The document summarizes three key events in Mexican history: 1) The Battle of Chapultepec on September 13, 1847 during the Mexican-American War, where six Mexican military cadets fought to the death against superior U.S. forces rather than retreat. 2) The start of the Mexican War of Independence on September 16, 1810, a struggle led by Mexican-born Spaniards, Mestizos and Amerindians seeking independence from Spain. 3) The Mexican Revolution beginning in 1910 as an uprising led by Francisco I. Madero against dictator Porfirio Díaz, transforming into a multi-sided civil war that produced Mexico's 1917 constitution.

1. September 13Batalla de ChapultepecOn September 13, 1847, in the Battle of Molino del Rey, U.S. forces had managed to drive the Mexicans from their positions near the base of Chapultepec Castle guarding Mexico City from the west.During the battle, six Mexican military cadets refused to fall back when General Bravo finally ordered retreat and fought to the death against superior U.S. forces. Their names were: tenienteJuan de la Barrera, and cadets Agustin Melgar, Juan Escutia, Vicente Suarez, Francisco Marquez and Fernando Montes de Oca. One by one they fell; when one was left, Juan Escutia, and the U.S. forces were about to kill him, he grabbed the Mexican flag, wrapped it around himself and jumped off the castle. It is said that the American commander saluted the body of Escutia wrapped in the Mexican flag.

2. September 16The Mexican War of Independence (1810–1821) was an armed conflict between the people of Mexico and the Spanish colonial authorities which started on 16 September 1810. The Mexican War of Independence movement was led by Mexican-born Spaniards, Mestizos and Amerindians who sought independence from Spain. It started as an idealistic peasants' rebellion against their colonial masters, but finally ended as an unlikely alliance between liberals and conservatives.It can be said that the struggle for Mexican independence dates back to the decades after the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, when Martín Cortés, son of Hernán Cortés and La Malinch, led a revolt against the Spanish colonial government in order to eliminate the issues of oppression and privileges for the conquistadores.[1]After the abortive Conspiracy of the Machetes in 1799, the War of Independence led by the Mexican-born Spaniards became a reality. The movement for independence was far from gaining unanimous support among Mexicans, who became divided between independentists, autonomists and royalists.

3. November 20The Mexican Revolution was a major armed struggle that started in 1910 with an uprising led by Francisco I. Madero against longtime autocrat PorfirioDíaz. The Mexican Revolution was characterized by several socialist, liberal, anarchist, populist, and agrarianist movements.The Revolution transformed itself from a revolt against the established order to a multi-sided civil war. After prolonged struggles, it produced the Mexican Constitution of 1917. The Revolution is generally considered to have lasted until 1920, although the country continued to have sporadic, but comparatively minor, outbreaks of rebellion well into the 1920s. The Cristero War was the most significant relapse of bloodshed. The Revolution triggered the creation of the National Revolutionary Party in 1929 (renamed the Institutional Revolutionary Party, or PRI, in 1946). Under a variety of leaders, the PRI held power until the general election of 2000.