The document is a lab worksheet for student Jessica Mayaormachea Cahauana. It summarizes an experiment to identify small molecules in the laboratory. Key findings include:
- Using the Selivanoff reagent, fructose and fruit samples tested positive for ketones, appearing red, while glucose tested negative.
- In the Fehling's reagent test, lactose and glucose solutions tested positive for reducing sugars, appearing red-orange. Sucrose initially tested negative, appearing blue, but tested positive after acid hydrolysis.
- pH measurements of acid and base serial dilutions showed decreasing pH with increasing dilution, demonstrating neutralization.
- Solubility tests showed sugar and
Following this protocol, youngsters take part in the synthesis of a drug being studied as a possible treatment for Parkinson’s disease, and then carry out an analysis of the resulting product. The experiment protocol is an opportunity for science centres, museums and schools to replicate a real experiment done in a real lab doing research on drug discovery.
Formulation and Stability Challenges for Virus TherapeuticsIntegrity Bio
Case Study from Vaccine Development Forum in 2009. Discussion of challenges of virus formulations vs. protein formulations. Includes a comparison of analytical methods and formulation solutions
TLC Separation of Cephalosporins on Stannic Arsenate LayersIOSR Journals
Abstract: The chromatographic behaviour of some cephalosporins has been studied on synthetic stannic arsenate layers using citrate and borate buffers as mobile phases. Several ternary and quaternary separations have been achieved. The utility of these separations has been demonstrated for estimation of cephalosporins in blood serum from patients.This method used is simple, rapid ,reproducible and can also be applied in the separation and determination of cephalosporins in other biological samples. The limit of detection was found to be 0.20 μg/l.
Following this protocol, youngsters take part in the synthesis of a drug being studied as a possible treatment for Parkinson’s disease, and then carry out an analysis of the resulting product. The experiment protocol is an opportunity for science centres, museums and schools to replicate a real experiment done in a real lab doing research on drug discovery.
Formulation and Stability Challenges for Virus TherapeuticsIntegrity Bio
Case Study from Vaccine Development Forum in 2009. Discussion of challenges of virus formulations vs. protein formulations. Includes a comparison of analytical methods and formulation solutions
TLC Separation of Cephalosporins on Stannic Arsenate LayersIOSR Journals
Abstract: The chromatographic behaviour of some cephalosporins has been studied on synthetic stannic arsenate layers using citrate and borate buffers as mobile phases. Several ternary and quaternary separations have been achieved. The utility of these separations has been demonstrated for estimation of cephalosporins in blood serum from patients.This method used is simple, rapid ,reproducible and can also be applied in the separation and determination of cephalosporins in other biological samples. The limit of detection was found to be 0.20 μg/l.
Synthesis of E, E-dibenzalacetone (E, E-DBA) Lab ReportN.docxssuserf9c51d
Synthesis of E, E-dibenzalacetone (E, E-DBA) Lab Report
Name
Institution
Course
Instructor
Date
Abstract
The main purpose behind this experiment was to synthesize E, E-dibenzalacentone by use of a based-catalyzed aldol condensation reaction. Secondly, this experiment was aimed at identifying characteristics of crude and purified samples of E, E-dibenzalacentone by use of the melting point determination method. The results from this experiments showed that the synthesis process yielded 65% crude E, E-dibenzalacentone and 56% yield for purified E, E-dibenzalacentone. When it comes to the techniques that were used, the researchers employed Hirsch funnel and solid-liquid extraction as part of the separation techniques. Lastly, recrystallization of the E, E-dibenzalacentone was also used as a purification technique.
Introduction
The synthetic goal of this experiment was to make use of a based-catalyzed aldol condensation in the entire process of synthesizing o E, E-dibenzalacentone. The other main goal of this experiment was to identify or to characterize crude and purified samples of E, E-dibenzalacentone by use of the melting point determination
Results
The results of the synthesis of E, E-dibenzalacentone are summarized below
Compound
Molar mass(g/mol)
Volume/mass moles
Yield
Mp( °c)
Benzaldehyde (density1.043g/mL)
106.2 g/mol
0.250 mL
0.26 g
0.002 mol
N/A
N/A
Acetone(density 0.788g/mL)
58.08 g/mol
0.1 mL
0.07g
0.001 mol
N/A
N/A
E,E-DBA(a yellow solid)
234.24 g/mol
N/A
Theoretical
0.234g
0.001 moles
Literature Value
110-111 °c
E,E-DBA(a yellow solid)
234.24 g/mol
N/A
Actual
Crude: 0.65 g=65%
Purified:0.15 g=56%
Actual
101-103Co
Crude
108-109Co
Discussion
The E, E-dibenzalacentone was prepared by combining 0.250 mL of Benzaldehyde, 0.1mL of reaction grade acetone, 0.5 mL of 95% ethanol and 1 mL of a catalyst solution in a 10 mL round bottom flask. The catalyst solution that was used in this experiment has been prepared earlier by dissolving 10g of sodium hydroxide in 100 mL of water and 75 mL of 95% ethanol. The main purpose of this catalyst was to speed up the reaction process. A micro scale condenser was attached to the round bottom flask and the reactants were gently mixed for about 15 minutes, until a solid started forming. Then the crude solid was isolated by pouring the mixture into a Hirsch funnel attached to the vacuum filter, thus allowing the solid crude E, E-dibenzalacentone to be trapped by the filter paper in the Hirsch funnel.
An RB flask was de-attached from the condenser after which it was rinsed with 20 mL of de-ionized water at one time, 3 times totaling 60 mL, to gain any residue thus E, E- dibenzalacentone was left in the round bottom flask. The dried solid was transferred to a pre-weighed Erlenmeyer flask where its mass was measured and the results were 0.65 g=65%. A small sample of the crude solid was taken and smeared on a microscope slide by use of the flat end of the micro spatula after which a melting p ...
PerkinElmer: Environmental Contaminants in Finished Drinking Water and Raw So...PerkinElmer, Inc.
Environmental quality issues are extremely demanding, heterogeneous and ever expanding. Regulatory agencies around the world are constantly increasing the amount of environmental testing requirement to ensure public health and safety.Carbonyl compounds may be formed in water during ozonization and chlorination of natural organic matter. These, hazardous pollutants released from diverse sources including motor vehicles and industrial emissions, have been shown to have adverse effects on human health. EPA method 556 addresses this issue of carbonyl compounds in detail. This method applies to 15 carbonyl compounds.
The compounds are derivatised using pentafluoro benzyl hydroxylamine and determined on Gas chromatograph equipped with an Electron Capture detector. This GC-ECD method enables the separation, detection and quantitation of parts per billion (ppb) concentrations of low molecular weight carbonyls in water samples, safeguarding human health and ensuring compliance with industry regulations.
This method is a gas chromatographic method optimized to determine the carbonyl compounds in drinking water and raw source water. The analytes are derivatised to their corresponding penta fluorobenzyl oximes, which are extracted from water with hexane. The hexane extracts are then analyzed by GC-ECD. A PerkinElmer Elite -5 (30 meter, 0.53 mm i.d., 0.5 µm df) was used for in the method at a flow rate of 3.5 ml/min helium at constant flow mode. The oven temperature was programmed to separate the aldehyde oximes. The method is simple, fast and reproducible. The micro extraction procedure is simple and uses very small quantity of solvents which greatly reduces waste management steps and prevents pollution.
Titration is a method of volumetric analysis—the use of volume measurements to analyze the concentration of an unknown. The most common types of titrations are acid–base titrations, in which a solution of an acid, for example, is analyzed by measuring the amount of a standard base solution required to neutralize a known amount of the acid. A similar principle applies to redox titrations. If a solution contains a substance that can be oxidized, then the concentration of that substance can be analyzed by titrating it with a standard solution of a strong oxidizing agent.
Determination of Partition coefficient of Known and Unknown drug.pdfPrachi Pandey
Partition coefficient, often denoted as P or P_oct, is a measure of how a solute distributes between two immiscible (unmixable) solvents. It is commonly used in chemistry, biochemistry, and pharmacology to understand the distribution of a compound between different phases, such as between a hydrophobic organic solvent and water. In experimental settings, the partition coefficient is determined by measuring the concentrations of the solute in each phase. The values obtained provide insights into the solute's behavior and can guide decisions in various scientific and industrial processes.
Determination of Partition coefficient of Known and Unknown drug.pdfRAHUL PAL
Partition coefficient, often denoted as P or P_oct, is a measure of how a solute distributes between two immiscible (unmixable) solvents. It is commonly used in chemistry, biochemistry, and pharmacology to understand the distribution of a compound between different phases, such as between a hydrophobic organic solvent and water. In experimental settings, the partition coefficient is determined by measuring the concentrations of the solute in each phase. The values obtained provide insights into the solute's behavior and can guide decisions in various scientific and industrial processes.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Synthesis of E, E-dibenzalacetone (E, E-DBA) Lab ReportN.docxssuserf9c51d
Synthesis of E, E-dibenzalacetone (E, E-DBA) Lab Report
Name
Institution
Course
Instructor
Date
Abstract
The main purpose behind this experiment was to synthesize E, E-dibenzalacentone by use of a based-catalyzed aldol condensation reaction. Secondly, this experiment was aimed at identifying characteristics of crude and purified samples of E, E-dibenzalacentone by use of the melting point determination method. The results from this experiments showed that the synthesis process yielded 65% crude E, E-dibenzalacentone and 56% yield for purified E, E-dibenzalacentone. When it comes to the techniques that were used, the researchers employed Hirsch funnel and solid-liquid extraction as part of the separation techniques. Lastly, recrystallization of the E, E-dibenzalacentone was also used as a purification technique.
Introduction
The synthetic goal of this experiment was to make use of a based-catalyzed aldol condensation in the entire process of synthesizing o E, E-dibenzalacentone. The other main goal of this experiment was to identify or to characterize crude and purified samples of E, E-dibenzalacentone by use of the melting point determination
Results
The results of the synthesis of E, E-dibenzalacentone are summarized below
Compound
Molar mass(g/mol)
Volume/mass moles
Yield
Mp( °c)
Benzaldehyde (density1.043g/mL)
106.2 g/mol
0.250 mL
0.26 g
0.002 mol
N/A
N/A
Acetone(density 0.788g/mL)
58.08 g/mol
0.1 mL
0.07g
0.001 mol
N/A
N/A
E,E-DBA(a yellow solid)
234.24 g/mol
N/A
Theoretical
0.234g
0.001 moles
Literature Value
110-111 °c
E,E-DBA(a yellow solid)
234.24 g/mol
N/A
Actual
Crude: 0.65 g=65%
Purified:0.15 g=56%
Actual
101-103Co
Crude
108-109Co
Discussion
The E, E-dibenzalacentone was prepared by combining 0.250 mL of Benzaldehyde, 0.1mL of reaction grade acetone, 0.5 mL of 95% ethanol and 1 mL of a catalyst solution in a 10 mL round bottom flask. The catalyst solution that was used in this experiment has been prepared earlier by dissolving 10g of sodium hydroxide in 100 mL of water and 75 mL of 95% ethanol. The main purpose of this catalyst was to speed up the reaction process. A micro scale condenser was attached to the round bottom flask and the reactants were gently mixed for about 15 minutes, until a solid started forming. Then the crude solid was isolated by pouring the mixture into a Hirsch funnel attached to the vacuum filter, thus allowing the solid crude E, E-dibenzalacentone to be trapped by the filter paper in the Hirsch funnel.
An RB flask was de-attached from the condenser after which it was rinsed with 20 mL of de-ionized water at one time, 3 times totaling 60 mL, to gain any residue thus E, E- dibenzalacentone was left in the round bottom flask. The dried solid was transferred to a pre-weighed Erlenmeyer flask where its mass was measured and the results were 0.65 g=65%. A small sample of the crude solid was taken and smeared on a microscope slide by use of the flat end of the micro spatula after which a melting p ...
PerkinElmer: Environmental Contaminants in Finished Drinking Water and Raw So...PerkinElmer, Inc.
Environmental quality issues are extremely demanding, heterogeneous and ever expanding. Regulatory agencies around the world are constantly increasing the amount of environmental testing requirement to ensure public health and safety.Carbonyl compounds may be formed in water during ozonization and chlorination of natural organic matter. These, hazardous pollutants released from diverse sources including motor vehicles and industrial emissions, have been shown to have adverse effects on human health. EPA method 556 addresses this issue of carbonyl compounds in detail. This method applies to 15 carbonyl compounds.
The compounds are derivatised using pentafluoro benzyl hydroxylamine and determined on Gas chromatograph equipped with an Electron Capture detector. This GC-ECD method enables the separation, detection and quantitation of parts per billion (ppb) concentrations of low molecular weight carbonyls in water samples, safeguarding human health and ensuring compliance with industry regulations.
This method is a gas chromatographic method optimized to determine the carbonyl compounds in drinking water and raw source water. The analytes are derivatised to their corresponding penta fluorobenzyl oximes, which are extracted from water with hexane. The hexane extracts are then analyzed by GC-ECD. A PerkinElmer Elite -5 (30 meter, 0.53 mm i.d., 0.5 µm df) was used for in the method at a flow rate of 3.5 ml/min helium at constant flow mode. The oven temperature was programmed to separate the aldehyde oximes. The method is simple, fast and reproducible. The micro extraction procedure is simple and uses very small quantity of solvents which greatly reduces waste management steps and prevents pollution.
Titration is a method of volumetric analysis—the use of volume measurements to analyze the concentration of an unknown. The most common types of titrations are acid–base titrations, in which a solution of an acid, for example, is analyzed by measuring the amount of a standard base solution required to neutralize a known amount of the acid. A similar principle applies to redox titrations. If a solution contains a substance that can be oxidized, then the concentration of that substance can be analyzed by titrating it with a standard solution of a strong oxidizing agent.
Determination of Partition coefficient of Known and Unknown drug.pdfPrachi Pandey
Partition coefficient, often denoted as P or P_oct, is a measure of how a solute distributes between two immiscible (unmixable) solvents. It is commonly used in chemistry, biochemistry, and pharmacology to understand the distribution of a compound between different phases, such as between a hydrophobic organic solvent and water. In experimental settings, the partition coefficient is determined by measuring the concentrations of the solute in each phase. The values obtained provide insights into the solute's behavior and can guide decisions in various scientific and industrial processes.
Determination of Partition coefficient of Known and Unknown drug.pdfRAHUL PAL
Partition coefficient, often denoted as P or P_oct, is a measure of how a solute distributes between two immiscible (unmixable) solvents. It is commonly used in chemistry, biochemistry, and pharmacology to understand the distribution of a compound between different phases, such as between a hydrophobic organic solvent and water. In experimental settings, the partition coefficient is determined by measuring the concentrations of the solute in each phase. The values obtained provide insights into the solute's behavior and can guide decisions in various scientific and industrial processes.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Top Effective Soaps for Fungal Skin Infections in India
Hoja de trabajo bioquimica
1. HOJA DE TRABAJO
DATOS PERSONALES:
NOMBRE: JESSICA MAYAORMACHEA CAHAUANA. FECHA:19/10/2021
PRACTICA N°1
OBJETIVOS:
Objetivo general:
Conocer la funcionalidad de los materiales y equipos del laboratorio de Bioquimica.
Objetivos específicos:
Aprender a utilizar la balanza analítica con precisión
Identificar los materiales de laboratorio para la manipulación correcta en la practica
Conocer el uso y manejo del potenciómetro, a través de la medición de pH de algunas disoluciones para
verificar el comportamiento del electrodo de vidrio.
Adquirir conocimientos sobre el proceso de técnicas como la especfotometría, analizar resultados y entender
su aplicabilidad y beneficio.
CALCULOS YRESULTADOS
ESPECTROFOTOMETRIA:
Definición: técnica analítica utilizada para medir cuánta luz absorbe una sustancia química, midiendo la intensidad
de la luz cuando un haz luminoso pasa a través de la solución muestra.
Aplicaciones:
En la investigación
Para merir curvas de calibración
Importante uso en la industria farmacéutica.
PROCEDIMIENTO:
Se realizo la mezcla de agua destilada con azul de bromofenol en diferentes concentraciones. Luego se procede a
colocar las cubetas para verificar la absorbancia. Se inicia leyendo el blanco y seguidamente la cubeta con muestra
para poder leer las mediciones de absorbancia, se pudo observar en las tres concentraciones lo siguiente:
1) primer concentrado: una máxima absorción de
591,5nm
2) segundo concentrado; poca concentrado con
una absorción de 590,5nm
3) tercer concentrado; repite el comportamiento
del segundo con una diferencia de 0,5 nm
menos ósea 590 nm.
C
O
N
T
R
O
L
M
U
E
S
T
R
A
S
1
2. La solución de Betacarotenos utilizada esta disuelta en Acetona y siempre debemos el solvente sin la muestra como
nuestra primera lectura en el espectrofotómetro.
Β-carotenos:
El beta-caroteno es uno de los pigmentos de un grupo
de pigmentos rojos, anaranjados y amarillos llamados
carotenoides. El beta-caroteno y otros carotenoides
proveen aproximadamente el 50% de la vitamina A
necesaria en la dieta, está presente en las frutas,
verduras y granos. También se puede hacer en el
laboratorio.
El espectro de absorción del β-caroteno (un pigmento
carotenoide) incluye luz violeta y verde azulada, como
se demuestra con sus picos de unos 450 y 475 nm.
IDENTIFICACIONDE LOS MATERIALES DE LABORATORIOS PROPORCIONADOS
NOMBRE FUNCIÓN
Matraz aforado de 100ml Medir volúmenes exactos de disoluciones.
Matraz Erlenmeyer
Son matraces de paredes rectas, muy usados para las
valoraciones. Se pueden calendar directamente sobre la rejilla.
Vaso precipitado de 100 y 250 ml Preparar, disolver o calentar sustancias. Permiten ser
calentados sobre la rejilla. El vaso de precipitados no sirve
para medir volúmenes, sus marcas son sólo orientativas.
Probeta Medir líquidos cuando no es necesaria una gran precisión.
Pipeta de 1ml,2ml,5ml y 10ml Medir volúmenes con precisión.
Vidrio de reloj Disolver, calentar o hacer reaccionar pequeñas cantidades de
sustancia
Tubo de ensayo Cubrir recipientes, pesar, transferir sólidos y evaporar
líquidos a temperatura ambiente.
2 3
3. 𝑯𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒 NaOH
𝑯𝟐𝑶
MANEJO DE PIPETA:
No MUESTRA EN
REPETICION
GASOLINA
(gotas)
LECHE
(gotas)
ETANOL
(gotas)
VINAGRE
(gotas)
1 52 23 18 22
2 48 23 18 22
3 47 26 20 21
Promedio 49 24 18,67 21,67
S 2,65 1,73 1,15 0,58
OBSERVACIONES: cada muestra fue tomada en la misma concentración de 1 ml sin embargo con el compuesto que
mas diferencia tuvimos fue la GASOLINA ya que tiene una densidad de 0,70 g/ml a comparación de la LECHE (d=
1,03g/ml), ETANOL (1,03 g/ml) y el VINAGRE (d=1.0056 g/ml)
SOLUBILIDAD:
SOLVENTE
2ml
GASOLINA
(1 ml)
ACEITE
(1 ml)
VINAGRE
(1 ml)
SAL
0,1g
AZUCAR 0,1g
Agua No No Si Si Si
Etanol 70% Si No Si No No
VINAGRE
Tanto como en agua y etanol se
disuelven fácilmente sin formar
ningún precipitado
GASOLINA:
Como podemos observar en la imagen en
nuestro primer tubo que es agua+ gasolina
observamos que se forman dos fases dando
a entender que el agua tiene una mayor
densidad con respecto a la gasolina ya
mencionado anteriormente según teoría la
gasolina tiene una d= 0,70 g/ml < al del
agua.
ACEITE
El alcohol flota en el aceite ya que
tiene una densidad menor en cambio
en el agua se hunde en aceite ya que
su densidad es mayor.
SAL Y AZUCAR
El alcohol medicinal (etanol) también es un disolvente
polar pero menos que el agua y no puede disolver CON
FACILIDIDA elazúcar y la sal
pH METRO:
DISOLUCIONES SERIADAS:
ACIDO: 𝑯𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒
BASE: NaOH
SOLUCION MADRE:
GASOLINA
AGUA
+ +
9ml 1ml 9ml 1ml
pH = 1,46 pH = 12,98
4. 9ml de agua destilada + 1m de 𝑯𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒 de la
solución madre
pH = 2,01
9ml de agua destilada + 1m de NaOH de la
solución madre
pH = 12,58
9ml de agua destilada + 1m de 𝑯𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒 de la
solución madre
pH = 2,63
9ml de agua destilada + 1m de NaOH de la
solución madre
pH = 11,82
9ml de agua destilada + 1m de 𝑯𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒 de la
solución madre
pH = 3,36
9ml de agua destilada + 1m de NaOH de la
solución madre
pH = 11,20
DISCUSIÓN
En solubilidad se realizó diferentes mezclas las diferentes muestras mezcladas con agua destilada y etanol y
se observó lo siguiente:
En el caso del azúcar y la sal mezclado con etanol no se presenció disolución ,esto debido a que el
etanol es menos polar que el agua según la teoría. Por esta razón no hubo disolución.
CONCLUSIONES
Gracias a las indicaciones del doctor y los auxiliares:
Se logro Identificar los materiales de laboratorio entre exactos e inexactos para la manipulación correcta en el
desarrollo de la práctica.
Se pudo Aprender el uso correcto de la balanza analítica con relación a: encender, tarar, pesar y manipular
instrumentos en su interior.
Se logro comparar los cambios físicos que presentan las muestras de aceite, vinagre, gasolina, sal, azúcar en
contacto con el etanol y agua.
Se conoció el uso y manejo del potenciómetro, a través de la medición de pH de algunas disoluciones para
verificar el comportamiento del electrodo de vidrio.
Se logro adquirir conocimientos sobre el proceso de técnicas como la espectrometría, analizar resultados y
entender su aplicabilidad y beneficio.
BIBLIOGRAFÍA
Wikipedia. (31 de enero de 2021). Espectrofotometría. Recuperado el 24 de abril de 2021 de:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espectrofotometr%C3%ADa
Observaciones: Se observo que a medida que
vamos diluyendo mas nuestro
acido lo vamos neutralizando
llegando a un pH de 3,36 en
nuestra última concentración
que es el tubito n°4. Nuestro
acido va perdiendo sufuerza
Se observo que a medida que
vamos diluyendo mas nuestra
base la vamos neutralizando
llegando a un pH de 11,20 en
nuestra última concentración
que es el tubito n°4. Nuestra
base va perdiendo sufuerza en
nuestra dilución seriada.
5. Konica Minolta Sensing Americas. (s.f.). Identificando colorantes alimenticios con
espectrofotómetros. Recuperado el 24 de abril de 2021 de:
https://sensing.konicaminolta.us/mx/blog/identificando-colorantes-alimenticios-
conespectrofotometros/#:~:text=Muchos%20de%20los%20usos%20de,alimenticios%20especificados
%20y%20aprobados%20federalmente.&text=Los%20espectrofot%C3%B3metros%20funcionan%20
mediante%20la,una%20fuente%20de%20luz%20monocrom%C3%A1tica.
Udaeta. E. (2021). Moléculas pequeñas. Guía de laboratorio. (PDF).
6. HOJA DE TRABAJO
1. OBJETIVO GENERAL:
Conocer la importancia de la identificación de las moléculas pequeñas en el laboratorio.
2. OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS
Identificar a los monosacáridos y a los disacáridos.
Determinar la identificación de aminoácidos en nuestras muestras.
Realizar el ensayo de Seliwanoff, reacción de Fehling y el ensayo vial.
Reconocer ácidos grasos en nuestras muestras.
3. CALCULOS Y RESULTADOS
Identificación de mono y di sacáridos:
Ensayo de Seliwafnoff:
Reactivo de seliwafnoff: Este ensayo es específico para cetosas y se basa en la conversión de la cetosa en 5-
hidro-metil-furfural y su posterior condensación con resorcinol formando así complejos coloreados.
Nuestras soluciones patrón fueron la fructosa y glucosa. Se rotulo 3 tubos de ensayo uno con el nombre de
glucosa, el otro con el nombre de fructosa y el ultimo con el nombre de fruta (fructosa). En cada tubo de
ensayo se colocó 2ml de la solución de carbohidrato, uno con solución de glucosa y el otro de fructosa. En
el último tubo de ensayo se puso fruta picada (Durazno) y después a los 3 tubos de ensayo se agregó 2 ml
del reactivo de seliwanoff, finalmente los tubos de ensayo
se deben calentar en baño maría a ebullición por dos a tres minutos. Donde la formación de una coloración roja
en nuestras muestras nos afirmara que la prueba salió positiva para cetosas.
En nuestras pruebas se obtenido o siguiente:
Muestra patrón: FRUCTOSA Y GLUCOSA
Rotulamos nuestros tubos de ensayo (3):
1. GLUCOSA
2. FRUCTOSA
3. FRUTA (fructosa)
Se coloco 2ml de la solución de carbohidrato agregando 2 ml del reactivo de seliwafnoff, llevando a Baño
María por 2 min. Cada tubo, esperamos los resultados dando nos un color rojo si es que existía cetosas en
nuestras muestras llegando a ser un resultado positivo.
DATOS PERSONALES:
NOMBRE: JESSICA MAYAORMACHEA CAHAUANA. FECHA:20/10/2021
PRACTICA N°2
7. GLUCOSA FRUCTOSA y FRUTA (fructosa)
Muestra de glucosa y reactivo se
seliwafnoff. Observamos que no presento
cambio alguno dándonos un resultado
negativo para la presencia de cetosas en
glucosa.
FRUTA: solución de fructosa (durazno) y reactivo se
seliwafnoff. Observamos que el durazno que actúa como
nuestra fructosa nos arroja un resultado positivo (coloración
rojiza) siendo que si existe la presencia de cetosas. Llegando
a la conclusión de que si la fruta esta más fresca mayor será
la cantidad de cetosas.
FRUCTOSA: la solución de fructosa y el reactivo de
seliwanoff. Viendo el resultado se concluye que la fructosa
contiene cetosas por lo que presenta una coloración rojiza.
Ensayo de Fehling:
Reacción de Fehling: Este ensayo permite identificar monosacáridos reductores. El reactivo de Fehling
contiene sulfato de cobre II y ácido tartárico en solución alcalina. En esta reacción, el grupo carbonilo de
un aldehído se oxida a ácido y reduce la sal de cobre (II) a óxido de cobre (I), que se precipita causando
que la solución se torne roja. Para las soluciones de disacáridos, esta reacción es color rojo ladrillo.
LACTOSA
1 ml de glucosa + 1ml de solución de
felhing A y posterior 1 ml de felhing B
homogenizamos. Posteriormentese llevó a
baño maría durante 5 min.
Observamos el resultado en nuestro tubo
de ensayo donde la rección obtenida nos
presentauna coloración rojo-anaranjado.
POSITIVO (+) para azucares reductores.
2 ml de lactosa + 1ml de solución de Fehling A
y posteriormente1 ml de solución de Felhing B
homogenizamos.
Posteriormente se llevó a baño maría durante 5
min.
Observamos el resultado en nuestro tubo de
ensayo donde la rección obtenida nos presenta
una coloración rojo-anaranjado.
POSITIVO (+) para azucares reductores.
SACAROSA
2 ml de sacarosa baño maría durante 2-3
min. Agregamos 1ml de felhing A y
posterior 1 ml de felhing B
homogenizamos. Posteriormentese llevó a
baño maría durante 5 min.
Observamos el resultado en nuestro tubo
de ensayo donde la rección obtenida nos
presentauna coloración AZULADA.
NEGATIVO (-) para azucares reductores.
2 ml de sacarosa y 1 ml de HCl, después se
llevó a baño maría por 2 a 3 minutos. Se
agregó 1ml de solución de Fehling A y
posteriormente 1 ml de solución de Felhing B
y homogenizamos.
Observamos el resultado en nuestro tubo de
ensayo donde la rección obtenida nos presenta
una coloración rojo-anaranjado.
POSITIVO (+) para azucares reductores
Fruta
Fructosa
8. ENSAYO DE VIAL
MUSTRAS: de carbohidratos xilosa y fructosa.
Colocamos en un tubo de ensayo 2.0 ml de la solución del carbohidrato y agregamos 3 ml del reactivo de Vial,
caliente en baño maría a ebullición y observamos: La formación de una coloración verdosa es prueba positiva para
pentosas.
La prueba salió una
coloración verdusca por lo
que se presume que existe
xilosa en nuestra muestra
dándonos un resultado
POSITIVO (+)
La prueba salió una
coloración CAFÉ por lo
que se presume que NO
existe PENTOSAS en
nuestra muestra dándonos
un resultado
NEGATIVO (-)
IDENTIFICACIONDE ACIDOS GRASOS:
SAPONIFICACION:
Colocamos en un tubo de ensayo 2ml de aceite y 2ml de
NaOH al20%
Agitamos y seguidamente llevamos a baño maría por 15
min.
Pasado eltiempo observamos que se formó 3 fases:
INFERIOR:solución de sosa sobrante + glicerina
INTERMEDIA:jabón formado
SUPERIOR:donde encontramos el aceite inalterado
TINCION:
2 tubos de ensayo colocando en ambos 2ml de yema de
huevo. Añadir a uno de los tubos 4-5 gotas de solución
alcohólica de Sudán III. Al otro tubo añadir 4-5 gotas de
tinta roja. Agitar ambos tubos y dejar reposar.
Observamos que el Sudan III tiñe todo el aceite.
Mientras que el tubo 2 con tinta no tiñe el aceite pero si
se precipita
SOLUBILIDAD:
Los lípidos son insolubles en agua. Cuando se agitan fuertemente en ella se dividen en pequeñísimas gotas formando
una emulsión de aspecto lechoso, que es transitoria, pues desaparece en reposo por reagrupación de las gotitas de
grasa en una capa que, por su menor densidad, se sitúa sobre el agua.
Aceite de cocina 2ml en un tubo de ensayo. Añadir 2ml de etanol al 96 %.
Agitar el tubo de ensayo y dejar reposar.
En la primera imagense ve como al agitarla soluciónse forma una emulsión
de aspecto lechoso, dejando reposarse puede ver (enla segunda imagen) en la
parte media una formación de micelas.Comprobamos que el aceite es
insoluble
DISCUCIONES
Aceite inalterado
Jabón
Sosa + glicerina
9. Se logro identificar los carbohidratos en este caso los MONO y DI SACARIDOS,en este caso la glucosa,
fructuosas en MONOSACARIDOS y en DISACARIDOS lactosa que es la unión de la Glucosa y la Galactosa.
Tenemos reactivos específicos usados sobre las muestras realizadas que nos ayudaron a refutar o rechazar lo visto
en teoría en este caso ya desde una perspectiva diferente es la práctica es así que logramos identificar ácidos grasos
y aminoácidos.
CONCLUSIONES
Conocimos la importancia de la identificación de las moléculas pequeñas en el laboratorio de
bioquímica con los diferentes métodos mencionados en este informe.
Identificamos correctamente a los monosacáridos y a los disacáridos mediante los ensayos realizados
como, por ejemplo, el ensayo o reacción de Fehling.
Determinamos la identificación de aminoácidos en nuestras muestras.
Reconocimos con más facilidad los ácidos grasos en nuestras muestras basándonos en la explicación
y teoría impartida tanto docente, auxiliares y estudiantes.
REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRAFICAS
Udaeta. E. (2021). Moléculas pequeñas. Guía de laboratorio. (PDF).
Wikipedia. (31 de enero de 2021). saponificacion. Recuperado el 20 de octubre de 2021 de:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/sonificaci%C3%ADa.
10. HOJA DE TRABAJO
OBJETIVO GENERAL.
Identificar las proteínas con distintos reactivos y reconocer mediante las pruebas de identificación, también de
polisacáridos y del aislamiento de ácidos nucleicos.
Objetivos específicos.
Conocer que proteínas dan positivo con el reactivo de biuret.
Analizar el aislamiento de ácidos nucleicos.
Realizar la reacción de solubilidad de proteínas.
PROTEINAS.
1. REACTIVO DE BIURET
Muestras: 1. Leche; 2. Huevo; 3. Gelatina incolora; 4. Jamón; 5. Carne; 6. Albumina; 7. Agua destilada.
1. leche: positivo
2. albumina de huevo: positivo
3. gelatina incolora: positivo
4. jamón: leve positivo
5. carne: positivo
6. agua destilada; negativo
Reacción de solubilidad.
Tubo1: huevo + agua (soluble)
Tubo 2: huevo + NaCl 10% (soluble)
Tuve 3 huevo + HCl 0,1% (no soluble)
Tubo 4: huevo + H2SO4 1M (soluble)
Tubo 5: huevo + NaOH 40% (soluble)
DATOS PERSONALES:
NOMBRE: JESSICA MAYAORMACHEA CAHAUANA. FECHA:21/10/2021
PRACTICA N°2
DISCUSION.
El reactivo de biuret indica la presencia de proteínas, es por
eso que nos da una coloración violeta a rosado cuando se
combina con polipéptidos de cadena corta.
DISCUSION
Las proteínas son solubles en agua cuando adoptan una
conformación globular. Cuando una proteína se solubiliza
queda una capa de solvatación que impide que se pueda unir a
otras proteínas.
11. IDENTIFICACIONDE POLISACARIDOS.
Tomate: negativo
Arroz: positivo
Papa:positivo
Queso: negativo
Nabo: positivo
Discusión.
El reactivo de Lugol permite identificar polisacáridos, la
presencia de almidón en la muestra nos da como
resultado una coloración de violeta intenso.
AISLAMIENTO DE LOS ACIDOS NUCLEICOS
Muestra frutilla
Podemos observar la desnaturalización del DNA de nuestra muestra
CONCLUSION
Se determino que proteínas dan positivo con el reactivo de biuret, por la coloración que presentaron una coloración lila
azulada algunas positivas como otras ligeramente positivas.
Para la identificación de polisacáridos se utilizó solución de Lugol, en las muestras que dio positivo se observó una
coloración azul negruzca.
Al realizar el aislamiento de ácidos nucleicos donde se observó el DNA de la fresa que se estaría
DESNATURALIZANDO.
BILIOGRAFIA:
Udaeta. E. (2021). Moléculas pequeñas. Guía de laboratorio. (PDF).
Reacción de coagulación Reacción de precipitación.
Se formo coagulo en los dos tubos. Discusión: la precipitación es consecuencia de la
desnaturalización y se dice que se encuentra
desnaturalizada cuando pierde su actividad biológica.