
the second takes into account the effect of circumsolar radiation. Under overcast skies, the clearness index F'
becomes zero and the model reduces to the isotropic model.
1.2.3 Hay–Davies model
In the Hay–Davies model, diffuse radiation from the sky is composed of an isotropic and circumsolar
component [9] and horizon brightening is not taken into account. The anisotropy index A defined in the
equation below represents the transmittance through atmosphere for beam radiation.
(5)
The anisotropy index is used to quantify a portion of the diffuse radiation treated as circumsolar with the
remaining portion of diffuse radiation assumed isotropic. The circumsolar component is assumed to be from the
sun’s position. The total irradiance is then computed
(6)
1.2.4 Reindl model
In addition to isotropic diffuse and circumsolar radiation, the Reindl model [10] also accounts for
horizon brightening and employs the same definition of the anisotropy index A as described above. The total
irradiance on a tilted surface can then be calculated as
(7)
Reflection on the ground is again dealt with like the isotropic model. Due to the additional term in
above equation representing horizon brightening, the Reindl model provides slightly higher diffuse irradiances
than the Hay–Davies model.
1.2.5 Muneer model
Muneer’s model is summarized by Muneer [11]. In this model the shaded and sunlit surfaces are treated separately,
as are overcast and non-overcast conditions of the sunlit surface. A tilt factor representing the ratio of the slope
background diffuse irradiance to the horizontal diffuse irradiance is calculated from the equation below
(8)
For surfaces in shade and sunlit surfaces under overcast sky conditions, the total radiation on a tilted plane is
given by
(9)
Sunlit surfaces under non-overcast sky conditions can be calculated using the equation below
(10)
The values of the radiation distribution index B depend on the particular sky and azimuthal conditions,
and the location. For European locations, Muneer recommends fixed values for the cases of shaded surfaces and
sun-facing surfaces under an overcast sky, and a function of the anisotropic index for non-overcast skies.
1.2.6 Perez model
Compared with the other models described, the Perez model is more computationally intensive and
represents a more detailed analysis of the isotropic diffuse, circumsolar and horizon brightening radiation by
using empirically derived coefficients [12]. The total irradiance on a tilted surface is given by
(11)
4. Hottel’s Clear Day Model for a typical arid city - Jeddah
www.ijesi.org 35 | Page
Here, F1 and F2 are circumsolar and horizon brightness coefficients, respectively, and a and b are terms
that take the incidence angle of the sun on the considered slope into account. The terms a and b are computed as
θ (12)
θ (13)
The brightness coefficients and depend on the sky condition parameters clearness and
brightness . These factors are defined as
(14)
(15)
F1 and F2 are then computed as
(16)
(17)
The coefficients , , , , , and were derived based on a statistical analysis of empirical
data for specific locations. Two different sets of coefficients were derived for this model [12].
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Hottel’s model
There are many models for solar irradiance which are used to calculate the value of radiation at different locations
and these models are utilized for horizontal and inclined surface [4]. For clear sky Hottel has given a simple model for
evaluating transmittance of beam radiation. The elevation, day number, and the zenith angle of the location are the only
required input. According to this model the atmospheric transmittance for beam radiation is given by
(18)
where is the direct normal irradiance and is the extraterrestrial radiance. The is given by
(19)
and is the solar constant which is equals to and N is the number of day from 01 to 365.
Hottel defined the atmospheric transmittance as
(20)
where is the solar zenith angle. Therefore, the direct normal irradiance is now given by
(21)
where , , and are constants. For altitudes less than 2.5km the constants is given by
(22)
(23)
(24)
For an urban haze atmosphere, the constants are given by
(25)
(26)
(27)
where A is the elevation of the location above sea level in km.
5. Hottel’s Clear Day Model for a typical arid city - Jeddah
www.ijesi.org 36 | Page
III. RESULTS
3.1 Implementation of Hottel model for Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
In this study Solar data for Jeddah, Saudi Arab is required which is given in the table below
Table.1 Jeddah geographical matrix
Degree of longitude 39.21
Degree of latitude 21.48
Altitude above sea level 12 m
Visibility 5km > avg/year
Time Zone AST (UTC+3)
The local data of Jeddah was used in the equations for a clear sky model by Hottel (equations 19, 21 to 24)
Average Direct normal irradiation (DNI) (eq. 21) was calculated for every day of the year and a graph was
obtained (Fig. 1).
The trendline equation (equation 28) from the graph (Fig.1) could be used for prediction of DNI and could yield
results close to the experimental values.
(28)
Fig.1 Hottel Clear sky Model for Jeddah
3.2 Comparison between Hottel’s Model and Experimental Values
A comparison is between the values obtained using Hottel’s model and Values obtained from typical
meteorogical year data (TMY) were plotted (Fig. 2). The blue dots indicate the average daily direct normal
irradiance obtained using Hottel’s model, and the red dots indicate the values obtained from TMY data of
Jeddah city. An average error of 19.8 is observed between the measured and experimental values and is about
9.1%, hence it could be considered acceptable.
6. Hottel’s Clear Day Model for a typical arid city - Jeddah
www.ijesi.org 37 | Page
Fig.2 Comparison between Hottel’s model and Experimental values
IV. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
The results clearly show that there is not a great variation between the radiation values predicted by
Hottel’s model and the measured values as indicated. Although this model shows great variation in other
locations, little variation in Jeddah location is observed due to stability in the weather throughout the year. With
an altitude of 12m and typical desert topology of the surrounding, the city enjoys a very high visibility with an
exception of desert storms once or twice a year.
There is a possibility of reducing the error in the model calculation by obtaining some correction
factors to apply to the results. The use of radiation models has a great significance for places without access of
basic equipment for solar measurement in many locations in the world like African countries. Incidentally these
locations enjoy high solar insolation throughout the year; therefore it is all the more important to have such
models for prediction of solar insolation.
REFERENCE
[1] Meena D. Lysko, “Measurement and Models of Solar Irradiance”, page 11.
[2] S.P. Sukhatme, J.K. Naik, “Solar Energy: Principles of Thermal Collection and Storage”, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2008, page
23.
[3] Empirical validation of models to compute solar irradiance on inclined surfaces for building energy simulation P.G. Loutzenhiser
a,b,*, H. Manz a , C. Felsmann c , P.A. Strachan d , T. Frank a , G.M. Maxwell b, page 254.
[4] J.A. Duffie, W.A. Beckman, “Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes”, 2nd ed., John Wiley & SONS INC., NEW YORK, NY, USA,
1991, PAGES 40–44.
[5] Willson, Richard C. "Total solar irradiance trend during solar cycles 21 and 22."Science 277.5334 (1997), pages 1963-1965.
[6] Hottel and Woertz, "Thermal theory and modeling of solar collectors", MIT press, Cambridge, MA 1990.
[7] Benjamin Y.H. Liu and Richard C. Jordan, "The interrelationship and characteristic distribution of direct, diffuse, ad total solar
radiation", 1960.
[8] Klucher, Thomas M. "Evaluation of models to predict insolation on tilted surfaces." Solar energy 23.2 (1979), pages 111-114.
[9] Hay, John E., and John A. Davies. "Calculation of the solar radiation incident on an inclined surface." Proc. of First Canadian Solar
Radiation Data Workshop (Eds: JE Hay and TK Won), Ministry of Supply and Services Canada. Vol. 59. 1980.
[10] Reindl, D. T., W. A. Beckman, and J. A. Duffie. "Evaluation of hourly tilted surface radiation models." Solar Energy 45.1 (1990),
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[11] Gul, Mehreen S., Tariq Muneer, and Harry D. Kambezidis. "Models for obtaining solar radiation from other meteorological
data." Solar Energy 64.1 (1998), pages 99-108.
[12] Richard Perez, Pierre Ineichen, Robert Seals, Joseph Michalsky, And Ronald Stewart, "Modeling Daylight Availability And
Irradiance Components From Direct And Global Irradiance", Solar Energy Vol. 44. No. 5, 1990, pages 271-289