This document discusses the field of hospital sociology. It notes that modern hospitals are complex social systems with many goals, staff, and divisions of labor. Hospitals have evolved from charitable institutions to centers for active medical treatment and teaching. They function as hotels, schools, laboratories, and treatment centers. The administrative structure tries to manage conflicts between staff. Hospitals also represent class divisions. Each hospital has its own culture and community it serves. The document then discusses various roles within hospitals like doctors, nurses, medical social workers, and the sociological study of hospitals.
https://userupload.net/6jbhjqr3gczd
Behavioural sciences explore the cognitive processes within organisms and the behavioural interactions between organisms in the natural world. It involves the systematic analysis and investigation of human and animal behavior through the study of the past, controlled and naturalistic observation of the present, and disciplined scientific experimentation and modeling. It attempts to accomplish legitimate, objective conclusions through rigorous formulations and observation.[1] Examples of behavioral sciences include psychology, psychobiology, anthropology, and cognitive science. Generally, behavior science deals primarily with human action and often seeks to generalize about human behavior as it relates to society
This ppt contains all the information about the Modes of intervention. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
The course imparts the basic concepts and understanding in Sociological and Anthropological subject matter, theories, concepts, trends and cultural systems. The course aims to impart the basic concepts and the knowledge in medical sociology/anthropology, socialization in health, culture and health, provider consumer relationships in public health, indigenous health care system and alternative health care practices.
Culture is deeply involved in matters of personal hygiene, nutrition, immunization, seeking early medical care, family planning -in short, the whole way of life. Different cultures are there in different societies which may or may not have positive effects on health.
Urban health - issues and challenges.
Kindly note that this presentation focusses more specifically on the Indian scenario even though the concepts are applicable everywhere
This presentation will help to get an insight into Epidemiological methods and describes details of Descriptive epidemiology. It will be useful to medical researcher as an initial input.
In this presentation you will get the knowledge about changing concepts of health.
the changing concepts of health has been categorised as follows:
1.Biomedical concept
2.Ecological concept
3.Psychological concept
4.Holistic concept
this presentation will contains problem of old age, how can they affect the life of geriatric peoples, prevention and control of geriatric problems, national program for better health of old peoples, initiations done by private trusts to improve their health
https://userupload.net/6jbhjqr3gczd
Behavioural sciences explore the cognitive processes within organisms and the behavioural interactions between organisms in the natural world. It involves the systematic analysis and investigation of human and animal behavior through the study of the past, controlled and naturalistic observation of the present, and disciplined scientific experimentation and modeling. It attempts to accomplish legitimate, objective conclusions through rigorous formulations and observation.[1] Examples of behavioral sciences include psychology, psychobiology, anthropology, and cognitive science. Generally, behavior science deals primarily with human action and often seeks to generalize about human behavior as it relates to society
This ppt contains all the information about the Modes of intervention. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
The course imparts the basic concepts and understanding in Sociological and Anthropological subject matter, theories, concepts, trends and cultural systems. The course aims to impart the basic concepts and the knowledge in medical sociology/anthropology, socialization in health, culture and health, provider consumer relationships in public health, indigenous health care system and alternative health care practices.
Culture is deeply involved in matters of personal hygiene, nutrition, immunization, seeking early medical care, family planning -in short, the whole way of life. Different cultures are there in different societies which may or may not have positive effects on health.
Urban health - issues and challenges.
Kindly note that this presentation focusses more specifically on the Indian scenario even though the concepts are applicable everywhere
This presentation will help to get an insight into Epidemiological methods and describes details of Descriptive epidemiology. It will be useful to medical researcher as an initial input.
In this presentation you will get the knowledge about changing concepts of health.
the changing concepts of health has been categorised as follows:
1.Biomedical concept
2.Ecological concept
3.Psychological concept
4.Holistic concept
this presentation will contains problem of old age, how can they affect the life of geriatric peoples, prevention and control of geriatric problems, national program for better health of old peoples, initiations done by private trusts to improve their health
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
2. • Modern hospital is a
social universe
• Multiplicity of goals
• Profusion of personnel
• Fine division of labor
• Patient is hospital‟s client
3. Structure:
- Dynamic in structure & function
- Consistent with changes in
community
- Evolution of hospital: from a
charitable institution to take
last refuge, to take last breath
Institution concerned with
active medical treatment in
liaison with modern medical
sciences
- Provision of teaching to
medical & nursing personnel
4. - Research activities
designed to increase
medical knowledge
- Hospital today function
as : Hotel, School,
Laboratory, A large set
up for treatment
- Administrative
machinery runs the
hospital & tries to diffuse
conflicts between
administrative &
professional staff
5. - Democratic ideals not
has been achieved in
hospital structure:
wards, semi- private,
private rooms
represents class division
- Each patients expects
TLC from hospitals
- Each hospital has its
ambience, work-culture,
emotional atmosphere,
staff patterns,
community served by it
6. - An occupational group
- Distinguished by certain
characteristics
- Professional body controls the right to
practice
- License to practice embodied in
legislation
- Awarded to those with a certain level
of competence
- Indian Medical Council Act passed on
1933, revised 1956
7. - Maintenance of all India
registrar
- State Medical Councils
controls the right to practice
- Certain standards of practice
& personal conducts are
imposed
- Professional misconduct→
rights to practice medicine is
withdrawn
8. o Traditional Physician: self
employed small
businessman having “solo-
practice” & charging fee
o Development of diagnostic
& therapeutic techniques→
involvement of skilled
manpower & large scale
investment→ large non-
medicos involved
9. o Longstanding practice of subsidizing
medical education & medical care
o Rapid development of insurance &
other prepayment financial facilities
o Demand for provision of best possible
health care for all irrespective of
financial status
o Medical education with knowledge,
experience, dedication may lead the
way to develop better future
10. o Many recognized specialties &
sub-specialties
o Less interpersonal contact
between doctor & patient
o ↑jurisdictional disputes
between specialties, between
specialist & generalist
o Specialization→ divides doctor
& patient, de-personification,
social role of medicine is
forgotten, lopsided
development of health
sciences, strained traditional
doc- pt relationship
11. o Doctor possesses technical
superiority, knowledge, skill
o Doctor exercises authoritative role
over patient
Levels of Communication between
doctor & patient:
i. Communication on emotional plane:
ii. Communication on cultural plane:
awareness on culture & social
organization of the community
iii. Communication on intellectual
plane: reduction of social distance
between doctor & patient
12. o Doctor‟s ability to communicate
patients on all three planes brings
out maximal psychological
satisfaction to the patient
Qualities sullying reputation of a
doctor:
- Lack of sympathy
- Unfriendly
- Greedy
- Differentiating between rich & poor
Patient not behaving up to doctor‟s
expectation→”un-cooperative”
13. o Medicine & Nursing share common goal
o preservation & restoration 0f health
o The primary role of medicine →
diagnosis & treatment ═ cure
o The primary role of nursing →care
↔caring, helping, comforting, guiding
o Doctor assumes authoritarian role→
role of nurse get unnoticed
o Nurses to take up more instrumental
role pertaining to treatment &
diagnosis
14. - a sub-discipline of social work
- also known as “Hospital Social Work”
- Began in 1895 in England through
Almoner
- Main technique- “case work”
- Finds out social background of illness,
helps doctor in social diagnosis,
treatment, concluding prognosis
- Main purpose→ to help sick people,
through best use of patient‟s
capabilities & community resources
- Personal & social adjustments in the
community through rehabilitation
15. o A paramedical worker who has been
trained in in social case work &
interviewing
o MSWs are employed in hospitals, tb
clinics, cancer control centers, family
planning clinics; fields of mental
health, maternal & child welfare,
school & university health services
o typically work on an interdisciplinary
team with professionals of other
disciplines such as medicine,
nursing; physical, occupational,
speech and recreational therapy, etc.
16. o Visits the family & probe into the
personal, economic, & social cause of
illness & collect social history to supplement
medical history
o In chronic debilitating illness
(tb, leprosy, polio) MSW aids in
rehabilitation
o Medical social workers play a critical role in
the area of discharge planning. One
responsibility of medical social workers is to
collaborate in the development of a
discharge plan that will meet the patient's
needs and allow the patient to leave the
hospital in a timely manner.
o Essential professional colleague of doctor in
17. o Ancient codes on medical ethics:
Hippocrates, Indian, Chinese;
based on patient‟s welfare
o Modern codes have an added
social dimension, responsibility for
health & concern for justice
o HFA 2000 emphasized on social
justice with equitable distribution of
resources by sharing of
responsibilities on health by
individual & community
o Progress in medical biotechnology
o Progressing social changes
18. o Recognition of human rights &
freedom, individual autonomy
o Balance between patient‟s interest
with those of society
o Explosion of expensive medical
technologies & consequent rise in
people‟s expectation→ problem of
best use of scarce resources
o Policy makers under pressures:social,
economic, political, technological
o Potential of modern biotechnology:
organ transplantation, infertility,
combating hereditary disease,
postponing death, manipulating
genetic makeover
19. o Modern days patient exercise
autonomy & informed consent:
whether or not to accept or continue
with treatment, to participate in
research, to permit use of personal
health data, stand for or against pre-
conceptional research, organ donation,
withdrawal of life support system
o Researcher has special responsibilities
to safeguard the rights of deprived &
oppressed, those subjected to
drug/vaccine trials & epidemiological
studies
20. o The Act on 1986, paved way for speedy
redressal of grievances of consumer
o Medical profession was kept into its
ambit
o Rapid commercialization has gradually
eroded the faith & respect of society
towards medical professionals
o A quick, efficacious, economic remedy
o If a patient or relations feel suffering or
death of the patient is because of
negligence of either concerned doctor
or health facility, they can complain to
the MCI or Consumer Court
21. o Medical council can only cancel the
registration of the concerned doctor
but cannot punish him or award a
compensation
o Consumer courts can only provide
compensation based on opinion or
expert certificate from doctor of
concerned specialty
o Courts can be: District Consumer
court, State Commission, National
Commission
22. I. Right to information on healthcare services, availability,
diagnosis & treatment
II. Right to have information about professionals involved in care
III. Right to safety from errors & malpractice
IV. Right to confidentiality & privacy
V. Right to have prompt treatment in an emergency
VI. Right to get copies of medical records
VII. Right to informed consent
VIII.Right to refuse to participate in human experiment & research
IX. Right to be informed about the rules & regulations of the
hospital applicable to the patient & facilities to be obtained by
patient
X. Right to choose & to seek 2nd opinion about the disease &
treatment
XI. Right to complain & have compensation within reasonably shor
23.
24. o Secure information through face to face
interaction & hence obtain the picture of the
complete personality, wide enough to
encompass the social & psychological
background of the concerned
o To formulate hypothesis
o To collect personal data for quantitative
purposes
o To collect data from persons regarded as
secondary sources of information
25. a) Direct/Structured: a schedule containing a set
of predetermined question is administered by
the researcher into to without any alteration
b) Non-directive/Unstructured: no predetermined
sets of questions are asked instead free
discussion with subject is allowed to narrate
his/her own story along with her own
opinion/reaction
c) Focused Interview: used to study social &
psychological effects of mass communication
regarding experience, attitude & emotional
response
d) Repetitive interview: used to the gradual
influence of any social or psychological process
26. 1. Establishment of contact
2. Commencement of an interview
3. Establishment of rapport
4. Recall
5. Probing
6. Encouragement
7. Guiding the interview
8. Recording
9. Closing
10.report
27. :
• Exploring the problem:
• Psychological support
• True perception of the problem
• Summarization of the problem
• Modification of the environment
• Partialisation of the problem
• Recording
28. • Reserved vs. Outgoing personality
• Less intelligent vs. More intelligent
• Emotionally Unstable vs. Emotionally
Stable
• Assertive vs. Humble
• Expedient vs. Conscientious
• Tough vs. Tender/Feeble Minded
• Forthright vs. Shrewd
• Undisciplined vs. Controlled
• Placid vs. Apprehensive
• Relaxed vs. Tensed
29. o May be defined as the application of scientific
methods of investigation to the study of complex
human organization or services
o a discipline that deals with the application of advanced
analytical methods to help make better decisions
o Sociological science
o Concerned with the team/group working together to
introduce beneficial changes
o It aims to ensure optimal utilization of resources in
men,material & money to the service of the community
o It strives to develop new knowledge about existing
program, institution,use of facilities, about people
working there, about beneficiaries( individuals &
30. • Problem formulation
• Data collection (sampling if necessary)
• Data Analysis & Formulation of
Hypothesis
• Deriving solution from
hypothesis/„Model‟
• Choice of Optimal solution & Forecast
Result
• Testing of Solutions
• Implementation of Solution in the whole
system
31. • varies with type of work
• Minimum composition in a
social medicine application:
- Public health administrator
- Epidemiologist
- Statistician
- Social scientist
- Ancillary workers:
clerks, peons, field workers
- Headed by
director, responsible for
32. A. Part Problem
B. Whole Problem
o Finding out optimal size of area/population
to be covered by midwife/basic health unit
o Ideal vehicle for local health worker
o Problems of queue in OPDs & waiting lists
in hospitals
o Architectural design of hospitals & health
centers
o Study of bed-load & nursing services in
teaching & non-teaching hospitals
33. o Length of stay in hospitals &
length of absence due to
sickness
o Extent to which the stated
objective of the program have
been achieved
o Quality of medical care
services
o Outbreak investigations
Observation & Classification
social medicine
OR
Discovery & Recommendation