In this report, we produce a dynamic analysis approach which extracts
all function definitions that can be hoisted using dynamic
analysis framework Jalangi framework. This approach was evaluated
on the following JS Libraries: Q1, Underscore and Lodash.
The accuracy of this approach was 100%, 50%, and 100% respectively.
Keywords: Hoisting Functions - Nested Functions- Dynamic
Analysis.
tracts
all function definitions that can be hoisted using dynamic
analysis framework Jalangi framework. This approach was evaluated
on the following JS Libraries: Q1, Underscore and Lodash.
The accuracy of this approach was 100%, 50%, and 100% respectively.
Keywords: Hoisting Functions - Nested Functions- Dynamic
Analysis.
This document provides an overview of Java 8 lambda expressions. It begins with an introduction and background on anonymous classes in previous Java versions. The main topics covered include lambda syntax, lambda expressions vs closures, capturing variables in lambda expressions, type inference, and functional interfaces. It also discusses stream operations like filter, map, flatMap, and peek. Finally, it covers parallelism and how streams can leverage multiple cores to improve performance.
1. Functional interfaces in Java have a single abstract method that needs to be implemented. Common examples are Callable and Predicate.
2. Callable defines a call() method that can be implemented by a class, anonymous class, or method reference. Predicate defines a test() method for boolean questions.
3. Predicate has default and static helper methods like negate(), and(), or() that allow combining predicates in logical operations.
You may be hearing a lot of buzz around functional programming. For example, Java 8 recently introduced new features (lambda expressions and method references) and APIs (Streams, Optional and CompletableFutures) inspired from functional ideas such as first-class functions, composition and immutability.
However, what does this mean for my existing codebase?
In this talk we show how you can refactor your traditional object-oriented Java to using FP features and APIs from Java 8 in a beneficial manner.
We will discuss:
- How to adapt to requirement changes using first-class functions
- How you can enhance code reusability using currying
- How you can make your code more robust by favouring immutability over mutability
- How you can design better APIs and reduce unintended null pointer exceptions using an optional data type"
This document contains Java code snippets for various mathematical and logical programs, including programs to:
- Add, subtract, multiply, and divide two numbers
- Check if a number is even or odd
- Find the factorial of a number recursively and using a while loop
- Determine if a number is prime
- Calculate the roots of a quadratic equation
- Convert a binary number to decimal
The document provides over 20 code examples of common programming problems and their solutions in Java.
Notes: Verilog Part 4- Behavioural ModellingJay Baxi
This is the 4th part of the Verilog HDL notes prepared from Verilog HDL by Samir Palnitkar .
It contains a broad view on behavioural modelling the second most frequently used level of abstraction needed for designing of sequential circuits.
This document discusses functions in C programming, including defining functions, function prototypes, header files, calling functions by value and reference, recursion, and examples using recursion to calculate factorials and the Fibonacci series. Functions allow dividing programs into smaller, more manageable pieces. They are defined with a return type, name, and parameters. Function prototypes declare the function without defining the body. Header files contain function prototypes for libraries. Functions can be called by value, where copies of arguments are passed, or by reference, where the original arguments are passed. Recursion involves a function calling itself, terminating on a base case, to recursively solve problems like calculating factorials and the Fibonacci series.
tracts
all function definitions that can be hoisted using dynamic
analysis framework Jalangi framework. This approach was evaluated
on the following JS Libraries: Q1, Underscore and Lodash.
The accuracy of this approach was 100%, 50%, and 100% respectively.
Keywords: Hoisting Functions - Nested Functions- Dynamic
Analysis.
This document provides an overview of Java 8 lambda expressions. It begins with an introduction and background on anonymous classes in previous Java versions. The main topics covered include lambda syntax, lambda expressions vs closures, capturing variables in lambda expressions, type inference, and functional interfaces. It also discusses stream operations like filter, map, flatMap, and peek. Finally, it covers parallelism and how streams can leverage multiple cores to improve performance.
1. Functional interfaces in Java have a single abstract method that needs to be implemented. Common examples are Callable and Predicate.
2. Callable defines a call() method that can be implemented by a class, anonymous class, or method reference. Predicate defines a test() method for boolean questions.
3. Predicate has default and static helper methods like negate(), and(), or() that allow combining predicates in logical operations.
You may be hearing a lot of buzz around functional programming. For example, Java 8 recently introduced new features (lambda expressions and method references) and APIs (Streams, Optional and CompletableFutures) inspired from functional ideas such as first-class functions, composition and immutability.
However, what does this mean for my existing codebase?
In this talk we show how you can refactor your traditional object-oriented Java to using FP features and APIs from Java 8 in a beneficial manner.
We will discuss:
- How to adapt to requirement changes using first-class functions
- How you can enhance code reusability using currying
- How you can make your code more robust by favouring immutability over mutability
- How you can design better APIs and reduce unintended null pointer exceptions using an optional data type"
This document contains Java code snippets for various mathematical and logical programs, including programs to:
- Add, subtract, multiply, and divide two numbers
- Check if a number is even or odd
- Find the factorial of a number recursively and using a while loop
- Determine if a number is prime
- Calculate the roots of a quadratic equation
- Convert a binary number to decimal
The document provides over 20 code examples of common programming problems and their solutions in Java.
Notes: Verilog Part 4- Behavioural ModellingJay Baxi
This is the 4th part of the Verilog HDL notes prepared from Verilog HDL by Samir Palnitkar .
It contains a broad view on behavioural modelling the second most frequently used level of abstraction needed for designing of sequential circuits.
This document discusses functions in C programming, including defining functions, function prototypes, header files, calling functions by value and reference, recursion, and examples using recursion to calculate factorials and the Fibonacci series. Functions allow dividing programs into smaller, more manageable pieces. They are defined with a return type, name, and parameters. Function prototypes declare the function without defining the body. Header files contain function prototypes for libraries. Functions can be called by value, where copies of arguments are passed, or by reference, where the original arguments are passed. Recursion involves a function calling itself, terminating on a base case, to recursively solve problems like calculating factorials and the Fibonacci series.
Linking the prospective and retrospective provenance of scriptsKhalid Belhajjame
Scripting languages like Python, R, andMATLAB have seen significant use across a variety of scientific domains. To assist scientists in the analysis of script executions, a number of mechanisms, e.g., noWorkflow, have been recently proposed to capture the provenance of script executions. The provenance information recorded can be used, e.g., to trace the lineage of a particular result by identifying the data inputs and the processing steps that were used to produce it. By and large, the provenance information captured for scripts is fine-grained in the sense that it captures data dependencies at the level of script statement, and do so for every variable within the script. While useful, the amount of recorded provenance information can be overwhelming for users and cumbersome to use. This suggests the need for abstraction mechanisms that focus attention on specific parts of provenance relevant for analyses. Toward this goal, we advocate that fine-grained provenance information recorded as the result of script execution can be abstracted using user-specified, workflow-like views. Specifically, we show how the provenance traces recorded by noWorkflow can be mapped to the workflow specifications generated by YesWorkflow from scripts based on user annotations. We examine the issues in constructing a successful mapping, provide an initial implementation of our solution, and present competency queries illustrating how a workflow view generated from the script can be used to explore the provenance recorded during script execution.
This document provides an overview of new features in Java 8, including lambda expressions, default methods, and streams. Key points include:
- Lambda expressions allow for functional-style programming and remove boilerplate when passing operations as arguments.
- Default methods allow adding new methods to interfaces without breaking existing implementations. This enables adding new default behavior to existing interfaces.
- Streams provide a functional-style way to process collections of objects, and are lazy evaluated for efficiency. Common stream operations like map, filter, and forEach are demonstrated.
The document provides details of programs to be implemented in C++ and Java as part of an Object Oriented Programming lab. The C++ programs include implementations of inline function overloading, complex numbers using operator overloading, friend functions, string concatenation using dynamic memory allocation, type conversion using complex numbers, managing bank accounts using inheritance, and a stack class with exception handling. The Java programs include writing simple programs, palindrome checking using strings, interfaces, inheritance, exception handling, and multithreaded programs.
EasyMock is a framework for creating mock objects in Java using reflection. It allows mocking object dependencies to enable isolated unit testing. The summary creates a mock CalculatorService using EasyMock, injects it into a MathApplication class, and asserts add and subtract methods return the expected values.
This document discusses triggers in PL/SQL. It defines a trigger as a database event that fires before or after data manipulation language (DML) statements. Triggers can be created to fire before or after insert, update, or delete statements on a table. Row-level triggers fire for each row affected by a statement, while statement-level triggers fire once per statement regardless of rows affected. The document provides examples of creating triggers to uppercase names before insertion and to transfer rows between tables after deletion. It also discusses using the :new and :old references to access column values in row-level triggers.
This presentaion provides and overview of the new features of Java 8, namely default methods, functional interfaces, lambdas, method references, streams and Optional vs NullPointerException.
This presentation by Arkadii Tetelman (Lead Software Engineer, GlobalLogic) was delivered at Java.io 3.0 conference in Kharkiv on March 22, 2016.
This document proposes a method to improve the reuse of workflow fragments by mining workflow repositories. It evaluates different graph representations of workflows and uses the SUBDUE algorithm to identify recurrent fragments. An experiment compares representations on precision, recall, memory usage, and time. Representation D1, which labels edges and nodes, performed best. A second experiment assesses how filtering workflows by keywords impacts finding relevant fragments for a user query. The method aims to incorporate workflow fragment search capabilities into the design lifecycle to promote reuse.
The Ring programming language version 1.3 book - Part 60 of 88Mahmoud Samir Fayed
This document describes functions for embedding Ring code in Ring programs without sharing state. It provides functions like ring_state_init() to initialize a Ring state, ring_state_runcode() to execute Ring code in a state, and ring_state_findvar() to find variables. Executing applications serially is also described using ring_state_main(). The document also covers extending the RingVM with C/C++ modules by writing functions and registering them using the Ring API. Modules are organized with initialization functions that register functions to make them available in Ring.
Notes: Verilog Part 5 - Tasks and FunctionsJay Baxi
This document discusses the differences between tasks and functions in Verilog. Tasks can contain timing statements while functions cannot. Tasks can have multiple input/output arguments but functions can only have one input argument and do not return output. Functions execute in zero time while tasks can execute in non-zero time. The document also provides examples of tasks like bitwise operators and asymmetric sequence generators. It discusses automatic tasks that prevent issues with shared variables. Functions are used for combinational logic and examples given are parity calculation and shifting. Recursive functions and constant/signed functions are also explained.
This document contains multiple choice questions about SQL and PL/SQL concepts such as triggers, procedures, functions, exceptions, transactions and dynamic SQL. It tests knowledge of the different components needed to define triggers, how to call procedures and functions, transaction control statements, and exception handling.
The document provides an introduction to the Java programming language. It discusses Java's history and key characteristics like inheritance, encapsulation, polymorphism, and abstraction. It also covers Java's requirements including hardware and software needs. The document then demonstrates how to set up Java and provides examples of Java programs to print "Hello World", calculate averages, demonstrate type casting, find arguments passed at runtime, test prime numbers, calculate simple interest, use classes, find greatest common divisor, and more. It shows how to use concepts like inheritance, abstract classes, interfaces, exceptions, packages and more.
The document provides an overview of the Open Verification Methodology (OVM) framework. OVM is a SystemVerilog library that implements object-oriented design patterns to provide base classes for verification components. It includes features for component hierarchy, configuration, phasing, reporting, transaction recording, and interfaces based on the Open System C Initiative Transaction Level Modeling 2.0 standard.
This document contains 20 Java programs that solve various math and logic problems. Each program contains comments describing the problem, declares variables and constants, gets user input, performs calculations, and outputs results. The programs include examples of summing numbers, finding quotients/remainders, calculating area of a circle, compound interest, time conversions, and if/else conditional logic.
This document provides an overview of PL/SQL, including its benefits, basic structure and components, variable types, and examples of common programming constructs like if/else statements, loops, and cursors. PL/SQL allows developers to perform programming within Oracle databases, combining SQL statements with procedural programming elements like conditions and loops. It is useful for modularizing database applications and manipulating query results.
This document discusses procedures and functions in Oracle. Procedures are reusable blocks of SQL and PL/SQL code that perform a specific task and are stored in the database. There are two types of procedures - anonymous and stored. Stored procedures have a unique name and can accept parameters. Functions are similar to procedures but return a single value. Both procedures and functions can take input parameters of different types. The document provides examples of creating and calling a procedure and function.
The document contains 27 C# programs demonstrating various concepts in C# programming such as: getting user input and performing calculations; defining methods within classes; using instance variables; static variables and methods; inheritance; namespaces; constructors; destructors; method overloading and overriding; and the 'this' keyword. The programs cover basic to more advanced C# programming concepts.
This document discusses various constructs that can be used in Verilog testbenches, including loops, parallel blocks, named blocks, file I/O, and functions. It provides examples of while, repeat, forever loops as well as fork/join blocks for parallel execution. It also covers disabling blocks, opening and closing files, and reading and writing to files using commands like $fopen, $fdisplay, $fgets, and $fscanf. Functions are described as having inputs, a single output, and implementing combinational behavior using blocking assignments.
Since these presentations were spare time hobby - I've decided to share them :)
Hopefully someone will find them useful.
This part continues 1. part with more design patterns like Command, State, NullObject.
Functions are the building blocks where every program activity occurs. They are self-contained program segments that carry out some specific, well-defined task. Every C program must have a function c functions list. c functions multiple choice questions
Textbook Solutions refer https://pythonxiisolutions.blogspot.com/
Practical's Solutions refer https://prippython12.blogspot.com/
It is difficult to manage a single list of instructions. Thus large program are broken down into smaller units known as functions. Functions can be invoked from other parts of the program. it make program more readable and understandable making program easy to manage.
Linking the prospective and retrospective provenance of scriptsKhalid Belhajjame
Scripting languages like Python, R, andMATLAB have seen significant use across a variety of scientific domains. To assist scientists in the analysis of script executions, a number of mechanisms, e.g., noWorkflow, have been recently proposed to capture the provenance of script executions. The provenance information recorded can be used, e.g., to trace the lineage of a particular result by identifying the data inputs and the processing steps that were used to produce it. By and large, the provenance information captured for scripts is fine-grained in the sense that it captures data dependencies at the level of script statement, and do so for every variable within the script. While useful, the amount of recorded provenance information can be overwhelming for users and cumbersome to use. This suggests the need for abstraction mechanisms that focus attention on specific parts of provenance relevant for analyses. Toward this goal, we advocate that fine-grained provenance information recorded as the result of script execution can be abstracted using user-specified, workflow-like views. Specifically, we show how the provenance traces recorded by noWorkflow can be mapped to the workflow specifications generated by YesWorkflow from scripts based on user annotations. We examine the issues in constructing a successful mapping, provide an initial implementation of our solution, and present competency queries illustrating how a workflow view generated from the script can be used to explore the provenance recorded during script execution.
This document provides an overview of new features in Java 8, including lambda expressions, default methods, and streams. Key points include:
- Lambda expressions allow for functional-style programming and remove boilerplate when passing operations as arguments.
- Default methods allow adding new methods to interfaces without breaking existing implementations. This enables adding new default behavior to existing interfaces.
- Streams provide a functional-style way to process collections of objects, and are lazy evaluated for efficiency. Common stream operations like map, filter, and forEach are demonstrated.
The document provides details of programs to be implemented in C++ and Java as part of an Object Oriented Programming lab. The C++ programs include implementations of inline function overloading, complex numbers using operator overloading, friend functions, string concatenation using dynamic memory allocation, type conversion using complex numbers, managing bank accounts using inheritance, and a stack class with exception handling. The Java programs include writing simple programs, palindrome checking using strings, interfaces, inheritance, exception handling, and multithreaded programs.
EasyMock is a framework for creating mock objects in Java using reflection. It allows mocking object dependencies to enable isolated unit testing. The summary creates a mock CalculatorService using EasyMock, injects it into a MathApplication class, and asserts add and subtract methods return the expected values.
This document discusses triggers in PL/SQL. It defines a trigger as a database event that fires before or after data manipulation language (DML) statements. Triggers can be created to fire before or after insert, update, or delete statements on a table. Row-level triggers fire for each row affected by a statement, while statement-level triggers fire once per statement regardless of rows affected. The document provides examples of creating triggers to uppercase names before insertion and to transfer rows between tables after deletion. It also discusses using the :new and :old references to access column values in row-level triggers.
This presentaion provides and overview of the new features of Java 8, namely default methods, functional interfaces, lambdas, method references, streams and Optional vs NullPointerException.
This presentation by Arkadii Tetelman (Lead Software Engineer, GlobalLogic) was delivered at Java.io 3.0 conference in Kharkiv on March 22, 2016.
This document proposes a method to improve the reuse of workflow fragments by mining workflow repositories. It evaluates different graph representations of workflows and uses the SUBDUE algorithm to identify recurrent fragments. An experiment compares representations on precision, recall, memory usage, and time. Representation D1, which labels edges and nodes, performed best. A second experiment assesses how filtering workflows by keywords impacts finding relevant fragments for a user query. The method aims to incorporate workflow fragment search capabilities into the design lifecycle to promote reuse.
The Ring programming language version 1.3 book - Part 60 of 88Mahmoud Samir Fayed
This document describes functions for embedding Ring code in Ring programs without sharing state. It provides functions like ring_state_init() to initialize a Ring state, ring_state_runcode() to execute Ring code in a state, and ring_state_findvar() to find variables. Executing applications serially is also described using ring_state_main(). The document also covers extending the RingVM with C/C++ modules by writing functions and registering them using the Ring API. Modules are organized with initialization functions that register functions to make them available in Ring.
Notes: Verilog Part 5 - Tasks and FunctionsJay Baxi
This document discusses the differences between tasks and functions in Verilog. Tasks can contain timing statements while functions cannot. Tasks can have multiple input/output arguments but functions can only have one input argument and do not return output. Functions execute in zero time while tasks can execute in non-zero time. The document also provides examples of tasks like bitwise operators and asymmetric sequence generators. It discusses automatic tasks that prevent issues with shared variables. Functions are used for combinational logic and examples given are parity calculation and shifting. Recursive functions and constant/signed functions are also explained.
This document contains multiple choice questions about SQL and PL/SQL concepts such as triggers, procedures, functions, exceptions, transactions and dynamic SQL. It tests knowledge of the different components needed to define triggers, how to call procedures and functions, transaction control statements, and exception handling.
The document provides an introduction to the Java programming language. It discusses Java's history and key characteristics like inheritance, encapsulation, polymorphism, and abstraction. It also covers Java's requirements including hardware and software needs. The document then demonstrates how to set up Java and provides examples of Java programs to print "Hello World", calculate averages, demonstrate type casting, find arguments passed at runtime, test prime numbers, calculate simple interest, use classes, find greatest common divisor, and more. It shows how to use concepts like inheritance, abstract classes, interfaces, exceptions, packages and more.
The document provides an overview of the Open Verification Methodology (OVM) framework. OVM is a SystemVerilog library that implements object-oriented design patterns to provide base classes for verification components. It includes features for component hierarchy, configuration, phasing, reporting, transaction recording, and interfaces based on the Open System C Initiative Transaction Level Modeling 2.0 standard.
This document contains 20 Java programs that solve various math and logic problems. Each program contains comments describing the problem, declares variables and constants, gets user input, performs calculations, and outputs results. The programs include examples of summing numbers, finding quotients/remainders, calculating area of a circle, compound interest, time conversions, and if/else conditional logic.
This document provides an overview of PL/SQL, including its benefits, basic structure and components, variable types, and examples of common programming constructs like if/else statements, loops, and cursors. PL/SQL allows developers to perform programming within Oracle databases, combining SQL statements with procedural programming elements like conditions and loops. It is useful for modularizing database applications and manipulating query results.
This document discusses procedures and functions in Oracle. Procedures are reusable blocks of SQL and PL/SQL code that perform a specific task and are stored in the database. There are two types of procedures - anonymous and stored. Stored procedures have a unique name and can accept parameters. Functions are similar to procedures but return a single value. Both procedures and functions can take input parameters of different types. The document provides examples of creating and calling a procedure and function.
The document contains 27 C# programs demonstrating various concepts in C# programming such as: getting user input and performing calculations; defining methods within classes; using instance variables; static variables and methods; inheritance; namespaces; constructors; destructors; method overloading and overriding; and the 'this' keyword. The programs cover basic to more advanced C# programming concepts.
This document discusses various constructs that can be used in Verilog testbenches, including loops, parallel blocks, named blocks, file I/O, and functions. It provides examples of while, repeat, forever loops as well as fork/join blocks for parallel execution. It also covers disabling blocks, opening and closing files, and reading and writing to files using commands like $fopen, $fdisplay, $fgets, and $fscanf. Functions are described as having inputs, a single output, and implementing combinational behavior using blocking assignments.
Since these presentations were spare time hobby - I've decided to share them :)
Hopefully someone will find them useful.
This part continues 1. part with more design patterns like Command, State, NullObject.
Functions are the building blocks where every program activity occurs. They are self-contained program segments that carry out some specific, well-defined task. Every C program must have a function c functions list. c functions multiple choice questions
Textbook Solutions refer https://pythonxiisolutions.blogspot.com/
Practical's Solutions refer https://prippython12.blogspot.com/
It is difficult to manage a single list of instructions. Thus large program are broken down into smaller units known as functions. Functions can be invoked from other parts of the program. it make program more readable and understandable making program easy to manage.
The Ring programming language version 1.8 book - Part 37 of 202Mahmoud Samir Fayed
The document discusses various functions in Ring for reflection and meta-programming. It describes functions like locals(), globals(), functions(), cfunctions(), islocal(), isglobal(), isfunction(), iscfunction(), packages(), and others that provide information about variables, functions, packages defined in the runtime environment. These functions allow inspection and modification of the code during execution.
The Ring programming language version 1.5.2 book - Part 31 of 181Mahmoud Samir Fayed
This document summarizes various functional programming concepts in Ring including pure functions, first-class functions, higher-order functions, anonymous and nested functions, and equality of functions. It also covers reflection and meta-programming capabilities in Ring such as using locals(), globals(), functions(), cfunctions(), islocal(), isglobal(), isfunction(), iscfunction(), packages(), and ispackage() to retrieve and check information about variables, functions, and packages at runtime.
This document provides information on functions in C and C++. It discusses the main components of functions including definition, declaration, prototypes, arguments, return values, scope, and recursion. It also covers function categories, nested functions, default arguments, inline functions, function overloading, and differences between calling functions by value versus reference in C++. Overall, the document serves as a tutorial on functions and their usage in C and C++ programming.
Y. N. D. Aravind presents on functions in C programming. The presentation covers:
- The objectives of functions, parameters, arrays, and recursion.
- The definition of a function as reusable block of code that performs a specific task.
- The four categories of functions based on arguments and return values.
- Passing arguments to functions by value (copying) versus by reference (address).
The document discusses different types of functions in C programming. It begins by explaining what functions are and their basic components like function name, arguments, return type, etc. It then describes the four categories of functions:
1) Functions with no arguments and no return values
2) Functions with arguments but no return values
3) Functions with arguments and return values
4) Functions with no arguments but return values
Examples of each category are provided to illustrate how they work. The document also covers other topics like library functions, user-defined functions, and differences between local and global variables.
Is java8 a true functional programming languageSQLI
This document discusses whether Java 8 can be considered a true functional programming language. It begins with an overview of programming paradigms and compares the imperative and functional paradigms. It then outlines key aspects of functional programming including immutability, recursion, functions as first-class citizens, higher-order functions, and laziness. Code examples in Java demonstrate these concepts. The document concludes that while Java 8 incorporates some functional programming features, it does not fully embrace all aspects of functional programming.
This document discusses whether Java 8 can be considered a true functional programming language. It begins with an overview of programming paradigms and compares the imperative and functional paradigms. It then outlines key aspects of functional programming including immutability, recursion, functions as first-class citizens, higher-order functions, and laziness. Code examples in Java demonstrate these concepts. The document concludes that while Java 8 incorporates some functional programming features, it does not fully embrace all aspects of functional programming.
The document discusses functional programming and lambda expressions in Java 8. It begins by defining functional programming and predicates from predicate logic. It then discusses the key properties of functional programming including no states, passing control, single large function, and no cycles. The document provides examples of determining if a number is prime in both imperative and declarative styles using Java 8 lambda expressions. It also provides examples of getting the first doubled number greater than 3 from a list using both declarative and imperative approaches. The examples demonstrate the use of streams, filters, maps and other functional operations.
Functions allow programmers to organize and structure their code by splitting it into reusable blocks. There are two types of functions: built-in functions that are predefined in Python, and user-defined functions that programmers create. Functions make code easier to debug, test and maintain by dividing programs into separate, reusable parts. Functions can take arguments as input and return values. Function definitions do not alter the normal flow of a program's execution, but calling a function causes the program flow to jump to the function code and then return to pick up where it left off.
1) A function is a block of code that performs a specific task. Functions increase code reusability and improve readability.
2) There are two types of functions - predefined library functions and user-defined functions. User-defined functions are customized functions created by the user.
3) The main() function is where program execution begins. It can call other functions, which may themselves call additional functions. This creates a hierarchical relationship between calling and called functions.
C++ (pronounced "see plus plus") is a computer programming language based on C. It was created for writing programs for many different purposes. In the 1990s, C++ became one of the most used programming languages in the world.
The C++ programming language was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs in the 1980s, and was originally named "C with classes". The language was planned as an improvement on the C programming language, adding features based on object-oriented programming. Step by step, a lot of advanced features were added to the language, like operator overloading, exception handling and templates.
C++ is an object-oriented programming language created by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1985 that maintains aspects of C while adding object-oriented features like classes. C++ can be used to create small programs or large applications across many domains. Key concepts covered include functions, classes, inheritance, polymorphism, and memory management techniques like realloc() and free().
The document discusses functions in C programming. It defines functions as sub-programs that perform tasks when called. It describes pre-defined functions like sqrt(), abs(), pow() etc. and user-defined functions. User-defined functions are needed to break programs into modular pieces. Functions provide advantages like facilitating top-down programming and reusability. The document also discusses parameter passing methods like call by value and call by reference, and returning values from functions. Nesting and recursion of functions is explained with examples. Finally, it briefly discusses passing arrays and structures to functions.
The document provides an overview of functional programming concepts including:
- Functions are the primary building blocks and avoid side effects by being pure and using immutable data.
- Referential transparency means functions always return the same output for a given input.
- Higher order functions accept or return other functions. Function composition combines functions.
- Partial application and currying transform functions to accept arguments incrementally.
C++ is an object-oriented programming language created by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1985 that maintains aspects of C while adding object-oriented features like classes. C++ can be used to create everything from small programs to large applications and is a powerful general-purpose language. Inheritance allows code reusability by creating new classes from existing classes or base classes, where derived classes inherit capabilities from base classes but can add their own features and refinements. Polymorphism enables objects to react differently to the same function call through virtual functions, allowing different classes that inherit from a base class to provide their own implementation of a function.
The document introduces functions in C programming. It discusses defining and calling library functions and user-defined functions, passing arguments to functions, returning values from functions, and writing recursive functions. Functions allow breaking programs into modular and reusable units of code. Library functions perform common tasks like input/output and math operations. User-defined functions are created to perform specific tasks. Information is passed between functions via arguments and return values.
This document discusses functions in C programming. It defines what a function is and different types of functions such as library functions and user-defined functions. It describes the structure of a function including return type, function name, arguments, local variable declaration, executable statements and return statement. It explains how to call functions with or without return values and with arguments. It discusses function prototypes, categories of functions based on arguments and return types, built-in functions, recursive functions, and storage classes. The objectives are to understand functions, write functions, use library functions, and apply storage classes and function concepts.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
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1. Hoisting Nested Functions
Feras Tanan
Listing 1. Nested Function Definition
1 function outerFun(x,y,z){
2 function innerFunc(a){
3 return a*a;
4 }
5 return x+y+z+innerFunc (2);
6 }
7 outerFun (1 ,2 ,3);
Abstract
In this report, we produce a dynamic analysis approach which ex-
tracts all function definitions that can be hoisted using dynamic
analysis framework Jalangi framework. This approach was eval-
uated on the following JS Libraries: Q1, Underscore and Lodash.
The accuracy of this approach was 100%, 50%, and 100% respec-
tively.
Keywords: Hoisting Functions - Nested Functions- Dynamic
Analysis.
1. Motivation and Introduction
JavaScript allows the developer to define functions inside other
functions. This has a significant performance drawback. Every time
the containing function is called, the inner function is created. If
we have a JavaScript program which has two functions defined in
a nested way. This JavaScript program has slower execution time
than it’s hoisted version; another version of the same program with
the two functions defined at the same level [not nested]. Listing
1 shows a JavaScript program that defines two nested functions
and Listing 2 shows the hoisted version of the same JavaScript
Program.
The goal of this project is to create a dynamic analysis tool that
is able to analyze a JavaScript program in order to find a list of all
functions that can be hoisted. In other words, the dynamic analysis
approach must find all function definitions that:
• are defined inside other function definitions .
• can be defined outside the surrounding function definition.
The rest of this report discusses the approach we followed to
implement the dynamic analysis from two points of views: data
structure and algorithm. After that we provide an evaluation of our
work.
2. Approach
2.1 Hoisting Rules:
There are two basic Rules which tell when a function definition can
be hoisted. These rules are:
• Rule 1: The inner function must not depend on the local vari-
ables of the containing function (parameters or defined vars).
Listing 2. Hoisted Version of Listing1
1 function innerFunc(a){
2 return a*a;
3 }
4 function outerFun(x,y,z){
5 return x+y+z+innerFunc (2);
6 }
7 outerFun (1 ,2 ,3);
Listing 3. Rule 1 elaboration
1 function outerFun(x,y,z){
2 function innerFunc (){
3 return x*x;
4 }
5 return x+y+z+innerFunc ();
6 }
7 outerFun (1 ,2 ,3);
Listing 4. Rule 1 elaboration
1 function outerFun(x,y,z){
2 r= y-z;
3 function innerFunc(v){
4 return v*r;
5 }
6 return x+y+r+innerFunc (2);
7 }
8 outerFun (1 ,2 ,3);
In Listing 3 we can not hoist innerFuncc because it uses the
parameter x of outerFunc. In Listing 4 we can not also hoist
innerFuncc because it uses the local variable r of outerFunc
• Rule 2: when a function definition can be hoisted, we should
make sure that there is no other function definition at the same
level of the containing function that has the same name. Listing
5 elaborates this rule.
The innerFuncc in line 3 of listing 5 satisfy rule 1. It does not
depend on local variables of the containing function but we Can
not hoist it because there is another function definition (inner-
Funcc at line 9 at the same level of the containing function out-
erFunc.
2.2 Used Callbacks
We analyzed the program dynamically using Jalangi dynamic anal-
ysis framework. Jalangi provides a set of callbacks that make dif-
1 2017/4/23
2. Listing 5. Rule 2 elaboration
1 function outerFun(x,y,z){
2 r= y-z;
3 function innerFunc(v){
4 return v;
5 }
6 return x+y+r+innerFunc (2);
7 }
8
9 function innerFunc(b){
10 return b*2;
11 }
12 innerFuncc (4);
13 outerFun (1 ,2 ,3);
ferent components of the analyzed program accessible. For Exam-
ple, function definition component, defining a variable, writing a
variable, and so on. Having an access to a function definition com-
ponent provide the ability to get a list of the local variables of the
this function, the name of this function and so on. here are a list of
the callback that we used to build our approach’s structure:
• read: for getting the name of the read variable.
• write: for getting the name of the defined/written variable.
• functionEnter: this callback means that JavaScript engine is
about to execute a function body, it gets the function object
whose body is about to execute.
• functionExit: This callback is called when the execution of a
function body completes.
Both functionEnter and functionExit are useful for scoping. In
other words, we used these two callbacks for knowing which
function definitions are inside which functions definitions.
2.3 Data Structure
we developed a data structure that make us able to navigate the
scanned program in order to find a list of functions that can be
hoisted. Figure 1 shows the built data structure corresponding for
listing 6.
Figure 1. the built data structure of Listing 6
Interpretation of Data Structure: The data structure repre-
sented in figure 1 tells us that there is a definition for function called
outerFunc1 whose parent function is NULL and this function has
both variables ”r” and ”y” as written/defined variables (we con-
sider the parameter as written variable in order to make Rule 1 in
section 2.1 applies also for inner functions definitions that depend
Listing 6. a JavaScript program to be analyzed
1 function outerFun1(y){
2 r= y-2;
3 function innerFunc1_1(v){
4 return v*r;
5 }
6 function innerFunc1_2(v){
7 return v*y;
8 }
9 return y+r+innerFunc1_1 (2)+ innerFunc1_2 (3);
10 }
11 outerFun (3);
12
13 function outerFun2(a){
14
15 function innerFunc2_1(b){
16 return b*b
17 }
18
19 return innerFunc2_1 (3)+a;
20 }
Listing 7. the algorithm which checks the data structure if it con-
tains functions that can be hoisted
1 function find_hoisting_funs (function_list)
2 foreach function f in function_list
3 hoistable_funs.add(f)
4 foreach variable var in read_vriables of f)
5 if (var is defined in f)
6 and
7 (var is defined before reading its value)
8 continue
9 else
10 if (var is passed to f as parameter)
11 continue
12 else
13 if(var defined in the parent of f)
14 hoistable_funs.remove(f)
15 break
16 if(f has inner functions)
17 find_hoisting_funs (inner functions of f)
on the parameters of the containing function). outerFunc1 has read
one variable which is the parameter ”y”. It also has two inner func-
tion definitions innerFunc11 and innerFunc12. The data struc-
ture shows also which variables are written/read in these two inner
functions and shows that the parent (containing function) of these
two parameters are the object which handles outerFunc1. The same
interpretation applies for outerFunc2.
2.4 Algorithm
We developed an algorithm which traverse the previous explained
data structure in order to find a list of all the function definitions that
can be hoisted. listing 7 shows a pseudo code of this algorithm.
2.5 Corner Cases
The following corner cases have been treated successfully in our
approach
2 2017/4/23
3. Listing 8. corner case 1 ”indirect eval”
1 var indirecteval = eval;
2 var a = 1;
3
4 function f(a) {
5 indirecteval( f u n c t i o n g() {
6 return a + 1;
7 } );
8 return g();
9 }
Listing 9. corner case 2
1
2 function outerFunc ()
3 {
4 x=7;
5 function innerFunc ()
6 {
7 x=4
8 return x*2
9 }
10 return x+innerFunc ();
11 }
Listing 10. corner case 2
1
2 function outerFunc ()
3 {
4 x=7;
5 function innerFunc ()
6 {
7 v=x+2
8 x=5
9 return v
10 }
11 return x+innerFunc ();
12 }
corner case 1: JavaScript provides ”eval” instruction which
takes a string and executes it as JavaScript code in the current scope.
If the value of eval is assigned to another variable, it instead be-
comes indirect eval, evaluated in the global program scope instead
of the local o function scope. In Listing 8, the function g can be
hoisted because it is in an indirect eval. JavaScript executes g in the
global scope. g in Listing 8 access variable a defined in line 2.
corner case 2: if the inner function uses (reads) a variable
defined in the current scope and in the parent scope then it can
be hoisted. In Listing 9, innerFunc reads x which was defined in
innerFunc and in outerFunc.
corner case 3:if the inner function uses a variable that is defined
in both parent scope in current scope. But, in the current scope,
it uses this variable before defining it then the the inner function
can not be hoisted. Listing 10 shows that variable x is defined in
both outerFunc and innerFunc. innerFunc uses variable x at line 7
before it defines it at line 8. This means that innerFunc depends on
outerFunc and it can not be hoisted.
3. Evaluation
We evaluated this approach by trying the dynamic analysis which
we developed on three JavaScript libraries. The result of executing
the dynamic analysis on these three libraries are shown in table 1.
Interpretation of the results in table 1: for library Q1,out of 10
traversed function definitions, our tool was able to find 2 function
definitions that can be hoisted. We examined Q1 source code man-
ually and found that only the two function definitions which the
tool found can be hoisted.
for Library Underscore, out of 12 traversed function definitions,
our tool was able to find 4 function definitions that can be hoisted.
We examined Underscore source code manually and found that
only 2 of the four function definitions which the tool found can
be hoisted. There are here two false positives.
for Library Lodash,out of 51 traversed function definitions, our
tool was able to find 33 function definitions that can be hoisted. We
examined Lodash source code manually and found that the same
33 function definitions which the tool found can be hoisted.
Library Traversed Functions Automatically Manually
Q-1 10 2 2
Underscore 12 4 2
Lodash 51 33 33
Table 1. Evaluation Table
4. Conclusion
In this report we developed a dynamic analysis tool using Jalangi
dynamic analysis framework. The tool takes as an input a JavaScript
program to be analyzed and returns a list contains all the function
definitions that can be hoisted. This approach depends basically
on the idea that the inner function definition should not access lo-
cal variables of the containing function definition in order to be
hoisted.
We also presented an evaluation to this approach by testing it on
the Libraries: Q-1, Underscore and Lodash.
3 2017/4/23