The study sought to examine home environment as a predictor of academic performance for children with learning disabilities in the Buea Municipality, South West Region of Cameroon. The main was to find out the effect of home environment on the academic performance of children with learning disabilities. The study design was a survey. The study population was made up of the pupils of the three selected primary schools in the Buea municipality in the South West Region of Cameroon. The purposive sampling technique was also used to select the sample for the study. And the sample was 50 pupils with learning disabilities. Data was obtained through the use of a written exercise for the learners with learning disabilities. Data were analysed using an Epi Data and findings were presented in frequencies, and proportions. Multiple Responses Analyses was also used for the grounding of concepts that emerged from the open-ended questions. The Chi-Square test of equality of proportions was used to compare proportions for significant difference. The relationship between conceptual components was assessed using Spearman Rho correlation test. Findings from the study indicated that there was a significant relationship between home environment and academic performance of children with learning disabilities. This means that for persons with learning disabilities to perform academically well in school the home factor must be taken into consideration such as parents' socio-economic factors, parental involvement, parents' level of education and home location. Esonwo Emeaka Francisca | Payne Rosaline Mezoh "Home Environment as A Predictor of Academic Performance of Pupils with Learning Disabilities in Buea, South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19067.pdf Direct URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/19067/home-environment-as-a-predictor-of-academic-performance-of-pupils-with-learning-disabilities-in-buea-south-west-region-of-cameroon/esonwo-emeaka-francisca
Home Location as a Predictor of Academic Performance of Children with Learnin...YogeshIJTSRD
The study sought to examine home location as a predictor of academic performance of children with learning disabilities in the Buea Municipality, South West Region of Cameroon. The study design was the purposive survey. The study population was made up of all children with learning disabilities in primary schools in the Buea Municipality in the South West Region of Cameroon. The purposive sampling technique was also used to select the sample for the study. Data was obtained through the use of a written exercise for the learners with learning disabilities. Data was analyzed using Epi data and result presented in frequencies, and proportions. Multiple Responses Analysis was also used for the grounding of concepts that emerged from the open ended questions. Chi Square test of equality of proportions was used to compare proportions for significant difference. Relationship between conceptual components was accessed using Spearman Rho Correlation test. Findings from the study indicated that there was a significant relationship between home location and academic performance of children with learning disabilities. Conclusively, there was a significant relationship between home location and academic performance of children with learning disabilities. This means that for persons with learning disabilities to academically perform well in school, the home factor towards education must be taken into consideration such as home location. Dr. Esonwo Emeaka Francisca | Dr. Ojong Angela Ojong "Home Location as a Predictor of Academic Performance of Children with Learning Disabilities in the Buea Municipality, South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41313.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comhumanities-and-the-arts/education/41313/home-location-as-a-predictor-of-academic-performance-of-children-with-learning-disabilities-in-the-buea-municipality-south-west-region-of-cameroon/dr-esonwo-emeaka-francisca
This document summarizes a study on parental participation in student homework in Kenya. The study found that although parents were willing to be involved, many socioeconomic factors hindered their participation, including illiteracy and low income. Homework was often incomplete or not done at all, and students were punished as a result. The lack of a clear homework policy in Kenya contributed to these issues. The study concluded that developing an inclusive homework policy that considers socioeconomic and cultural factors could help address these problems and improve student learning outcomes.
The Influence of Parental Education in Pre-School Preference in Nyamira Divis...paperpublications3
Abstract: This study determines the parental level education in pre-school preference for their young children in Nyamira division Kenya. The objective of this study was to determine the parents’ level of education that influences pre-school preference. The target population was 79 head teachers, 227 pre-school teachers and 4200 parents whose children are in pre-school from both public and private schools. The study adopted descriptive research design and was informed by the Bromfenbrenner’s ecological theory of human development. The sampled population was done by 10%, Mugenda and Mugenda (2006 ) the data collection instruments were questionnaires and interview schedules. Simple random techniques and purpose techniques were used to select primary school head teacher, pre-school teachers and parents. Using simple random sampling techniques 10% of the parents were selected while using purposive sampling primary school head teachers and pre-school head teachers were selected by 10%. The data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The descriptive statistics was used to describe and summarize data in form of frequencies distribution tables and means. The inferential statistics was used to make inference sand draw conclusions. The findings were that parents with a minimum of secondary school education had their children admitted in private, expensive but well performing pre-schools. Those who are with low education attainment preferred to admit their children in cheap, low performing or average performing pre-schools. The recommendations were that parents should be enlightened on the importance of pre-school education and being taken to workshops to improve their literacy. The key recommendation was that the school stakeholders such as parents, Directors and the government should provide work in collaboration to provide learners with best learning environment regardless of the educational background of their parents.
Parental involvement as a determinant of academic performance of gifted under...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the role of parental involvement in enhancing the academic performance of underachieving gifted students in Akinyele Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria.
2) A questionnaire and interviews were used to collect data from 100 randomly selected underachieving gifted students, ranging from ages 17-19.
3) The findings showed that there were no significant differences in academic performance between students with single vs dual parents, students whose parents live in urban vs rural areas, and students whose parents have low vs high socioeconomic status.
Parent education and high school achievementSamira Rahmdel
This document summarizes a study that explored the relationship between parental education level and student achievement in English as a foreign language. The study administered tests of English language achievement and collected demographic data from 1352 high school students in Iran. Statistical analysis found that students whose parents had secondary education or higher scored significantly higher on the English test than students whose parents had primary education. However, there was no significant difference between students whose parents had secondary versus higher education. The results provide evidence that higher parental education levels are positively associated with higher student achievement in English as a foreign language.
Dynamics of Deviant Behaviour on the Academic Participation of Early Adolesce...ijtsrd
Once students enter the school setting, their behaviors, interpersonal relations, and emotional adjustments contribute to their successful academic development. Positive school behaviors and interpersonal relations represent good adjustments in the school setting, whereas negative school behaviors and interpersonal relations represent poor school adjustments. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of deviant behaviour on the academic achievement of early adolescents in the Limbe I Sub Division. This study used the descriptive survey as a design for the research study. The main instruments used were the questionnaire an interview and observation. Purposive sampling was adopted. Three secondary schools were selected. A pilot study was used on one school to improve on the clarity and relevance of the instruments. The study revealed that deviant behaviour has a very detrimental effect on academic achievement of students. Most teachers use corporal punishment as a means of managing deviant behaviour in schools. The teachers used exclusion as the last resort to pupils who have deviant behaviour. The Results also indicated that individual inattentive behaviors and classroom-level of externalizing behaviors negatively and significantly predicted academic performance three years later. Overall, results here confirmed the previous literature supporting the negative effects of inattentive behaviors and classroom-level externalizing behaviors on the students academic grades and achievement test scores. Therefore, indicators of deviant behavior (aggression, withdrawal and bullying) had an influence on the academic achievement of students with deviant behaviours. Recommendations were made to teachers, parents and other stakeholders to help curb deviant beaviours not just in schools but at home and in the community. Patrick Fonyuy Shey | Tani Emmanuel Lukong"Dynamics of Deviant Behaviour on the Academic Participation of Early Adolescents, Limbe Sub-Division, South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd9417.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/9417/dynamics-of-deviant-behaviour-on-the-academic-participation-of-early-adolescents-limbe-sub-division-south-west-region-of-cameroon/patrick-fonyuy-shey
The document summarizes the findings of a large 2005 UK government study on the impact of single-sex versus coeducational schooling. The study analyzed over 350,000 students across nearly 3,000 schools. It found that for most students, single-sex schooling had little effect on academic performance compared to coeducational schools. However, it did find improvements for some groups, such as girls in non-selective schools and boys in selective schools. The document also discusses debates around other factors that influence performance and the challenges in isolating the impact of school type. Overall, the study offers an unbiased analysis but does not fully settle debates on the issue.
Cultural practices and education in ghana the effects of traditional culture...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the effects of traditional Ghanaian culture on parental involvement in education. The study used interviews and document analysis to examine perspectives of community elders, parents, teachers, and administrators at a community school. The study found that traditional cultural norms and beliefs strongly influence how parents allocate resources, with cultural conformity being prioritized over education. Specifically, parents provide little support for their children's education, like not providing books or school supplies. However, parents will spend money on cultural events. The study aims to understand this disconnect and how culture impacts the value parents place on education.
Home Location as a Predictor of Academic Performance of Children with Learnin...YogeshIJTSRD
The study sought to examine home location as a predictor of academic performance of children with learning disabilities in the Buea Municipality, South West Region of Cameroon. The study design was the purposive survey. The study population was made up of all children with learning disabilities in primary schools in the Buea Municipality in the South West Region of Cameroon. The purposive sampling technique was also used to select the sample for the study. Data was obtained through the use of a written exercise for the learners with learning disabilities. Data was analyzed using Epi data and result presented in frequencies, and proportions. Multiple Responses Analysis was also used for the grounding of concepts that emerged from the open ended questions. Chi Square test of equality of proportions was used to compare proportions for significant difference. Relationship between conceptual components was accessed using Spearman Rho Correlation test. Findings from the study indicated that there was a significant relationship between home location and academic performance of children with learning disabilities. Conclusively, there was a significant relationship between home location and academic performance of children with learning disabilities. This means that for persons with learning disabilities to academically perform well in school, the home factor towards education must be taken into consideration such as home location. Dr. Esonwo Emeaka Francisca | Dr. Ojong Angela Ojong "Home Location as a Predictor of Academic Performance of Children with Learning Disabilities in the Buea Municipality, South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41313.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comhumanities-and-the-arts/education/41313/home-location-as-a-predictor-of-academic-performance-of-children-with-learning-disabilities-in-the-buea-municipality-south-west-region-of-cameroon/dr-esonwo-emeaka-francisca
This document summarizes a study on parental participation in student homework in Kenya. The study found that although parents were willing to be involved, many socioeconomic factors hindered their participation, including illiteracy and low income. Homework was often incomplete or not done at all, and students were punished as a result. The lack of a clear homework policy in Kenya contributed to these issues. The study concluded that developing an inclusive homework policy that considers socioeconomic and cultural factors could help address these problems and improve student learning outcomes.
The Influence of Parental Education in Pre-School Preference in Nyamira Divis...paperpublications3
Abstract: This study determines the parental level education in pre-school preference for their young children in Nyamira division Kenya. The objective of this study was to determine the parents’ level of education that influences pre-school preference. The target population was 79 head teachers, 227 pre-school teachers and 4200 parents whose children are in pre-school from both public and private schools. The study adopted descriptive research design and was informed by the Bromfenbrenner’s ecological theory of human development. The sampled population was done by 10%, Mugenda and Mugenda (2006 ) the data collection instruments were questionnaires and interview schedules. Simple random techniques and purpose techniques were used to select primary school head teacher, pre-school teachers and parents. Using simple random sampling techniques 10% of the parents were selected while using purposive sampling primary school head teachers and pre-school head teachers were selected by 10%. The data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The descriptive statistics was used to describe and summarize data in form of frequencies distribution tables and means. The inferential statistics was used to make inference sand draw conclusions. The findings were that parents with a minimum of secondary school education had their children admitted in private, expensive but well performing pre-schools. Those who are with low education attainment preferred to admit their children in cheap, low performing or average performing pre-schools. The recommendations were that parents should be enlightened on the importance of pre-school education and being taken to workshops to improve their literacy. The key recommendation was that the school stakeholders such as parents, Directors and the government should provide work in collaboration to provide learners with best learning environment regardless of the educational background of their parents.
Parental involvement as a determinant of academic performance of gifted under...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the role of parental involvement in enhancing the academic performance of underachieving gifted students in Akinyele Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria.
2) A questionnaire and interviews were used to collect data from 100 randomly selected underachieving gifted students, ranging from ages 17-19.
3) The findings showed that there were no significant differences in academic performance between students with single vs dual parents, students whose parents live in urban vs rural areas, and students whose parents have low vs high socioeconomic status.
Parent education and high school achievementSamira Rahmdel
This document summarizes a study that explored the relationship between parental education level and student achievement in English as a foreign language. The study administered tests of English language achievement and collected demographic data from 1352 high school students in Iran. Statistical analysis found that students whose parents had secondary education or higher scored significantly higher on the English test than students whose parents had primary education. However, there was no significant difference between students whose parents had secondary versus higher education. The results provide evidence that higher parental education levels are positively associated with higher student achievement in English as a foreign language.
Dynamics of Deviant Behaviour on the Academic Participation of Early Adolesce...ijtsrd
Once students enter the school setting, their behaviors, interpersonal relations, and emotional adjustments contribute to their successful academic development. Positive school behaviors and interpersonal relations represent good adjustments in the school setting, whereas negative school behaviors and interpersonal relations represent poor school adjustments. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of deviant behaviour on the academic achievement of early adolescents in the Limbe I Sub Division. This study used the descriptive survey as a design for the research study. The main instruments used were the questionnaire an interview and observation. Purposive sampling was adopted. Three secondary schools were selected. A pilot study was used on one school to improve on the clarity and relevance of the instruments. The study revealed that deviant behaviour has a very detrimental effect on academic achievement of students. Most teachers use corporal punishment as a means of managing deviant behaviour in schools. The teachers used exclusion as the last resort to pupils who have deviant behaviour. The Results also indicated that individual inattentive behaviors and classroom-level of externalizing behaviors negatively and significantly predicted academic performance three years later. Overall, results here confirmed the previous literature supporting the negative effects of inattentive behaviors and classroom-level externalizing behaviors on the students academic grades and achievement test scores. Therefore, indicators of deviant behavior (aggression, withdrawal and bullying) had an influence on the academic achievement of students with deviant behaviours. Recommendations were made to teachers, parents and other stakeholders to help curb deviant beaviours not just in schools but at home and in the community. Patrick Fonyuy Shey | Tani Emmanuel Lukong"Dynamics of Deviant Behaviour on the Academic Participation of Early Adolescents, Limbe Sub-Division, South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd9417.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/9417/dynamics-of-deviant-behaviour-on-the-academic-participation-of-early-adolescents-limbe-sub-division-south-west-region-of-cameroon/patrick-fonyuy-shey
The document summarizes the findings of a large 2005 UK government study on the impact of single-sex versus coeducational schooling. The study analyzed over 350,000 students across nearly 3,000 schools. It found that for most students, single-sex schooling had little effect on academic performance compared to coeducational schools. However, it did find improvements for some groups, such as girls in non-selective schools and boys in selective schools. The document also discusses debates around other factors that influence performance and the challenges in isolating the impact of school type. Overall, the study offers an unbiased analysis but does not fully settle debates on the issue.
Cultural practices and education in ghana the effects of traditional culture...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the effects of traditional Ghanaian culture on parental involvement in education. The study used interviews and document analysis to examine perspectives of community elders, parents, teachers, and administrators at a community school. The study found that traditional cultural norms and beliefs strongly influence how parents allocate resources, with cultural conformity being prioritized over education. Specifically, parents provide little support for their children's education, like not providing books or school supplies. However, parents will spend money on cultural events. The study aims to understand this disconnect and how culture impacts the value parents place on education.
The Level of Influence of Family-related factors on the Selected Tangub City ...Elton John Embodo
The document discusses the importance of parental involvement in a student's academic performance. It begins by outlining how education benefits society and that parents play a key role in socializing children to become productive members. The theoretical framework discusses social cognitive theory and how children learn behaviors from parents. Research has shown parental involvement is linked to higher achievement and that factors like parents' educational expectations and support with homework positively influence performance. The study aims to determine the level of influence of family-related factors like parents' learning support on students in different curriculums and between males and females at Tangub City National High School.
This document is a dissertation proposal submitted by Jezriah James Krubeck to Grand Canyon University for a Doctorate of Education. The proposal explores effective communication between elementary school parents and teachers in Wyoming. The problem is that specific factors influencing effective communication are not well understood. The purpose is to explore how factors like language, frequency, and mode of communication impact parent-teacher communication. The study will use a qualitative case study approach, collecting data from focus groups and interviews at an elementary school in Cody, Wyoming. The research aims to advance understanding of communication barriers and identify ways to improve school-home relationships.
Academic Interest, Early Adolescents' Interest in Studies, Parental Characteristics and Academic Interest, Parental Qualification and Academic Interest, Interest in Studies and School Transitions, Decline in Interest
This document provides an overview of a study on effective strategies to increase attendance of parents and students at school-sponsored events. The introduction discusses the purpose and research questions, which focus on understanding best practices and perceptions of parents, students, and teachers. A literature review on the history and importance of parental involvement is also provided. The procedure section outlines the qualitative grounded theory approach, including the researcher's role and assumptions. Data collection and analysis methods will be used to identify effective strategies through the perspectives of participants.
Joy o'neill 2012 report based on m sc researchjoyoneill
This document summarizes an MSc dissertation that studied how service children cope with transitions between schools. It focused on a primary school where 75% of students were from military families who experienced high mobility. The research aimed to understand the impact of multiple transitions and implications for learning. Through interviews and assessments, it found that service children often faced gaps in education, lack of school records transferred, and social/emotional issues adjusting to new schools. Interventions like individual learning plans and social/emotional support sessions were implemented, but differing views between parents and teachers were still found. The research highlighted challenges service children face with school transitions and implications for supporting their learning needs.
Influence of Home and School Based Factors on Pupils Academic Performance at ...ijtsrd
"The aim of primary education is to provide education at the basic level of all ongoing primary school pupils. This study was carried out to investigate influence of home and school based factors on pupil's academic performers at Kenya certificate of primary education in Makadara sub county, Nairobi County. The study adopted the ex post facto design which involved the studies that investigate possible causes and effects by observing an existing condition and searching back in time for possible causal factors. It involved testing out possible antecedents of events that had happened and cannot be manipulated by the investigator. The study sampled 240 teachers, 39 Parents Association members and 150 pupils from class 6 and 7. The data collection instruments comprised of questionnaires and interview guide. Data collected was categorized, coded, analyzed then tabulated. The analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences SPSS . The analysis was both qualitative and quantitative. Quantitative analysis considered use of frequency counts and distribution, tabulation totals and calculation of percentages aimed at generating the data collected into meaningful groups and frequency tables for further analysis. Qualitative analysis involved the conclusions from the respondents' opinions. The study established that most parents had a college educational level, majority of the teachers were female whereas majority of the students were males. It also established that parental level of income influenced pupils' performance in KCPE at 60 s. Physical facilities and teaching and learning resources were also cited as factors that highly influence performances. The researcher recommended that the parents should provide a conducive learning environment at home to give the pupils ample time and space to study. Parents ought to strive to provide the basic required learning materials that are vital for a good performance in the KCPE exam irrespective of their level of income. The government should endeavor to allocate funds to be used for improving on the existing teaching and learning resources in public primary schools while adding more. The government should allocate enough funds that will enable provision of key physical learning facilities. Prof. Lewis Ngesu | Awuonda Faith Atieno ""Influence of Home and School Based Factors on Pupils Academic Performance at Kenya Certificate of Primary Education in Makadara Sub-County, Nairobi County"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21607.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/sociology/21607/influence-of-home-and-school-based-factors-on-pupils-academic-performance-at-kenya-certificate-of-primary-education-in-makadara-sub-county-nairobi-county/prof-lewis-ngesu"
Challenges Parents Face While Participating in the Education of Their Childrenpaperpublications3
This document discusses challenges that parents face in participating in their children's education. It provides background on parental participation policies in Kenya and discusses a study that investigated challenges in one region. The study found that lack of clear parental participation policies, poor parent-teacher communication, and parental illiteracy hindered involvement. It calls for programs to encourage participation and educate parents on benefits.
Preschool programs have been shown to provide multiple academic and behavioral benefits to young children. Head Start was created in 1965 to provide early education and support services to low-income families. Since then, preschool enrollment has increased significantly due to factors like increased maternal employment and research demonstrating the importance of early childhood experiences. Studies have found that preschool helps improve children's language, literacy, and math skills while also making them less likely to commit crimes later in life. Providing quality preschool programs can help shape children into successful students and productive members of society.
This document provides an overview of early childhood education programs. It discusses what students learn in these programs, including child development principles, operating childcare centers, and applying knowledge through student teaching. The document also outlines different degree options in early childhood education, typical admission requirements, and career paths for graduates as teachers or aides in schools and childcare centers.
This case study examines a student named Peter who has multiple disabilities including epilepsy, cerebral palsy, and cortical visual impairment. The purpose is to identify effective strategies for developing Peter's academic, social, and self-help skills by gathering perspectives from his parents, teachers, and principal through questionnaires and observations. A literature review identifies several studies on assistive technology, conceptions of autism, computer access systems, and performance on standardized tests for students with various disabilities. It is hoped that evidence-based strategies from the research can be incorporated into Peter's education plan to support his learning and transition to middle/high school.
1) Heidi Hayes Jacobs discusses the need for curriculum mapping and re-examining curriculum standards to ensure students are learning timely content that prepares them for the 21st century. Curriculum mapping collects data on what is actually taught to help teachers improve instruction.
2) Many current curriculum standards are outdated and focus too much on topics like state history instead of recent U.S. and world history. Subject areas need revisions, including less emphasis on state standards, deeper study of U.S. history, inclusion of timely science and global issues, and more emphasis on literacy across all subjects.
3) Schools are constrained by standardized testing pressures but should focus on developing strong literacy skills, which are crucial for any test.
The role of parenting styles in enhancing or hindering children’s performance...Alexander Decker
This study examined the relationship between parenting styles and preschool children's performance in curriculum activities in Kenya. The researchers surveyed 160 preschool children and their parents from 20 preschools. They found a significant positive relationship between authoritative parenting styles and children's performance, and a significant negative relationship between authoritarian parenting styles and performance. No significant relationship was found between permissive parenting styles and performance. The study concluded that parenting styles significantly influence preschool children's performance in curriculum activities.
This document provides a group profile of an 18-student 5th grade class at Rufino Vigo Elementary School. The profile includes various charts and analyses of demographic information gathered from student questionnaires. Key findings include that most students are female, between 10-12 years old, born in Puerto Rico, live with parents or guardians, have computers at home but limited internet access, enjoy physical activities and watching educational TV, and have various health conditions. The teacher concludes that this information will help with lesson planning, classroom management, and emergency preparedness to better support the students.
The document summarizes key trends and issues in contemporary education discussed in Chapter 6, including the No Child Left Behind Act, charter schools, approaches to teaching special needs students, and gifted education. It provides details on the goals and provisions of NCLB, debates around its effectiveness, characteristics of middle schools and charter schools, concepts like least restrictive environments for special education, and strategies for project-based and problem-based learning. The conclusion reflects on the ongoing relevance of the trends and issues covered.
Home schooled and_traditionally_educated_studentsFieza Najwa
This document provides background information on studies related to homeschooling versus traditional schooling. One study found that homeschool students in the US had equal or higher SAT scores than public school students, and that academic achievement correlated with family commitment and background factors like parents' education levels. Another study analyzed test scores and survey responses from over 20,000 homeschool students and families in the US, finding homeschool students performed well academically and that most families opted to homeschool for religious or academic reasons. Overall, the literature suggests homeschool students can achieve on par or better than traditionally schooled students, and family support influences academic outcomes.
1) The survey tracked 544 children from age 3-4 (K1) through first grade to analyze the development of skills needed for elementary school.
2) It found that children developed strong skills in daily habits, literacy and numeracy. Over 80% could go to bed at the same time by K1 and over 90% could read hiragana and count to 20 by K3.
3) Literacy and numeracy skills like writing sentences and adding/subtracting showed the most growth, with abilities increasing by over 50 percentage points between K3 and first grade.
Parents may choose to home school their children for several reasons such as religious beliefs, a desire for more control over curriculum and socialization, or dissatisfaction with public schools. Studies have shown that home schooled children often perform better than public school students on standardized tests and many go on to attend college. The main advantages of home schooling are that it allows for a customized curriculum tailored to each child's interests and learning style, more flexibility in scheduling, and increased parental influence over socialization and incorporation of religious or philosophical beliefs.
Japanese children are socialized through preschools and primary schools to value group harmony and conformity to cultural norms. Preschool aims to socialize children through play and foster social skills, as primary socialization from family is decreasing. Primary school further emphasizes these skills through group-based learning and activities that build cohesion. Values of cooperation, empathy and anticipating others' needs are cultivated. This socialization process aims to ensure cultural continuity and preference for order, modesty and collective identity over individualism.
Research Proposal on Findout why there is high dropest rates of primary schoo...Brighton Mwang'onda
This document is a research proposal that aims to investigate the factors contributing to the high dropout rate of girls from primary school in the Masai community of Tanzania. Specifically, it will examine this issue in the Arusha region. Some key points:
1. Existing literature suggests cultural factors like views of western education, early marriage practices, and attitudes that see girls' education as detracting from their role in the community contribute to the problem.
2. Geographical barriers like long distances to schools and lack of security also impact dropout rates.
3. The study will employ questionnaires and interviews to collect data and analyze factors through statistical methods.
4. Findings could help promote girls' education,
This document discusses Becca Lynn's research on homeschooling for an education course. It begins by outlining what Becca knows and wants to learn about homeschooling. The document then covers the history of homeschooling and different curriculum options. Research shows homeschoolers often perform well academically and socially. Parents choose homeschooling for reasons like more flexibility and individualized learning. The document concludes by discussing Becca's opinions, which include support for special needs students and a Montessori-inspired approach to homeschooling.
Home Environment and Academic Performance of Junior High School Students in t...ijtsrd
The study focused on the home environment that affects academic performance of the junior high school students. This was conducted among junior high school students in the first District of Northern Samar. This was conducted within the third quarter of the school year 2018 2019. Findings showed that more than one half of the parents have no time in helping their children in their academic activities. In terms of family income, majority of the students belong to the families whose income is less than Php10,000. In terms of the school environment, results showed that students find it not supportive to their learning. The time devoted by the mother and father to their children, the number of siblings, peer behaviour and teacher behaviour significantly correlated student’s academic performance. The findings of this study will serve as an input in improving the learning environment of the students to improve their academic performance. Melagrosa U. Saludaga-de Asis "Home Environment and Academic Performance of Junior High School Students in the First District of Northern Samar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47957.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/47957/home-environment-and-academic-performance-of-junior-high-school-students-in-the-first-district-of-northern-samar/melagrosa-u-saludagade-asis
EDU 7001 HOW WILL YOU FIND THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY / TUTORIALOUTLET DOT COMalbert0056
This study used path analytic techniques and an ecological framework to examine the association between children’s perceptions of their parents’ educational involvement, children’s personal characteristics, and their school achievement. Fathers’ academic
The Level of Influence of Family-related factors on the Selected Tangub City ...Elton John Embodo
The document discusses the importance of parental involvement in a student's academic performance. It begins by outlining how education benefits society and that parents play a key role in socializing children to become productive members. The theoretical framework discusses social cognitive theory and how children learn behaviors from parents. Research has shown parental involvement is linked to higher achievement and that factors like parents' educational expectations and support with homework positively influence performance. The study aims to determine the level of influence of family-related factors like parents' learning support on students in different curriculums and between males and females at Tangub City National High School.
This document is a dissertation proposal submitted by Jezriah James Krubeck to Grand Canyon University for a Doctorate of Education. The proposal explores effective communication between elementary school parents and teachers in Wyoming. The problem is that specific factors influencing effective communication are not well understood. The purpose is to explore how factors like language, frequency, and mode of communication impact parent-teacher communication. The study will use a qualitative case study approach, collecting data from focus groups and interviews at an elementary school in Cody, Wyoming. The research aims to advance understanding of communication barriers and identify ways to improve school-home relationships.
Academic Interest, Early Adolescents' Interest in Studies, Parental Characteristics and Academic Interest, Parental Qualification and Academic Interest, Interest in Studies and School Transitions, Decline in Interest
This document provides an overview of a study on effective strategies to increase attendance of parents and students at school-sponsored events. The introduction discusses the purpose and research questions, which focus on understanding best practices and perceptions of parents, students, and teachers. A literature review on the history and importance of parental involvement is also provided. The procedure section outlines the qualitative grounded theory approach, including the researcher's role and assumptions. Data collection and analysis methods will be used to identify effective strategies through the perspectives of participants.
Joy o'neill 2012 report based on m sc researchjoyoneill
This document summarizes an MSc dissertation that studied how service children cope with transitions between schools. It focused on a primary school where 75% of students were from military families who experienced high mobility. The research aimed to understand the impact of multiple transitions and implications for learning. Through interviews and assessments, it found that service children often faced gaps in education, lack of school records transferred, and social/emotional issues adjusting to new schools. Interventions like individual learning plans and social/emotional support sessions were implemented, but differing views between parents and teachers were still found. The research highlighted challenges service children face with school transitions and implications for supporting their learning needs.
Influence of Home and School Based Factors on Pupils Academic Performance at ...ijtsrd
"The aim of primary education is to provide education at the basic level of all ongoing primary school pupils. This study was carried out to investigate influence of home and school based factors on pupil's academic performers at Kenya certificate of primary education in Makadara sub county, Nairobi County. The study adopted the ex post facto design which involved the studies that investigate possible causes and effects by observing an existing condition and searching back in time for possible causal factors. It involved testing out possible antecedents of events that had happened and cannot be manipulated by the investigator. The study sampled 240 teachers, 39 Parents Association members and 150 pupils from class 6 and 7. The data collection instruments comprised of questionnaires and interview guide. Data collected was categorized, coded, analyzed then tabulated. The analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences SPSS . The analysis was both qualitative and quantitative. Quantitative analysis considered use of frequency counts and distribution, tabulation totals and calculation of percentages aimed at generating the data collected into meaningful groups and frequency tables for further analysis. Qualitative analysis involved the conclusions from the respondents' opinions. The study established that most parents had a college educational level, majority of the teachers were female whereas majority of the students were males. It also established that parental level of income influenced pupils' performance in KCPE at 60 s. Physical facilities and teaching and learning resources were also cited as factors that highly influence performances. The researcher recommended that the parents should provide a conducive learning environment at home to give the pupils ample time and space to study. Parents ought to strive to provide the basic required learning materials that are vital for a good performance in the KCPE exam irrespective of their level of income. The government should endeavor to allocate funds to be used for improving on the existing teaching and learning resources in public primary schools while adding more. The government should allocate enough funds that will enable provision of key physical learning facilities. Prof. Lewis Ngesu | Awuonda Faith Atieno ""Influence of Home and School Based Factors on Pupils Academic Performance at Kenya Certificate of Primary Education in Makadara Sub-County, Nairobi County"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21607.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/sociology/21607/influence-of-home-and-school-based-factors-on-pupils-academic-performance-at-kenya-certificate-of-primary-education-in-makadara-sub-county-nairobi-county/prof-lewis-ngesu"
Challenges Parents Face While Participating in the Education of Their Childrenpaperpublications3
This document discusses challenges that parents face in participating in their children's education. It provides background on parental participation policies in Kenya and discusses a study that investigated challenges in one region. The study found that lack of clear parental participation policies, poor parent-teacher communication, and parental illiteracy hindered involvement. It calls for programs to encourage participation and educate parents on benefits.
Preschool programs have been shown to provide multiple academic and behavioral benefits to young children. Head Start was created in 1965 to provide early education and support services to low-income families. Since then, preschool enrollment has increased significantly due to factors like increased maternal employment and research demonstrating the importance of early childhood experiences. Studies have found that preschool helps improve children's language, literacy, and math skills while also making them less likely to commit crimes later in life. Providing quality preschool programs can help shape children into successful students and productive members of society.
This document provides an overview of early childhood education programs. It discusses what students learn in these programs, including child development principles, operating childcare centers, and applying knowledge through student teaching. The document also outlines different degree options in early childhood education, typical admission requirements, and career paths for graduates as teachers or aides in schools and childcare centers.
This case study examines a student named Peter who has multiple disabilities including epilepsy, cerebral palsy, and cortical visual impairment. The purpose is to identify effective strategies for developing Peter's academic, social, and self-help skills by gathering perspectives from his parents, teachers, and principal through questionnaires and observations. A literature review identifies several studies on assistive technology, conceptions of autism, computer access systems, and performance on standardized tests for students with various disabilities. It is hoped that evidence-based strategies from the research can be incorporated into Peter's education plan to support his learning and transition to middle/high school.
1) Heidi Hayes Jacobs discusses the need for curriculum mapping and re-examining curriculum standards to ensure students are learning timely content that prepares them for the 21st century. Curriculum mapping collects data on what is actually taught to help teachers improve instruction.
2) Many current curriculum standards are outdated and focus too much on topics like state history instead of recent U.S. and world history. Subject areas need revisions, including less emphasis on state standards, deeper study of U.S. history, inclusion of timely science and global issues, and more emphasis on literacy across all subjects.
3) Schools are constrained by standardized testing pressures but should focus on developing strong literacy skills, which are crucial for any test.
The role of parenting styles in enhancing or hindering children’s performance...Alexander Decker
This study examined the relationship between parenting styles and preschool children's performance in curriculum activities in Kenya. The researchers surveyed 160 preschool children and their parents from 20 preschools. They found a significant positive relationship between authoritative parenting styles and children's performance, and a significant negative relationship between authoritarian parenting styles and performance. No significant relationship was found between permissive parenting styles and performance. The study concluded that parenting styles significantly influence preschool children's performance in curriculum activities.
This document provides a group profile of an 18-student 5th grade class at Rufino Vigo Elementary School. The profile includes various charts and analyses of demographic information gathered from student questionnaires. Key findings include that most students are female, between 10-12 years old, born in Puerto Rico, live with parents or guardians, have computers at home but limited internet access, enjoy physical activities and watching educational TV, and have various health conditions. The teacher concludes that this information will help with lesson planning, classroom management, and emergency preparedness to better support the students.
The document summarizes key trends and issues in contemporary education discussed in Chapter 6, including the No Child Left Behind Act, charter schools, approaches to teaching special needs students, and gifted education. It provides details on the goals and provisions of NCLB, debates around its effectiveness, characteristics of middle schools and charter schools, concepts like least restrictive environments for special education, and strategies for project-based and problem-based learning. The conclusion reflects on the ongoing relevance of the trends and issues covered.
Home schooled and_traditionally_educated_studentsFieza Najwa
This document provides background information on studies related to homeschooling versus traditional schooling. One study found that homeschool students in the US had equal or higher SAT scores than public school students, and that academic achievement correlated with family commitment and background factors like parents' education levels. Another study analyzed test scores and survey responses from over 20,000 homeschool students and families in the US, finding homeschool students performed well academically and that most families opted to homeschool for religious or academic reasons. Overall, the literature suggests homeschool students can achieve on par or better than traditionally schooled students, and family support influences academic outcomes.
1) The survey tracked 544 children from age 3-4 (K1) through first grade to analyze the development of skills needed for elementary school.
2) It found that children developed strong skills in daily habits, literacy and numeracy. Over 80% could go to bed at the same time by K1 and over 90% could read hiragana and count to 20 by K3.
3) Literacy and numeracy skills like writing sentences and adding/subtracting showed the most growth, with abilities increasing by over 50 percentage points between K3 and first grade.
Parents may choose to home school their children for several reasons such as religious beliefs, a desire for more control over curriculum and socialization, or dissatisfaction with public schools. Studies have shown that home schooled children often perform better than public school students on standardized tests and many go on to attend college. The main advantages of home schooling are that it allows for a customized curriculum tailored to each child's interests and learning style, more flexibility in scheduling, and increased parental influence over socialization and incorporation of religious or philosophical beliefs.
Japanese children are socialized through preschools and primary schools to value group harmony and conformity to cultural norms. Preschool aims to socialize children through play and foster social skills, as primary socialization from family is decreasing. Primary school further emphasizes these skills through group-based learning and activities that build cohesion. Values of cooperation, empathy and anticipating others' needs are cultivated. This socialization process aims to ensure cultural continuity and preference for order, modesty and collective identity over individualism.
Research Proposal on Findout why there is high dropest rates of primary schoo...Brighton Mwang'onda
This document is a research proposal that aims to investigate the factors contributing to the high dropout rate of girls from primary school in the Masai community of Tanzania. Specifically, it will examine this issue in the Arusha region. Some key points:
1. Existing literature suggests cultural factors like views of western education, early marriage practices, and attitudes that see girls' education as detracting from their role in the community contribute to the problem.
2. Geographical barriers like long distances to schools and lack of security also impact dropout rates.
3. The study will employ questionnaires and interviews to collect data and analyze factors through statistical methods.
4. Findings could help promote girls' education,
This document discusses Becca Lynn's research on homeschooling for an education course. It begins by outlining what Becca knows and wants to learn about homeschooling. The document then covers the history of homeschooling and different curriculum options. Research shows homeschoolers often perform well academically and socially. Parents choose homeschooling for reasons like more flexibility and individualized learning. The document concludes by discussing Becca's opinions, which include support for special needs students and a Montessori-inspired approach to homeschooling.
Home Environment and Academic Performance of Junior High School Students in t...ijtsrd
The study focused on the home environment that affects academic performance of the junior high school students. This was conducted among junior high school students in the first District of Northern Samar. This was conducted within the third quarter of the school year 2018 2019. Findings showed that more than one half of the parents have no time in helping their children in their academic activities. In terms of family income, majority of the students belong to the families whose income is less than Php10,000. In terms of the school environment, results showed that students find it not supportive to their learning. The time devoted by the mother and father to their children, the number of siblings, peer behaviour and teacher behaviour significantly correlated student’s academic performance. The findings of this study will serve as an input in improving the learning environment of the students to improve their academic performance. Melagrosa U. Saludaga-de Asis "Home Environment and Academic Performance of Junior High School Students in the First District of Northern Samar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47957.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/47957/home-environment-and-academic-performance-of-junior-high-school-students-in-the-first-district-of-northern-samar/melagrosa-u-saludagade-asis
EDU 7001 HOW WILL YOU FIND THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY / TUTORIALOUTLET DOT COMalbert0056
This study used path analytic techniques and an ecological framework to examine the association between children’s perceptions of their parents’ educational involvement, children’s personal characteristics, and their school achievement. Fathers’ academic
Critical Social Skills for Adolescents wtih High Incidence Disabilities: Par...Sharon M. Kolb, PhD
This document discusses curricula for students with disabilities and the importance of social skills development. It notes that while academics have traditionally been the main focus, many educators now acknowledge the need to increase emphasis on social skills to promote greater social competence. The document outlines research showing that social skills are complex and include communication, problem-solving, and self-management. It also discusses the importance of including parental perspectives in identifying critical social skills, as parents can provide valuable insights from observing their children's social behaviors in different settings. The study aimed to understand parents' views of the meaning of "social skills" and which skills they see as critical for their adolescent children with disabilities.
This document summarizes a study on the curricular practices for cerebral palsy children in Lucknow City, India. It provides background on cerebral palsy and the need for specialized education. The study examines two institutes, Chetna and Jyotikiran, that provide education for cerebral palsy children. It finds that the curriculum is less extensive than for normal children and needs improvement. However, the institutes accept feedback and tailor instruction to individual abilities. The curriculum focuses on core academic subjects as well as life skills and co-curricular activities to improve adjustment and confidence. Suggestions are made to further adapt the curriculum to cerebral palsy children's needs and interests.
This document outlines a proposed plan for implementing home schooling in Saudi Arabia. It discusses [1] establishing departments within the Ministry of Education and school administrations to oversee the program, including departments for educational resources, national families, communications, and home schooling associations. The national families department would prepare curricula and exams for different subject areas. The communications department would facilitate information sharing between families. Home schooling associations would provide support and ideas to improve the program over time. The goal of the proposed plan is to successfully introduce home schooling as an alternative educational option in Saudi Arabia.
Academic Effects Of After-School ProgramsTony Lisko
After-school programs have traditionally focused on supervision, but now also aim to develop academic skills. Research shows participating children can have better social skills, behavior, and school performance than non-participants. However, not enough programs exist to meet demand. The effects of after-school programs depend on characteristics of children, families, communities, and quality of programming, activities, and staff interactions. Higher quality programs with more positive environments and academic activities are linked to better student outcomes.
ATTITUDE OF PARENTS TOWARDS PRIMARY EDUCATION OF THEIR CHILDREN IN NIGERIA.docxResearchWap
Primary education is the foundation a child requires in his or her educational pursuit. The quality of primary education a child gets would determine his performance in a secondary school as well as tertiary level. It will equally affect his or her life after school. As such the importance of primary education cannot be overemphasis.
It is in this regard that Malotyre and Clarkj (1996) opined that the attitude of parent determine the quality of education their children or wards receive in primary school. The positive attitude of the parent has a positive impact on their children's performance and aspirations helps in raising knowledge and increasing understanding and facilitates academic progress through the involvement of parents in their children's academic activities. On the other hand, the negative attitude of parents towards their children's education has a negative effect on their academic progress leading to poor academic performance and consequently the withdrawal of such children from school. This makes such children take to the street and become a menace to society later in life.
However, Obodochi (2003) opined that most parents in the rural areas of Nigeria are careless about the primary education of their children and as such put up a negative attitude towards their children’s education at the level. This is so because most rural dwellers in Nigeria are more interested in achieving short term immediate development of their children as such prefer sending their children to learn vocational trade or assist them in farm work but parents in urban areas have a positive attitude to education of their children and wards owing to their perception about education and the value they attach to education and its effect on the future of their children.
It is in this regard that Wilkinson (1997) states that the perception of the value of education to a large extent determines the attitude of parents towards their children in Kwali Area Council Abuja.
Parental Involvement in The Implementation of Modular Distance Learning Appro...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :The general purpose of this study was to find out the level of extent on the parental involvement
in the implementation of modular distance learning approach in Botolan District, Division of Zambales,
Philippines during school year 2020-2021. The study revealed that the parent-respondent is a typical female in
her early adulthood, married, high school graduate with part-time work and meagre income whose children are
at primary grade level. The academic performance of the parent- respondents‘ children was assessed ―Very
Satisfactory‖. Perceived ―Highly Involved‖ on Parent as a Teacher and Acceptance of the Self-Learning Module
while ―Involved‖ on Submission of the Self-Learning Module. There is significant difference when grouped
according to highest educational attainment towards Parent as a Teacher, Acceptance and Submission of the
Self-learning module respectively; significant when grouped according to family income towards Parent as
Teacher and Acceptance of the Self-Learning Module; while significant on number of children studying in the
elementary level towards Parent as Teacher and Submission of the Self-Learning Module respectively. There is
significant difference on the perception towards dimensions on the level ofextent on the parental involvement in
the implementation of modular distance learning approach. There is negatively weak or little relationship
between the level of academic performance and the level ofextent on the parental involvement in the
implementation of modular distance learning approach.
Based on the summary of the investigations conducted and the conclusions arrived at, the researcher
recommended that the parents are encouraged to be given orientation to heighten awareness on their respective
limited roles in the implementation of the self-learning modular approach; that parents are encouraged to help
children developed with high levels of self-directed learning, to have strong for learning.\
KEYWORDS:Botolan District, Division of Zambales,Parental Involvement in Modular Distance Learning
Approach
This document summarizes a study of how some Vermont public school teachers successfully integrate environmental education into their curriculum. The researchers interviewed 9 teachers and observed their outdoor classrooms. They identified 4 emerging themes: 1) building holistic curriculum that connects various subjects to nature, 2) embracing place-based education that explores the local environment, 3) allowing student choice in outdoor activities, and 4) regularly taking classes on adventures outside. The goal was to provide models for engaging students and reconnecting them to nature.
Developing Curiosity And Responsibility Through Science Experiments In 7th Gr...Zawarali786
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اگر آپ تعلیمی نیوز، رجسٹریشن، داخلہ، ڈیٹ شیٹ، رزلٹ، اسائنمنٹ،جابز اور باقی تمام اپ ڈیٹس اپنے موبائل پر فری حاصل کرنا چاہتے ہیں ۔تو نیچے دیے گئے واٹس ایپ نمبرکو اپنے موبائل میں سیو کرکے اپنا نام لکھ کر واٹس ایپ کر دیں۔ سٹیٹس روزانہ لازمی چیک کریں۔
نوٹ : اس کے علاوہ تمام یونیورسٹیز کے آن لائن داخلے بھجوانے اور جابز کے لیے آن لائن اپلائی کروانے کے لیے رابطہ کریں۔
The goal of the study was to explore the scope of parental participation in junior high school education, particularly in the asynchronous modality. Specifically, parents’ perspectives, challenges, and contributions to children’s education were probed. Using social constructivism as a worldview, the study employed a qualitative phenomenological research design. Research participants comprised ten parents of junior high school students who were purposely selected based on the inclusion criteria as well as the appropriate ethical protocols of consent, anonymity, and confidentiality. Key informant interviews were conducted in the first quarter of 2022 in Barangay Colorado, Digos City. Three themes that describe the parents’ perceptions of the new normal education system were identified through thematic analysis of the qualitative data, including; saddening due to difficulty, requiring a positive attitude, and necessitating a positive change in attitude and mentality. The challenges faced by parents can be thematically described as; becoming passive, disinterest in studies, and constraints and limitations. Lastly, for the contributions given by the parents to their children’s studies under asynchronous distance learning, the themes are; reinforcing extrinsic and intrinsic motivation, giving support, and constructing a support system. It is hoped that these findings may be relevant for DepEd’s implementation of the self-learning modules.| Publisher: International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS)
This document outlines a study on the impact of parental involvement on student academic performance. The study will involve three third grade boys whose reading scores are low, despite tutoring. The researcher hypothesizes that lack of parental involvement may be contributing to their low grades. Over eight weeks, the students will complete weekly reading packets with their parents. Student grades and parent/student surveys will be used to assess whether parental involvement improves academic performance.
attitudes of a student as affected by the guidance provided by the parents wh...Renzhie Katigbak
This document provides an introduction to a study that will examine the attitudes of students who attend the same school that one or both of their parents work at. The introduction discusses how a child's environment can influence their behavior and development according to psychological theories. It also notes some potential negative effects of having a parent working at the same school, such as feeling restricted, as well as some positive effects like increased motivation. The study aims to determine the common attitudes exhibited by children in this situation.
This document provides background information and context for a study on the level of influence of family-related factors on students' academic performance. It discusses how parental involvement is important for children's success in school. The study will focus on 4th year students in the Sports curriculum and Science curriculum at Tangub City National High School. The theoretical framework discusses how social cognitive theory and previous research have shown parental involvement contributes to academic achievement. The research methodology section outlines the descriptive research design that will be used to determine differences in influence based on sex and curriculum.
This paper was presented at the European Educational Research Conference in Switzerland in 2005 - it covers the longitudinal research on the use of action research as professional development.
Getting parents involved in their children's schools has significant benefits for children including improved grades, test scores, attendance, homework completion, behavior, and self-esteem. Effective parent involvement requires true partnerships between schools and families, especially around academics. Research shows that greater parent involvement leads to higher student achievement. Several organizations promote parent involvement through programs like home visits, workshops, and resources to build parents' skills and confidence in supporting their children's education.
This document discusses a study on teaching reading strategies to Hispanic parents to help improve their children's reading achievement. The study had two research questions: 1) whether teaching parents reading strategies has a positive effect on children's reading achievement, and 2) whether it helps improve parents' attitudes about reading. Several reading strategies were taught to parents through study sessions, including using read-along books, writing books together, modeling reading daily, and visiting the library as a family. Data was collected through parent interviews, surveys, and children's reading tests. The results showed some children's reading improved significantly while others did not, and some parents' attitudes changed positively regarding the importance of reading with their children. The study was limited in scope but provides insights
This study examined parental involvement in distance learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in four public schools in Iligan City, Philippines. 240 parents and students participated in a survey about their perspectives and experiences. Both parents and students saw parental involvement as important for supporting learning at home. However, they faced significant challenges adjusting to the new modular distance learning approach, including difficulties managing time and balancing school with other obligations. Over time, participants developed coping strategies like improving time management and finding more effective ways to teach material. The findings provide insight into the challenges of modular distance learning and could help educators improve distance learning programs.
Similar to Home Environment as A Predictor of Academic Performance of Pupils with Learning Disabilities in Buea, South West Region of Cameroon (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Home Environment as A Predictor of Academic Performance of Pupils with Learning Disabilities in Buea, South West Region of Cameroon
1. International Journal of Trend in
International Open Access Journal
ISSN No: 2456
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
Home Environment as A Predictor of Academic Performance of Pupils
with Learning Disabilities in Buea, South West Region of Cameroon
Esonwo Emeaka Francisca
Department of Educational Psychology,
University of Buea, Cameroon
ABSTRACT
The study sought to examine home environment as a
predictor of academic performance for children with
learning disabilities in the Buea Municipality, South
West Region of Cameroon. The main wa
the effect of home environment on the academic
performance of children with learning disabilities.
The study design was a survey. The study population
was made up of the pupils of the three selected
primary schools in the Buea municipality in
West Region of Cameroon. The purposive sampling
technique was also used to select the sample for the
study. And the sample was 50 pupils with learning
disabilities. Data was obtained through the use of a
written exercise for the learners with le
disabilities. Data were analysed using an Epi? Data
and findings were presented in frequencies, and
proportions. Multiple Responses Analyses was also
used for the grounding of concepts that emerged from
the open-ended questions. The Chi-Square test
equality of proportions was used to compare
proportions for significant difference. The relationship
between conceptual components was assessed using
Spearman Rho correlation test. Findings from the
study indicated that there was a significant
relationship between home environment and academic
performance of children with learning disabilities.
This means that for persons with learning disabilities
to perform academically well in school the home
factor must be taken into consideration such as
parents’ socio-economic factors, parental
involvement, parents’ level of education and home
location.
KEY WORDS: Home Environment, Academic
Performance and Learning Disabilities
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)
International Open Access Journal | www.ijtsrd.com
ISSN No: 2456 - 6470 | Volume - 3 | Issue – 1 | Nov
www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 3 | Issue – 1 | Nov-Dec 2018
Home Environment as A Predictor of Academic Performance of Pupils
with Learning Disabilities in Buea, South West Region of Cameroon
Esonwo Emeaka Francisca
sychology,
Cameroon
Payne Rosaline Mezoh
Government Bilingual High School
(GBHS) Limbe,
The study sought to examine home environment as a
predictor of academic performance for children with
learning disabilities in the Buea Municipality, South
West Region of Cameroon. The main was to find out
the effect of home environment on the academic
performance of children with learning disabilities.
The study design was a survey. The study population
was made up of the pupils of the three selected
primary schools in the Buea municipality in the South
West Region of Cameroon. The purposive sampling
technique was also used to select the sample for the
study. And the sample was 50 pupils with learning
disabilities. Data was obtained through the use of a
written exercise for the learners with learning
disabilities. Data were analysed using an Epi? Data
and findings were presented in frequencies, and
proportions. Multiple Responses Analyses was also
used for the grounding of concepts that emerged from
Square test of
equality of proportions was used to compare
proportions for significant difference. The relationship
between conceptual components was assessed using
Spearman Rho correlation test. Findings from the
study indicated that there was a significant
hip between home environment and academic
performance of children with learning disabilities.
This means that for persons with learning disabilities
to perform academically well in school the home
factor must be taken into consideration such as
economic factors, parental
involvement, parents’ level of education and home
Home Environment, Academic
INTRODUCTION
African family plays an important role in the life of a
child. The link between school and home cannot be
over emphasized. This however has been
misconceived by many African families. To some, the
education of the child is so much the responsibility of
the teachers and not them As such the researcher was
not aware of the fact that children and especially those
with learning disabilities could only do well in school
if their parents were greatly involved in their study by
following them up at home after school. There are
many key factors in the home that enhance the
academic performance for children with learning
disabilities such as parental involvement, parental
status, academic and financial background, and
television viewing which is one of the main activities
for children in the home. Researching on the home
environment, as a predictor of academic performance
for children with learning disabilities, the researcher
carried out sensitization of parents, teachers and
pupils on the cooperation which need to take place
among teachers and parents before their children with
learning disabilities can be successful in school. It
was from this stand point view that the researcher
sought to carry out a study on the home environment
as a predictor of academic performance for children
with learning disabilities.
Background of the study
The history of learning disabilities can be traced as far
back as April 6, 1963, when Professor Sam Kirk and
others coined the term learning disabilities at a
meeting of parents and professionals in Chicago. The
effort began in the elementary schools and was l
extended to high schools. It continues to expand
today, as more special programs for post
students and adults with disabilities are developed.
Research and Development (IJTSRD)
w.ijtsrd.com
1 | Nov – Dec 2018
Dec 2018 Page: 711
Home Environment as A Predictor of Academic Performance of Pupils
with Learning Disabilities in Buea, South West Region of Cameroon
Payne Rosaline Mezoh
nt Bilingual High School
Cameroon
African family plays an important role in the life of a
tween school and home cannot be
over emphasized. This however has been
misconceived by many African families. To some, the
education of the child is so much the responsibility of
the teachers and not them As such the researcher was
at children and especially those
with learning disabilities could only do well in school
if their parents were greatly involved in their study by
following them up at home after school. There are
many key factors in the home that enhance the
rmance for children with learning
disabilities such as parental involvement, parental
status, academic and financial background, and
television viewing which is one of the main activities
for children in the home. Researching on the home
predictor of academic performance
for children with learning disabilities, the researcher
carried out sensitization of parents, teachers and
pupils on the cooperation which need to take place
among teachers and parents before their children with
isabilities can be successful in school. It
was from this stand point view that the researcher
sought to carry out a study on the home environment
as a predictor of academic performance for children
history of learning disabilities can be traced as far
back as April 6, 1963, when Professor Sam Kirk and
others coined the term learning disabilities at a
meeting of parents and professionals in Chicago. The
effort began in the elementary schools and was later
extended to high schools. It continues to expand
today, as more special programs for post-secondary
students and adults with disabilities are developed.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
The study of learning disabilities, however, started
long before 1963 (Hammill, 1990;Weiederholt,
1974).During the 1920s and 1930, Samuel Orton, a
specialist in neurology, developed theories and
remedial reading techniques for children with severe
reading problems, whom he called ‘dyslexic’ and
believed to be brain -damaged. In the 1930s, Helen
Davidson studied letter reversals-writing some letters
[such as b d q and g] back words, a problem
consistently observed with many pupils with learning
disabilities (Davidson, 1934, 1935). In the 1930s and
40s, Sam Kirk, who worked at the Wayne helped to
develop a set of word drills such as A B C D and
other teaching procedures he referred to through
his career. In 1961 he and his colleagues published the
Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA)
which sought to identify individual’s strengths,
weaknesses, learning styles, and learning achievement
.This test was used for many years to identify pupils
with learning disabilities. Also in the 1960s, Marianne
Frostig developed materials designed to improve
pupil’s visual perception, which is the ability to
understand information that is seen. Her notion was
that if visual perceptual skills were enhanced, reading
abilities would also show improvement (Frostig,
1978).
The 1970s saw the field of learning disabilities
embroiled in heated debate, and at the hea
controversy was what approach for treatment of
learning disabilities was most effective. In what was
called the ‘process/product debate’, one group
promoted instruction directed at improving pupils
perceptual abilities to improve their academic s
(for example explicitly teaching pupils to read) as the
best approach. The dispute was resolved when
(Hammill& Larsen’s (1974) research analysis showed
that perceptual approaches were seldom effective in
teaching academic skills but direct instructio
techniques do not make a difference (Hammill&
Larsen, 1974)
Byoung–suk (2012) stated that children need safe,
healthy and stimulating environment in which to grow
and learn. In recent decades, there has been a
proliferation of studies on the empirical a
home influence on the development of children, and
trends have emerged which analyze the effects of
household structural and dynamic indicators on pupils
with learning disabilities (Xia,2010).Result shows that
home socio-economic level (Dear,
Taylor,2009, Gil,2011,Liuand Lu,2008; Part,2008), its
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 3 | Issue – 1 | Nov-Dec 2018
The study of learning disabilities, however, started
long before 1963 (Hammill, 1990;Weiederholt,
1974).During the 1920s and 1930, Samuel Orton, a
specialist in neurology, developed theories and
remedial reading techniques for children with severe
reading problems, whom he called ‘dyslexic’ and
damaged. In the 1930s, Helen
writing some letters
[such as b d q and g] back words, a problem
consistently observed with many pupils with learning
disabilities (Davidson, 1934, 1935). In the 1930s and
40s, Sam Kirk, who worked at the Wayne helped to
a set of word drills such as A B C D and
other teaching procedures he referred to through-out
his career. In 1961 he and his colleagues published the
Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA)
which sought to identify individual’s strengths,
sses, learning styles, and learning achievement
.This test was used for many years to identify pupils
with learning disabilities. Also in the 1960s, Marianne
Frostig developed materials designed to improve
pupil’s visual perception, which is the ability to
understand information that is seen. Her notion was
that if visual perceptual skills were enhanced, reading
abilities would also show improvement (Frostig,
The 1970s saw the field of learning disabilities
embroiled in heated debate, and at the heart of the
controversy was what approach for treatment of
learning disabilities was most effective. In what was
called the ‘process/product debate’, one group
promoted instruction directed at improving pupils
perceptual abilities to improve their academic skills
(for example explicitly teaching pupils to read) as the
best approach. The dispute was resolved when
(Hammill& Larsen’s (1974) research analysis showed
that perceptual approaches were seldom effective in
teaching academic skills but direct instruction
techniques do not make a difference (Hammill&
suk (2012) stated that children need safe,
healthy and stimulating environment in which to grow
and learn. In recent decades, there has been a
proliferation of studies on the empirical aspect of the
home influence on the development of children, and
trends have emerged which analyze the effects of
household structural and dynamic indicators on pupils
with learning disabilities (Xia,2010).Result shows that
economic level (Dear, McCartney&
Taylor,2009, Gil,2011,Liuand Lu,2008; Part,2008), its
typology characteristic (Burnett &Farkas, 2003;
Gennetian,2005), a suitable home environment
(Barkauskiene,2009;Bodovski and
Youn,2010;Campbelland Berne ,2007;Ghazarian&
Buehler,2010;Khan,Haynes, Armstrong, and
Ronher,2010), parents positive outlook on education,
their active involvement in it (Fiouri& Dumas, 2009.
Sirvani, 2007.Mo& Singh, 2008) and television
viewing. The effect of television viewing in the home
environment and its relation t
studied with controversial result (William, Haertel,
&Haertel, 1982), expectations regarding their
children’s academic performance are factors affecting
the academic development of the vast majority of
children. This influence is even
pupils with complex results (Williams, Haertel, and
Haertel, 1982). The effect on academic performance
ranges from largely significant to insignificant and
further research in this area is warranted to support
past findings.
Many theories have been written to support the fact
that the home environment is a predictor of academic
performance for children with learning disabilities.
Family environment and their immediate
surroundings such as the family background of
education, the financial status and the activities done
at home for example television programs makes up
the total environment that bring together physical,
social and organizational components. Ecological
psychologist Roger Barker (1968) described such
complex environment as “beh
Abraham Maslow has been considered the father of
Humanistic Psychology. Maslow’s theory (1908
1970) based on the notion that experience is the
primary phenomenon in the study of human learning
and behavior. He placed emphasis on choice,
creativity values, self-realization, all distinctively
human qualities. For him, .development of human
potential, dignity and worth are ultimate concern. He
is famous for proposing that human motivation is
based on hierarchy of needs the lowest level of need
are physiological and survival needs such as hunger
and thirst. Further level includes belonging and love,
self-esteem and self-actualization. From Maslow’s
perspective, the drive to learn is intrinsic. The purpose
of learning is to bring about self
goals of educators should include this process.
Learning contributes to psychological health. From
Maslow’s notion, for pupils to effectively achieve
academically, especially those with learning
disabilities, the basic needs beginning fr
(IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Dec 2018 Page: 712
typology characteristic (Burnett &Farkas, 2003;
Gennetian,2005), a suitable home environment
(Barkauskiene,2009;Bodovski and
Youn,2010;Campbelland Berne ,2007;Ghazarian&
nes, Armstrong, and
Ronher,2010), parents positive outlook on education,
their active involvement in it (Fiouri& Dumas, 2009.
Sirvani, 2007.Mo& Singh, 2008) and television
viewing. The effect of television viewing in the home
environment and its relation to academics has been
studied with controversial result (William, Haertel,
&Haertel, 1982), expectations regarding their
children’s academic performance are factors affecting
the academic development of the vast majority of
children. This influence is even more relevant for
pupils with complex results (Williams, Haertel, and
Haertel, 1982). The effect on academic performance
ranges from largely significant to insignificant and
further research in this area is warranted to support
s have been written to support the fact
that the home environment is a predictor of academic
performance for children with learning disabilities.
Family environment and their immediate
surroundings such as the family background of
status and the activities done
at home for example television programs makes up
the total environment that bring together physical,
social and organizational components. Ecological
psychologist Roger Barker (1968) described such
complex environment as “behavior settings”.
Abraham Maslow has been considered the father of
Humanistic Psychology. Maslow’s theory (1908-
1970) based on the notion that experience is the
primary phenomenon in the study of human learning
and behavior. He placed emphasis on choice,
realization, all distinctively
human qualities. For him, .development of human
potential, dignity and worth are ultimate concern. He
is famous for proposing that human motivation is
based on hierarchy of needs the lowest level of needs
are physiological and survival needs such as hunger
and thirst. Further level includes belonging and love,
actualization. From Maslow’s
perspective, the drive to learn is intrinsic. The purpose
of learning is to bring about self-actualization, and the
goals of educators should include this process.
Learning contributes to psychological health. From
Maslow’s notion, for pupils to effectively achieve
academically, especially those with learning
disabilities, the basic needs beginning from the home
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
must be met. This could be love from parents, which
makes the children feel belonging, provision of their
basic school needs and above all, the concern of the
teacher towards the pupils with learning disabilities.
From Maslow perspective, the home environment
should be a place where the essential needs of
children with learning disabilities is provided without
discrimination so that their self-esteem rises and as
such they are able to attain high academic
performance. This is done through parent
involvement in children’s education.
Lev Vygotsky’s theory of Social Interaction plays a
fundamental role in the development of cognition.
Vygotsky (1978) states; “every function in the child’s
cultural development appears twice”. That is, on the
social level, and later, on the individuals level, First
between people (inter-psychological) and then inside
the child (intra-psychological). Again Vygotsky’s is
of the idea that the potential for cognitive
development depends upon the “Zone of Proximal
Development (ZPD)”;a level of development attained
when children engage in social behavior. Full
development of the ZPD depends upon full social
interaction. The range of skill that can be developed
with adult guidance or peer collaboration exceeds
what can be attained alone. Pupils with learning
disabilities, according to Vygotsky, can only be
successful academically if there is collaboration
between parents, teachers and peers. That is, parents
must follow up their children after school and give
them remedial classes.
Albert Bandura (1977), agrees with the behaviorists
learning theory of social conditioning and operant
conditioning; however, he adds two important ideas.
Mediating processes occur between stimuli and
responses; Behavior is learned from the enviro
through the process of observational learning.
Children observe the people around them behaving in
various ways. This is illustrated during the famous
Bobo doll experiment.(Bandura,1961). Individuals
that are observed are called models, such as paren
within the family, characters on children’s,
Television, friends within their peer group and
teachers at school. These models provide examples of
behavior to observe and imitate, for example
masculine and feminine, pro and anti-social (inability
to cope with the peers). Bandura, in his idea, talked of
four principles (which serves as a motivating factor
for learners with learning disabilities and which are
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 3 | Issue – 1 | Nov-Dec 2018
must be met. This could be love from parents, which
makes the children feel belonging, provision of their
basic school needs and above all, the concern of the
teacher towards the pupils with learning disabilities.
ome environment
should be a place where the essential needs of
children with learning disabilities is provided without
esteem rises and as
such they are able to attain high academic
performance. This is done through parental
Lev Vygotsky’s theory of Social Interaction plays a
fundamental role in the development of cognition.
“every function in the child’s
. That is, on the
l level, and later, on the individuals level, First
psychological) and then inside
psychological). Again Vygotsky’s is
of the idea that the potential for cognitive
development depends upon the “Zone of Proximal
pment (ZPD)”;a level of development attained
when children engage in social behavior. Full
development of the ZPD depends upon full social
interaction. The range of skill that can be developed
with adult guidance or peer collaboration exceeds
ttained alone. Pupils with learning
disabilities, according to Vygotsky, can only be
successful academically if there is collaboration
between parents, teachers and peers. That is, parents
must follow up their children after school and give
Albert Bandura (1977), agrees with the behaviorists
learning theory of social conditioning and operant
conditioning; however, he adds two important ideas.
Mediating processes occur between stimuli and
responses; Behavior is learned from the environment
through the process of observational learning.
Children observe the people around them behaving in
various ways. This is illustrated during the famous
Bobo doll experiment.(Bandura,1961). Individuals
that are observed are called models, such as parents,
within the family, characters on children’s,
Television, friends within their peer group and
teachers at school. These models provide examples of
behavior to observe and imitate, for example
social (inability
Bandura, in his idea, talked of
four principles (which serves as a motivating factor
for learners with learning disabilities and which are
both intrinsic and physical) attention, retention
reproduction and motivation.
Learning disability is a concept that encompasses
heterogeneous group disorders which manifest in
significant difficulties in understanding, speaking,
reading, writing reasoning and mathematical ability,
the presumably of biological origin and related to the
functioning of the central nervous system
(Kavale&Forness,2000;Lerner & Kline, 2006). From
the above perspective it is therefore maintained that
learning disabilities are disorders of biological
origin which are intrinsic to the individuals. However
there has been a shift in focus towards environmental
variables, including the home which in it claimed can
enhance or minimize the negative effects of these
difficulties and therefore must be thoroughly
examined and taken in to consideration (Phaua,
Rheula, and Schmitz, 2011; Snowling, 2007; Shur
Fen, 2007). Some common learning disabilities are;
Dyslexia, which is a language
which a person has trouble understanding written
words, it may be referred to as reading disability or
reading disorder. Dyscalculia is another disability
which is a mathematical disability in which a person
has difficulty solving arithmetical problems and
grasping mathematical concepts. Auditory and visual
processing are also disorders. This is a sensory
disability in which a person has difficulty
understanding language despite normal hearing and
vision. Dysgraphia is a writing disability in which a
person finds it hard to form letters or write within a
defined space. Non-verbal learning disabilities; are
neurological disorder which originates in the right
hemisphere of the brain, actually cause problems with
visual-spatial, intuitive, organizational, evaluative and
holistic processing. Dyspraxia; this disability affects
motor skills development. Children who have
dyspraxia typically exhibit difficulties with both fine
and gross motor skills. They also find it difficult to
properly execute large movements, such as jumping
and running, resulting in clumsiness. Children with
dyspraxia may also have difficulties with language,
vision and perception (Shey, 2016).
Statement of the Problem
For most children, interior of the home and its
immediate surrounding are the first environment they
are exposed to throughout their early years. This is
because young children, spend a majority of
in the home surrounded by all environmental factors.
It has been noted from literature review that the home
(IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Dec 2018 Page: 713
both intrinsic and physical) attention, retention
y is a concept that encompasses
heterogeneous group disorders which manifest in
significant difficulties in understanding, speaking,
reading, writing reasoning and mathematical ability,
the presumably of biological origin and related to the
the central nervous system
(Kavale&Forness,2000;Lerner & Kline, 2006). From
the above perspective it is therefore maintained that
learning disabilities are disorders of biological-genetic
origin which are intrinsic to the individuals. However
n a shift in focus towards environmental
variables, including the home which in it claimed can
enhance or minimize the negative effects of these
difficulties and therefore must be thoroughly
examined and taken in to consideration (Phaua,
z, 2011; Snowling, 2007; Shur-
Fen, 2007). Some common learning disabilities are;
Dyslexia, which is a language –based disability in
which a person has trouble understanding written
words, it may be referred to as reading disability or
scalculia is another disability
which is a mathematical disability in which a person
has difficulty solving arithmetical problems and
grasping mathematical concepts. Auditory and visual
processing are also disorders. This is a sensory
person has difficulty
understanding language despite normal hearing and
vision. Dysgraphia is a writing disability in which a
person finds it hard to form letters or write within a
verbal learning disabilities; are
which originates in the right
hemisphere of the brain, actually cause problems with
spatial, intuitive, organizational, evaluative and
holistic processing. Dyspraxia; this disability affects
motor skills development. Children who have
ically exhibit difficulties with both fine
and gross motor skills. They also find it difficult to
properly execute large movements, such as jumping
and running, resulting in clumsiness. Children with
dyspraxia may also have difficulties with language,
on and perception (Shey, 2016).
For most children, interior of the home and its
immediate surrounding are the first environment they
are exposed to throughout their early years. This is
because young children, spend a majority of their time
in the home surrounded by all environmental factors.
It has been noted from literature review that the home
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
environment of children with learning disabilities has
not been taken into cognizant for the past years
especially in developing countrie
Cameroon. As such children with learning disabilities
are often seen left behind as their peers continue in
education. This can be due to the lack of cooperation
between parents and teachers. Also, due to the poor
financial status of some parents and their poor
educational background, children with learning
disabilities often see themselves as children who
cannot achieve as their peers in education. The type of
television programs that parents encourage their
children to watch at home in fact in
academic performance of children with learning
disabilities. Good teaching programs like words
building enhance the children’s learning (children
with learning disabilities) and can help them to
achieve in education just like their peers withou
learning disabilities. While on the other hand,
programs that do not involve cognitive abilities in the
area of academic can reduce the children’s chances to
achieving academically. It is against this backdrop
that the researcher seeks to investigate the
home environment on the academic performance of
children with learning disabilities. Thus, clarifying the
relationship between the home environment and
academic performance
Objectives of the Study
To investigate the extent to which family socio
economic status can act as a predictor of
academic performance for children with learning
disabilities.
To find out the extent to which parental
involvement in their children’s education
influences the academic performance for children
with learning disabilities.
CONCEPTUALIZING HOME
ENVIRONMENT AS A PREDICTOR OF
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AMONG
STUDENTS WITH LEARNING
DISABILITIES
Home Environment is the surroundings, where one
live. According to Anene, (2005), environment is the
aggregate of all internal and external conditions
affecting the existence, growth and welfare of
organisms? It is an influence an individual came in
contact with after the hereditary has been through the
gene plasma. Anene explained that environment can
be divided into physical, social
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 3 | Issue – 1 | Nov-Dec 2018
environment of children with learning disabilities has
not been taken into cognizant for the past years
especially in developing countries including
Cameroon. As such children with learning disabilities
are often seen left behind as their peers continue in
education. This can be due to the lack of cooperation
between parents and teachers. Also, due to the poor
ts and their poor
educational background, children with learning
disabilities often see themselves as children who
cannot achieve as their peers in education. The type of
television programs that parents encourage their
children to watch at home in fact influence the
academic performance of children with learning
disabilities. Good teaching programs like words
building enhance the children’s learning (children
with learning disabilities) and can help them to
achieve in education just like their peers without
learning disabilities. While on the other hand,
programs that do not involve cognitive abilities in the
area of academic can reduce the children’s chances to
achieving academically. It is against this backdrop
that the researcher seeks to investigate the impact of
home environment on the academic performance of
children with learning disabilities. Thus, clarifying the
relationship between the home environment and
To investigate the extent to which family socio-
economic status can act as a predictor of
academic performance for children with learning
To find out the extent to which parental
involvement in their children’s education
influences the academic performance for children
CONCEPTUALIZING HOME
ENVIRONMENT AS A PREDICTOR OF
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AMONG
STUDENTS WITH LEARNING
Home Environment is the surroundings, where one
live. According to Anene, (2005), environment is the
external conditions
affecting the existence, growth and welfare of
organisms? It is an influence an individual came in
contact with after the hereditary has been through the
gene plasma. Anene explained that environment can
and abstract
environment. Physical environment is the objects or
materials found in the home, school or community. It
also includes the people like parents, siblings and
peers (Anene, 2005).Sheal so explained that the social
environment is the social life
affecting the individual.
Abstract environment is the reactions, feedback and
the responses received on interactions with others.
The author further explained that environment can
also be classified as urban or rural environment. The
focus of this study is on the home environmental
factors affecting the academic performance of the
students. This therefore, entails the objects, materials,
parents, siblings, peers and social life that exists in the
home in which the students find himself
the variables in the home that affect a person’s
existence, behavior and performance constitute the
home environmental factors. Academic Performance
on the other hand is the outcome of education; it is the
extent to which a student, teacher o
achieved the educational goals. According to
Bossaert, Doumen,Bugse and Verschuerenc
(Bossaert, Doume, 2011), academic performance is
commonly measured by examination or continuous
assessment; however, there is a general agreement on
how it is. It is usually a place in which an individual
or a family can live and store personal property.
(Magnuson, 2007) pointed out that parents academic
socialization is a term describing the way parents’
influences student’s academic achievement by
shaping students skill, behaviors and attitude towards
school. He further explained that parent’s influences
student through the environment and discourse
parents have with their children. This means that
academic socialization can be influenced by parent’s
social economic status. Thus highly educated parents
tend to have more stimulating learning environments.
(Ajila, Otutola, 2000), stated that parent of all classes
realized the importance of education. They also
pointed out that different families create envir
that influences children’s intellectual growth and
educational motivation in different ways. The
function of the family among others includes rearing,
protecting and educating the children and such
function can be performed in the home, thus a home
an essential agent of education.
Home environnements influence adolescents’
aspiration. The social upbringing of the child begins
from home (family). It is the home that makes the
child to identify himself with the society, culture,
(IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Dec 2018 Page: 714
environment. Physical environment is the objects or
materials found in the home, school or community. It
also includes the people like parents, siblings and
peers (Anene, 2005).Sheal so explained that the social
environment is the social life, societies and club
Abstract environment is the reactions, feedback and
the responses received on interactions with others.
The author further explained that environment can
also be classified as urban or rural environment. The
focus of this study is on the home environmental
factors affecting the academic performance of the
students. This therefore, entails the objects, materials,
parents, siblings, peers and social life that exists in the
home in which the students find himself/herself. All
the variables in the home that affect a person’s
existence, behavior and performance constitute the
home environmental factors. Academic Performance
on the other hand is the outcome of education; it is the
extent to which a student, teacher or institution has
achieved the educational goals. According to
Bossaert, Doumen,Bugse and Verschuerenc
(Bossaert, Doume, 2011), academic performance is
commonly measured by examination or continuous
assessment; however, there is a general agreement on
it is. It is usually a place in which an individual
or a family can live and store personal property.
(Magnuson, 2007) pointed out that parents academic
socialization is a term describing the way parents’
influences student’s academic achievement by
g students skill, behaviors and attitude towards
school. He further explained that parent’s influences
student through the environment and discourse
parents have with their children. This means that
academic socialization can be influenced by parent’s
al economic status. Thus highly educated parents
tend to have more stimulating learning environments.
(Ajila, Otutola, 2000), stated that parent of all classes
realized the importance of education. They also
pointed out that different families create environment
that influences children’s intellectual growth and
educational motivation in different ways. The
function of the family among others includes rearing,
protecting and educating the children and such
function can be performed in the home, thus a home is
an essential agent of education.
Home environnements influence adolescents’
The social upbringing of the child begins
from home (family). It is the home that makes the
child to identify himself with the society, culture,
5. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
religion or social class. Thus the home continues to
exercises a strong influence over the child’s live and
academic performance in the school. It has to be noted
that homes differ in terms of their significances in the
social orders. For instance, some have more prestige,
money etc. while some have wider experience and
knowledge of how to operate within the society or
school environment.
Anene, (2005) stated that the home is the single most
significant environmental factor in enabling children
to develop the trust, attitude and skills that will help
them to learn and engage positively with the world
process that starts at birth, if not before. It is the
foundation from which babies and young children and
youths can grow to achieve their full potential. Good
home learning environment provides the love,
security, simulation, encouragement and opportunities
that help children to flourish. The quality of parent
child relationship is fundamental to children’s longer
term development. Warmth, encouragement and an
absence of hostility are key element in positive home
environment.
Nanalee, (1997) pointed out that as children grow
beyond babyhood, a positive home learning
environment provides social interaction, attention and
activities which promote the development of positive
attitudes to learning, as well as the acquisition of
physical, intellectual, language, social and emotional
skills. The amount that parents talk to babies and
young children and the way they talk to them have
been shown to have a direct positive impact on
children’s linguistic and intellectual ability. At the age
of 3 and 10 parents can provides the building blocks
for literacy and cognitive development by; chatting as
much as possible during normal daily life, using a
wide vocabulary praising rather than crit
talking to children about things, using language with a
high information content, giving children choices
rather than simply directing them, listening and
responding to what children say. Research has
established that parents’ socio-economic backg
including education and income, has a substantial
impact on children’s outcomes. Ample evidence also
documents the influence of parenting behaviors on
children’s development from babyhood to late
adolescence. It is not out of place to imagine that t
type of family, parents’ level of education and their
socioeconomic background can have possible effects
on the academic performance of children in school.
Again Parents’ social economic status, which was
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 3 | Issue – 1 | Nov-Dec 2018
class. Thus the home continues to
exercises a strong influence over the child’s live and
academic performance in the school. It has to be noted
that homes differ in terms of their significances in the
social orders. For instance, some have more prestige,
oney etc. while some have wider experience and
knowledge of how to operate within the society or
Anene, (2005) stated that the home is the single most
significant environmental factor in enabling children
and skills that will help
them to learn and engage positively with the world- a
process that starts at birth, if not before. It is the
foundation from which babies and young children and
youths can grow to achieve their full potential. Good
environment provides the love,
security, simulation, encouragement and opportunities
that help children to flourish. The quality of parent-
child relationship is fundamental to children’s longer
term development. Warmth, encouragement and an
ility are key element in positive home
Nanalee, (1997) pointed out that as children grow
beyond babyhood, a positive home learning
environment provides social interaction, attention and
activities which promote the development of positive
itudes to learning, as well as the acquisition of
physical, intellectual, language, social and emotional
skills. The amount that parents talk to babies and
young children and the way they talk to them have
been shown to have a direct positive impact on
ldren’s linguistic and intellectual ability. At the age
of 3 and 10 parents can provides the building blocks
for literacy and cognitive development by; chatting as
much as possible during normal daily life, using a
wide vocabulary praising rather than criticizing,
talking to children about things, using language with a
high information content, giving children choices
rather than simply directing them, listening and
responding to what children say. Research has
economic background,
including education and income, has a substantial
impact on children’s outcomes. Ample evidence also
documents the influence of parenting behaviors on
children’s development from babyhood to late
adolescence. It is not out of place to imagine that the
type of family, parents’ level of education and their
socioeconomic background can have possible effects
on the academic performance of children in school.
Again Parents’ social economic status, which was
conceptualized as parents’ education, parents’ i
and parents’ occupation, is linked to academic
performance. The figure shows that academic
performance is dependent on parents’ social economic
status. That is students from high social economic
backgrounds will perform better than their counter
parts from low social economic backgrounds as
discussed. This is supported by Dills (2006), and
Owens (1999). It is also in line with Hansen and
Mastekaasa (2006), who argued that according to the
cultural capital theory one could expect students from
families who are closest to the academic culture to
have greatest success.
Education being one other major means of providing
an opportunity in life and belong to a suitable social
class, modern Cameroon family now plays crucial
roles in the performance of childr
widely recognized that many factors are involved in
child’s academic achievement such factors as parental
education level, occupation, income, social class and
type of parenthood for instance the socio
characteristics of the family in school. They have a
bearing also on the duration of his stay and
achievement at school. The type of family and level of
parents education and their socioeconomic status
influence the choice of school they place their
children. Hill, (2004), pointed
status of parents has some influence on the academic
performance of children.
Children from families with low socio
status are at a greater risk of hunger, homeless,
sickness, physical and mental disabilities, violence,
teen parenthood, family stress and educational failure.
Student from low socio economic background that
encounter these environmental factors are four times
more likely to have learning disabilities than students
from high socio economic background while a
combination of these environmental factors accelerate
academic success. A student, who has not eaten for
days and has clothes that do not fit, cannot maintain
focus in a classroom. Anene, (2005) argues that
students from high social economics status compare
to students from low social economic status families
that students coming from low socioeconomic
background are not provide the same tools as the
students from wealthy families, they are entering
schools already behind those not living in similar
conditions. Similarly it is believed that factors such as
malnutrition lack of motivation in homes, spousal
violence, and single parents as well as impoverished
(IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Dec 2018 Page: 715
conceptualized as parents’ education, parents’ income
and parents’ occupation, is linked to academic
performance. The figure shows that academic
performance is dependent on parents’ social economic
status. That is students from high social economic
backgrounds will perform better than their counter
s from low social economic backgrounds as
discussed. This is supported by Dills (2006), and
Owens (1999). It is also in line with Hansen and
Mastekaasa (2006), who argued that according to the
cultural capital theory one could expect students from
who are closest to the academic culture to
Education being one other major means of providing
an opportunity in life and belong to a suitable social
class, modern Cameroon family now plays crucial
roles in the performance of children in school. It’s
widely recognized that many factors are involved in
child’s academic achievement such factors as parental
education level, occupation, income, social class and
type of parenthood for instance the socio-economic
ily in school. They have a
bearing also on the duration of his stay and
achievement at school. The type of family and level of
parents education and their socioeconomic status
influence the choice of school they place their
children. Hill, (2004), pointed out that socio economic
status of parents has some influence on the academic
Children from families with low socio-economic
status are at a greater risk of hunger, homeless,
sickness, physical and mental disabilities, violence,
en parenthood, family stress and educational failure.
Student from low socio economic background that
encounter these environmental factors are four times
more likely to have learning disabilities than students
from high socio economic background while a
ombination of these environmental factors accelerate
academic success. A student, who has not eaten for
days and has clothes that do not fit, cannot maintain
focus in a classroom. Anene, (2005) argues that
students from high social economics status compared
to students from low social economic status families
that students coming from low socioeconomic
background are not provide the same tools as the
students from wealthy families, they are entering
schools already behind those not living in similar
ons. Similarly it is believed that factors such as
malnutrition lack of motivation in homes, spousal
violence, and single parents as well as impoverished
6. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
home environment affects the development of
intellectual ability negatively (Mario, 2006). This
means that students from low socio
backgrounds tend to be below or just an average in
their intellectual development particularly when this
phenomenon is accessed in terms of score or test.
Chopra (1969), of Lucknow University studied the
relationship between socio-economic background and
performance. It was found that higher socio
economic group pupils were significantly higher than
those of the pupils from the middle and lower socio
economic group. This study revealed that there is
positive relationship between socio
background and performance in English, mathematics
and science. Goswami (1982), found that in both
urban and rural areas, the upper socio
status group has done significantly better than the
lower socio-economic group in the performance tests
of science, languages and humanities. Rothman’s
(2003), analysis revealed that within the same school,
a pupil who comes from a higher socio
group will achieve better test results than a pupil from
a lower socio-economic group. In Britain, according
to a recent report by the United Kingdom
Government’s Social Exclusion Unit (2004), a child
born into the bottom social class is still more likely to
leave school with no qualifications, to live in relative
poverty and to die younger than their peers born into
the professional classes.
Sirin (2005,) explains, “Methodological
Characteristics, such as the type of socioeconomic
status(SES) measure, and student characteristics, such
as pupil’s grade, minority status, and school loca
moderated the magnitude of the relationship between
SES and academic performance.” The relationship is
still clear and strong enough, however, to permit
statements such as the following: “Socio
status differences in children’s reading and
educational outcomes are ubiquitous, stubbornly
persistent and well documented” (Aikens and
Barbarin, 2008). The relationship between SES and
academic performance is due to a complex interaction
of a number of variables, it appears to be generally
accepted that SES impacts to a considerable extent on
various aspects of students’ learning experiences.
Meeuwisse, Severiens and Born (2010), examined the
interaction of multiple variables in pupils’ decisions
to withdraw from higher education. They support the
general theme that emerges in all of the studies
reviewed herein: The interplay of variables that
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 3 | Issue – 1 | Nov-Dec 2018
home environment affects the development of
intellectual ability negatively (Mario, 2006). This
that students from low socio-economic
backgrounds tend to be below or just an average in
their intellectual development particularly when this
phenomenon is accessed in terms of score or test.
Chopra (1969), of Lucknow University studied the
economic background and
performance. It was found that higher socio-
economic group pupils were significantly higher than
those of the pupils from the middle and lower socio-
economic group. This study revealed that there is
ship between socio- economic
background and performance in English, mathematics
and science. Goswami (1982), found that in both
urban and rural areas, the upper socio- economic
status group has done significantly better than the
in the performance tests
of science, languages and humanities. Rothman’s
(2003), analysis revealed that within the same school,
a pupil who comes from a higher socio-economic
group will achieve better test results than a pupil from
roup. In Britain, according
to a recent report by the United Kingdom
Government’s Social Exclusion Unit (2004), a child
born into the bottom social class is still more likely to
leave school with no qualifications, to live in relative
unger than their peers born into
Sirin (2005,) explains, “Methodological
Characteristics, such as the type of socioeconomic
status(SES) measure, and student characteristics, such
as pupil’s grade, minority status, and school location,
moderated the magnitude of the relationship between
SES and academic performance.” The relationship is
still clear and strong enough, however, to permit
statements such as the following: “Socio-economic
status differences in children’s reading and
ucational outcomes are ubiquitous, stubbornly
persistent and well documented” (Aikens and
Barbarin, 2008). The relationship between SES and
academic performance is due to a complex interaction
of a number of variables, it appears to be generally
hat SES impacts to a considerable extent on
various aspects of students’ learning experiences.
Meeuwisse, Severiens and Born (2010), examined the
interaction of multiple variables in pupils’ decisions
to withdraw from higher education. They support the
eral theme that emerges in all of the studies
reviewed herein: The interplay of variables that
characterizes the investigation of SES and aspects of
pupil’ behavior, choices and outcomes is
tremendously complex.
Parental involvement is also another area w
research had been conducted .Good parenting styles
such as checking of the pupils books after school and
teaching the child how to read can greatly improve on
the child performance. Baumrind (1971,1996)
believes that parents should be neither punitive
aloof rather they should develop rules for children,
while at the same time being supportive and
nurturing. She and others after hundreds of research
studies came out with four main forms namely
[authoritarian parenting which restrictive and
punitive, authoritative which encourages children to
be independent but still places limits and controls on
the actions ,neglectful parenting in which parents are
uninvolved in their children lives and indulgent
,parenting in which parents are highly involved with
their children but place far limits or restrictions on
their behavior.
Basu and Chaudhary observes that the extent of
relationship in various studies have been found to
vary between low to moderately high. A Meta
analysis of 47 such studies by Rothbaum an
(1994) attempted to account for this discrepancy.
They concluded that the parental impact on school
behavior is not homogenous affair, but closely
intertwined with a number of demographic and
cognitive factors. Lack of awareness and control of
these variables have led to misleading findings in
many of these studies conducted in this respect.
Parenting style and school achievement was as high as
0.39. Student’s perceptions of parental expectations
also correlated with achievement. Mayuri (2003),
designed a study to find out the school factors that
affect academic achievement of the school children
studying in class IX and X. The sample consisted of
120 children (60 each from class IX and class X) and
40 teachers from a residential school of Hyderabad
city. One of the key findings of this study was that
family factors like parental aspirations and socio
economic factors had an effect on the academic
achievement of the school children.
Farmer (1990) observed that expectations by
significant others in the environment, viz., teachers,
parents and peers, enhanced academic achievement
and career motivation of learners. Bandura (1997),
notes that parents contribute to their children
(IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Dec 2018 Page: 716
characterizes the investigation of SES and aspects of
pupil’ behavior, choices and outcomes is
Parental involvement is also another area where
research had been conducted .Good parenting styles
such as checking of the pupils books after school and
teaching the child how to read can greatly improve on
the child performance. Baumrind (1971,1996)
believes that parents should be neither punitive nor
aloof rather they should develop rules for children,
while at the same time being supportive and
nurturing. She and others after hundreds of research
studies came out with four main forms namely
[authoritarian parenting which restrictive and
authoritative which encourages children to
be independent but still places limits and controls on
the actions ,neglectful parenting in which parents are
uninvolved in their children lives and indulgent
,parenting in which parents are highly involved with
their children but place far limits or restrictions on
Basu and Chaudhary observes that the extent of
relationship in various studies have been found to
vary between low to moderately high. A Meta-
analysis of 47 such studies by Rothbaum and Weiz
(1994) attempted to account for this discrepancy.
They concluded that the parental impact on school
behavior is not homogenous affair, but closely
intertwined with a number of demographic and
cognitive factors. Lack of awareness and control of
variables have led to misleading findings in
many of these studies conducted in this respect.
Parenting style and school achievement was as high as
0.39. Student’s perceptions of parental expectations
also correlated with achievement. Mayuri (2003),
ned a study to find out the school factors that
affect academic achievement of the school children
studying in class IX and X. The sample consisted of
120 children (60 each from class IX and class X) and
40 teachers from a residential school of Hyderabad
ity. One of the key findings of this study was that
family factors like parental aspirations and socio-
economic factors had an effect on the academic
achievement of the school children.
Farmer (1990) observed that expectations by
environment, viz., teachers,
parents and peers, enhanced academic achievement
and career motivation of learners. Bandura (1997),
notes that parents contribute to their children
7. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
intellectual growth in a variety of ways, including
preparing children for the school, placing value on
education, conveying beliefs in their children
scholastic ability, setting standards for them,
establishing regular work habits for them,
encouraging language development and
comprehension through reading, keeping track of
academic progress, rewarding their efforts, and
supporting teacher related functions.
Parental involvement
It has been found that when parents are actively
involved in the academic activities of their children
through class visits or helping with class activiti
children behavior and basic skills improve (Maroon,
1988). Dautscher and Ibe (2003), carried out a study
to examine the role of parental involvement on child’s
academic performance. They assessed various types
of parental involvement, viz., volunte
involvement, attending parental classes, school
political involvement, talking to staff and talking to
teachers. Approximately 400 students of 7th through
11th grade were included. The overall results
indicated that those who went to the parent
(classes) or were more involved in the academic
activities of children (such as checking children’s
planner, talking to child at home about school related
topics, or engaged in educational activities outside of
school), had children who performed better in various
subjects or had better grades. Parental participation in
school work may range from class room visits to more
active participation in tutoring, text book evaluation
and staff evaluation (Irvine, 1988). Taylor, Ivora and
Wilson (1995) investigated the relationship between
parental influences and academic outcomes for
African American students. Their results indicated
that parental involvement significantly predicted
academic performance.
Dhingira and Manhas (2009) explored the relationshi
that exists between parental interaction and attitudes
of teachers with academic performance of school
going children. The sample comprised of 200 under
achievers studying in class 4-6 grade, failing to
perform satisfactorily for no apparent reason. Besi
the students, their parents (n = 200) and teachers (n
=189) were also included in the study. The results
revealed that parent child interaction and teacher
attitudes significantly influenced academic
performance. In a similar study, Sidhu and Gill (198
found that class room scores were low where there
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 3 | Issue – 1 | Nov-Dec 2018
intellectual growth in a variety of ways, including
school, placing value on
education, conveying beliefs in their children
scholastic ability, setting standards for them,
establishing regular work habits for them,
encouraging language development and
comprehension through reading, keeping track of
c progress, rewarding their efforts, and
It has been found that when parents are actively
involved in the academic activities of their children
through class visits or helping with class activities, the
children behavior and basic skills improve (Maroon,
1988). Dautscher and Ibe (2003), carried out a study
to examine the role of parental involvement on child’s
academic performance. They assessed various types
of parental involvement, viz., volunteering, home
involvement, attending parental classes, school
political involvement, talking to staff and talking to
teachers. Approximately 400 students of 7th through
11th grade were included. The overall results
indicated that those who went to the parent seminars
(classes) or were more involved in the academic
activities of children (such as checking children’s
planner, talking to child at home about school related
topics, or engaged in educational activities outside of
better in various
subjects or had better grades. Parental participation in
school work may range from class room visits to more
active participation in tutoring, text book evaluation
and staff evaluation (Irvine, 1988). Taylor, Ivora and
estigated the relationship between
parental influences and academic outcomes for
African American students. Their results indicated
that parental involvement significantly predicted
Dhingira and Manhas (2009) explored the relationship
that exists between parental interaction and attitudes
of teachers with academic performance of school
going children. The sample comprised of 200 under
6 grade, failing to
perform satisfactorily for no apparent reason. Besides
the students, their parents (n = 200) and teachers (n
=189) were also included in the study. The results
revealed that parent child interaction and teacher
attitudes significantly influenced academic
performance. In a similar study, Sidhu and Gill (1988)
found that class room scores were low where there
were low parental motivation and sharing of parental
work with the children.
At the same time, high performance has been noted
among children whose parents took active interest in
the academic activities of their children. It has also
been reported that children performed better in
schools where teachers rated parents as actively
involved in school activities (Baker &Soden, 1997).
Parental involvement and encouragement are
important influences on academi
increases the likelihood of young children ultimately
graduating from high Schools (Howel&Frese, 1982).
It has also been observed that parental involvement
results in better relationship between school and
families (Epstein, 1984). Dornbush
that parental guidance and encouragement of
academic activities increase the likelihood that
children will be moving in the right direction in
academics. Estrons et al. (1986) have found that high
school dropout, low parental monitoring of
social activities, and low discussions with parents are
associated with low academic achievements.
Although several studies in U.S.A indicate that there
is a substantial positive relationship between parent’s
involvement and their children’s ac
there are also studies which found a negative
relationship or no significant differences between
experimental and control groups (e.g., Ryan, 1964;
Morrow, 1982). Inconsistencies in the research
findings can be explained on the basis of dif
in methods of data collection and research designs
used. Some researchers have studied the relationship
between parental involvement and child’s school
success using direct observation (Arbuckle &
Mackinnon, 1988), surveys and questionnaires, or
both (Edward & Warring, 1999). Other investigations
have been known to make use of traditional
experimental design to compare students
performance across randomly allocated groups
(Woods, Bernard &Tesselle, 1974). Differences in the
outcome measured also may have
of discrepancy. For example, a variety of dependent
variables have been reported in studies on parental
involvement (e.g., reading achievement: Epstein,
1987; 1991; math achievement: Davis, 1993; and
perceptual skills training: Garriso
discussions of the findings and conclusions do not
always take into consideration certain important
factors that can affect the validity of research findings
such as the reliability of scales and tests. In a more
(IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Dec 2018 Page: 717
were low parental motivation and sharing of parental
At the same time, high performance has been noted
among children whose parents took active interest in
s of their children. It has also
been reported that children performed better in
schools where teachers rated parents as actively
involved in school activities (Baker &Soden, 1997).
Parental involvement and encouragement are
important influences on academic success which
increases the likelihood of young children ultimately
graduating from high Schools (Howel&Frese, 1982).
It has also been observed that parental involvement
results in better relationship between school and
families (Epstein, 1984). Dornbush (1994) observes
that parental guidance and encouragement of
academic activities increase the likelihood that
children will be moving in the right direction in
academics. Estrons et al. (1986) have found that high
school dropout, low parental monitoring of children
social activities, and low discussions with parents are
associated with low academic achievements.
Although several studies in U.S.A indicate that there
is a substantial positive relationship between parent’s
involvement and their children’s academic success,
there are also studies which found a negative
relationship or no significant differences between
experimental and control groups (e.g., Ryan, 1964;
Morrow, 1982). Inconsistencies in the research
findings can be explained on the basis of differences
in methods of data collection and research designs
used. Some researchers have studied the relationship
between parental involvement and child’s school
success using direct observation (Arbuckle &
Mackinnon, 1988), surveys and questionnaires, or
ward & Warring, 1999). Other investigations
have been known to make use of traditional
experimental design to compare students‟
performance across randomly allocated groups
(Woods, Bernard &Tesselle, 1974). Differences in the
outcome measured also may have been another source
of discrepancy. For example, a variety of dependent
variables have been reported in studies on parental
involvement (e.g., reading achievement: Epstein,
1987; 1991; math achievement: Davis, 1993; and
perceptual skills training: Garrison, 1977). However
discussions of the findings and conclusions do not
always take into consideration certain important
factors that can affect the validity of research findings
such as the reliability of scales and tests. In a more
8. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
recent analysis of this issue, Mattingly et al. (2002),
reviewed a total of 41 studies described as
“evaluations” of parental involvement programs. They
concluded that there was little evidence to support the
efficacy of parental involvement to improve student’s
performance
Child’s time use after School
Children spend their time in different ways after
coming home from school. These include play,
television viewing, etc. Most children, especially in
urban centers, spend a great deal of time in television
viewing. Too much of television viewing has been
associated with low academic performance. For
example, Singer and Singer (1990) observed that
excessive watching of television leads to reduced
mental effort and shallow information processing
among children. Also, excessive viewing
among pre-scholars‟ has been correlated with less
elaborate make believe play. In older pre scholars, it
is found to be associated with lower creativity scores.
The influence of family educational climate is defined
by the amount and the style of help that children
receive from the family; that is determined by
elements of the family context, like dynamic of
communication and effective relationships ,attitudes
towards values ,expectations etCeteral (Diaz,2004)
.Along these same lines,Marchesi and Martin (2002)
reported that parental expectations have a notable
influence on academic performance or results , even
when controlling for initial knowledge and socio
economic context Castejon and Perez (1998), found
indirect relationships with performance from the
pupils perception of how much importance his or her
parents assign to study at home.
The literature review on the parent level of education
have showed that, the education that children receive
is much dependent on the education that their
received when they were children .Research shows
that the literacy of their parents strongly affects the
education of their children. Teale found in his studies
that ‘children experience literacy primarily as a social
process during their school years.’(Teale,1986)
parents strongly affect this social learning process
because they are the biggest influence at this early
stage in the children lives. One of the reasons why it
strongly affected their children’s education is
because’ parents who have gone beyond a high school
education are found to be more involved with their
infants and children than those who did not finish
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 3 | Issue – 1 | Nov-Dec 2018
ssue, Mattingly et al. (2002),
reviewed a total of 41 studies described as
“evaluations” of parental involvement programs. They
concluded that there was little evidence to support the
efficacy of parental involvement to improve student’s
Children spend their time in different ways after
coming home from school. These include play,
television viewing, etc. Most children, especially in
urban centers, spend a great deal of time in television
ision viewing has been
associated with low academic performance. For
example, Singer and Singer (1990) observed that
excessive watching of television leads to reduced
mental effort and shallow information processing
among children. Also, excessive viewing of television
‟ has been correlated with less
elaborate make believe play. In older pre scholars, it
is found to be associated with lower creativity scores.
The influence of family educational climate is defined
yle of help that children
receive from the family; that is determined by
elements of the family context, like dynamic of
communication and effective relationships ,attitudes
towards values ,expectations etCeteral (Diaz,2004)
i and Martin (2002)
reported that parental expectations have a notable
influence on academic performance or results , even
when controlling for initial knowledge and socio-
economic context Castejon and Perez (1998), found
mance from the
pupils perception of how much importance his or her
The literature review on the parent level of education
have showed that, the education that children receive
is much dependent on the education that their parents
received when they were children .Research shows
that the literacy of their parents strongly affects the
education of their children. Teale found in his studies
that ‘children experience literacy primarily as a social
ars.’(Teale,1986)
parents strongly affect this social learning process
because they are the biggest influence at this early
stage in the children lives. One of the reasons why it
strongly affected their children’s education is
e beyond a high school
education are found to be more involved with their
infants and children than those who did not finish
high school. Many less educated parents have more
unmanaged stress in their lives, and this stress
interferes with ability and oppo
their child (Sclafani, 1988). Typically ,parents who
have finished high school and gone on to receive
additional schooling understand the pressures and
stress of school and are more equipped to handle them
with their children when they go through school.
Parent who have obtained further educational
opportunities also have less stress in their lives
because they most likely making more money while
spending less time making that money than those
who, unfortunately, have not been able
high school for one reason or the other. It is
unfortunate that less educated parents are less
involved in their children’s education process because
research repeatedly demonstrates that schools and
districts do better when parents are engage
partners in the decision making that affect their
children schools. Only through this richer level of
engagement will parents and the public at large better
understand their vital connection to quality public
education (Glickman 229). Parents wi
education do not participate as often in their
children’s education to some effects because they do
not realize the importance of interaction with school
and they are probably intimidated, just like they were
in high school.
Educational Level of Parents
It has been noted that children of educated and
affluent parents generally have more opportunities for
achievements. Educated parents encourage their
children to have relationship with peers who share
their values, especially values of achievement
(Wentzel& Feldman, 1993; William &Rudin, 1993).
Parents, who are better educated, tend to
communicate better with their children when
compared to parents who are less educated. Educated
parents interact with the children at home by way of
reading with them, conversing with them and directly
teaching them required social skills. All these help to
improve the knowledge base of the children and also
their performance at school (Flood & Anders, 2006).
Devi and Kiran (2002), designed a study to find out
the family factors associated with scholastic
backwardness among secondary school children.
Their sample consisted of 100 low achieving students
(50 boys and 50 girls) of 9th and 10th grade, drawn
from ten private schools selected from all the five
zones of Hyderabad city in India. Their study revealed
(IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Dec 2018 Page: 718
high school. Many less educated parents have more
unmanaged stress in their lives, and this stress
interferes with ability and opportunity to interact with
their child (Sclafani, 1988). Typically ,parents who
have finished high school and gone on to receive
additional schooling understand the pressures and
stress of school and are more equipped to handle them
they go through school.
Parent who have obtained further educational
opportunities also have less stress in their lives
because they most likely making more money while
spending less time making that money than those
who, unfortunately, have not been able to finished
high school for one reason or the other. It is
unfortunate that less educated parents are less
involved in their children’s education process because
research repeatedly demonstrates that schools and
districts do better when parents are engaged as equal
partners in the decision making that affect their
children schools. Only through this richer level of
engagement will parents and the public at large better
understand their vital connection to quality public
education (Glickman 229). Parents with less
education do not participate as often in their
children’s education to some effects because they do
not realize the importance of interaction with school
and they are probably intimidated, just like they were
arents
It has been noted that children of educated and
affluent parents generally have more opportunities for
achievements. Educated parents encourage their
children to have relationship with peers who share
their values, especially values of achievement
Wentzel& Feldman, 1993; William &Rudin, 1993).
Parents, who are better educated, tend to
communicate better with their children when
compared to parents who are less educated. Educated
parents interact with the children at home by way of
conversing with them and directly
teaching them required social skills. All these help to
improve the knowledge base of the children and also
their performance at school (Flood & Anders, 2006).
Devi and Kiran (2002), designed a study to find out
y factors associated with scholastic
backwardness among secondary school children.
Their sample consisted of 100 low achieving students
(50 boys and 50 girls) of 9th and 10th grade, drawn
from ten private schools selected from all the five
bad city in India. Their study revealed
9. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
that low educational status of parents, large family
size, and low parental involvement and
encouragement were the major family factors
associated with scholastic backwardness. Mayuri and
Biliquis (1999), conducted a study on 467 rural
children in the age range of 6-12 years to investigate
the correlates of intellectual abilities in them. The
findings of the study revealed that socio
variables, viz., parental education and occupation,
were the significant predictors. Sunita and Mayuri
(1999), in another study, examined the role of socio
economic status, interests and adjustment in the
academic achievement of children. The study revealed
that educational and occupational status of the family,
small and nuclear family, as well as support and
encouragement from parents and siblings,
significantly enhanced the academic achievement of
school children. It has been noted that there is a
positive association between assistance with
homework and children’s academic achi
regardless of the source of assistance in the family.
But this assistance was found more often among
parents who were of high educational levels. (Hassan,
2003).
The national center for education statistics (NCES) in
U.S.A. conducted a study in 1998 to find out the
health status of kindergarten children in relation to the
risk status of the child’s family. The four risk
indicators were: low maternal education, family on
welfare, one parent in the home, and a parent
speaking a language other than English at home. The
results of the study indicated that the children in
families with no risk factors were more likely to be in
excellent health (59%) when compared to those with
one (44%) or two or more risk factors (37%). Twenty
nine percent of the children from high risk families
were in fair or poor health compared to 10% of those
in no risk families. They also noted that children from
lower risk families were more likely to engage in
positive social behaviors such as making friendship
and helping their class mates. Children from higher
risk families were less likely to have positive attitudes
towards class room activities, pay attention or show
eagerness to learn, and were more likely to display
anti-social behaviors such as arguing and fighting,
which are associated with poor performance in school
(Flood & Anders, 2005).
There are several research reports which indicate that
maternal characteristics are important determinants of
academic achievement. There are several research
reports which indicate that maternal characteristics are
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 3 | Issue – 1 | Nov-Dec 2018
that low educational status of parents, large family
size, and low parental involvement and
encouragement were the major family factors
associated with scholastic backwardness. Mayuri and
study on 467 rural
12 years to investigate
the correlates of intellectual abilities in them. The
findings of the study revealed that socio-economic
variables, viz., parental education and occupation,
dictors. Sunita and Mayuri
(1999), in another study, examined the role of socio-
economic status, interests and adjustment in the
academic achievement of children. The study revealed
that educational and occupational status of the family,
family, as well as support and
encouragement from parents and siblings,
significantly enhanced the academic achievement of
school children. It has been noted that there is a
positive association between assistance with
homework and children’s academic achievement,
regardless of the source of assistance in the family.
But this assistance was found more often among
parents who were of high educational levels. (Hassan,
The national center for education statistics (NCES) in
998 to find out the
health status of kindergarten children in relation to the
risk status of the child’s family. The four risk
indicators were: low maternal education, family on
welfare, one parent in the home, and a parent
nglish at home. The
results of the study indicated that the children in
families with no risk factors were more likely to be in
excellent health (59%) when compared to those with
one (44%) or two or more risk factors (37%). Twenty
ren from high risk families
were in fair or poor health compared to 10% of those
in no risk families. They also noted that children from
lower risk families were more likely to engage in
positive social behaviors such as making friendship
class mates. Children from higher
risk families were less likely to have positive attitudes
towards class room activities, pay attention or show
eagerness to learn, and were more likely to display
social behaviors such as arguing and fighting,
are associated with poor performance in school
There are several research reports which indicate that
maternal characteristics are important determinants of
academic achievement. There are several research
at maternal characteristics are
important determinants of academic achievement
(Emmon, 2005; Majuribanks, 1996). Mothers who are
educated have higher self-esteem and have children
who received high test scores (Emmon, 2005). Also,
mothers who delay child bearing have been shown to
provide more cognitively stimulating and supportive
environment at home, which has a positive effect on
school performance (Emmon, 2005; Majuribank,
1996). Mother’s educational attainment has also been
reported as a significant pr
completion (Ekstron et al, 1986). Khan and Jembero
(2002), conducted a study to investigate the influence
of socio-economic status (SES) on educational and
occupational aspirations of adolescents. Their sample
consisted of 80 students selected from two schools in
Aligar city, in India, obtained using stratified random
sampling. The results of the study indicated that while
the impact of socio-economic status on educational
aspirations was minimal, its influence on occupational
aspirations was significant. Socio
was also found to affect the adolescent’s aspirations
indirectly through family salience. There are several
research reports which indicate that maternal
characteristics are important determinants of
academic achievement (Emmon, 2005; Majuribanks,
1996). Mothers who are educated have higher self
esteem and have children who received high test
scores (Emmon, 2005).
METHODOLOGY
The design used for this study was a survey .Survey
research collected data from a few
considered to be a representative of the entire group.
It is an ex-post factor correlation survey, because the
study involved seeking opinion of the pupils in their
natural setting and correlating the finding with pupils’
performances in school.
Population of the study
The population was classified into three; the general
population which is the population of all the pupils in
primary school in the Buea municipality, the target
population which consisted of all the pupils in some
three selected primary schools (Government
Practicing School(GPS) Molyko, Redeemer
International Primary School and Catholic School
Molyko) in the Buea municipality and the accessible
population consisted of pupils with learning
disabilities in classes four and fiv
selected primary schools in the target population. A
summary of the accessible population is shown on the
table below;
(IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Dec 2018 Page: 719
important determinants of academic achievement
(Emmon, 2005; Majuribanks, 1996). Mothers who are
esteem and have children
who received high test scores (Emmon, 2005). Also,
earing have been shown to
provide more cognitively stimulating and supportive
environment at home, which has a positive effect on
school performance (Emmon, 2005; Majuribank,
1996). Mother’s educational attainment has also been
reported as a significant predictor of high school
completion (Ekstron et al, 1986). Khan and Jembero
(2002), conducted a study to investigate the influence
economic status (SES) on educational and
occupational aspirations of adolescents. Their sample
s selected from two schools in
Aligar city, in India, obtained using stratified random
sampling. The results of the study indicated that while
economic status on educational
aspirations was minimal, its influence on occupational
ions was significant. Socio-economic status
was also found to affect the adolescent’s aspirations
indirectly through family salience. There are several
research reports which indicate that maternal
characteristics are important determinants of
ievement (Emmon, 2005; Majuribanks,
1996). Mothers who are educated have higher self-
esteem and have children who received high test
The design used for this study was a survey .Survey
research collected data from a few people or items
considered to be a representative of the entire group.
post factor correlation survey, because the
study involved seeking opinion of the pupils in their
natural setting and correlating the finding with pupils’
The population was classified into three; the general
population which is the population of all the pupils in
primary school in the Buea municipality, the target
population which consisted of all the pupils in some
ected primary schools (Government
Practicing School(GPS) Molyko, Redeemer
International Primary School and Catholic School
Molyko) in the Buea municipality and the accessible
population consisted of pupils with learning
disabilities in classes four and five from the three
selected primary schools in the target population. A
summary of the accessible population is shown on the
10. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development
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Table 1: Accessible population and Sample of the
Study selected.
Name of School Class Number
of Pupils
GPS Molyko 4 24
5 25
Redeemer
International
Primary School
4 24
5 22
Catholic School
Molyko
4 32
5 31
Total 158
Source: Total number of pupils with and without
Learning Disabilities in the targeted schools and the
sample from the school head office.
From the table above our accessible population was
158 pupils and our sample was 50 pupils. GPS
Molyko class four, accessible population 24, sample
13; class five accessible population 25, sample 10.
Redeemer International Primary School Molyko class
four, accessible population 24, sample 1; class five
accessible population 22, sample 2. Catholic School
Molyko class four, accessible population 32, sample
15; class five accessible population 31, sample 9.
Sample and Sampling Technique
The purposive sampling technique was used to select
the schools and the classes that constituted the target
and accessible population respectively. Fraenkel and
Norman (2000), define purposive sampling as a
technique in which the researcher assumes that he/she
can use his/her knowledge of the population to judge
whether or not a particular sample will be
representative of the study. This is done based on a
previous knowledge of a population and the specific
purpose of the research. In this type
therefore, personal judgment is used to select a
sample. This method was chosen because the
researcher could only work with children with
learning disabilities and therefore identified
Government Practicing Primary School Molyko,
Redeemer International Primary School and Catholic
School Molyko. Classes four and five were also
selected purposively firstly because it is at these
classes that words building are completely mastered.
Secondly, remediation programs implemented at this
level will be effective if these pupils are identified.
The pupils used were gotten by checking their birth
certificates in schools in order to get the pupils who
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 3 | Issue – 1 | Nov-Dec 2018
Table 1: Accessible population and Sample of the
Number Number of
Pupils
with LDs
13
10
1
2
15
9
50
Total number of pupils with and without
schools and the
From the table above our accessible population was
158 pupils and our sample was 50 pupils. GPS
Molyko class four, accessible population 24, sample
13; class five accessible population 25, sample 10.
Primary School Molyko class
four, accessible population 24, sample 1; class five
accessible population 22, sample 2. Catholic School
Molyko class four, accessible population 32, sample
15; class five accessible population 31, sample 9.
The purposive sampling technique was used to select
the schools and the classes that constituted the target
and accessible population respectively. Fraenkel and
Norman (2000), define purposive sampling as a
umes that he/she
can use his/her knowledge of the population to judge
whether or not a particular sample will be
representative of the study. This is done based on a
previous knowledge of a population and the specific
purpose of the research. In this type of technique
therefore, personal judgment is used to select a
sample. This method was chosen because the
researcher could only work with children with
learning disabilities and therefore identified
Government Practicing Primary School Molyko,
rnational Primary School and Catholic
School Molyko. Classes four and five were also
selected purposively firstly because it is at these
classes that words building are completely mastered.
Secondly, remediation programs implemented at this
effective if these pupils are identified.
The pupils used were gotten by checking their birth
certificates in schools in order to get the pupils who
were at the age 7-12 years. This was because at this
ages the children who could not reason like their
peers. Using documented literature on learning
disabilities as well as the experience gotten from
practicum and with the assistance of their class
teachers the researcher also checked their note books
which comprises of their writing books, spelling,
mathematics and understanding and response books,
and also their first and second term results through the
reading exercises spellings mathematical test. This
was done after the researcher had observed the pupils
for some weeks. Thus a purposive sampling technique
was used as only those selected by the class teachers
and the researcher were involved. Thus those who had
difficulties in these areas and were below average
during the first and second term examination were
said to be pupils having learning disabilities.
Sample description of school
Table 2: Distribution of sampled school
Schools Frequency
GPS Molyko
Redeemers
International Primary
School
Catholic School
Molyko
Total
Three schools were sampled for the study among
which Redeemers International 12.0% (6) a lay
private school, Catholic School Molyko 34.0% (17) a
confessional school and GPS Molyko 54.0% (27) a
government school. Percentage represents the
percentages of the pupils selected f
schools that the researcher used.
Gender
Figure 1: Sample distribution by gender
(IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Dec 2018 Page: 720
12 years. This was because at this
ages the children who could not reason like their
rs. Using documented literature on learning
disabilities as well as the experience gotten from
practicum and with the assistance of their class
teachers the researcher also checked their note books
which comprises of their writing books, spelling,
ics and understanding and response books,
and also their first and second term results through the
reading exercises spellings mathematical test. This
was done after the researcher had observed the pupils
for some weeks. Thus a purposive sampling technique
was used as only those selected by the class teachers
and the researcher were involved. Thus those who had
difficulties in these areas and were below average
during the first and second term examination were
said to be pupils having learning disabilities.
Sample description of school
Distribution of sampled school
Frequency Percentage
of pupils
per school
6 12.0
17 34.0
27 54.0
50 100.0
sampled for the study among
which Redeemers International 12.0% (6) a lay
private school, Catholic School Molyko 34.0% (17) a
confessional school and GPS Molyko 54.0% (27) a
government school. Percentage represents the
percentages of the pupils selected from the three
schools that the researcher used.
Figure 1: Sample distribution by gender
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Both the male and the female were well represented in
the sample whereby they were (24) 48.0% of the male
and (26) 52.0% for the female. Children with learni
disability were sampled in class three with a
proportion of (4)8.0%, class four (26) 52.0% and
class five(20) 40.0%. The sample population for
parents were 10 in number which were randomly
selected from the schools concern on the day the
researcher when to the filed to administer her
questionnaire the parents who happened in school
were interviewed and their responses were taped,
which were later on written down by the researcher.
Validation of Instruments
To ensure face validity of the instrument, the
researcher scrutinized the items, checking the clarity
and appropriateness of language and clarity.
corrections were effected and re-corrected, where the
supervisor accepted the questionnaire and interview
guide were considered to have attained faced vali
To evaluate the content validity of the instrument, the
researcher scrutinized the questionnaire and interview
guide and checked the relevance of items to the
objectives of the study. Existing literature on the area
of learning disabilities, home environment academic
Reliability analysis for pilot study
Table 3; Reliability analysis for the pilot study
Conceptual components
Parental attention
Parental encouragement
Parental communication
Location of house
Emotional development
IVM
At pilot test, the internal consistency assumption was violated only for the component emotional development.
It was assumed that a child could perceive his
differently from other indicators and simply language restructuring for clarity was made. However,
conceptually, high Alpha value was not expected for this component. This trend of reliability the
to the real study or final study.
Methods of data processing and analysis
Open-ended questionnaire and interview items were analyzed using the process of thematic analysis whereby
concepts or ideas were grouped under umbrella terms or key w
EpiData Version 3.1 (EpiData Association, Odense Denmark, 2008) database which has in
and validation checks was used to enter the data. Further consistency, data range and validation chec
also performed in SPSS version 21.0 (IBM Inc., 2012), to identify invalid codes.
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 3 | Issue – 1 | Nov-Dec 2018
Both the male and the female were well represented in
the sample whereby they were (24) 48.0% of the male
and (26) 52.0% for the female. Children with learning
disability were sampled in class three with a
proportion of (4)8.0%, class four (26) 52.0% and
class five(20) 40.0%. The sample population for
parents were 10 in number which were randomly
selected from the schools concern on the day the
n to the filed to administer her
questionnaire the parents who happened in school
were interviewed and their responses were taped,
which were later on written down by the researcher.
To ensure face validity of the instrument, the
researcher scrutinized the items, checking the clarity
and appropriateness of language and clarity.
corrected, where the
supervisor accepted the questionnaire and interview
guide were considered to have attained faced validity.
To evaluate the content validity of the instrument, the
researcher scrutinized the questionnaire and interview
guide and checked the relevance of items to the
objectives of the study. Existing literature on the area
ironment academic
performance was used to check construct validity. To
reduce threats to internal validity all the pupils who
took part in the study were pupils with learning
disabilities in classes four and five from the three
schools selected with their
12yeas.
Reliability
The test-retest method involved administering the
same test twice to the same group after a certain time
interval has elapsed. It showed the level of
achievement and internal consistency of the
instrument over time. A reliability coefficient at 0.05
was used to calculate the internal consistency of the
instrument and to show the relationship and
consistency between the two sets of scores obtained
from the two groups. To ensure that the research
instrument measured consistently what they were
designed to measure, the instruments were trial
using 20 pupils in the Buea municipality. These pupils
where no longer used during the main study. The data
collected was tested for reliability using the Cronbach
Coefficient Alpha Method.
Table 3; Reliability analysis for the pilot study
Conceptual components Cronbach's Alpha Ncases
0.648 5
Parental encouragement 0.512 5
Parental communication 0.568 5
0.650 5
Emotional development 0.203 5
0.705 5
At pilot test, the internal consistency assumption was violated only for the component emotional development.
It was assumed that a child could perceive his emotional development based on one or more of the indicator
differently from other indicators and simply language restructuring for clarity was made. However,
conceptually, high Alpha value was not expected for this component. This trend of reliability the
Methods of data processing and analysis
ended questionnaire and interview items were analyzed using the process of thematic analysis whereby
concepts or ideas were grouped under umbrella terms or key words. As for the quantitative data, a pre
EpiData Version 3.1 (EpiData Association, Odense Denmark, 2008) database which has in
and validation checks was used to enter the data. Further consistency, data range and validation chec
also performed in SPSS version 21.0 (IBM Inc., 2012), to identify invalid codes.
(IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Dec 2018 Page: 721
performance was used to check construct validity. To
reduce threats to internal validity all the pupils who
took part in the study were pupils with learning
disabilities in classes four and five from the three
schools selected with their ages ranging from 7-
retest method involved administering the
same test twice to the same group after a certain time
interval has elapsed. It showed the level of
achievement and internal consistency of the
A reliability coefficient at 0.05
was used to calculate the internal consistency of the
instrument and to show the relationship and
consistency between the two sets of scores obtained
from the two groups. To ensure that the research
nsistently what they were
designed to measure, the instruments were trial-tested
using 20 pupils in the Buea municipality. These pupils
where no longer used during the main study. The data
collected was tested for reliability using the Cronbach
Nitem
7
9
4
6
6
32
At pilot test, the internal consistency assumption was violated only for the component emotional development.
emotional development based on one or more of the indicator
differently from other indicators and simply language restructuring for clarity was made. However,
conceptually, high Alpha value was not expected for this component. This trend of reliability therefore applied
ended questionnaire and interview items were analyzed using the process of thematic analysis whereby
ords. As for the quantitative data, a pre-designed
EpiData Version 3.1 (EpiData Association, Odense Denmark, 2008) database which has in-built consistency
and validation checks was used to enter the data. Further consistency, data range and validation checks were